Communication Systems

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
UNIT 7
Page 153
2012
7.7
ONE MARK
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
The power spectral density of a real process X (t) for positive frequencies is shown below. The values of E [X 2 (t)] and E [X (t)] , respectively, are
2013
7.1
ONE MARK
The bit rate of a digital communication system is R kbits/s . The modulation used is 32-QAM. The minimum bandwidth required for ISI free transmission is (A) R/10 Hz (B) R/10 kHz (C) R/5 Hz (D) R/5 kHz
2013 TWO MARKS
7.8
(A) 6000/p, 0 (C) 6400/p, 20/ (p 2 )
(B) 6400/p, 0 (D) 6000/p, 20/ (p 2 )
7.2
Let U and V be two independent zero mean Gaussain random variables of variances 1 and 1 respectively. The probability 9 4 P ^3V F 2U h is (A) 4/9 (C) 2/3 (B) 1/2 (D) 5/9
7.9
In a baseband communications link, frequencies upto 3500 Hz are used for signaling. Using a raised cosine pulse with 75% excess bandwidth and for no inter-symbol interference, the maxi mum possible signaling rate in symbols per second is (A) 1750 (B) 2625 (C) 4000 (D) 5250 A source alphabet consists of N symbols with the probability of the first two symbols being the same. A source encoder increases the probability of the first symbol by a small amount e and decreases that of the second by e . After encoding, the entropy of the source (A) increases (B) remains the same (C) increases only if N = 2 (D) decreases
7.3
7.4
7.10 Two independent random variables X and Y are uniformly n Let U and V be two independent and identically distributed random o.i distributed in the interval 6- 1, 1@. The probability that max 6X, Y @ c . a 1 i variables such that P Û =+ 1h = P Û =- 1h = . The entropy o d is less than 1/2 is 2 .n (B) 9/16 (A) 3/4 H Û + V h in bits is w w w (A) 3/4 (B) 1 (C) 1/4 (D) 2/3 (C) 3/2 (D) log 2 3
Consider two identically distributed zero-mean random variables U and V . Let the cumulative distribution functions of U and 2V be F ^x h and G ^x h respectively. Then, for all values of x (A) F ^x h - G ^x h # 0 (B) F ^x h - G ^x h $ 0 (C) ^F (x) - G (x)h .x # 0 (D) ^F (x) - G (x)h .x $ 0
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A I D
2012
7.11
TWO MARKS
Common Data for Questions 5 and 6:

Bits 1 and 0 are transmitted with equal probability. At the receiver, the pdf of the respective received signals for both bits are as shown below.
A BPSK scheme operating over an AWGN channel with noise power spectral density of N 0 /2, uses equiprobable signals s1 (t) = 2E sin (wc t) and s2 (t) =- 2E sin (wc t) over the symbol T T interval (0, T). If the local oscillator in a coherent receiver is ahead in phase by 45c with respect to the received signal, the probability of error in the resulting system is (A) Q c 2E m (B) Q c E m N0 N0 E E (C) Q c (D) Q c 2N 0 m 4N 0 m A binary symmetric channel (BSC) has a transition probability of 1/8. If the binary symbol X is such that P (X = 0) = 9/10, then the probability of error for an optimum receiver will be (A) 7/80 (B) 63/80 (C) 9/10 (D) 1/10 The signal m (t) as shown is applied to both a phase modulator (with k p as the phase constant) and a frequency modulator (with k f as the frequency constant) having the same carrier frequency.
7.12
7.5
If the detection threshold is 1, the BER will be (B) 1 (A) 1 2 4 (C) 1 (D) 1 8 16 The optimum threshold to achieve minimum bit error rate (BER) is (B) 4 (A) 1 2 5 (C) 1 (D) 3 2
7.13
7.6
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(A) (4p 2 f 2 + 1) exp (- pf 2) (C) (4p 2 f 2 + 1) exp (- pf ) The ratio k p /k f (in rad/Hz) for the same maximum phase deviation is (A) 8p (B) 4p (C) 2p (D) p
7.19
(B) (4p 2 f 2 - 1) exp (- pf 2) (D) (4p 2 f 2 - 1) exp (- pf )
Statement for Linked Answer Question 14 and 15 :

The transfer function of a compensator is given as Gc (s) = s + a s+b Gc (s) is a lead compensator if (A) a = 1, b = 2 (B) a = 3, b = 2 (C) a =- 3, b =- 1 (D) a = 3, b = 1 The phase of the above lead compensator is maximum at (A) 2 rad/s (B) 3 rad/s (C) 6 rad/s (D) 1/ 3 rad/s
A message signal m (t) = cos 2000pt + 4 cos 4000pt modulates the carrier c (t) = cos 2pfc t where fc = 1 MHz to produce an AM signal. For demodulating the generated AM signal using an envelope detector, the time constant RC of the detector circuit should satisfy (A) 0.5 ms < RC < 1 ms (B) 1 s << RC < 0.5 ms (C) RC << 1 s (D) RC >> 0.5 ms
Common Data For Q. 8.5 & 8.6

