SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 1) Development of the Periodic Table

Periodic Table A) Antoine Lavoisier (1743 1794) French chemist

Elements were classified into 4 groups Limitation some wrong information (light and heat were consider as elements

B) Johann Dobereiner (1780 1849) German chemist

Elements were classified into groups named as triad (Triad Law relationship between properties and atomic masses of the elements) Limitation few elements were classified

C) John Newlands (1837 1898) British chemist

Elements were arranged horizontally in ascending order of their atomic masses and each row consisted of 7 elements (Law of Octaves same properties were repeated at every eight element)

Limitation obeyed by the first 17 elements only (from H to Ca)

D) Lothar Meyer (1830 1895) German chemist

Properties of the elements were in a periodic pattern with their atomic masses Similar chemical properties occupied the same relative positions on the curve

E) Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 1907) Russian chemist

Elements were arranged in ascending order of their atomic masses Elements with similar chemical properties were placed in a group Gap for undiscovered elements Prediction: gallium, scandium and germanium (discover later) Separate groups for certain elements: transition elements Meedeleevs Periodic Table was used as a basis for the formation of the Periodic Table

F) H. J. G. Moseley (1887 1915) British physicist

Elements were arranged horizontally in ascending order proton numbers Elements with the same number valence electrons same group 18 vertical columns Group 1, Group 2, until Group 18 Alkali metal Group 1 Alkaline earth metal Group 2 Transition elements Group 3 to Group 12 Halogen Group 17 Noble gas Group 18 Horizontal row of the elements period Period 1 2 elements Period 2 and 3 8 elements Period 4 and 5 18 elements Period 6 32 elements Period 7 27 elements Lantanides proton numbers 58 to 71 Actinides proton numbers 90 to 103

Elements (Group 1, 2 and 13) metal Transition elements (Group 3 to 12) metal Elements (Group 15, 16 and 17) non-metal Carbon and silicon (Group 14) non-metal

SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 2) Relationship between the electron arrangement of the atom of an element to its group and period

The number of valence electrons determines the chemical properties of elements (group). Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. The number of shells occupied with electrons in an atom determines the period number of an

element. Group 1 Group 2 Period 2 Lithium / Li / 2.1 Beryllium / Be / 2.2 Period 3 Sodium / Na / 2.8.1 Magnesium / Mg / 2.8.2 Period 4 Potassium / K / 2.8.8.1 Calcium / Ca / 2.8.8.2 Group 18 elements

Monoatomic gas

Group 18 elements are known as noble gases (inert chemically and chemically unreactive). Atomic radius (atomic size) increases (going down the group) Helium atom has only one filled electron shell which is 2 electrons (duplet electron arrangement) The outermost shell of the atoms (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) have 8 electrons (octet electron arrangement) Atoms of noble gases do not release electrons, accept electrons or share electrons.

Element Helium / He Neon / Ne Argon / Ar Krypton / Kr Xenon / Xe Radon / Rn

Electron arrangement of atom 2 2.8 2.8.8 2.8.18.8 2.8.18.18.8 2.8.18.32.18.8

Physical properties

Monoatomic gases Colourless gas at room temperature Insoluble in water Cannot conduct electricity Poor conductors of heat Melting point and boiling point increases (going down the group) atomic size increases and force of attraction between atoms of each element become stronger Density of element increases (going down the group)

Chemical properties

Chemically inert / not reactive / non-flammable do not gain, lose or share electrons with other elements

Uses

Helium airships, weather balloons, cool down metals Neon advertising light bulb Argon welding, filled light bulbs Krypton used in laser, filled photographic flash lamps Radon treat cancer

SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 3)

Alkali metal atom arrangement Group 1 elements

Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals Atomic radius (atomic size) increases (going down the group) The outermost shell of the atoms (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr) have 1 valence electron Good reducing agents Very reactive increases (going down the group)

Very electropositive increases (going down the group) Element Electron arrangement of atom Lithium / Li 2.1 Sodium / Na 2.8.1 Potassium / K 2.8.8.1 Rubidium / Rb 2.8.18.8.1 Caesium / Cs 2.8.18.18.8.1 Francium / Fr 2.8.18.32.18.8.1

Physical properties

Grey solids with shiny silvery surfaces when freshly cut Soft solids at room temperature Good conductors of electricity Good conductors of heat Low melting point and boiling point (compared to heavy metal)

Melting point and boiling point decreases (going down the group) atomic size increases and number of shells occupied with electrons increases / metallic bonding between atoms becomes weaker & less heat energy is required to overcome the weaker metallic bonding.

