ASME Y14-5 2009 GDT-Tandler PDF

SmartGD&T
for the
TM
Introductory Remarks
Carl Zeiss CMM User Group Meeting 2009
by
Bill Tandler
A SmartGD&T Workshop
Copyright 2004 - 2009 by Multi Metrics, Inc. Menlo Park, CA All Rights Reserved
SmartGD&T
Workshop Overview
1. What is GD&T? A Reminder 2. Fundamental GD&T Concepts 3. Feature Control Frames: Structure & Decoding 4. The Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process in Concept and using CMM Software
What is GD&T ?
Many people think GD&T stands for
Grim, Depressing & Troublesome

or
Greatest Design Tool ever !

But of course, GD&T stands for
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

and its the only tool we have for
managing imperfect geometry
Perfectly!
Definition Most people would say . . .

The main purpose of GD&T is to communicate Design intent unambiguously to manufacturing and inspection.
but in fact . . .
The primary purpose of GD&T, is to ensure that what we communicate is worth communicating . . . . namely represents functional, assemblable parts.
In fact .
without GD&T all coordinate metrology must remain
Pure Invention
on the part of the inspector
How about the GD&T tool kit?

It consists of:
Geometry Control Tools Feature Control Frames Basic Dimensions, and Datum Feature Labels
The Perfect Imaginary World of GD&T 1. Tolerance Zones

Bounded regions of space within which feature components are required to lie.
TZ Wall Thickness Cylindrical TZ Diameter TZ Thickness
2. Tolerance Values
The sizes of tolerance zones.
Tube-like
Slab-like
3. Datums
Reference points, lines and planes.
4. Coordinate Systems
Frames of reference for orienting and locating tolerance zones.
5. Basic Dimensions
Tools for orienting and locating tolerance zones.
6. Geometry Control Tools

A symbolic language for imposing the perfect imaginary world on the imperfect real world.
The encoded CAD Model
GD&T at Work
The imperfect actual part!
The actual part embedded in its associated tolerance zones
The coordinate system and tolerance zone forest defined by the GD&T Code
Fundamental Concepts
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Datum Features Datum Feature Simulators Datums Datum Reference Frames Basic Dimensions Material Condition Modifiers Actual Values
Important Concepts
Physical Datum Features

Definition: Datum Features are specially labeled, imperfect, physical features of a real part, which serve to constrain degrees of rotational and translational freedom during assembly processes.
Important Concepts
Substitute Datum Features

The CMM Connection: Coordinate Metrology systems use geometry processing algorithms to extract form-perfect substitute Datum Features from actual Datum Features.
Important Concepts
Substitute
Datum Feature A
Alternatives:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Least squares plane Mid-plane of the minimum slab-like zone In-space, surface of the minimum slab-like zone In-space, force constrained tangent plane
Important Concepts
Substitute
Datum Feature B
Alternatives:
1. Unconstrained, maximum inscribed cylinder 2. Least squares cylinder 3. In-space surface of the minimum tube-like zone
Important Concepts
Substitute
Datum Feature C
Alternatives:
1. Mid-plane of two least squares planes 2. Mid-plane of the in-space boundary planes of two minimum slab-like zones
More Important Concepts

Important Concepts
Datum Feature Simulators

Definition: The conceptually perfect, or physically almost perfect, geometric counterparts of Datum Features, which are beholden to the Rules of Datum Feature Simulator Management, and: 1. from which we extract Datums 2. in which we first establish Datum Reference Frames, and 3. with which we transfer Datum Reference Frames to actual parts.
Important Concepts
Physical Datum Feature Simulators

Fixed Tombstone Datum Feature Simulator C
Planar Datum Feature Simulator A
Expanding Cylindrical Datum Feature Simulator B
Important Concepts
Mathematical Datum Feature Simulators