A four-phase and an eight-phase signal constellation are shown in the figure below.
7.14
7.15
2011
7.16
7.17
For the constraint that the minimum distance between pairs of An analog signal is band-limited to 4 kHz, sampled at the Nyquist signal be d for both constellations, the radii r 1 , and r 2 of the in points . o rate and the samples are quantized into 4 levels. The quantized circles are .c levels are assumed to be independent and equally probable. If we o dia (A) r 1 = 0.707d, r2 = 2.782d (B) r 1 = 0.707d, r 2 = 1.932d n . transmit two quantized samples per second, the information rate w is (C) r 1 = 0.707d, r 2 = 1.545d (D) r 1 = 0.707d, r 2 = 1.307d ww (A) 1 bit/sec (B) 2 bits/sec 7.21 Assuming high SNR and that all signals are equally probable, the (C) 3 bits/sec (D) 4 bits/sec additional average transmitted signal energy required by the 8-PSK The Column -1 lists the attributes and the Column -2 lists the signal to achieve the same error probability as the 4-PSK signal is modulation systems. Match the attribute to the modulation system (A) 11.90 dB (B) 8.73 dB that best meets it. (C) 6.79 dB (D) 5.33 dB Column -1 Column -2
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ONE MARK
A I D
7.20
P. Q. R. S.
Power efficient transmission of 1. signals Most bandwidth efficient 2. transmission of voice signals Simplest receiver structure 3. Bandwidth efficient transmission 4. of signals with significant dc component
Conventional AM FM VSB SSB-SC

7.22
2010
ONE MARK
Suppose that the modulating signal is m (t) = 2 cos (2pfm t) and the carrier signal is xC (t) = AC cos (2pfC t), which one of the following is a conventional AM signal without over-modulation (A) x (t) = AC m (t) cos (2pfC t) (B) x (t) = AC [1 + m (t)] cos (2pfC t) (C) x (t) = AC cos (2pfC t) + AC m (t) cos (2pfC t) 4 (D) x (t) = AC cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfC t) + AC sin (2pfm t) sin (2pfC t)
(A) P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3 (B) P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-3 (C) P-3, Q-2, R-1, S-4 (D) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-1
2011
7.18
7.23
Consider an angle modulated signal x (t) = 6 cos [2p # 106 t + 2 sin (800pt)] + 4 cos (800pt) The average power of x (t) is (A) 10 W (B) 18 W (C) 20 W (D) 28 W
TWO MARKS
7.24
X (t) is a stationary random process with auto-correlation function RX (t) = exp (- pt 2). This process is passed through the system shown below. The power spectral density of the output process Y (t) is
Consider the pulse shape s (t) as shown below. The impulse response h (t) of the filter matched to this pulse is
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Page 155
Let Sy (f ) be the power spectral density of Y (t). Which one of the following statements is correct (A) Sy (f ) > 0 for all f (B) Sy (f ) = 0 for f > 1 kHz (C) Sy (f ) = 0 for f = nf0, f0 = 2 kHz kHz, n any integer (D) Sy (f ) = 0 for f = (2n + 1) f0 = 1 kHz , n any integer
2009
7.29
ONE MARK
For a message siganl m (t) = cos (2pfm t) and carrier of frequency fc , which of the following represents a single side-band (SSB) signal ? (A) cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfc t) (B) cos (2pfc t) (C) cos [2p (fc + fm) t] (D) [1 + cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfc t)
2009 TWO MARKS
2010
TWO MARKS
7.30
Statement for linked Answer Question : 8.10 & 8.11 :
Consider a baseband binary PAM receiver shown below. The additive channel noise n (t) is with power spectral density Sn (f ) = N 0 /2 = 10-20 W/Hz . The low-pass filter is ideal with unity (A) 0 (B) 1/16 gain and cut-off frequency 1 MHz. Let Yk represent the random variable y (tk ). (C) 1/6 (D) 1 n i Yk = Nk , if transmitted bit bk = 0 o. discrete random variable X takes values from 1 to 5 with c 7.31 A . a Yk = a + Nk if transmitted bit bk = 1 di probabilities as shown in the table. A student calculates the mean Where Nk represents the noise sample value. The noise sample has .no X as 3.5 and her teacher calculates the variance of X as 1.5. Which ww a probability density function, PNk (n) = 0.5ae- a n (This has mean w 2 of the following statements is true ? zero and variance 2/a ). Assume transmitted bits to be equiprobable and threshold z is set to a/2 = 10-6 V . 1 2 3 4 5 k
O N
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P (X = k)
Consider two independent random variables X and Y with identical distributions. The variables X and Y take values 0, 1 and 2 with 1 respectively. What is the conditional 1 probabilities 1 2 , 4 and 4 probability P (X + Y = 2 X - Y = 0) ?
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(A) Both the student and the teacher are right (B) Both the student and the teacher are wrong (C) The student is wrong but the teacher is right (D) The student is right but the teacher is wrong
7.32
7.25
The value of the parameter a (in V - 1 ) is (A) 1010 (B) 107 (C) 1.414 # 10-10 (D) 2 # 10-20 The probability of bit error is (A) 0.5 # e-3.5 (C) 0.5 # e-7 (B) 0.5 # e-5 (D) 0.5 # e-10
7.33
1 A message signal given by m (t) = ( 1 2 ) cos w1 t - ( 2 ) sin w2 t amplitude - modulated with a carrier of frequency wC to generator s (t)[ 1 + m (t)] cos wc t . What is the power efficiency achieved by this modulation scheme ? (A) 8.33% (B) 11.11% (C) 20% (D) 25%
7.26
7.27
The Nyquist sampling rate for the signal sin (500pt) sin (700) pt is given by s (t) = # pt pt (A) 400 Hz (B) 600 Hz (C) 1200 Hz (D) 1400 Hz X (t) is a stationary process with the power spectral density Sx (f ) > 0 , for all f . The process is passed through a system shown below
A communication channel with AWGN operating at a signal to noise ration SNR >> 1 and bandwidth B has capacity C1. If the SNR is doubled keeping constant, the resulting capacity C2 is given by (A) C2 . 2C1 (B) C2 . C1 + B (C) C2 . C1 + 2B (D) C2 . C1 + 0.3B
Common Data For Q. 8.19 & 8.20 :