Low density (Li, Na and K float on the surface water / Rb, Cs and Fr sink in the water) Density of element increases (going down the group) Chemically very reactive and react rapidly with oxygen and water vapour in the air (must be kept in paraffin oil) Reactivity increases (down the group) how easily it can lose one (single) its valence electron to achieve stable (octet or duplet) electron arrangement React vigorously with cold water produce alkaline metal hydroxide solutions and hydrogen gas React with oxygen produce white solid metal oxides and metal oxides can dissolve in water to form alkaline metal hydroxide solutions React with halogens produce white solid metal halides

Chemical properties

Safety precautions

Cannot hold with bare hands Wear safety goggles and gloves No flammable substance nearby Avoid the fire

SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 4) by BERRYBERRYTEACHER on 10/03/2011 in BERRY REFERENCE (NOTES)

Molecules of Halogen Group 17 elements

Group 17 elements are known as halogens Exist as diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 and At2) Non-metals Atomic radius (atomic size) increases (going down the group) The outermost shell of the atoms (F, Cl, Br, I and At) have 7 valence electrons Good oxidising agents Very reactive decreases (going down the group) Very electronegative decreases (going down the group) Electron arrangement of atom 2.7 2.8.7 2.8.18.7 2.8.18.18.7 2.8.18.32.18.7

Element Fluorine / F Chlorine / Cl Bromine / Br Iodine / I Astatine / At

Physical properties

Non-metals Insulators of electricity Poor conductors of heat Low melting point and boiling point Melting point and boiling point increases (going down the group) molecular size increases / forces of attraction between molecules become stronger & more heat energy is required to overcome the stronger forces of attraction (Van der Waals forces of attraction between molecules).

Colour: F2 (pale yellow gas), Cl2 (greenish-yellow gas), Br2 (reddish-brown liquid), I2 (purplish-black solid) and At2 (black solid rarest naturally occurring element and extremely radioactive)

Low density Density of element increases (going down the group) increase in atomic mass

Chemical properties

Chemically reactive Reactivity decreases (down the group) how easily it can gain one (single) more valence electron to achieve stable (octet) electron arrangement React with water produce two acids React with hot iron produce brown solids iron(III) halides React with sodium hydroxide NaOH solution produce water and two types of sodium salts (sodium halide and sodium halite(I))

Safety precautions

Poisonous gas Wear safety goggles and gloves Handle in the fume cupboard

SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 5)

Elements: Zinc Copper Lead Magnesium

Elements in a period

The Periodic Table 7 periods (Period 1 to Period 7) Proton number increases by one (across a period from left to right) Number of valence electrons of each element increases (across a period from left to right)

Across Period 3

Atomic radius / atomic size decreases increasing number of electrons / attraction by nucleus on the valence electrons becomes stronger (pulled closer to the nucleus) Proton number increases positive charge of the nucleus increases Electronegativity (strength to attract electrons towards its nucleus) increases proton number increases / positive charge of the nucleus increases Change from solid to gas Left solid metals Right non-metals gases Electropositive / metallic properties decreases Na, Mg, Al (metals): good conductor / Si (semi-metal): weak conductor of electricity / P, S, Cl (non-metals): cannot conduct electricity Na, Mg (metals): form oxides with basic properties

Al (metal): form oxides with both basic and acidic properties = amphoteric oxides Si (semi-metal): forms oxides with acidic properties P, S, Cl (non-metals): forms oxides with acidic properties

Uses of semi-metals (metalloids)

Semiconductor (flow in one direction) Microchip

SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 6 Final) Transition elements

Elements from Group 3 to Group 12 Metals Atomic radius (atomic size) approximately the same Solids with shiny surfaces Very hard (compared to Group 1 and Group 2 metals) High density Ductile (ability to stretched into wires without breaking) Malleable (ability to be bent into new shape) High tensile strength (ability to stay in their shape without breaking) High melting and boiling points High density Good conductors of electricity Good conductors of heat

Electronegativity is low but increases (across the series) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub

Colourful Complex of Transition Elements Special characteristics

Form coloured ions (Cu2+: blue / Fe2+: pale green / Fe3+: yellow) Form coloured compound (cobalt chloride crystal: pink) Different oxidation numbers in their compound Useful catalysts (nickel hydrogenation of vegetable oil, copper(II) sulphate reaction of zinc with dilute sulphuric acid to liberate hydrogen gas, manganese(IV) oxide decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to liberate oxygen gas, iron Haber process,vanadium(V) oxide Contact process, platinum Ostwald process)

Form complex ions (bigger-sized polyatomic ion) (Hexacyanoferrate(III) ion / [Fe(CN)6]3- ) Iron used as steel Chromium coating corroded metals, heat-resisting alloys and make stainless steel Copper making cables, pipes and electrical wires Titanium metal pipes and tanks, wings of supersonic aircraft

Uses