Iijcs 2013 12 08 027

IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science(IIJCS)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJCS/IIJCS.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation ........ Email: editoriijcs@ipasj.org
Volume 1, Issue 6, December 2013 ISSN 2321-5992

Volume 1 Issue 6 December 2013 Page 30

ABSTRACT
MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) technology is enabling the development of low-cost, autonomous wireless
sensor nodes with energy consumption of various components. In wireless sensor network, the deployments of small
sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not feasible as per battery
powered. Hence, energy efficiency is a key design issue that improves the life span of the network. A homogeneous sensor
network consists of identical sensor nodes, while a heterogeneous sensor network consists of two or more types of sensor
nodes (organized into hierarchical clusters). We proposed several network layer protocols to improve the effective lifetime
of a network with a limited energy supply. We classified sensor network as per clustering. The simulation results of energy
consumption prove that the performance of the heterogeneous sensor networks and the homogeneous sensor networks.

Keywords: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMs), Sensor Nodes (SNs), Media Access Control (MAC),
Cluster Head (CH), Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Non-Cluster Heads (NCHs), Base
Station (BS).
1. INTRODUCTION
A sensor network consists of a large number of low cost, low power multi functional SNs which are highly
distributed either inside the system or very close to it. The nodes are very small in size consist of sensing data
processing and communicating components. It is a distributed autonomous devices (sensor nodes) using sensors to
cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions such as tracking, monitoring, acceleration, etc shown
in figure 1.

Figure 1 The Sensor Network.
1.1. MEMS TECHNOLOGY
The MEMS stands for Micro Electro Mechanical Systems. It is a technology that can be defined as miniaturized
mechanical and electro-mechanical elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of
micro-fabrication. In the US, they are predominantly called MEMs, while in some other parts of the world they are
called Microsystems Technology or micro machined devices. While the functional elements of MEMs are
ENERGY EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION
FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Rajeeb Sankar Bal
1
, Amiya Kumar Rath
2

1
Senior Lecturer, Dept.of CSE, ABIT, Cuttack-753014

2
Prof, Dept. of CSE, DRIEMS, Cuttack-754022


miniaturized structures, sensors, actuators, and microelectronics, the most notable (and perhaps most interesting)
elements are the micro-sensors and micro-actuators. Micro-sensors and micro-actuators are appropriately
categorized as transducers, which are defined as devices that convert energy from one form to another. In the
case of micro-sensors, the device typically converts a measured mechanical signal into an electrical signal in [1].
The components of MEMs shown in figure 2.

Figure 2 The Components of MEMs
MEMs technology is enabling the development of inexpensive, autonomous wireless sensor nodes with volumes
ranging from cubic mm to several cubic cm. These tiny sensor nodes can form rapidly deployed, massive
distributed networks to allow unobtrusive, spatially dense, sensing and communication. MEMs enable these
devices by reducing both the volume and energy consumption of various components. MEMs devices for small and
efficient optical communication, micro power generation, and sensing. The SNs constrained in energy supply and
bandwidth.
1.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Traditional Networks:
General purpose design serving many applications.
Typical primary design concerns are network performance and latencies, energy is not a primary
concern.
Networks are designed and engineered according to plans.
Devices and networks operate in controlled and mild environments.
Maintenance and repair are common and networks are typically easy to access.
Component failure is addressed through maintenance and repair.
Obtaining global network knowledge is typically feasible and centralized management is possible.
Wireless Sensor Networks:
Single purpose design, serving one specific application.
Energy is main constraint in the design of all node (SNs) and network components
Deployment, network structure, and resource use often ad-hoc (without planning).
Sensor networks often operate in environments with hash conditions.
Physical access to sensor nodes often difficult or even impossible.
Components failure is expected and addressed in the design of the network.
Most decisions are made localized without the support of a central manager.
1.3 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AD-HOC AND SENSOR NETWORK
Ad-hoc network uses point to point communication whereas sensor nodes mainly use broadcast communication.
Frequently, the topology of a sensor network changes.
The SNs may not have global identification because of large amount of overhead and large number
of sensors.
The SNs in a sensor network can be several orders of magnitude higher than nodes in Ad-hoc
networks.
1.4 SENSOR ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
In the sensor field, the SNs are distributed as shown in figure 3. The distributed SNs have the capabilities to collect
data and the routed data back to the sink and the end users. Data are routed back to the end user by multi-hop
infrastructure through the sink.


