Prof. C. B. Mullins (mullins@che.utexas.

edu)
Department of Chemical Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
Topic 1: Overview of Heat Transfer
ChE 353: Transport Phenomena
Textbook:
Transport Phenomena 2
nd
Ed.
By R.B. Bird, W.E. Stewart,
and E.N. Lightfoot.
eetd.lbl.gov/HeatIsland/CoolRoofs/HeatTransfer
Reading List
BSL pp. 265 267.
BSL pp. 290 - 296.
BSL pp. 296 - 298.
Overview of Heat Transfer
When we say the phrase calculate the heat
transfer we mean that we will use a method
(frequently approximate) to predict quantitatively,
the thermal energy transfer rate which takes
place between objects or within an object as a
result of a temperature difference.
Objects which are at the same temperature are
in thermal equilibrium and do not transfer energy.
Overview of Heat Transfer
How can two objects at the same
temperature and with the same mass have
different thermal energy contents?
Overview of Heat Transfer
Note that there is a key difference between
thermodynamics and heat transfer.
As we said earlier, heat transfer methods
seek to predict the rate at which heat
exchange will occur. However,
thermodynamics deals with systems in
equilibrium.
Thermodynamics may be employed to predict
the amount of energy required to change a
system from one equilibrium state to
another, but it doesnt help in quantifying
how slow or fast such a change takes place.
An Example to Illustrate Thermo
Example
Suppose we have a container (isolated from the
environment) filled with 500g of Liquid water at
80C and 100g of ice at 0C. What is the final
temperature this mixture will attain when it
reaches equilibrium?
Water
Ice
Water
Will the system reach equilibrium faster or slower if
the ice is crushed or one solid block? Why.. ? What if
we stir the mixture? What factors govern the rate?
Kinds of Heat Transfer
Radiation Heat Transfer
(BSL p.426, Holman p.14)
Modes by which thermal equilibrium be achieved !
Kinds of Heat Transfer
Radiation Heat Transfer
(BSL p.426, Holman p.14)
T
1
T
2
Here T
1
>T
2
, so there is a net heat transfer of
heat from object 1 to object 2.
( )
4
2
4
1 net
T T q o
4 2 8
k W/m 10 669 . 5 =

o
No contact
whatsoever!
(transport by photons)
It turns out
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
Upon what else will q
net
depend ?
What is an example of radiation heat transfer ?
Kinds of Heat Transfer
Convective Heat Transfer
Convective Heat Transfer
T
1
T
2
Air Flow
Examples of convection heat transfer include
automobile radiators, air-cooled motorcycle engine,
Wind Chill Factor, blowing on hot food to cool it off
so you can eat (why does this work?), etc. Others?
where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient, A
is the area in contact with cool fluid, and the Ts are the
temperatures.
( )
2 1
A h T T q
net
=
Well soon see:
Kinds of Heat Transfer
Conduction Heat Transfer
Conduction Heat Transfer
By conduction heat transfer we mean the
transfer of thermal energy induced by a
temperature difference in a medium (like solid,
liquid or gas) without bulk motion of the medium
(as in convection). This is most easily visualized
in a solid.
What are some examples of conduction heat transfer?
Serious Stuff
Conduction Heat Transfer
More on Conduction
Lets consider our experience with the world
to intuit aspects of a mathematical model
for conduction heat transfer:
Suppose we have a cylindrical bar of metal hovering in
space (assume no energy transfer between the bar and
surroundings). At time zero one end of the bar is at
212
o
F and the other end is at room temperature (lets
say 72
o
F). Lets assume a linear temperature profile in
the bar between the two ends.
What happens as time progresses?
More on Conduction
What happens as time progresses?
F

72
F

212
0 = t
= t
F

?
F

?
How does the temperature of each end of the
bar change with time (what is the final temperature
of each end after an infinite amount of time assume
the specific heat is constant)?
How does thermal energy flow within the bar?
More on Conduction
Suppose the hot end of the bar is initially at
472
o
F how does this change things?
F

72 F

472
0 = t
= t
F

?
F

?
How does the thermal energy flow within the bar
for this case compare to that of the
previous case?
More on Conduction
Suppose the bar is twice as long/short compared to
the first case how does this change things (in
particular how does the thermal energy flow change)?
I.e., how does the temperature on the upper end
change with time
for the 3 cases?
F

72
F

212
F

72
F

212
vs
x A
F

72
F

212
or
More on Conduction
How does varying the cross-sectional area
of the rod change things? Does this affect
the amount of heat that flows?
0 = t
F

72
F

212
vs
0 = t
F

72
F

212
More on Conduction
Suppose the bar is composed of glass, plastic, or
wood rather than metal how does this change
things? What about heat flow?
0 = t
F

72
F

212
vs
F

72
F

212
Glass Metal
Model For Conductive Heat Transfer
So based on intuition we can write:
x
T
k q
A
A
~
"
{ } { } { } gradient e temperatur ty conductivi thermal ~ flux heat
)
`

)
`

)
`

length unit
temp
temp time length unit
energy
~
unit time area unit
energy
x A
Valid for
F

72
F

212
Could have a complex
Temperature profile
Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
Further if we take the limit as we can
write:
0 Ax
( ) ( )
dx
dT
x
x T x x T
x
T
x
=
A
A +
=
A
A
A A
lim lim
0 0 x
dx
dT
k q ~
"
x A
dx
dT
)
`

unit time area unit

energy
F

72
F

212
Could have a complex
Temperature profile
dx
dT
k q ~
"
Fouriers Law
Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
We can write Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction in two forms:
What is the
difference?
dx
dT
k q =
"
dx
dT
k q A =
or
Overview of Heat Transfer
Why do we have a minus sign in the equation?
To satisfy a definition or convention:
Definition
"
x
q
Temperature
Profile
T
X
We define the heat flux
to be positive in this
situation (i.e. when heat is
flowing from small x to
large x)
"
x
q
? 0
<
>
dx
dT
Is
Thus, for we must have the relation
since (always)!
dx
dT
k q
x
=
"
must have this minus sign!
0
"
>
x
q
0 > k
Overview of Heat Transfer
Now
consider
this:
Temperature
Profile
T
X
we must have for
0 >
dx
dT
"
x
q
Here since is flowing from large x to small x we
must define it to be negative in value, i.e., (the
sign merely points out directionality). Since and
0
"
<
x
q
0 > k
"
x
q
dx
dT
k q
x
=
"
0
"
<
x
q
This convention is adopted by many books including our text.