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Ludovic Noels
Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials CM3 http://www.ltas-cm3.ulg.ac.be/ Chemin des Chevreuils 1, B4000 Lige L.Noels@ulg.ac.be
Elasticity
Balance of body B
Momenta balance
Linear Angular
Boundary conditions
Neumann Dirichlet
n b
, or
, or
l = K - 2m/3
2m
Pure bending: linear elasticity summary General expression for unsymmetrical beams
Stress
With z
q a
y
Curvature
Mxx
z
BCs
uz =0 duz /dx =0
f(x)
M>0
Tz x
Mxx
uz =0 duz /dx =0
f(x) M>0 L
Tz
x
Mxx
2 cases
Open thin-walled sections Shear = shearing through the shear center + torque Closed thin-walled sections
t t
A*
Tz+ xTz dx g dx x
Tz
gmax
Timoshenko equations
&
z
dx
qy qy
g
On [0 L]:
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Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary Shearing of open thin-walled section beams
Shear flow
z y In the principal axes y S C Ty s
Tz
Tz
Ty
Ty x
Shear center S
On symmetry axes At walls intersection
Tz
z
h t t
C
t
S
b
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Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary Shearing of closed thin-walled section beams
Shear flow
Open part (for anticlockwise of q, s) C p q s z T z
Tz
Ty
y
Tz
Ty
T C p q dAh ds s y
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Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary Shearing of closed thin-walled section beams
Warping around twist center R
z
Tz
Ty
T With ux(0)=0 for symmetrical section if origin on q z C p dAh ds s y
Shear center S
Compute q for shear passing thought S
Tz
Use
S y ds
C
p
s
8
t
C
Mx
h y t max
C
Mx
Rectangular section
h/b If h >> b 1
a
&
0.208 0.141
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Beam torsion: linear elasticity summary Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
Approximated solution for twist rate
Thin curved section z
s pR
R t3
t q
C
Mx
yt t
Rectangles
z
l3 t2 l2 y
us t
t1
l1
Warping of s-axis
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Beam torsion: linear elasticity summary Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
Shear flow due to torsion
Rate of twist
z
Mx
p q dAh ds s
us
R pR p
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b z A1 z A2
tD
sxx
sxx2
sxx
sxx2
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z Tz y x
Consequence on shearing
Open part of the shear flux
Shear flux for open sections
Ty
dx
Consequence on torsion
If no axial constraint
Torsion analysis does not involve axial stress So torsion is unaffected by the structural idealization
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z M>0 L
Tz x
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B787:
Fuselage all in CFRP
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Macromechanics
Composite is seen as an homogenized material Material properties are constant in each direction They change from one direction to the other Method used in preliminary design
Material response
Macroscale
Extraction of a RVE
Multiscale
Combining both approaches
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sxx
lm /2 lf
Matrix Fiber Matrix
sxx lt
y
lm /2 x
DL
Compatibility
The mixture law gives the longitudinal Young modulus of a unidirectional fiber lamina from the matrix and fiber volume ratio
As Ef >> Em, in general Ex ~ vf Ef
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sxx
lm /2 lf
Matrix Fiber Matrix
sxx lt
y
lm /2 x
DL
Matrix
Resultant strain Compatibility
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lm /2 Matrix lf
Fiber Matrix
lt
lm /2 Matrix lf
Fiber Matrix
lt
Matrix
But from previous analysis
DL
syy lm /2 Matrix lf But this is wrong as there are microscopic stresses to constrain the compatibility, so relation is wrong
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lt
Fiber
Matrix
lm /2
syy x
22
lt
syy
x
Fiber
Matrix
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lt
syy
x
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lt
syy
x
Remarks
The stresses in the matrix and in the fiber can lead to fiber debonding In all the previous developments we have assumed zero-stress along z-axis
This is justified as the behaviors in z and y directions are similar. This will not be true in a stack of laminas (laminate)
lt
z
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lz
25
lt tyx
txy = tyx
Resultant shear sliding Microscopic shearing Fiber Matrix Compatibility
lf
lm /2 Matrix x txy L
Carbon
Ef = 200 GPa nf = 0.3
What are the resultant properties (Young, Poisson, Shear modulus) ? Bar of
Cross section 0.08 m X 0.05 m Length 0.5 m
Determine
Lengthening & thickness shortening? Stress in components?