The amplitude of a random signal is uniformly distributed between -5 V and 5 V.
7.34
7.28
If the signal to quantization noise ratio required in uniformly

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7.41
quantizing the signal is 43.5 dB, the step of the quantization is approximately (A) 0.033 V (B) 0.05 V (C) 0.0667 V (D) 0.10 V
7.35
If the positive values of the signal are uniformly quantized with a step size of 0.05 V, and the negative values are uniformly quantized with a step size of 0.1 V, the resulting signal to quantization noise ration is approximately (A) 46 dB (B) 43.8 dB (C) 42 dB (D) 40 dB
2008 ONE MARK
Four messages band limited to W, W, 2W and 3W respectively are to be multiplexed using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). The minimum bandwidth required for transmission of this TDM signal is (A) W (B) 3W (C) 6W (D) 7W Consider the frequency modulated signal 10 cos [2p # 105 t + 5 sin (2p # 1500t) + 7.5 sin (2p # 1000t)] with carrier frequency of 105 Hz. The modulation index is (A) 12.5 (B) 10 (C) 7.5 (D) 5 The signal cos wc t + 0.5 cos wm t sin wc t is (A) FM only (B) AM only (C) both AM and FM (D) neither AM nor FM
7.42
7.43
7.36
Consider the amplitude modulated (AM) signal Ac cos wc t + 2 cos wm t cos wc t . For demodulating the signal using envelope detector, the minimum value of Ac should be (A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0.5 (D) 0
2008 TWO MARKS
Common Data For Q. 8.29, 8.30 and 8.31 :

A speed signal, band limited to 4 kHz and peak voltage varying between +5 V and - 5 V, is sampled at the Nyquist rate. Each sample is quantized and represented by 8 bits.
7.44
7.37
The probability density function (pdf) of random variable is as shown below
The corresponding commutative distribution function CDF has the form
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w ww
d .no
A I D
7.45 7.46
If the bits 0 and 1 are transmitted using bipolar pulses, the minimum bandwidth required for distortion free transmission is (A) 64 kHz (B) 32 kHz (C) 8 kHz (D) 4 kHz Assuming the signal to be uniformly distributed between its peak to peak value, the signal to noise ratio at the quantizer output is (A) 16 dB (B) 32 dB (C) 48 dB (D) 4 kHz peak value, the signal to noise ratio at the quantizer output is (A) 1024 (B) 512 (C) 256 (D) 64
2007
.in o c . ia Assuming the signal to be uniformly distributed between its peak to
ONE MARK
7.47
7.38
A memory less source emits n symbols each with a probability p . The entropy of the source as a function of n 1 (A) increases as log n (B) decreases as log ( n ) (C) increases as n (D) increases as n log n Noise with double-sided power spectral density on K over all frequencies is passed through a RC low pass filter with 3 dB cut-off frequency of fc . The noise power at the filter output is (A) K (B) Kfc (C) kpfc (D) 3 Consider a Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) with probability of error being p . To transmit a bit, say 1, we transmit a sequence of three 1s. The receiver will interpret the received sequence to represent 1 if at least two bits are 1. The probability that the transmitted bit will be received in error is (A) p3 + 3p2 (1 - p) (B) p3 (C) (1 - p3) (D) p3 + p2 (1 - p)
If R (t) is the auto correlation function of a real, wide-sense stationary random process, then which of the following is NOT true (A) R (t) = R (- t) (B) R (t) # R (0) (C) R (t) =- R (- t) (D) The mean square value of the process is R (0) If S (f) is the power spectral density of a real, wide-sense stationary random process, then which of the following is ALWAYS true? (A) S (0) # S (f) (B) S (f) $ 0 (C) S (- f) =- S (f) (D)
7.48
7.39
#- 3 S (f) df = 0
7.49
7.40
If E denotes expectation, the variance of a random variable X is given by (A) E [X2] - E2 [X] (B) E [X2] + E2 [X] (C) E [X2] (D) E2 [X]
2007 TWO MARKS
7.50
A Hilbert transformer is a (A) non-linear system (C) time-varying system
(B) non-causal system (D) low-pass system
7.51
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In delta modulation, the slope overload distortion can be reduced by (A) decreasing the step size (B) decreasing the granular noise (C) decreasing the sampling rate (D) increasing the step size The raised cosine pulse p (t) is used for zero ISI in digital communications. The expression for p (t) with unity roll-off factor is given by sin 4pWt p (t) = 4pWt (1 - 16W2 t2) The value of p (t) at t = 1 is 4W (A) - 0.5 (C) 0.5
7.57
equiprobable. Let N0 denote the power spectral density of white 2 Gaussian noise.
7.52
(B) 0 (D) 3
7.58
The if ratio or the average energy of Constellation 1 to the average energy of Constellation 2 is (A) 4a2 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 8 If these constellations are used for digital communications over an AWGN channel, then which of the following statements is true ? (A) Probability of symbol error for Constellation 1 is lower (B) Probability of symbol error for Constellation 1 is higher (C) Probability of symbol error is equal for both the constellations (D) The value of N0 will determine which of the constellations has a lower probability of symbol error
7.53
In the following scheme, if the spectrum M (f) of m (t) is as shown, then the spectrum Y (f) of y (t) will be
7.54
During transmission over a certain binary communication channel, bit errors occur independently with probability p . The probability of AT MOST one bit in error in a block of n bits is given by (A) pn (B) 1 - pn (C) np (1 - p) n - 1 + (1 + p) n (D) 1 - (1 - p) n
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w
. ww
A I D
no . dia co
7.59
Statement for Linked Answer Question 8.44 & 8.45 :