The CMM Connection: Coordinate Metrology systems use geometry processing algorithms to extract form, and potentially size, orientation and location constrained, perfect, inverse substitute features from actual datum features and CAD models.
Important Concepts
Mathematical Datum Feature Simulators

Computer generated, size, orientation and location constrained, slab representing Datum Feature Simulator C
Computer generated unconstrained, tangent plane representing Datum Feature Simulator A
Computer generated, orientation constrained, maximum inscribed, cylinder representing Datum Feature Simulator B

Important Concepts
Datums
Definition: Datums are the minimum set of one perfect reference point, and/or straight line, and/or plane, which together, fully characterize the orientation and location of a datum feature simulator.
Datums serve to constrain the degrees of freedom of starter coordinate systems and turn them into Datum Reference Frames.
Datum Feature Simulators & Datums
Important Concepts
Datums
Extracted from Datum Feature Simulators
Datum C is the mid-plane of Datum Feature Simulator C
Datum B is the axis of Datum Feature Simulator B Datum A is the tangent plane on Datum Feature Simulator A
Important Concepts
Datums
Extracted from Datum Features
The CMM Connection: Coordinate Metrology systems often bypass the simulator step and use geometry processing algorithms to extract Datums directly from Datum Features. This is perfectly possible, but BEWARE !
Important Concepts
Datums
Case 1
Right ! Wrong !
Surely Datum B is the axis of the maximum inscribed cylinder inside Datum Feature B !
What is Datum B ???
In fact, Datum B is the axis of the orientation constrained, maximum inscribed cylinder inside Datum Feature B
Important Concepts
Datums
Wrong !
Right !
Surely Datum C is mid-plane of the maximum inscribed slab inside Datum Feature C
What is Datum C ??? In fact, Datum C is the mid-plane of the orientation & location constrained, virtual maximum material condition slab inside Datum Feature C.
Important Concepts
Question:
What do the letters in a Feature Control Frame represent:
1. Datums ? 2. Datum Features ? 3. Datum Feature Simulators ?
Important Concepts
Question
Answer
Datum Features . of course!
Points, lines and planes cannot be simulated regardless of their size, or simulated at their virtual Maximum Material Boundaries.

Important Concepts
Datum Reference Frames Definition: Datum Reference Frames are Cartesian Coordinate Systems established using Datums.
Important Concepts
Datum Reference Frames

In the CAD Model
Important Concepts

In the Simulator Set
Important Concepts

In the Actual Part

Important Concepts
Basic Dimensions
Definition: Basic dimensions are framed angular and linear dimensions, which serve to orient and locate tolerance zones, .. ... but only those tolerance zones which can be oriented and located.
Important Concepts
Basic Dimensions
What purpose do these basic dimensions serve?
Case 1
They locate the Position tolerance zone for the lower, right hand bore.
Important Concepts
Basic Dimensions
What purpose does this basic dimension serve?
Case 2
It locates the Position tolerance zone for the slot (Datum Feature C).
Important Concepts
Basic Dimensions
What purpose does this basic dimension serve?
Case 3
This basic dimension serves no purpose, because Parallelism tolerance zones cannot be located.

Important Concepts
Material Condition Modifiers

Definition: Material Condition Modifiers M L S can be associated with: Datum Features and Tolerance Values
Important Concepts
When associated with tolerance values they impact the size of a tolerance zone.
M permits the tolerance zone to expand by as much as 1 mm as the bore departs from MMC toward LMC.
Important Concepts
When associated with Datum Features they impact the stability or mobility of a tolerance zone.
S stabilizes the tolerance zone relative to Datum Feature B, regardless of its size.
Important Concepts
When associated with Datum Features they impact the stability or mobility of a tolerance zone.
M mobilizes the tolerance zone relative to Datum Feature C, as C departs from its Virtual MMC size.

