CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1. OBJECTIVE

Our project is to monitor and control end field devices e.g. motors and other industrial inductive and capacitive loads by implementing a custom SCADA system. Two remote terminal units (RTUs) are developed to create the SCADA system, which will be wirelessly controlled and monitored by the master PLC server. The GUI provides a user friendly environment to monitor and control all the parameters. OPC server and MODBus protocol are used to create the backbone of the SCADA communication.

A SCADA control center performs centralized monitoring and control for field sites over longdistance communications networks, including monitoring alarms and processing status data.

1.2. THEORATICAL BACKGROUND

1.2.1 WHAT IS GRID? An Electrical Grid is an interconnected network for delivering Electricity from suppliers to consumers. It consists of generating stations that produce electrical power, high-voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to demand centers, and distribution lines that connect individual customers. Power Stations usually located near fuel source, i.e. at a dam site, or to take advantage of renewable energy sources, and are often located away from heavily populated areas.

1.2.2. AUTOMATION

The term Automation is referred to as Automatic Control, it is the combination of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, process in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships or aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human involvement. Some processes have been completely automated. The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labor, however, it also used to save energy and materials and to improve quality, accuracy, and precision.
1.2.3. SCADA:

SCADA system supervises, acquires and control data received from a distant data source from the control center. SCADA system is located in the control center and is operated in the scanning mode, communicating between the CONTROL CENTER and the REMOTE STATION by means of two-way communication channels. Such a supervisory control and data acquisition system is intended to facilitate the work of operator by acquiring and compiling information as well as locating, identifying and reporting faults. On the basis of information received, the operator makes necessary decisions via the control system he can the perform different control operations in power stations or influence the processing of the information acquired. The main task of a modern day power system is to ensure quality and reliable power at an economic rate. Hence the system is to be updated at a very fast rate (real time mode/management), which helps to control the complex system effectively without any loss of time.

The remote terminal unit (RTU) connects to physical equipment. Typically, an RTU converts the electrical signals from the equipment to digital values such as the open/closed status from a switch or a valve, or measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or current. By converting and sending these electrical signals out to equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as opening or closing a switch or a valve, or setting the speed of a pump.

The communication between Master Unit and Remote Terminal Unit is accomplished in multilayers. First layer of communication is by implementing MODBus protocol. Second layer of communication is by integrating OPC server with the MODBus protocol. The final layer is

making the communication wireless by implementing wireless modules to create a real life applicable environment.

1.3. MOTIVATION TOWARDS PROJECT

For fulfill the requirement of our undergraduate degree we have to submit a final year project so after a deep research we chose to implement SCADA system on a grid station.SCADA system is use in most of the industries in Pakistan such as Sui Gas. These systems are usually purchase from foreign countries which are very expensive for them. By the help of this project we can save their money and time for implementation and maintenance. This is a locally made project by which we can easily implement into any industry according to their needs and requirements. For many of its uses, SCADA can also provide an economic advantage. For example, in the case where the distances to remote sites increase and difficulty to access increases, SCADA becomes a better alternative to operators or maintenance staff to visit these sites for adjustments and inspections. Distance, accessibility and remoteness are three major factors for implementing SCADA systems.

1.4. OVERALL SYSTEM OF PROJECT Main components of our Project are RTU (Master and Slave) and SCADA server i.e. our PC. SCADA server maintains all data acquired from other RTU and make it available to display and reporting. Master RTU acts as gateway for transfer of data between Slave RTU and PC. Communication between RTUs and PC occurred in first phase. Serial communication is established between two RTUs and also with PC. This has been done by the use of variety of communication protocol i.e. MODbus, integrated OPC server with MODbus. Second it takes input from field device and sends it to PC database to perform the necessary operations. Sensors are act as field device. We are going to observe three parameters i.e. voltage, current and frequency of our grid station. All the communication between field instruments and PC are wireless which is done by using RF-module. The way the SCADA system works is that:

Gathering information, including current and voltage from the site where the leak is occurred, Transferring the information back to a central host computer (i.e., known also SCADA Master), Alerting the main station that the leak is occurred, Carrying out necessary analysis such as determining whether the leak is critical, Suggesting the required control action in response to the provided analysis, and Displaying the information and its analysis in a logical and organized manner.

1.5. APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

This project is use where we want to control or observer different parameters of grid station remotely. This project reduces human effort and makes it easy to control for any common man. It is very user friendly. The automatic control of power grid will enhance the operation of the grid. It will automatically detect the fault in the operational lines and configure the relays to work accordingly. Also, this is easy to operate and will not require any highly skilled person for controlling. The system provides a much easier access to achieve optimal automatic voltage control, thus highly feasible in practice. The hardware components used and the supplementary components make it a cost effective project and also very efficient. The automated control system is working reliably so far, though it has few limitations.