An input to a 6-level quantizer has the probability density function f (x) as shown in the figure. Decision boundaries of the quantizer are chosen so as to maximize the entropy of the quantizer output. It is given that 3 consecutive decision boundaries are - 1'.'0' and .in '1'.
7.55
In a GSM system, 8 channels can co-exist in 200 kHz bandwidth using TDMA. A GSM based cellular operator is allocated 5 MHz bandwidth. Assuming a frequency reuse factor of 1 , i.e. a five-cell 5 repeat pattern, the maximum number of simultaneous channels that can exist in one cell is (A) 200 (B) 40 (C) 25 (D) 5 In a Direct Sequence CDMA system the chip rate is 1.2288 # 106 chips per second. If the processing gain is desired to be AT LEAST 100, the data rate (A) must be less than or equal to 12.288 # 103 bits per sec (B) must be greater than 12.288 # 103 bits per sec (C) must be exactly equal to 12.288 # 103 bits per sec (D) can take any value less than 122.88 # 103 bits per sec
7.60
7.56
The values of a and b are (A) a = 1 and b = 1 (B) a = 1 and b = 3 6 12 5 40 (C) a = 1 and b = 1 (D) a = 1 and b = 1 4 16 3 24 Assuming that the reconstruction levels of the quantizer are the mid-points of the decision boundaries, the ratio of signal power to quantization noise power is (A) 152 (B) 64 9 3 (C) 76 (D) 28 3
2006 ONE MARK
7.61
A low-pass filter having a frequency response H (jw) = A (w) e jf (w) does not produce any phase distortions if (A) A (w) = Cw3, f (w) = kw3 (B) A (w) = Cw2, f (w) = kw (C) A (w) = Cw, f (w) = kw2
2006
(D) A (w) = C, f (w) = kw- 1

TWO MARKS

Two 4-array signal constellations are shown. It is given that f1 and f2 constitute an orthonormal basis for the two constellation. Assume that the four symbols in both the constellations are
7.62
A signal with bandwidth 500 Hz is first multiplied by a signal g (t) where

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3
7.69
Page 158
g (t) =
R =- 3
/(- 1) k d (t - 0.5 # 10- 4 k)
In the following figure the minimum value of the constant "C" , which is to be added to y1 (t) such that y1 (t) and y2 (t) are different , is
The resulting signal is then passed through an ideal lowpass filter with bandwidth 1 kHz. The output of the lowpass filter would be (A) d (t) (B) m (t) (C) 0 (D) m (t) d (t)
7.63
The minimum sampling frequency (in samples/sec) required to reconstruct the following signal from its samples without distortion 3 2 x (t) = 5` sin 2p100t j + 7` sin 2p100t j would be pt pt (A) 2 # 103 (B) 4 # 103 (C) 6 # 103 (D) 8 # 103 The minimum step-size required for a Delta-Modulator operating at 32k samples/sec to track the signal (here u (t) is the unit-step function) x (t) = 125[ u (t) - u (t - 1) + (250t)[ u (t - 1) - u (t - 2)] so that slope-overload is avoided, would be (A) 2 - 10 (B) 2 - 8 (C) 2 - 6 (D) 2 - 4
(A) 3
(B) 3 2
7.70
7.64
2 (C) 3 (D) 3 12 L A message signal with bandwidth 10 kHz is Lower-Side Band SSB modulated with carrier frequency fc1 = 106 Hz. The resulting signal is then passed through a Narrow-Band Frequency Modulator with carrier frequency fc2 = 109 Hz. The bandwidth of the output would be (A) 4 # 10 4 Hz (B) 2 # 106 Hz (C) 2 # 109 Hz (D) 2 # 1010 Hz
7.65
A zero-mean white Gaussian noise is passes through an ideal lowpass filter of bandwidth 10 kHz. The output is then uniformly sampled with sampling period ts = 0.03 msec. The samples so obtained would be (A) correlated (B) statistically independent (C) uncorrelated (D) orthogonal