Figure 3 The Sensor Node Scattered in Sensor Field and Components of Sensor Node.

The protocol stack is important part of wireless sensor network which combines power and routing awareness,
integrates data with networking protocols, and communicates power efficiently through the wireless medium. It also
consists of the application, transport, network, data link, physical layer, power management plane, mobility
management plane and task management plane. In the application layer, there is different types of applications
software can be built and depending on sensing task. In the transport layer, it helps to maintain the flow of data if
the sensor networks application requires it. In the network layer, it takes care of routing the data supplied by the
transport layer. Since the environment is noisy and SNs can be mobile. The MAC protocol must be power aware and
able to minimize collision with neighbours broadcast. In the physical layer, it addresses the needs of the simple but
robust modulation transmission and receiving techniques. The power, mobility and task management planes
monitor the power, movement and task distribution among the SNs. These planes help the sensor nodes coordinate
the sensing task shown in figure 4 and power consumption.

Figure 4 TheSensing Task
2. ENERGY EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION
In MEMs technology, micro-sensor networks is dedicated networks with various distinguishing characteristics are
high node density, low data rate, and an unprecedented attention to energy consumption. To develop an energy
efficient protocol stack for micro-sensors requires a network protocol, MAC layer, and radio. Energy consumption
characteristics are unique to the wireless systems must be addressed and exploited for maximally energy-efficient
communication.
Traditionally, communication protocols are dedicated networks for multi-hop routing to improve the high path
losses incurred by radio transmission. Generally, there are two routing methodologies that are source routing and
distance vector approaches in wired networks. Source routing is specified for hop-by-hop paths for each packet and
distance vector protocols maintain only next-hop information to each destination. Typically, these protocols are


intended for wireless IP (Internet Protocol) applications rather than micro-sensor networks. Specifically, the
protocols have been designed for energy-constrained sensor networks. Directed transmission relies on local
interactions among nodes to create efficient paths for data flow. No global routing state is kept anywhere in the
system; rather, each node chooses its own source(s) from which to receive data, leading to reasonably efficient data
propagation at a global level. LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) forms rotating clusters of
adjacent nodes, within which nodes transmit to a single cluster head that bears the burden of a long-distance
transmission. Clustering explicitly the network. Thus there are two importance characteristics of a sensor network
that are the lower hardware cost, and uniform energy drainage. In clustering approach, sensor networks can be
classified into two broad types: i. Single hop network and ii. Multi hop network.
2.1 SINGLE HOP NETWORKS
In a single hop network, the SNs communicate directly with the CH using a single hop transmission. The nodes are
assumed to have power control features so as to adjust their transmit power shown in figure 5.

Figure 5 The Single hop Network.

Further, the single hop network can be classified into two types of network.
Single Hop Homogeneous and
Single Hop Heterogeneous Networks.
SINGLE HOP HOMOGENEOUS NETWORKS
In the single hop homogeneous networks, the LEACH is a clustering based protocol that minimizes energy dissipation
in sensor networks. The benefits of LEACH are:
- The LEACH uses random and periodic rotation of the cluster heads or BS for localized coordination and control
for cluster set-up and operation.
- The nodes are identical, the main design objective is to security a certain network lifetime (in terms of number of
data gathering cycles), and at the same time ensure that all the nodes expire at about the same time so that there is
very little residual energy left behind when the network expires.
- In the clustered each node has to be capable of acting as a CH. It is necessary for each node to have the hardware
capable of performing long range transmissions to the remote BS, complex data computations (if required), and co-
ordination of MAC and routing within a cluster.
- If all the nodes are capable of acting as a CH then the failure of a few nodes does not seriously affect the working
of the scheme. Thus the system must be robust to node failures.
SINGLE HOP HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS
- In the single hop heterogeneous networks, there are two or more types of nodes with different functionalities. The
type-0 nodes which act as sensor nodes and the type-1 nodes which act as the cluster head nodes. There are key
features of heterogeneous sensor networks are:
- Each sensor node has power control and the ability to transmit data to any other sensor node or directly to the
base station. In this network, two types of nodes are used such as advanced node and normal node where advanced
nodes have more energy than normal ones. Advanced nodes have to become cluster heads more often than that of
normal nodes by separate threshold for each type of nodes.