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Lateral direction
lz = 0.08 m
Poisson ratio
Major Minor
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F = 100 kN
0.02 m Matrix
Lengthening
x 0.5 m
Thickness shortening
Microscopic stresses
Fiber Matrix z
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ly = 0.05 m y
lz = 0.08 m
30
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x
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&
Superposition leads to the orthotropic law x
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&
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or in tensorial form
If q is the angle between Ox & Ox syy txy txy sxx
y
with y x x
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with
& in 2D
Solution
Or again
with
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expression
leads to
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A traction sxx along Ox induces a shearing exy due to the fiber orientation syy txy txy sxx y
x
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Remark: a symmetric matrix (not a tensor) can be recovered by using The shear angle gxy = exy + eyx = 2 exy
Tension/shearing coupling
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Symmetrical laminate
Symmetrical geometric and material distribution Technological & coupling considerations (see later) 0
45
0 45 90 90
To ease the transfer of stress from one layer to the other No more than 45 difference between plies ti = 0.125 mm
45 0 45 0
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Suppression of tensile/shearing coupling requires Same proportion in +a and a oriented laminas (of the same material) Then s(+a) = sin (+a) = -s (-a) & s3(+a) = sin3 (+a) = -s3 (-a) So two terms Cxxxy will cancel each-others
0
45 0 -45 90 90
-45
ti = 0.125 mm 0
45 0
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y
nxy nyy
nxx
nxy
0 45 0 -45 90 90 -45 0
ti = 0.125 mm
45
0
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z
y
~ m yy
~ m xx
mxy
~ m xy
ti = 0.125 mm
45
0
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z
x
With
So, using tensorial notation As properties change in each ply, this theoretically leads to discontinuous stress z z
0
45
0 -45 90
45 0 -45 90 90 -45 0 45 0
exx
ti = 0.125 mm
sxx
90
ti = 0.125 mm
-45 0 45 0
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As in each ply
x
nxx
nxy
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As in each ply
x
mxx
mxy
~ m xy
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Dabgd
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Terms B are responsible for traction/bending coupling With A symmetrical stack prevents this coupling 2 identical Ci at zi opposite Terms Axxxy are responsible for tensile/shearing coupling
As
with
&
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z y Y x
z y
Z X bi ti
Px
Px
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a
My
z y
Mz
Z X ti Y x My
59
q
y
Mxx
a
My
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Mz Z
X bi Mz z My ti Y x My
q
y
Mxx
Mz
a
My
61
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Using
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b = 0.05 m z tf = 2 mm My = 1 kN.m y tw = 1 mm
tf = 2 mm b = 0.05 m
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Web
h = 0.1 m
C
Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization
100 Mpa
My = 1 kN.m y
b = 0.05 m
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b = 0.05 m z
100 Mpa
My = 1 kN.m y
b = 0.05 m
b = 0.05 m z h = 0.1 m
100 Mpa
a
C
My = 1 kN.m
b = 0.05 m
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Tz
y S
C Ty s
z y
Tz Z
X ti Y x Ty
68
Tz
Ty
y
With
q
C
p
dAh ds
t = 2 mm t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
Thickness 1.5 mm
Walls AB & CA EXAB = EXCA = 45 GPa Thickness 2 mm
t = 2 mm
B
b = 0.25 m
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t = 2 mm t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
t = 2 mm
B
b = 0.25 m
With
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Wall A B
C
z t = 2 mm h = 0.3 m t = 1.5 mm qo
B
Tz = 2 kN
A
s
t = 2 mm
b = 0.25 m
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Wall A C
C
z t = 2 mm h = 0.3 m
qo t = 1.5 mm
qo
B
Tz = 2 kN
A
s
t = 2 mm
b = 0.25 m
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Wall B C
C
z t = 2 mm h = 0.3 m
qo t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
qo
qo
B
s
t = 2 mm
b = 0.25 m
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z
C
t = 2 mm
qo t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
qo
qo
B
s
t = 2 mm
b = 0.25 m
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z
C
t = 2 mm
qo t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
qo
qo
B
s
t = 2 mm
b = 0.25 m
z
Total flux
C
t = 2 mm h = 0.3 m q t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
q
q
s
t = 2 mm
B
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b = 0.25 m
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us
Twist rate
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z t = 2 mm
A C
Thickness 2 mm
Webs BC & AD mXYw = 35 GPa Thickness 1 mm
t = 1 mm
C
t = 1 mm Mx = 10 kN.m
D
t = 2 mm
b = 0.2 m
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h = 0.1 m z
B
t = 2 mm
A C
Warping
A A y
t = 1 mm
C
t = 1 mm Mx = 10 kN.m
D
t = 2 mm
b = 0.2 m
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t = 2 mm
A C
Wall AA
A A y
t = 1 mm
C
t = 1 mm Mx = 10 kN.m
D
t = 2 mm
b = 0.2 m
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Mx
C
yt
t
R l3
t2
q
y
us
Or
Maximum shear keeps the same expression
Requires position of the shear center R Method of determination of the shear center has to be adapted using shear expressions for composite structures z s pR R
Mx
C
yt
t
us t
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tf = 1.5 mm
Mx
O C
tw = 2.5 mm
tf = 1.5 mm b = 25 mm
Web
Shear modulus 15 GPa Thickness 2.5 mm
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tf = 1.5 mm
Mx
O C
h = 50 mm
Twist rate
tw = 2.5 mm
tf = 1.5 mm b = 25 mm
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b = 50 mm
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Other references
Books
Mcanique des matriaux, C. Massonet & S. Cescotto, De boek Universit, 1994, ISBN 2-8041-2021-X
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1
S.C.
+
S.C. 3
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Twist rate
b = 50 mm
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We can use
b = 50 mm
As
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