Let g (t) = p (t)*( pt), where * denotes convolution & p (t) = u (t) - u (t - 1) lim with u (t) being the unit step function
z"3
7.71
7.66
7.67
7.68
A source generates three symbols with probabilities 0.25, 0.25, 0.50 at a rate of 3000 symbols per second. Assuming independent 7.72 An .inAmplitude Modulated signal is given as o c . generation of symbols, the most efficient source encoder would have xAM (t) = 100 [p (t) + 0.5g (t)] cos wc t dia o average bit rate is n in the interval 0 # t # 1. One set of possible values of modulating w. (A) 6000 bits/sec (B) 4500 bits/sec w w signal and modulation index would be (C) 3000 bits/sec (D) 1500 bits/sec (A) t, 0.5 (B) t, 1.0 The diagonal clipping in Amplitude Demodulation (using envelop (C) t, 2.0 (D) t2, 0.5 detector) can be avoided it RC time-constant of the envelope detector satisfies the following condition, (here W is message bandwidth and Common Data For Q. 8.58 & 8.59 : w is carrier frequency both in rad/sec) 1 1 (A) RC < (B) RC > The following two question refer to wide sense stationary stochasW W tic process (C) RC < 1 (D) RC > 1 w w 7.73 It is desired to generate a stochastic process (as voltage process) with power spectral density S (w) = 16/ (16 + w2) by driving a A uniformly distributed random variable X with probability density Linear-Time-Invariant system by zero mean white noise (As voltage function process) with power spectral density being constant equal to 1. The fx (x) = 1 pu (x + 5) - u (x - 5)] 10 system which can perform the desired task could be (A) first order lowpass R-L filter where u (.) is the unit step function is passed through a transfor(B) first order highpass R-C filter mation given in the figure below. The probability density function (C) tuned L-C filter of the transformed random variable Y would be (D) series R-L-C filter
7.74
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A I D
The impulse response of filter matched s (t) = g (t) - d (1 - 2)* g (t) is given as : (A) s (1 - t) (B) - s (1 - t) (C) - s (t) (D) s (t)
to
the
signal
(A) fy (y) = 1 [u (y + 2.5) - u (y - 2.25)] 5 (B) fy (y) = 0.5d (y) + 0.5d (y - 1) (C) fy (y) = 0.25d (y + 2.5) + 0.25d (y - 2.5) + 5d (y) (D) fy (y) = 0.25d (y + 2.5) + 0.25d (y - 2.5) + 1 [u (y + 2.5) - u (y - 2.5)]
10
The parameters of the system obtained in previous Q would be (A) first order R-L lowpass filter would have R = 4W L = 1H (B) first order R-C highpass filter would have R = 4W C = 0.25F (C) tuned L-C filter would have L = 4H C = 4F (D) series R-L-C lowpass filter would have R = 1W , L = 4H , C = 4F
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Consider the following Amplitude Modulated (AM) signal, where fm < B XAM (t) = 10 (1 + 0.5 sin 2pfm t) cos 2pfc t
7.75
The average side-band power for the AM signal given above is (A) 25 (B) 12.5 (C) 6.25 (D) 3.125 The AM signal gets added to a noise with Power Spectral Density Sn (f) given in the figure below. The ratio of average sideband power to mean noise power would be :
7.81
7.76
Noise with uniform power spectral density of N0 W/Hz is passed though a filter H (w) = 2 exp (- jwtd ) followed by an ideal pass filter of bandwidth B Hz. The output noise power in Watts is (A) 2N0 B (B) 4N0 B (C) 8N0 B (D) 16N0 B An output of a communication channel is a random variable v with the probability density function as shown in the figure. The mean square value of v is
7.82
(A) 25 8N0 B (C) 25 2N0 B

2005
7.77
(B) 25 4N0 B (D) 25 N0 B

ONE MARK
Find the correct match between group 1 and group 2. Group 1 Group 2 P. {1 + km (t) A sin (wc t)} W. Phase modulation Q. km (t) A sin (wc t) X. Frequency modulation R. A sin {wc t + km (t)} Y. Amplitude modulation t S. A sin ; wc t + k m (t) dt E Z. DSB-SC modulation
#- 3
(A) P - Z, Q - Y, R - X, S - W (B) P - W, Q - X, R - Y, S - Z (C) P - X, Q - W, R - Z, S - Y (D) P - Y, Q - Z, R - W, S - X

7.78
D O
7.83
ww
no w.
in A is phase modulated (PM) with frequency deviation of 10 o.carrier c . ia
IA
(A) 4 (C) 8
(B) 6 (D) 9
kHz by a single tone frequency of 1 kHz. If the single tone frequency is increased to 2 kHz, assuming that phase deviation remains unchanged, the bandwidth of the PM signal is (A) 21 kHz (B) 22 kHz (C) 42 kHz (D) 44 kHz
Which of the following analog minimum transmitted power and (A) VSB (C) SSB
2005
modulation scheme requires the minimum channel bandwidth ? (B) DSB-SC (D) AM
TWO MARKS
Common Data For Q. 8.69 and 8.70 :

Asymmetric three-level midtread quantizer is to be designed assuming equiprobable occurrence of all quantization levels.
7.79
A device with input X (t) and output y (t) is characterized by: Y (t) = x2 (t). An FM signal with frequency deviation of 90 kHz and modulating signal bandwidth of 5 kHz is applied to this device. The bandwidth of the output signal is (A) 370 kHz (B) 190 kHz (C) 380 kHz (D) 95 kHz A signal as shown in the figure is applied to a matched filter. Which of the following does represent the output of this matched filter ?
7.84
7.80
7.85
If the probability density function is divide into three regions as shown in the figure, the value of a in the figure is (A) 1 (B) 2 3 3 (C) 1 (D) 1 2 4 The quantization noise power for the quantization region between - a and + a in the figure is (A) 4 (B) 1 81 9 (C) 5 (D) 2 81 81

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2004
7.86
ONE MARK
7.93
In a PCM system, if the code word length is increased from 6 to 8 bits, the signal to quantization noise ratio improves by the factor (A) 8 (B) 12 6 (C) 16 (D) 8
7.87
An AM signal is detected using an envelop detector. The carrier frequency and modulating signal frequency are 1 MHz and 2 kHz respectively. An appropriate value for the time constant of the envelop detector is (A) 500m sec (B) 20m sec (C) 0.2m sec (D) 1m sec An AM signal and a narrow-band FM signal with identical carriers, modulating signals and modulation indices of 0.1 are added together. The resultant signal can be closely approximated by (A) broadband FM (B) SSB with carrier (C) DSB-SC (D) SSB without carrier In the output of a DM speech encoder, the consecutive pulses are of opposite polarity during time interval t1 # t # t2 . This indicates that during this interval (A) the input to the modulator is essentially constant (B) the modulator is going through slope overload (C) the accumulator is in saturation (D) the speech signal is being sampled at the Nyquist rate The distribution function Fx (x) of a random variable x is shown in the figure. The probability that X = 1 is
(C) - 1 sec - 1 (D) 1 sec - 1 2 A source produces binary data at the rate of 10 kbps. The binary symbols are represented as shown in the figure. The source output is transmitted using two modulation schemes, namely Binary PSK (BPSK) and Quadrature PSK (QPSK). Let B1 and B2 be the bandwidth requirements of the above rectangular pulses is 10 kHz, B1 and B2 are
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(A) B1 = 20 kHz, B2 = 20 kHz (C) B1 = 20 khz, B2 = 10 kHz