- In this network, the CH nodes are predetermined, fusion point , command center of its cluster and the SNs use
single hop communication to reach the CH nodes, the SNs near the periphery of the cluster have the highest
energy expenditure among all the SNs.
- In the worst case, the energy expenditure that has to take into account in battery energy dimensioning. Thus there
is a waste of energy due to the residual battery energy of the sensor nodes that are near the cluster heads. The CH
nodes bear the responsibility of transmitting to the distant BS, the rest of the nodes can be designed with simple
hardware that enables short range communication. Thus the hardware complexity is limited to only a few nodes.
On the other hand this also means that for the CH deployment should be carefully engineered to ensure uniform
clustering.
- If the CH node fails, all the SNs in that cluster have to be reassigned to other neighboring clusters. In the extreme
case, it is possible that all the CH nodes might fail, thereby bringing down the entire network. Thus this network
system is less robust to node failure as compared to a single hop homogeneous sensor network.
3. THE RADIO MODEL
The sensor node consists of four major components a data processor unit, a micro-sensor, a radio communication
subsystem that consists of transmitter or receiver electronics, antennae, and an amplifier; and a power supply unit
shown in figure 6 [2].

Figure 6 The Sensor node consists of four components and associated energy parameter.

The energy is dissipated in all of the first three components of a sensor node which mainly consider the energy
dissipations associated with the radio component. In energy efficient, the network layer protocol to improve network
lifetime and energy dissipated during data aggregation in the cluster head nodes is also taken into account. In the
radio model analysis, we use the same discussed in [3]. The transmit and receive energy costs for the transfer of a k-bit
data message between two nodes separated by a distance of d meters is given by equations 1 and 2, respectively

k d E k E d k E
mp Tx T
) ( ) , (
a
+ =
(1)

k E k E
Rx R
= ) (
(2)

Where E
T
(k ,d) in equation 1 denotes the total energy dissipated in the transmitter of the source node, and E
R
(k) in
equation 2 represents the energy cost incurred in the receiver of the destination node. The parameters E
Tx
and E
Rx
in
equations 1 and 2 are the per bit energy dissipations for transmission and reception, respectively. E
amp
(d) is the energy
required by the transmit amplifier to maintain an acceptable signal to noise ratio in order to transfer data messages
reliably. As per [3], we use both the free-space propagation model and the two ray ground propagation model to
approximate the path loss sustained due to wireless channel transmission. Given a threshold transmission distance of
d
o
, the free-space model is employed when d d
o
, and the two-ray model is applied for cases where d >d
o
. Using
these two models, the energy required by the transmit amplifier E
amp
(d) is given by

>
s
=
0
0
a
,
,
) (
4
4
d d
d d
d E
FRd
FSd
mp
(3)

Where
FS
and
TR
denote transmit amplifier parameters corresponding to the free space and the two ray models,
respectively, and r
o
is the threshold distance given by


TR FS
d =
0

(4)
4. SIMULATION RESULTS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION
To evaluate the performance of homogeneous sensor networks.
To evaluate the performance of heterogeneous sensor networks.
The simulation of both heterogeneous sensor networks and homogeneous sensor network is carried out by using
MATLAB. The energy consumption is calculated for various numbers of nodes (100-1000). The parameters used in
this simulation are given in Table 1.
Table 1 The Simulation parameters.
SIMULATION PARAMETERS VALUES
Energy consumed by amplifier to transmit shorter distance (
1
)
42pJ/m
2
Energy consumed by amplifier to transmit longer distance (
2
)
5.46 pJ/m
4

Energy spent to transmit and receive signal ( E
f
) 0.21mJ
Number of nodes ( n
0
) 100 to 1000
Optimum number of clusters ( m
1
) 10 to 100
Area of the network ( A ) 500mX500m
The energy spent in the transmitter electronics circuit ( l
1 =
l
2
) 0.21mJ
Distance from the base station ( d ) 125m
TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF HOMOGENEOUS SENSOR NETWORKS
In the homogeneous sensor networks [4, 5], the total energy consumption is obtained by combining the energy
consumed by cluster heads and NCHs. Thus, the total energy consumed by homogeneous sensor networks is given by

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + =
1
2
1
0
4
2 1
1
2
2
m
A
n
d m
E l T E
f

(5)
Where, A is the radius of the region. l
1
is the energy spent in the transmitter electronics circuit within a cluster.
1
is
the energy spent in the RF power amplifier within the cluster.
2
is the energy spent in the RF power amplifier from
the cluster head to the base station. T is the data gathering cycles. E
f
is the energy spent per packet. n
0
is the number
of nodes. n
1
is the number of cluster heads. d is the distance from the BS.