Important Concepts
Actual Values
Definition:
The Actual Value of a geometric characteristic is the size of the smallest associated tolerance zone that just accommodates the controlled component of the considered feature.
Important Concepts
Actual Values
Case 1
What are the Actual Values of the Size of a bore? 1. Actual Mating Size = the Diameter of the Maximum Inscribed Cylinder 2. Actual Local Size = the Diameter of the largest Minimum Circumscribed Circle
Important Concepts
Actual Values
Case 2
What is the Actual Value of the Position of a bore? Actual Position = the Diameter of the location constrained, minimum circumscribed cylinder which just contains the bounded axis.
Important Concepts
Actual Values
Case 2
Important Concepts
Actual Values
Case 3
What is the Actual Value of the Straightness of a bore? Actual Straightness = the Diameter of the smallest unconstrained cylinder which just contains all the points in the Median Line.
Whats the
Measured Value ? The Measured Value of a Geometric Characteristic is the measuring uncertainty limited Actual Value
Feature Control Frame
Anatomy
Feature Control Frame Anatomy

Specifies the Geometry Control Tool Specifies the Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process
Specifies the Tolerance Zone
Tolerance Zone Shape Tolerance Zone Size
Primary
Datum Feature
Secondary
Modifier Tolerance Zone Mobility Modifiers
Tolerance Zone Size
Datum Feature
Tertiary
Datum Feature
Material Condition Modifier Effects

Tolerance Zone Size
Modifiers
Impact on Tolerance Zone

M L S M ore tolerance L ots of tolerance S tuck at 0.5 mm
Encoded Function
Feature Clearance Feature Overlap Feature Centering

Tolerance Zone Size
Modifiers
Impact on Coordinate Metrology

M L S
Easy to implement, and generally well managed ! Easy to implement, but is it truly understood ? Easy to implement nothing to do !

Tolerance Zone Mobility
Modifiers
Impact on Simulators
M L S M Fixes Simulator at its Virtual MM Boundary L Fixes Simulator at its Virtual LM Boundary S Requires Simulator to expand or contract to
consume all the available space

Modifiers
Impact on DRF & Tolerance Zone

M L S M obilizes the tolerance zone L oosens the tolerance zone S tabilizes the tolerance zone
Encoded Function
{ {
Mating Part play, guaranteeing clearance Mating Part play, guaranteeing overlap Mutual Centering

Modifiers
Impact on Coordinate Metrology

M L S Presents challenges ! Presents challenges ! Should present no problems !
Now well illustrate
Decoding GD&T
as opposed to
Interpreting GD&T
Reading the Feature Control Frame.
Position - within a diameter of 0.5 mm at MMC - relative to A, B regardless of feature size, and C at MMC.
Decoding the Feature Control Frame.
Position requires the bounded axis of the Considered Feature to lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone diameter of 0.5 mm at MMC - expanding by as much as 1 mm as the Considered Feature departs from MMC toward LMC Copyright 2004 - 2009 by Multi Metrics, Inc. Menlo Park, CA All Rights Reserved
Decoding the Feature Control Frame.
- oriented and located by BASIC dimensions - relative to a Datum Reference Frame established using Datum Feature A, simulated rocking, Datum Feature B, simulated stably, regardless of its size, and Datum Feature C, simulated mobly, at its Virtual Maximum Material Condition size.
Namely this Datum Reference Frame !
Foundations for establishing a Datum Reference Frame

1. 2. 3. 4. Datum Features Datum Feature Simulators Datums Degrees of Freedom
Concepts
Tools
1. Datum Feature Labels 2. Tolerance Zone Mobility Modifiers 3. Feature Control Frames
Rules
1. Rules of Datum Feature Simulator Management 2. Rules of Natural Datum Reference Frame Establishment
Rules of Datum Feature Simulator Management

1. 2. 3. 4. Form: All simulators shall have perfect form. Orientation: All simulators shall be perfectly oriented by their associated basic dimensions. Location: Unless otherwise indicated, all simulators shall be perfectly located by their associated basic dimensions. Size: - Simulators referenced RFS shall expand or contract to consume all the space available in or outside their associated Datum Features. - Simulators referenced MMC or LMC shall be fixed at the Virtual MMC or LMC size of their associated Datum Features.
Rules of Natural Datum Reference Frame Establishment