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(B) B1 = 10 kHz, B2 = 20 kHz (D) B1 = 10 kHz, B2 = 10 kHz
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A 100 MHz carrier of 1 V amplitude and a 1 MHz modulating signal of 1 V amplitude are fed to a balanced modulator. The ourput of the modulator is passed through an ideal high-pass filter with cutoff frequency of 100 MHz. The output of the filter is added with 100 MHz signal of 1 V amplitude and 90c phase shift as shown in the figure. The envelope of the resultant signal is
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(A) zero (C) 0.55

2004
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(B) 0.25 (D) 0.30
D O
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5 - sin (2p - 106 t) 5 + cos (2p # 106 t) (D) 4 4 co . a 7.95 di Two sinusoidal signals of same amplitude and frequencies 10 kHz o n and 10.1 kHz are added together. The combined signal is given to an w. w w ideal frequency detector. The output of the detector is (A) 0.1 kHz sinusoid (B) 20.1 kHz sinusoid (C) a linear function of time (D) a constant (C) .in Consider a binary digital communication system with equally likely 0s and 1s. When binary 0 is transmitted the detector input can lie between the levels - 0.25 V and + 0.25 V with equl probability : when binary 1 is transmitted, the voltage at the detector can have any value between 0 and 1 V with equal probability. If the detector has a threshold of 0.2 V (i.e., if the received signal is greater than 0.2 V, the bit is taken as 1), the average bit error probability is (A) 0.15 (B) 0.2 (C) 0.05 (D) 0.5 A random variable X with uniform density in the interval 0 to 1 is quantized as follows : If 0 # X # 0.3 , xq = 0 If 0.3 < X # 1, xq = 0.7 where xq is the quantized value of X. The root-mean square value of the quantization noise is (A) 0.573 (B) 0.198 (C) 2.205 (D) 0.266 Choose the current one from among the alternative A, B, C, D after matching an item from Group 1 with the most appropriate item in Group 2. Group 1 Group 2 1. FM P. Slope overload 2. DM Q. m -law
IA
(A) constant
(B)
1 + sin (2p # 106 t)
TWO MARKS
A 1 mW video signal having a bandwidth of 100 MHz is transmitted to a receiver through cable that has 40 dB loss. If the effective oneside noise spectral density at the receiver is 10 - 20 Watt/Hz, then the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver is (A) 50 dB (B) 30 dB (C) 40 dB (D) 60 dB Consider the signal x (t) shown in Fig. Let h (t) denote the impulse response of the filter matched to x (t), with h (t) being non-zero only in the interval 0 to 4 sec. The slope of h (t) in the interval 3 < t < 4 sec is
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(A) 1 sec - 1 2
(B) - 1 sec - 1
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3. PSK 4. PCM
R. Envelope detector S. Hilbert transform T. Hilbert transform U. Matched filter (A) 1 - T, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - S (B) 1 - S, 2 - U, 3 - P, 4 - T (C) 1 - S, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - Q (D) 1 - U, 2 - R, 3 - S, 4 - Q
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X (t) is a random process with a constant mean value of 2 and the auto correlation function Rxx (t) = 4 (e - 0.2 t + 1).
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Three analog signals, having bandwidths 1200 Hz, 600 Hz and 600 Hz, are sampled at their respective Nyquist rates, encoded with 12 bit words, and time division multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed signal is (A) 115.2 kbps (B) 28.8 kbps (C) 57.6 kbps (D) 38.4 kbps Consider a system shown in the figure. Let X (f) and Y (f) and denote the Fourier transforms of x (t) and y (t) respectively. The ideal HPF has the cutoff frequency 10 kHz.
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Let X be the Gaussian random variable obtained by sampling the process at t = ti and let 3 Q (a) = - 1 e dy a 2p The probability that 6x # 1@ is (A) 1 - Q (0.5) (B) Q (0.5) 1 (C) Q c (D) 1 - Q c 1 m m 2 2 2 2 Let Y and Z be the random variable obtained by sampling X (t) at t = 2 and t = 4 respectively. Let W = Y - Z . The variance of W is (A) 13.36 (B) 9.36 (C) 2.64 (D) 8.00
x2 2
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A sinusoidal signal with peak-to-peak amplitude of 1.536 V is quantized into 128 levels using a mid-rise uniform quantizer. The quantization-noise power is (A) 0.768 V (B) 48 # 10 - 6 V2 (B) 12 # 10 - 6 V2 (D) 3.072 V Let x (t) = 2 cos (800p) + cos (1400pt). x (t) is sampled with the rectangular pulse train shown in the figure. The only spectral components (in kHz) present in the sampled signal in the frequency range 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz are
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The positive frequencies where Y (f) has spectral peaks are (A) 1 kHz and 24 kHz (B) 2 kHz and 244 kHz (C) 1 kHz and 14 kHz (D) 2 kHz and 14 kHz
2003
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The input to a coherent detector is DSB-SC signal plus noise. The noise at the detector output is (A) the in-phase component (B) the quadrature - component (C) zero (D) the envelope
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d
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n o.i 2.7, 3.4 (A) c . ia
(C) 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6
(B) 3.3, 3.6 (D) 2.7, 3.3
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The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The detector is operating above threshold. The power spectral density of the noise at the output is (A) raised - cosine (B) flat (C) parabolic (D) Gaussian At a given probability of error, binary coherent FSK is inferior to binary coherent PSK by. (A) 6 dB (B) 3 dB (C) 2 dB (D) 0 dB
2003 TWO MARKS
A DSB-SC signal is to be generated with a carrier frequency fc = 1 MHz using a non-linear device with the input-output characteristic V0 = a0 vi + a1 vi3 where a0 and a1 are constants. The output of the non-linear device can be filtered by an appropriate band-pass filter. i Let Vi = Ac cos (2pfi ct) + m (t) is the message signal. Then the value of fci (in MHz) is (A) 1.0 (B) 0.333 (B) 0.5 (D) 3.0

