CIVIL AVIATION

Overview
The history of civil aviation in India began in December 1912. This was with
the opening of the first domestic air route between Karachi and Delhi by the Indian
state Air services in collaboration with the imperial Airways, UK, though it was a
mere extension of London-Karachi flight of the latter airline. Three years later, the
first Indian airline, Tata Sons Ltd., started a regular airmail service between Karachi
and Madras without any patronage from the government.
At the time of independence, the number of air transport companies, which
were operating within and beyond the frontiers of the company, carrying both air
cargo and passengers, was nine. It was reduced to eight, with Orient Airways shifting
to Pakistan. These airlines were: Tata Airlines, Indian National Airways, Air service
of India, Deccan Airways, Ambica Airways, Bharat Airways and Mistry Airways.
In early 1948, a joint sector company, Air India International Ltd., was established
by the Government of India and Air India (earlier Tata Airline) with a capital of Rs 2
crore and a fleet of three Lockheed constellation aircraft. Its first flight took off on
June 8, 1948 on the Mumbai (Bombay)-London air route. At the time of its
nationalization in 1953, it was operating four weekly services between Mumbai-
London and two weekly services between Mumbai and Nairobi. The joint venture
was headed by J.R.D. Tata, a visionary who had founded the first India airline in
1932 and had himself piloted its inaugural flight.
Significance of Air Transport
Air transport is the most modern, the quickest and the latest addition to the
modes of transport. Because of speed with which aero planes can fly, travel by air is
becoming increasingly popular. As far as the world trade is concerned it is still

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dominated by sea transport because air transport is very expensive and is also
unsuitable for carrying heavy, bulky goods. However, transportation of high value
light goods and perishable goods is increasingly being done by air transport.
Nationalization of Airlines
The soaring prices of aviation fuel, mounting salary bills and
disproportionately large fleets took a heavy toll of the then airlines. The financial
health of companies declined despite liberal Government patronage, particularly
from 1949, and an upward trend in air cargo and passenger traffic. The trend,
however, was not in keeping with the expectations of these airlines which had gone
on an expansion spree during the post-World War II period, acquiring aircraft ad
spares.
The Government set up the Air Traffic Enquiry Committee in 1950 to look into the
problems of the airline. Though the Committee found no justification for
nationalization of airlines, it favored their voluntary merger. Such a merger, however,
was not welcomed by the airlines.
Open-Sky Policy
The Open-sky policy came in April 1990. The policy allowed air taxi-
operators to operate flights from any airport, both on a charter and a non charter
basis and to decide their own flight schedules, cargo and passenger fares. The
operators were, however, required to use aircraft with a minimum of 15 seats and
conform to the prescribed rules. In 1990, the private air taxi-operators carried 15,000
passengers. This number increased to 4.1 lakh in 1992, 29.2 lakh in 1993, 36 lakh in
1994 and 48.9 lakh in 1995.
The 1996, private air taxi operators carried 49.08 lakh passengers which
amounted to a 41.14 per cent share in the domestic air passenger traffic. Seven
operators viz NEPC Airlines, Skyline NEPC, Jet Air, Archana Airways, Sahara India

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Airlines, Modiluft and East West Airlines have since acquired the status of scheduled
airlines. Besides this there were 22 nonscheduled private operators and 34 private
operators holding no-objection certificate in 1996. The number of plus 120 category
aircraft in the private sector was 34 and the total fleet strength was 75 in June, 1996.
Two out of seven scheduled air taxi operators suspended their operations in 1996
because of the non-availability of aircraft.
Infrastructure and Related Facilities:
Airport Authority of India:
Set up on April 1,1995 by amalgamating the international Airport Authority of
India and the National Airport Authority of India, the Airport Authority of India was
to handle all matters relating to infrastructure for civil air traffic and transport at the
international and the domestic airports and enclaves in the country.

Development of Civil Aviation

The repeal of the Air Corporation Act from 1 March 1994 enabled private
operators to provide air transport services.
Six operators were given the status of scheduled operators on 1 February
1995. Currently there are five international airports and 87 domestic airports in the
country with 28 civilian enclaves for defence purposes. The Airport Authority of
India plans to invest Rs 35,000 million for the construction and up gradation of
airports. Budgetary support of Rs 485.50 million was allocated to AAI in 1996-97.
In august 1996, in a major policy decision, the government allowed the private sector
to set up air cargo complexes in a bid to ensure smooth movement of export cargo.
Domestic and foreign investors including NRIs have been invited to participate in
the development of infrastructure support at select airports.
With a market share of 43% Indian airlines is the biggest player in aviation.

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Rs 24,710 million have been marked for development of the civil aviation sector in
the annual plan for 1997-98.
Future Outlook of the Industry
Future projections reflect that the air cargo industry both in the domestic
sector and the international sector will continue in its upward trend of growth. Fig.1
reflects that the domestic air cargo will continue at a somewhat steady rate of growth
whereas the international air cargo movement as illustrated in Fig.2 shows a steeper
rate of growth indicating that international air cargo trade will flourish at a higher
rate of growth.
DESCRIPTION ABOUT MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT:

What is antenna?

