3330705

Microprocessor Peripherals and Chips

GTU

1. 16 bit Processor: 8086 1.1 Register Organization of 8086 1.1.1 General Data Registers 1.1.2 Segment Registers 1.1.3 Pointer and Index Registers 1.1.4 Flag Register 1.2 Internal Organization of 8086 1.2.1 Bus Interface Unit (BUI) 1.2.2 Execution Unit (EU) 1.2.3 Memory Segmentation 1.2.4 Flag register and description of all flag bits 1.3 Signal description of 8086 1.3.1 Physical memory organization 1.3.2 General Bus operation 1.3.3 I/O Addressing capability 1.3.4 Special processor activities 1.3.5 Minimum mode and Maximum mode of 8086

1. 16 bit Processor: 8086:

Introduction:
Microprocessor: It is a semiconductor device consisting of electronic logic circuits manufactured by using either a Large scale (LSI) or Very Large Scale (VLSI) Integration Technique. It includes the ALU, register arrays and control circuits on a single chip. The microprocessor has a set of instructions, designed internally, to manipulate data and communicate with peripherals. This process of data manipulation and communication is determined by the logic design of the microprocessor called the architecture. The era microprocessors in the year 1971, the Intel introduced the first 4-bit microprocessor is 4004. Using this the first portable calculator is designed. The following table1 shows the list of Intel microprocessors. Table 1:

Year 1971 1972 1974 1977 1978 1979 1982 1985

Name 4004 8008 8080 8085 8086 8089 80286 80386

Bit Size 4 8 8 8 16 16 32 32

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Microprocessor Peripherals and Chips

GTU

1989 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2003 2005 2006

80486 80586(Pentium) Pentium Pro Pentium II Ecleron & Pentium III Pentium IV Itanium Pentium M Processor Pentium IV and Xeon Pentium D 900

32 32 32 32 32 32 64 64 64 64

Introduction: Intel marketed the first microprocessor, named the 4004.this device caused a revolution in the electronics industry because previous electronic syatem had a fixed functionality. With this processor the functionality could be programmed by software. Amazingly, by todays standard, it could not handle four bits of data at a time (a nibble), contained 2000 transistors, had 46 instructions and allowed 4 KB of program code and 1 KB of data. From this humble start the PC has since evolved using Intel microprocessors (intel known as Integrated Electronics). The second generation of intel microprocessor began in 1974. These could handle 8 bits (a byte) of data at a time and were named the 8008, 8080 and 8085. Ther ware much more powerful than the previous 4-bit device and were used in many early micro-computers and in applications such as electronic instruments and printers. The 8008 has a 14-bit address bus can thus address up to 16 KB of memory. The third generation of microprocessor began with the launch of the 16-bit processor. Intel released the 8086 microprocessor which was mainly an extension to the original 8080 processor and thus retained a degree of software compatibility. IBMs designers realized the power of the 8086 and used it in the original IBM PC and IBM XT (eXtended Technology). It has a 16-bit data bus and a 20-bit address bus, and thus has a maximum addressable capacity of 1 MB. The 8086 could handle either 8 or 16 bits of data at a time (although in a messy way). Features of 8086 : - 8086 is a 16bit processor. Its ALU, internal registers works with 16bit binary word - 8086 has a 16bit data bus. It can read or write data to a memory/port either 16bits or 8 bit at a time

3330705

Microprocessor Peripherals and Chips

GTU

- 8086 has a 20bit address bus which means, it can address upto 220 = 1MB memory location - Frequency range of 8086 is 6-10 MHz

1.1 Register Organization of 8086