1. 2. Datum Feature Precedence: Datum Features shall be used in the order in which they appear in the Feature Control Frame. Degrees of Constraint Precedence: Each Datum Feature shall first attempt to constrain pitch & yaw, then roll, and only then translational degrees of freedom. Non-Override: No Datum Feature may impact degrees of freedom constrained by higher precedence Datum Features. Can-May-Must: - If a Datum Feature can constrain a degree of freedom, and also may, then it must.
3. 4.
The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Step 3.
Virtual MMC Tombstone Simulator C Expanding Cylindrical Simulator B
Construct the Datum Feature Simulators
Step 2. Step 1.
Decode the Feature Control Frame Identify the Datum Features A: planar surface B: hollow cylinder C: slot
Planar Simulator A
Step 4.
Extract the Datums from the Simulators
Step 6.
Transfer the DRF to the part by mating the Datum Features with their simulators
Step 5.
Use the Datums to constrain a starter coordinate system in the Simulators
Concluding Remarks 1. GD&T is clearly essential for Metrology 2. GD&T is clearly complex 3. GD&T is sporadically used and therefore easily lost.
Keys for Success

1. GD&T Advisor Teams 2. GD&T Encoding Automation 3. GD&T Decoding Automation
The New ASME Y14.5 2009 Standard

A SmartGD&T Overview
TM
for the
Carl Zeiss CMM User Group Meeting 2009

by
Bill Tandler
Updated 2009-10-29
SmartGD&T
Tutorial Overview
1. What is GD&T? - A Reminder 2. New Concepts 3. New Tools Impacting Datums 4. New Tools Impacting Tolerance Zones 5. Disappointments
What is GD&T? A Reminder

Most people would say . . .
The main purpose of GD&T is to communicate Design intent unambiguously to manufacturing and inspection.
but in fact . . .
The primary purpose of GD&T, is to ensure that what we communicate is worth communicating . . . . namely represents functional, assemblable parts.
GD&T
is a risk management tool for . . . 1. Design 2. Manufacturing 3. Inspection 4. Assembly
GD&T is a symbolic language for 1. researching 2. refining and 3. encoding the function of each feature of a part in Design, in order - through decoding - to 1. assess the fault tolerance of our designs 2. guarantee assemblability and operation prior to drawing release 3. reduce manufacturing costs by setting precise, achievable objectives 4. turn inspection into a truly scientific process
GD&T consists of
This review of the 2009 Standard addresses these two components
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Concepts Tools Rules Processes Best Practices
Y14.5 2009 Changes and their Impact
New Concepts
(a partial set)
1. 2. New Names for Material Condition Modifiers Loss of the RFS Modifier S
New Tools impacting Datums

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A more complete definition of Datums Applicability of the modifiers S M L to Planar Datum Features The new Datum (Feature Simulator) Translation Modifier: New Degrees of Constraint Modifiers: [u,v,w,x,y,z] Expanded Composite Feature Control Frames Up to four tiers. New Datum Reference Frame Axis Labels: X[A,B,C], Y[] etc.
New Tools impacting Tolerance Zones

(a partial set)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Unequally Disposed Profile Modifier: U Non-Uniform Modifier: [NON-UNIFORM] ALL OVER Modifier: Continuous Feature Modifier: CF Independency Modifier: I
Disappointments
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Still no clearly defined, accessible, sets of Rules. The Concentricity and Symmetry tools unchanged. The Radius and Controlled Radius Tools still define non-functional crescent shaped tolerance zones. Still no tool for controlling the orientation and location of curved spines. Still no page number references in the index.
New Concepts
(a partial set)
New Names for Material Condition Modifiers
If all these modifiers are called Material Condition Modifiers how can we differentiate between their effects?
The Great Divide These modifiers impact Tolerance Zone Size These modifiers impact Tolerance Zone Mobility
New 2009 Name
Tolerance Value
Modifiers
New 2009 Name
Material Boundary
Modifiers
Its great to finally highlight the differences, but the names could be better.
Here are our favorites
The Great Divide These modifiers impact Tolerance Zone Size These modifiers impact Tolerance Zone Mobility
Tolerance Zone Size