An antenna changes radio signals in the air into electricity, or vice versa.
Antennas send signals, receive signals, or both. All NETGEAR wireless devices have
an antenna, either a visible pole on the outside, or inside where you do not see it.

The distance that an antenna sends (transmits) depends on the type, and the
amount of power running through it.

However, the distance from which an antenna can receive (or to be more exact,
how faint a signal it can receive) is not based on power, but on how sensitive it is.

Therefore, how far apart two antennas communicate depends on how powerful
the transmitter is, as well as how sensitive the receiver's antenna is. (For example,
NASA can hear signals from the Mars Rover not because it has a powerful antenna,
but because its signal is received on massive, very sensitive antennas.)

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 The amount of power that antennas are allowed to transmit is regulated by the
country you live in. Many people in a city must use the same antenna channels, and no
one can use a signal that is so strong it stops everybody else from being able to use it.

What is radar?

Radar is an acronym for "radio detection and ranging." A radar system usually
operates in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) or microwave part of the radio-frequency
(RF) spectrum, and is used to detect the position and/or movement of objects. Radar
can track storm systems, because precipitation reflects electromagnetic field at certain
frequencies. Radar can also render precise maps. Radar systems are widely used in
air-traffic control, aircraft navigation, and marine navigation.

High-power radar, using large dish antennas, has been used to measure distances to
the moon, other planets, asteroids, and artificial satellites. From unmanned space
probes, radar has been used to map Venus, whose surface is obscured at visible wave
lengths by a thick layer of clouds. Radar has been employed by NASA (the U.S.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration) to make highly detailed
topographical maps of the earth's surface as well.

Most radar systems determine position in two dimensions: azimuth (compass

bearing) and radius (distance). The display is in polar co ordinates. A rotating antenna
transmits RF pulses at defined intervals. The delay between a transmitted pulse and
the echo, or return pulse, determines the radial position of the plotted point(s) for each
azimuth direction on the display. The greater the echo delay from a particular object in
space, the farther from the display center its point appears. The maximum range of a
UHF or microwave radar system depend son the height of the antenna above average

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terrain, the topography of the surface in the region, the atmospheric conditions in the
region, and in some cases the level of radio back ground noise.

Radar is known to the general public for its use by law enforcement in
determining the speeds of motor vehicles. This type of radar does not display the exact
position of an object, but determines its radial speed vector from the Doppler effect. A
radar detector, which consists of a simple UHF/microwave broadband receiver, can be
used in a car or truck to warn drivers of the presence of police radar. Radar detectors
are illegal in some states.

The Weather Service uses so-called Doppler radar to determine not only the
positions and extent of storm systems, but wind patterns and velocities aloft. Doppler
radar employs a combination of position-sensing and speed-sensing radar, making it
possible to ascertain the locations and intensity of severe thunderstorms, hurricanes,
and tornadoes.

Radar has been used on the high-frequency (HF) radio bands, between
approximately 5 MHz and 20 MHz, in an attempt to obtain early warning in the event
of a nuclear assault via ballistic missiles. The ionosphere refracts HF waves, allowing
much greater system range than is possible with radar at UHF or microwave
frequencies. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the signals from these systems became
in famous because of the interference they caused. Radio amateurs coined the term
woodpecker to describe the sound of HF over-the-horizon radar pulses in
communications receivers.

What is a receiver?

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 A receiver is a tuner, power amplifier, and preamp combined. A common
receiver has inputs for a turntable, a CD player, a tape deck, and perhaps one or two
other sources. It probably also has selector switch(s), tone controls, and a volume
control. A receiver may have outputs for two speakers, or form ore. Some receivers do
| not have phonon preamps, a trend that may become more common as vinyl loses
popularity. Many receivers contain surround sound processors.

The super-heterodyne receiver

The super-heterodyne receiver is the most widespread type of radio receiver. It

works on a mathematical trick. When you multiply a sine wave by a sine wave with a
slightly different frequency, you get a result that is the sum of two other sine waves
the two sine waves inside the result have frequencies that are higher and lower than
the frequencies of the sine waves that have been multiplicated.

The lowest frequency is equal to the difference between the frequencies of the
two initial sine waves. If the first frequency was of 1,000,000 Hz and the second was
of 999,000 Hz then the sine wave will have a frequency of 1,000Hz.

That sine wave with the lowest frequency is the one we are going to use. The
sine wave with the highest frequency is filtered away.

