What is a natural hazard?

KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

Anaturalhazardisanatura allyoccurringeventthatth hreatenshum manlivesandcausesdama ageto property.

Whatarethedifferent ttypesofnaturalhazards? ? Climate/A Atmospheric Blizzard Widelyd distributedar roundthewo ords Drought Hailstorm Heatwave Maelstrom m Cyclonicsto orm Icestorm Tornado Climatecha ange Geomagne eticstorm Tectonic Volcanicer ruption Concent tratednearth hecoastlinesof Earthquake e PacificO Ocean Tsunami Im mpactofthehazard h varies sindifferentplaces. p Themostsevereea arthquakemightnotbeth hedeadliest. Year Popu ulation Ma agnitude D Death Dam mages Location China,Sichuan 2008 80,418,200 7.9 9 87 700 10m millionhomeless $86billiondamag ges Alaska,US SA 2002 710,231 7.9 9 0 Dam magedhighwa ays Haiti 2010 9,923,243 7.0 0 31 16000 250, ,000residenc cesand30,00 00 com mmercialbuild dingshad colla apsed Kamchatk ka,Russia 1952 320,156 9.0 0 23 336 Loss soflivestocks s ANSWERTHIS T ! COMPARETHEDIFFERENT TTYPESOFNATURALHAZARD DS. LivingwithTectonicHazards zjx

 S oftheEarth InternalStructure

KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

Core 3000Cto o5000C Innercore 1200km Solid,duetoex xtremepressu ure De ensity13.6g g/cm Co onsistofirona andnickel 2100km Liq quidlayer De ensity1012 2g/cm Co onsistsofiron n Re esponsiblefor rEarthsmagnetic fie eld 2230km ttleisknown ofitscompos sition) (lit Easilydeformed d Rig gid 610km 1 thick Ma adeofmainly ybasalt(mafi ic) De enser3g/cm m 3570kmthick adeofmainly ygranite(fels sic) Ma Les ssdense2.8 82.9g/cm

Outercore

Mantle 3 C 800Cto3000 Magnesiu umiron silicateminerals Density3.35g/cm Crust Lessthan1%of earthsvo olume

Lowermant tle Asthenosphere Solidrock Oceaniccrust

Uppermantle

Continentalcrust

ANSWERTHIS T ! DESCRIBETHE T INTERNALSTRUCTURE OF FTHEEARTH AND A TECTONIC PLATES.

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Lith hosphere (bro okenintoplat tes)

KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

Learn more m abou ut basalt an nd granite e! Scan me!

Howdoplatesmove? m Inshor rt,itisacomplex c process. p

Convectio onCurrentTh heory

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Material M inthe emantleishe eatedupbyra adioactivede ecayintheco oreandrises Th heupwellingofmagmafo orcestheplate esapartasne ewcrustisfo rmed Th hehotmantle ecoolswhenitgetsfurthe erfromtheco oreandsinks s Th hesinkingofmagmapulle edtheplatesalong a Th hesinkingma agmaheatsupagainwhen nitgetsneare ertothecore eandthewho oleprocess re epeats

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Watch the t convec ction curr rent theory y in motion! Scan me! !

KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Th heplatemov vementisalso ofueledbytheslabpullm motion Th hedenseroce eanicplateisforcedbenea aththelessd densecontine entalplace Th hisprocessiscalledsubdu uction Th hesubducting gslabofcrus stexertsagra avitationalpu llontherestoftheplate Th heslabpullfo orcefurtherdrives d thedow wnwardmov vingportiono ofconvectioncurrent

ANSWERTHIS T ! EXPLAINTH HE MOVEMENT T OF PLATES.

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KQ1Whyare esomeareasmorepronetotecto onichazard?

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Living Tectonic Hazards Li i with i hT i H d

KQ1Whyare esomeareasmorepronetotecto onichazard?

Test tYourself!

