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SUSAN COMBS
 
Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts
Texas Water Report:
GOING DEEPER FOR
THE SOLUTION
 
2
TEXAS WATER REPORT
 
Going Deeper For The Solution
 INTRODUCTION 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. WATER DISTRIBUTION: 4 GEOGRAPHY II. WATER SCARCITY 8III. GAME CHANGERS: 13 MAKING DO WITH LESSIV. THE NEW FACE OF WATER 20 PROJECT FUNDING: A PRIMER RECOMMENDATIONS 22
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I
n early 2012, my oce released
The Impact of the 2011 Drought and Beyond
,
a report examining the impacts of the disastrous drought and res that cost
Texas lives and billions in revenue.Today Texas is trapped in another terrible drought, though one not quite as bad as 2011’s. Not yet, at least. Texas has been prone to cycles of drought for centuries, and there’s no reason to expect that basic pattern to change. But our state has changed, and its burgeoning population and economy are creating an increasingly unquenchable demand for water. In this report, we revisit the issue of drought, with a new focus on the larger issue of Texas’ water supplies, an essential resource that can bolster our economic growth — or limit it.
We examine the multiple sources of Texas' water, and the ways in which we fund the projects that develop these resources and deliver them where they are needed. We also discuss the $2 billion in new funding for water projects that voters approved on Nov. 5.
This additional funding oers no excuse for complacency, however.
This is the moment to build on and harness this new momentum, and take further steps to ensure a steady supply of clean water for our children, and theirs.
We discuss promising new technologies and programs that can help us stretch our existing supplies further, as well as the state of play in the rapidly developing world of desalination, which promises to provide us with substantial new sources of fresh water. Most importantly, this report makes a series of policy recommendations for our Legislature that could help provide water supplies ample enough to ensure that Texas can continue its remarkable growth and prosperity.
Texas’ water problems can and will aect every facet of our economy. My oce is ready to help state and local policymakers throughout Texas
grapple with this complex and all-important challenge.
Susan Combs Texas Comptroller
 
3
SUSAN COMBS
 
Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts
T
he drought year of 2011 was catastrophic for Texas, costing
billions
 in agricultural revenue — and
six lives
 in fires across the state. These losses have made a deep and continuing impact on the way in which Texans think about the value — and the scarcity — of water.Today, as we prepare for what could be another dry year, many of us feel a sense of foreboding. But we’re hardly alone.For most of the world, the need for dependable water supplies may well be the most challenging issue of the 21st century.
WATER EVERYWHERE, BUT NOT ENOUGH
E
arth is a “blue marble,a water world. precious resource. Supplies are being But about
97.5 percent
 of that is salt strained by factors including a drier water, unusable to us without thus-climate, population growth, increased far expensive and energy-intensive urbanization and industrialization, desalination techniques.pollution and even changing dietary The United Nations (UN) estimates patterns.that, of
1.4 billion
 cubic kilometers (1 Texas is experiencing extended quadrillion acre-feet) of water on Earth, drought, and while the state may enjoy just
200,000
 cubic kilometers (162.1 wetter conditions in the near future, a billion acre-feet) represent fresh water burgeoning population may already be available for human consumption.reaching the limits of its available water. Many parts of the world are In many places, groundwater is being already experiencing shortages of this used more quickly than it can replenish.
INTRODUCTION
COULD WE CHANGE THE GAME?
I
n many ways, the outlook concerning fresh water could mirror what has hap-pend for oil, another finite resource. Oil markets have been upended in the last few years by vast new supplies brought to market by the application of new tech-nologies, in this case the use of increas-ingly sophisticated horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques. It’s possible — though not certain — that similar game-changers will affect the outlook for water. New techniques and technologies may help us conserve significant amounts of water in industrial and agricultural operations. And just as importantly, the rapidly evolving technologies of desalination, water reuse and aquifer storage and recovery may provide us with new supplies of fresh water from either wastewater or vast reserves of brackish (salty) water in Texas aquifers. These technologies may offer a way to head off the seemingly inevitable collision between Texas’ rapid growth and its finite supplies of water.
HOW THE EARTH’S WATER IS DISTRIBUTED
SALT WATER 97.5%FRESH WATER 2.5%
Of the world’s fresh water, nearly
70 percent
 
is bound up in permanent ice and snow, in glaciers (including the polar icecaps) and on mountaintops. A bit more is in the atmosphere.
GLACIERS
68.7%
PERMAFROST
0.8%
GROUNDWATER
30.1%
SURFACE AND ATMOSPHERIC WATER
0.4%
 S  o u c  e :   G l    o b  al   W a t   e S  e c  ui   t   y  :  I  n t   el   l   i   g  en c  e C  omm uni   t   y  s  s  e s  s m en t   , e b  u a y  0  .
Only a little more than one-half of 1 percent of that freshwater is available for human use.I
f all of the planet’s waters were represented by a standard
fve-gallon
 water cooler bottle
,
the fresh water available for our use would amount to about a tenth of an ounce —
less than a teaspoon
.
 S  o u c  e :   UNW a t   e

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