Figure 7 The Energy consumption with respect to no. of nodes in homogeneous network.


TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF HETEROGENEOUS SENSOR NETWORKS
In the heterogeneous sensor networks, the total energy consumption is obtained by combining the energy consumed by
cluster heads and NCHs. Thus, the total energy consumed by heterogeneous sensor networks is given by E
1 =
E
CH
(cluster heads) and E
0 =
E
NCH
(non-cluster heads) in [4, 5].

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
2
1
1 0
n
A
l T E

(6)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + = ) ( ) (
4
2 2 1
1
0
1
d l E l
n
n
T E
f

(7)

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + = ) ( ) (
4
2 2 1
1
0
d l E l
n
n
T E
f CH

(8)

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
2
1
1
n
A
l T E
NCH
(10)

Thus, E
Total =
E
CH +
E
NCH.
(11)

Where, A is the radius of the region. l
1
is the energy spent in the transmitter electronics circuit within a cluster. l
2
is the
energy spent in the transmitter electronics circuit from the CH to the base station.
1
is the energy spent in the RF
power amplifier within the cluster.
2
is the energy spent in the RF power amplifier from the cluster head to the BS. T
is the data gathering cycles. E
f
is the energy spent per packet. n
0
is the number of nodes. n
1
is the number of cluster
heads. d is the distance from the BS .

Figure 8The Energy consumption with respect to no. of nodes in heterogeneous network.
5. CONCLUSION
The MEMs technological trends of minor devices with high functionality, greater connectivity, and energy
consumption in wireless sensor networks. Also, the MEMs are an enabling technology through optical communication
components, sensing, and micro-power generation. We presented the protocol stack combines power and routing
awareness, integrates data with networking protocols, and communicate power efficiently through the wireless
medium. Reducing the energy of communication in wireless micro-sensors demands that each aspect of
communication, such as the protocol and MAC layer is tailored to the application. Therefore, the results show that on
the average, the energy consumed using the heterogeneous sensor network is lesser than the homogeneous sensor
network. Hence the network performance of heterogeneous sensor network is improved.


Reference
[1] B. Warneke, M. Last, B. Liebowitz and K.S.J. Pister, Smart Dust: communicating with a cubic-millimeter
computer, IEEE Computer , Jan. 2001, pp. 44 - 51.
[2] V. Raghunathan et al., Energy-Aware Wireless Microsensor Networks, IEEE Sig. Proc. Mag., vol. 1, no. 2,
Mar. 2002, pp. 4050.
[3] W. B. Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture
for Wireless Microsensor Networks, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 1, no. 4, Oct. 2002, pp. 66070.
[4] Vivek Mhatre, Catherine Rosenberg, Homogeneous vs Heterogenous Clustered Sensor networks: A
Comparative Study, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC04), Paris, France,
vol.6, pp.3646-3651, June 2004.
[5] P.Samundiswary, Padma Priyadarshini and P.Dananjayan,Performance Analysis of Homogeneous and
Heterogeneous Sensor Networks, MASAUM Journal of Computing, Vol. 1 No.3, October 2009.

AUTHOR

Mr. Rajeeb Sankar Bal is working as Senior Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science
and Engineering of Ajay Binay institute of Technology at Cuttack, Odisha, India. He received
his MCA degree from Fakir Mohan University and M.Tech in Computer Science and
Engineering from BPUT, Odisha. His research interests include Sensor Network, Soft
Computing.

Prof (Dr) Amiya Kumar Rath is working as professor in the department of Computer Science
and Engineering of Dhaneswar Rath Institute of Engineering & Management Studies,
Cuttack,Orissa, India. The author has obtained his B.E. degree in Computer Science & Engg.
in the year 1990, MBA degree in Systems Management in the year 1993, M.Tech in Computer
Science in the year 2001and Ph.D in Computer Science in the year 2005 from Utkal University
for the work in the field of Embedded system and Served as professor in different premier
institutes since 20 years. He published over 50 papers and 4 books from top international
publishing house. He has supervised ten PhD theses in different areas of machine intelligence.
His current research interest includes Embedded System, Adhoc Network, Sensor Network, Power Minimization,
Biclustering, Evolutionary Computation and Data Mining.

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