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Living Tectonic Hazards Li i with i hT i H d

KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

TypesofPlate P Bounda aries

Two T platesmo oveapartfrom each e other. oceanic o ocean nic continental c co ontinental MidAtlanticRidge (Euro opeismoving gaway from mNorthAmer rica)

Divergent tboundary (spreadingplates/cons structivemarg gin)

Two T platesmo ovetowardseach other. o oceanic o ocean nic continental c co ontinental netal oceanic o contin Two T platesmo ovesideways spast each e otherbu utlandisneither destroyed d nor rcreated SanA Andreasfault tin Calif fornia.(betwe een ficandNorth Pacif Ame erican) India anplatecollid ded withEurasianplat teto mtheHimalay yas from

Converge entboundary (subductio onzone)

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Transform mboundary (conserva ative/passivemargins)

KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

Divergent tPlateBound daries OceanicOceanic O

2platesmove m awayfr romeachoth her Fractures sareformed attheplate boundary y Magmarises r fromthe emantletofill thegap Midocea anicridgeisf formed.Theyare underwa atermountain nranges. Newseafloorisform edinaproce ess calledseafloorsprea ading Whenmagmabuildsu upabovesea v island disformed level,avolcanic

Midoc ceanicridge Examp ple:MidAtlan ntic Ridge Volcan nicislands ple:Azores Examp

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KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

Continent talContinent tal

When2continenta alplatesdiver rge, ureisformed causing pressu fractur resalongthe boundary Thelan ndinbetwee enthe2plates sink,fo ormingalinea n ardepression known nasriftvalley y. Asthefaultcontinu uestopullapart i furtherthin nningofthe thereis crustand a deepenin ngoftherift valleyuntilmagma wellsinto centre eoftheriftfo ormingvolcan no

lley Riftval Example:EastAfrica an RiftVal lley Volcano eru Example:MountMe

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KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

10

Converge entPlateBoundaries OceanicOceanic O

Whe en2oceanicp plates conv verge,thede nser onewillbesubdu ucted eaththeless dense bene one Thisareaisknow wnasthe subd ductionzone Anoceanic o trench his form medatthe subd ductionzone Thesinkingcrust melts, mingmagma form Themagmarises oughthecrust t, thro form mingvolcanoe es Earthquakesmay yoccur enerated duetofrictionge hemovingro ck byth masses llnotformift the (atrenchwil subductionzone z isveryc closeto themidocea anspreading centre duetothere elativelywarm m, hencelessdenselithosph here)

Oc ceanictrench h Ex xample:Maria anaTrench Isl landarc/Volc cano xample:Maria anaIslands Ex

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KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

11

Continent talContinent tal

Whe en2continen ntal plate esconverge, they aretoo t thickand buoy yanttosubdu uct Thiscausesthep latesto brea akandslidea long fract turesinthec rust Laye ersofrockon the uppe erpartofthe ecrust arecompressed c t together resu ultinginmass ive foldi ings Foldmountainsa are med form

Fo oldMountain ns Ex xample:TheH Himalayas(Indian Pla ateandEuras sianPlate)

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KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

12

OceanicContinental C

Whe enanoceanic cplatecollide e with hacontinenta alplate,the ocea anicplateisa alwaystheone whic chsubductsb beneaththe cont tinentalplate e Foldingofthecon te ntinentalplat msfoldmount tains form Atth hisboundary, ,theoceanic plate eistheoldes standthickest Som meoftheocea anicsediment ts arescraped s offth heoceanicpla ate andaddeddirect tlytothe tinentalplate e cont Therestofthepllatedescends s andmelt intothemantlea hisformedat Anoceanic o trench thepoint p ofsubd duction Themeltedocean nicplatebegi in toriseasmagma Therisingmagma aishotenoug gh tartmeltingt hecontinental tost plate e Volc canoesarefor rmed

OceanicTrench Sundatrench Volcan no Mount tSaintHelens s FoldM Mountains Barisan nMountains

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KQ Q1Whyareso omeareasmorepronetotectonichaza ard?

13

Transform mPlateBoundaries
Tw woplatesslid dingalongnex xttooneano other Th helithospher reisneithercreated c norde estroyed Characterizedbyfrequentmajor m earthquakes Fo ormtransform mfault AnatolianPlate eslidingpastEurasianPlat teformingth heNorthAnat tolianFault

ANSWERTHIS T ! DESCRIBETHE T TYPES OFPLATE P BOUNDA ARIES . SkillsChecklist

1. Drawandanno otateadiagra amshowingthe t internalst tructureofth heEarth 2. Id dentifyandlabelmajorpla atesandtheboundary b typ esonmaps 3. Drawlabeleddiagrams d showingthediffe erenttypeso ofmovements stakingplace eatplate boundaries

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