Let m (t) = cos [(4p # 103) t] be the message signal & c (t) = 5 cos [(2p # 106 t)] be the carrier.
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Let X and Y be two statistically independent random variables uniformly distributed in the ranges (- 1, 1) and (- 2, 1) respectively. Let Z = X + Y . Then the probability that (z # - 1) is (A) zero (B) 1 6 (C) 1 (D) 1 3 12
c (t) and m (t) are used to generate an AM signal. The modulation index of the generated AM signal is 0.5. Then the quantity Total sideband power is Carrier power (A) 1 (B) 1 2 4 (C) 1 (D) 1 3 8 c (t) and m (t) are used to generated an FM signal. If the peak frequency deviation of the generated FM signal is three times the transmission bandwidth of the AM signal, then the coefficient of the term cos [2p (1008 # 103 t)] in the FM signal (in terms of the Bessel coefficients) is (B) 5 J8 (3) (A) 5J4 (3) 2
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(C) 5 J8 (4) (D) 5J4 (6) 2 Choose the correct one from among the alternative A, B, C, D after matching an item in Group 1 with most appropriate item in Group 2. Group 1 Group 2 P. Ring modulator 1. Clock recovery Q. VCO 2. Demodulation of FM R. Foster-Seely discriminator 3. Frequency conversion S. Mixer 4. Summing the two inputs 5. Generation of FM 6. Generation of DSB-Sc (A) P - 1; Q - 3; R - 2; S - 4 (B) P - 6; Q = 5; R - 2; S - 3 (C) P - 6; Q - 1; R - 3; S - 2 (D) P - 5; Q - 6; R - 1; S - 3 A superheterodyne receiver is to operate in the frequency range 550 kHz - 1650 kHz, with the intermediate frequency of 450 kHz. Let R = Cmax /Cmin denote the required capacitance ratio of the local oscillator and I denote the image frequency (in kHz) of the incoming signal. If the receiver is tuned to 700 kHz, then (A) R = 4.41, I = 1600 (B) R = 2.10, I - 1150 (C) R = 3.0, I = 600 (D) R = 9.0, I = 1150 If Eb , the energy per bit of a binary digital signal, is 10 wattsec and the one-sided power spectral density of the white noise, N0 = 10 - 6 W/Hz, then the output SNR of the matched filter is (A) 26 dB (B) 10 dB (C) 20 dB (D) 13 dB
-5
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Consider a sample signal y (t) = 5 # 10 - 6 # (t)
where x (t) = 10 cos (8p # 103) t and Ts = 100m sec. When y (t) is passed through an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 5 KHz, the output of the filter is (A) 5 # 10 - 6 cos (8p # 103) t (b) 5 # 10 - 5 cos (8p # 103) t (C) 5 # 10 - 1 cos (8p # 103) t
7.120
n =- 3
/ d (t - nTs)
(D) 10 cos (8p # 103) t
For a bit-rate of 8 Kbps, the best possible values of the transmitted frequencies in a coherent binary FSK system are (A) 16 kHz and 20 kHz (C) 20 kHz and 32 kHz (C) 20 kHz and 40 kHz (D) 32 kHz and 40 kHz The line-of-sight communication requires the transmit and receive antennas to face each other. If the transmit antenna is vertically polarized, for best reception the receiver antenna should be (A) horizontally polarized (B) vertically polarized (C) at 45c with respect to horizontal polarization (D) at 45c with respect to vertical polarization
2002 TWO MARKS
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An angle-modulated signal is given by s (t) = cos 2p (2 # 106 t + 30 sin 150t + 40 cos 150t). The maximum frequency and phase deviations of s (t) are (A) 10.5 kHz, 140 p rad (B) 6 kHz, 80p rad (C) 10.5 kHz, 100 p rad (D) 7.5 kHz, 100 p rad
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The input to a linear delta modulator having a step-size 3 = 0.628 the figure m (t) = 2 sin 2pt , s (t) = cos 200pt and n (t) = sin 199pt is a sine wave with frequency fm and peak amplitude Em . If the 7.123 Inin t t . . co sampling frequency fx = 40 kHz, the combination of the sine-wave . a i The output y (t) will be frequency and the peak amplitude, where slope overload will take no d w. place is w w Em fm (A) 0.3 V 8 kHz (B) 1.5 V 4 kHz (C) 1.5 V 2 kHz (A) sin 2pt (B) sin 2pt + sin pt cos 3pt t t t (D) 3.0 V 1 kHz (C) sin 2pt + sin 0.5pt cos 1.5pt (D) sin 2pt + sin pt cos 0.75pt If S represents the carrier synchronization at the receiver and r t t t t represents the bandwidth efficiency, then the correct statement for 7.124 A signal x (t) = 100 cos (24p # 103) t is ideally sampled with a sampling the coherent binary PSK is period of 50m sec ana then passed through an ideal lowpass filter (A) r = 0.5, S is required (B) r = 1.0, S is required with cutoff frequency of 15 kHz. Which of the following frequencies (C) r = 0.5, S is not required (D) r = 1.0, S is not required is/are present at the filter output ? (A) 12 kHz only (B) 8 kHz only A signal is sampled at 8 kHz and is quantized using 8 - bit uniform (C) 12 kHz and 9 kHz (D) 12 kHz and 8 kHz quantizer. Assuming SNRq for a sinusoidal signal, the correct statement for PCM signal with a bit rate of R is 2 7.125 If the variance ax of d (n) = x (n) - x (n - 1) is one-tenth the (A) R = 32 kbps, SNRq = 25.8 dB 2 variance ax of stationary zero-mean discrete-time signal x (n), then (B) R = 64 kbps, SNRq = 49.8 dB R (k) the normalized autocorrelation function xx 2 at k = 1 is (C) R = 64 kbps, SNRq = 55.8 dB (A) 0.95 (B) 0.90 ax (D) R = 32 kbps, SNRq = 49.8 dB (C) 0.10 (D) 0.05
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A I D
2002
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ONE MARK
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2001
ONE MARK
A 2 MHz sinusoidal carrier amplitude modulated by symmetrical square wave of period 100 m sec . Which of the following frequencies will NOT be present in the modulated signal ? (A) 990 kHz (B) 1010 kHz (C) 1020 kHz (D) 1030 kHz
A bandlimited signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate. The signal can be recovered by passing the samples through (A) an RC filter (B) an envelope detector (C) a PLL
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(D) an ideal low-pass filter with the appropriate bandwidth