Modifiers

Modifiers
the SmartGD&T recommended names

New Concepts
(a partial set)
Loss of the RFS Modifier S
1982 required 1994 permitted 2009 forbidden
Not good !
2009
Why not good ?

1. 2.
forbidden
Explicit modifiers inform us directly, and save time when decoding Feature Control Frames. Time is money ! An explicit S confirms that the designer chose S intentionally after considering M and L , rather than having overlooked the need to make a choice. Awareness and certainty save money !
2009
Retaining an explicit S is therefore highly recommended ! You can do so with a corporate document specifying it as a corporate modification to the Standard, or with a note, both very common practices in industry.

A more complete definition of Datums
Definition:
Datums are the minimum set of one perfect imaginary reference point, and/or straight line, and/or plane, which together, fully characterize the orientation and location of a datum feature simulator.
Datums serve to constrain the degrees of freedom of starter coordinate systems and turn them into Datum Reference Frames.
Datum Feature Simulators & Datums

Applicability of the modifiers S M L to Planar Datum Features
Prior to 2009, the Tolerance Zone Mobility modifiers S M and L could not be applied to planar surfaces !
C is a planar surface.
The 2009 Y14.5 Standard now makes Tolerance Zone Mobility modifiers applicable to planar surfaces, but only those which are location constrained, in other words, to those for which Maximum Material and Least Material boundaries can be defined. If C is a location constrained planar Datum Feature, TZM modifiers are now allowed
This change eliminates one half of the so-called
Tertiary Datum Problem

If there is more than one way for a Datum Feature to constrain degrees of rotational freedom, there must be code to distinguish between the alternatives.
Examples
Heres the part drawing !
And here are the Datum Feature Simulators

The question is: How should Simulator C behave?
Each alternative encodes a different function and requires different simulator behavior
First . . . the details for M :

Simulator fixed InSpace Simulator C
M fixes Simulator C at the Virtual Maximum Material Boundary Permitting residual
in-space roll M obility !
Next . . . the details for S :
Simulator C
Simulator Sliding
S requires Simulator C to slide up to and consume all the space outside Datum Feature C, imposing
in-space roll S tability !
And here . . . the details for L :

Simulator fixed InMaterial DFS C
L fixes Simulator C at the Virtual Least Material Boundary Permitting residual
in-material roll L ability !
Review If the planar surface is referenced at M
Simulator C is fixed in-space !
in-space roll M obility !

If the planar surface is referenced at S
Simulator C is sliding !
in-space roll S tability !

If the planar surface is referenced at L
Simulator C is fixed in-material !
in-material roll L ability !

How useful is this addition?
Very
M S L
encodes potential mobility (or play) between mating planar features during assembly, and permits taking advantage of it. encodes stability between mating planar features during assembly, and forbids taking advantage of potential play. encodes potential looseness between a planar Datum Feature in its cast versus its machined condition, and permits taking advantage of it during material removal.

Datum (Feature Simulator) Translation Modifier:
Whereas S M and L require Datum Feature Simulators to expand, contract or be fixed in size, addition of the translation modifier frees Datum Feature Simulators of size to also translate during the DRF establishment process.
Applicability The translation modifier applies only to Datum Features of Size.

The translation modifier eliminates the other half of the so-called
Tertiary Datum Problem

If there is more than one way for a Datum Feature to constrain degrees of rotational freedom, there must be code to distinguish between the alternatives.
Examples
Heres a part drawing !
Heres one possible application of the Translation modifier.