AIRWORTHINESS:

• 1083 aircrafts of all types were registered during 1998 and 469 numbers held
current certification of airworthiness
• A total of 8585 licenses were issued under different categories in 1998-99
• 568 approved for manufacture, maintenance, testing, storage of aircraft
components

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 • Mandatory installation Airborne Collision Avoidance System for aircrafts of
more than 30 seating capacity, is made effective from 01-01- 1999
• Central Examination Organization (CEO) conducts examinations for pilots and
engineers. Four exams are conducted for pilots to pass DGCA license
examination CEO tests the knowledge of candidates in aviation related fields by
DGCA staff including Boeing 737-500

PRODUCTION

The main purpose of AAI (AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF INDIA) Imphal is that

to make look after the aircraft who going to landing/takeoff. Aircraft carry passenger
who going to travel far distance at short time. Air-traffic-control make the decision to
landing/take-off on right way of runway. It also make easier to travel one place to
another at short time.
It is the place where to keep the fighter jet plane for defence or to protect the
country when enemy came across the border. When the enemy can across the border
the jet plane can easily defence the enemy at few minutes. So, that airport makes
purpose for that, and every state make many benefit about airport runway and aircraft.
It also carries large passenger as well as luggage for the people. Jet fighter kept always
at runway for emergency purpose. Helicopter for public emergency purpose.

TRAINNER UNDER TRAINING

For one month summer industrial visit, department of AAI teach me lot about
how to work communication system. On my training visit I had done electronic
installing of the communication system. Equipments installing like electronic,
computer with one network to another. I had also about transmitter, antenna, receiver

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etc. An antenna changes radio signals in the air into electricity, or vice versa. Antennas
send signals, receive signals, or both. All NETGEAR wireless devices have an
antenna, either a visible pole on the outside, or inside where you do not see it.
The distance that an antenna sends (transmits) depends on the type, and the
amount of power running through it However, the distance from which an antenna
can receive (or to be more exact, how faint a signal it can receive) is not based on
power, but on how sensitive it is.

BACKGROUND OF INDUSTRIAL
The back ground of industrial is that for make the aircraft to give the right way
for landing/ take off. To carry passenger easier and make travel far distance in short
period. To make free from dangerous while traveling. It also makes travel from one
place to another. It also serves the benefit of people. Air-control-traffic which can
communicate with whole world through satellite. It makes people advance on this
benefits. Some of the main backgrounds are:

• Regulation of air transport services related to India

• Registration of Civil Aircraft in India
• Formulation of standards related to airworthiness and grant of certificates
• Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and flight engineers
• Licensing of aerodromes in India
• Investigations into air accidents
• Implementation of bilateral air services agreements with foreign countries
• Rendering services related to air transport
• Processing of aviation legislation
• Supervising training activities of Flying / Gliding clubs
• Development of light aircraft, gliders and winches
• Type certification of aircraft

VALUE OF VISIT

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 It gives me idea about network and communication system. I don’t know well
about it before after my summer industrial visit I know well about it. They teach me
how it works, how to communicate about transmitter, receiver, antenna, radar etc. they
teach me about all that they use day-today use at air-traffic-control. They teach me
how to communicate with aircraft pilot.
Interesting things were teach about radar while visiting is that, Radar is an
acronym for "radio detection and ranging”. A radar system usually operates in the
ultra-high-frequency (UHF) or microwave part of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum,
and is used to detect the position and/or movement of objects. Radar can track storm
systems, because precipitation reflects electromagnetic field at certain frequencies.
Radar can also render precise Maps. Radar systems are widely used in air-traffic
control, aircraft navigation, and marine navigation.

Contingency Plan
This is to deal with emergencies arising out of hijacking and other threats to
Civil Aviation. Control rooms are provided at all airports that will get alert due to
situation like unlawful seizure of airport etc. security Commissioner (Civil Aviation) is
its conveyer of the central committee. Aerodrome Committee deals with such
situations at the airports. Central Committee with Aerodrome Committee issues
guidelines for handling crisis situations.
Electronic Detection Devices

The Bureau has provided X-ray Baggage Inspection System (X-BIS) at 12

places for pre embarkation and all airports are provided with Hand Held Metal
Detectors (HHMD).

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 CONCLUSION

Training is an integral part of the B.Tech course and helps the students to
acquire practical knowledge and also in having fell of the practical atmosphere in the
industry. The training that I have undergone at AAI Imphal, Manipur gave me an
opportunity to see the function of the Department and also the application of
electronic communication engineering in a network communication system. Many
facts and theories which I was aware of only in theory became clearer in observing
and then implementing then in practical conditions. Besides proving me an insight
into the various applications of electronics, it gave me an outlook in the management
and control of such a big department. It helped in broadening my view of Electronic
and Communication Engineering and making its slope and activities more vivid. Not
only I gained knowledge but also learnt to be punctual regular, co-operative and
sincere. On the whole “a wonderful experience”

I am very satisfied with the experience gained during this summer

industrial training. I was given the possibility to work hand in hand with other
researchers inside a laboratory, learning about essentials in research. Working in a
laboratory hand in hand with other researchers, gave me the opportunity to learn
about essential research techniques. I was able to fill gaps concerning document
research and project interfacing. Furthermore, I was shown once again how important
good communication between group members working on related projects.
Last but not least, I want to mention how pleased I was to work on the
given project. Nevertheless I know that theory is the key to every project and I have
to admit that I am not a great theorist, which is why the implementation part,
and thus the fact to have achieved something, was very important to me.

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Encountering concrete problems and difficulties motivated me the most.

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