Here are the Datum Feature Simulators
And here are the details for M without
M requires Datum Feature Simulator C to be fixed in size and location, leading to potential roll mobility based on Datum Feature Cs location. In this case Datum Feature C serves as a clocking Datum Feature !
Next . . . the details for S without
S requires Datum Feature Simulator C to be fixed in location, but expand, leading to roll stability based on Datum Feature Cs location. In this case Datum Feature C also serves as a clocking Datum Feature !
Finally . . . the details for S with
S requires Datum Feature Simulator C to expand and requires it to slide, leading to roll stability based on Datum Feature Cs orientation. In this case Datum Feature C serves as an aligning Datum Feature !
If M is used without
Clocking with residual roll M obility
The simulator is fixed in location and fixed in size.
If S is used without
Clocking with roll S tability
The simulator is fixed in location but is required to expand.
If S is used with
Aligning with roll S tability
The simulator is required to expand and slide.
Impact
M + S + L +
encodes the potential mobility and also the clocking function of roll constraining datum features of size during assembly. encodes the stability and aligning function of roll constraining datum features of size during assembly. encodes the potential lability (looseness) and also the clocking function of roll constraining, cast, forged or molded datum features during secondary machining operations.
How useful is the Translation modifier ?
Quite
Because, even though it will be rarely required, it enables explicit feature function encoding.

Degrees of Constraint Modifiers: [u,v,w,x,y,z]
Lets start with a question:
Whats the purpose of Datum Features ?

To constrain rotational and translational degrees of freedom during assembly processes!
There are 6 degrees of rotational and translational freedom: 3 Rotational: 1. Pitch u 2. Yaw v 3. Roll w 3 Translational: 1. Tx x 2. Ty y 3. Tz z
and a set of six new tools for constraining them:
[u,v,w,x,y,z]
The Degrees of Constraint Modifiers
Degrees of Constraint Modifiers: [u,v,w,x,y,z] Degrees of Constraint modifiers are placed inside brackets to the right of the Material Boundary modifier associated with a Datum Feature label, and serve to specify the degrees of freedom that a particular Datum Feature is required and permitted to constrain !
Degrees of Constraint modifiers make the Can, May, Must rule explicit !
Example:
Just for fun, lets try to control the left hand bore relative to a Datum Reference Frame established using . . .
five Datum Features.

All we have to do is list them in the Feature Control Frame
Example:
But this doesnt work, because A, B and C already constrain all six degrees of freedom !
Example:
However, if this is a real, functional objective, which it could be, how can we encode it?
Using Degrees of Constraint modifiers !
Example:
Lets use 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A to constrain only pitch and yaw. B to constrain only roll. C to constrain only translation in Z D to constrain only translation in X. E to constrain only translation in Y.
And here it is ! The Datum Reference Frame defined by our five Datum Features !
Now we need a much more
practical
Degrees of Constraint Modifiers example. But first, the 2009 change in
Composite Feature Control Frames

Composite Feature Control Frames Up to four tiers Composite Feature Control Frames can now have up to four tiers !!!
But, whats so special about Composite Feature Control Frames ? They provide special function encoding power.
Composite Feature Control Frames Up to four tiers
How?
by limiting the Datum Features in the second and all lower tiers to constraining only rotational degrees of freedom !
Example
Focusing on the two small bores on the left and the long bore on the right . . . .
The functional objectives we want to encode are:

1. the coaxiality of the two small bores relative to the long bore (Datum Feature A) on the right, shall be held within 100 microns. the combined parallelism of the two small bores relative to the long bore shall be held within 50 microns. the mutual coaxiality of the two small bores shall be held within 10 microns.
1. 1.
Heres how we can do that using a Composite Feature Control Frame!
1. Because A in the first tier constrains pitch, yaw and both degrees of translational freedom, the first tier imposes global coaxiality relative to A.
Heres the DRF defined by Datum Feature A
First Tier Tolerance Zone 0.10
. . . and here is the location constrained, cylindrical Position tolerance zone of diameter 100 microns.
2. Because A in the second tier constrains only pitch and yaw, the second tier imposes refined mutual coaxiality and refined parallelism relative to A . . .
. . . and defines an orientation constrained, cylindrical Position tolerance zone of diameter 50 microns, which is free to slide up and down.
3. Due to the absence of all external constraints, the third tier merely further refines the mutual coaxiality of the two bores . . .
. . . and defines a totally unconstrained, cylindrical Position tolerance zone of diameter 10 microns, which is free to pitch, yaw and slide up and down.
First Tier Tolerance Zone 0.10
Here are all three tolerance zones stacked together !
Third Tier Tolerance Zone 0.01 Second Tier Tolerance Zone 0.05
We go from a Composite to a Compound Feature Control Frame and use Degrees of Constraint Modifiers ! We no longer need Composite Feature Control Frames
Degrees of Constraint Modifiers !

How useful are Degrees of Constraint Modifiers ?
Very !
They eliminate the need for Composite Feature Control Frames and provide even more function encoding power than we had before !

Datum Reference Frame Axis Labels: X[A,B,C], Y[] etc.
As we have already seen, locating the axes of a Datum Reference Frame isnt so easy !
Lets do an exercise.
Datum Feature A constrains pitch, yaw and one degree of translational freedom.
Datum Feature C constrains the last degree of translational freedom.
Can you figure out the locations of the X, Y and Z axes of the DRF defined here?
Datum Feature B constrains roll and one more degree of translational freedom.
Can you figure out the locations of the X, Y and Z axes of the DRF defined here?
Here they are !
But which axis is X, which is Y and which is Z ?
We now have
Datum Reference Frame Axis Labels
X[A,B,C] Y[A,B,C] Z[A,B,C]

so everyone knows exactly whats going on !

Benefits
1) DRF axis labels accelerate the decoding of Feature Control Frames in the machine shop and in inspection. DRF axis labels standardize coordinate measuring machine data reporting. DRF axis labels are required when using Degrees of Constraint modifiers, because the axes are referenced in the code.
2)
3)

(a partial set)
Unequally Disposed Profile Modifier: U
The Surface Profile tool specifies symmetrical skin-like tolerance zones by default.
The Tolerance Zone

The 1994 Standard specifies unilateral tolerance zones graphically.
Can we escape from dependence on visual cues ?
The Tolerance Zone Boundaries
The 2009 Standard specifies unilateral tolerance zones symbolically using the unequally disposed modifier U
How does it work?
The value in front of the modifier specifies the total tolerance, and . . .
. . . the value behind the modifier specifies the in-space portion of the tolerance.
The 2009 Standard specifies unilateral tolerance zones symbolically using the unequally disposed modifier U
Once we latch, it seems to work !
The 1994 Standard also specifies unequal bilateral tolerance zones graphically:
How does 2009 handle this ?
The 1994 Standard also specifies unequal bilateral tolerance zones graphically:
The same way !
The value in front of the modifier specifies the total tolerance, and . . .
. . . the value behind the modifier specifies the in-space portion of the tolerance.
The 2009 Standard also uses the symbol U to specify unequal bilateral tolerance zones
How useful is the Modifier U ?
Very !
We have eliminated dependence on visual cues !

(a partial set)
Non-Uniform Modifier: [NON-UNIFORM]
How do we specify a Surface Profile Tolerance Zone whose thickness is required to vary ? . . . Using a the nonuniform modifier plus . . . . . . graphical indications of the boundaries embedded in the CAD model or added to the drawing.

(a partial set)
ALL OVER Modifier:
The 2009 Standard provides a symbol as a replacement for the note ALL OVER.
But the note ALL OVER is still permitted !

(a partial set)
Continuous Feature Modifier: CF
When applied to an interrupted collection of Features of Size, the Continuous Feature modifier imposes the Envelope Rule on the entire set as a group. Other applications of the Continuous Feature modifier are also possible, but are not mentioned in the 2009 Standard.

(a partial set)
The Independency Modifier: I
I means: Independent of the Envelope Rule

This . . . Replaces this !
Example
Is this a functional specification?
No ! because the automatically imposed Envelope Rule requires

global Cylindricity of 0.02 mm, which is impossible in such a long shaft.
Example
Does this make sense?
Because without the Envelope Rule the shaft could turn into a garden hose !
No !
Example What if we add incremental Cylindricity ?
Does this make sense?
Yes !
We now have a thoroughly functional solution !

Disappointments
1. Still no clearly defined, accessible, sets of Rules. 2. The Concentricity and Symmetry tools unchanged. 3. The Radius and Controlled Radius Tools still define non-functional crescent shaped tolerance zones. 4. Still no tool for controlling the orientation and location of curved spines. 5. Still no page number references in the index.
Concluding Remarks
Multi Metrics, Inc.

is the home of
SmartGD&T
TM
Concluding Remarks
What is SmartGD&T ?
SmartGD&T is a rule-based, process driven approach to either the ASME Y14.5M 1994 or ISO 1101 standard, which makes it possible to encode and decode, rather than interpret GD&T, and get it right the first time.
Founded in 1975, Multi Metrics provides the following Services

SmartGD&T Technology Licensing Corporate GD&T Implementation Planning On-Site GD&T Enduser and Trainer Training On-Site & Remote GD&T Encoding & Decoding Services
Products
SmartGD&T Pseudo-Code Training Manuals & Presentation Materials Training Models Reference Books
How can we help you ?
Please visit
www.multimetrics.com
and give us a call at

650-328-0200
Thank you !
Bob Connors & The Carl Zeiss CMM User Group !
Bill Tandler

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SmartGD&T

Many people think GD&T stands for

Grim, Depressing & Troublesome

Greatest Design Tool ever !

But of course, GD&T stands for

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

managing imperfect geometry

Definition Most people would say . . .

How about the GD&T tool kit?

The Perfect Imaginary World of GD&T 1. Tolerance Zones

6. Geometry Control Tools

The encoded CAD Model

The actual part embedded in its associated tolerance zones

Physical Datum Features

Substitute Datum Features

Substitute Datum Features

Substitute Datum Features

Substitute Datum Features

More Important Concepts

Datum Feature Simulators

Physical Datum Feature Simulators

Planar Datum Feature Simulator A

Expanding Cylindrical Datum Feature Simulator B

Mathematical Datum Feature Simulators

Mathematical Datum Feature Simulators

Computer generated unconstrained, tangent plane representing Datum Feature Simulator A

More Important Concepts

Datum Feature Simulators & Datums

What is Datum B ???

Datum Features . of course!

More Important Concepts

Datum Reference Frames

Datum Reference Frames

Datum Reference Frames

More Important Concepts

More Important Concepts

Material Condition Modifiers

Material Condition Modifiers

Material Condition Modifiers

Material Condition Modifiers

More Important Concepts

Feature Control Frame

Feature Control Frame Anatomy

Specifies the Tolerance Zone

Tolerance Zone Shape Tolerance Zone Size

Modifier Tolerance Zone Mobility Modifiers

Tolerance Zone Size

Material Condition Modifier Effects

Impact on Tolerance Zone

Material Condition Modifier Effects

Impact on Coordinate Metrology

Material Condition Modifier Effects

Material Condition Modifier Effects

Impact on DRF & Tolerance Zone

Material Condition Modifier Effects

Impact on Coordinate Metrology

Now well illustrate

Reading the Feature Control Frame.

Decoding the Feature Control Frame.

Decoding the Feature Control Frame.

Namely this Datum Reference Frame !

Foundations for establishing a Datum Reference Frame

Rules of Datum Feature Simulator Management