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The PDF of a Gaussian random variable X is given by (x - 4) px (x) = 1 e - 18 . The probability of the event {X = 4} is 3 2p 1 1 (A) (B) 2 3 2p (C) 0 (D) 1 4
2
(A) Pm cos q 2
(B) Pm 4
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2 2 (C) Pm sin q (D) Pm cos q 4 4 The Hilbert transform of cos w1 t + sin w2 t is (A) sin w1 t - cos w2 t (B) sin w1 t + cos w2 t (C) cos w1 t - sin w2 t (D) sin w1 t + sin w2 t
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TWO MARKS
A video transmission system transmits 625 picture frames per second. Each frame consists of a 400 # 400 pixel grid with 64 intensity levels per pixel. The data rate of the system is (A) 16 Mbps (B) 100 Mbps (C) 600 Mbps (D) 6.4 Gbps The Nyquist sampling interval, for the signal sin c (700t) + sin c (500t) is (A) 1 sec (B) p sec 350 350 (C) 1 sec (D) p sec 700 175 During transmission over a communication channel, bit errors occur independently with probability p . If a block of n bits is transmitted, the probability of at most one bit error is equal to (A) 1 - (1 - p) n (B) p + (n - 1)( 1 - p) (C) np (1 - p) n - 1 (D) (1 - p) n + np (1 - p) n - 1
In a FM system, a carrier of 100 MHz modulated by a sinusoidal signal of 5 KHz. The bandwidth by Carsons approximation is 1 MHz. If y (t) = (modulated waveform) 3 , than by using Carsons approximation, the bandwidth of y (t) around 300 MHz and the and the spacing of spectral components are, respectively. (A) 3 MHz, 5 KHz (B) 1 MHz, 15 KHz (C) 3 MHz, 15 KHz (D) 1 MHz, 5 KHz
1999 ONE MARK
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The input to a channel is a bandpass signal. It is obtained by linearly modulating a sinusoidal carrier with a single-tone signal. The output of the channel due to this input is given by y (t) = (1/100) cos (100t - 10-6) cos (106 t - 1.56) The group delay (tg) and the phase delay (t p) in seconds, of the channel are (A) tg = 10-6, t p = 1.56 (B) tg = 1.56, t p = 10-6 (C) tg = 108, t p = 1.56 # 10-6 (D) tg = 108, t p = 1.56
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A modulated signal is given by s (t) = m1 (t) cos (2pfc t) + m2 (t) sin (2pfc t) where the baseband signal m1 (t) and m2 (t) have bandwidths of The PSD and the power of a signal g (t) are, respectively, Sg (w) and Pg . The PSD and the power of the signal ag (t) are, respectively, 10 kHz, and 15 kHz, respectively. The bandwidth of the modulated 2 2 2 (A) a Sg (w) and a Pg (B) a Sg (w) and aPg n signal, o.i in kHz, is c 2 . (C) aSg (w) and a Pg (D) aSg (w) and aPs (B) 15 dia (A) 10 o n (C) 25 (D) 30 w.
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2000
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The amplitude modulated waveform s (t) = Ac [1 + Ka m (t)] cos wc t is fed to an ideal envelope detector. The maximum magnitude of K0 m (t) is greater than 1. Which of the following could be the detector output ? 2 (A) Ac m (t) (B) Ac [1 + Ka m (t)] 2 (C) [Ac (1 + Ka m (t)] (D) Ac [1 + Ka m (t)] 2 The frequency range for satellite communication is (A) 1 KHz to 100 KHz (B) 100 KHz to 10 KHz (C) 10 MHz to 30 MHz (D) 1 GHz to 30 GHz
2000 TWO MARKS
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w ONE MARK w
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A modulated signal is given by s (t) = e-at cos [(wc + Dw) t] u (t), where a wc and Dw are positive constants, and wc >> Dw . The complex envelope of s (t) is given by (A) exp (- at) exp [j (wc + Dw) t] u (t) (B) exp (- at) exp (jDwt) u (t) (C) exp (jDwt) u (t) (D) exp [jwc + Dw) t]
1999 TWO MARKS
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In a digital communication system employing Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), the 0 and 1 bit are represented by sine waves of 10 KHz and 25 KHz respectively. These waveforms will be orthogonal for a bit interval of (A) 45m sec (B) 200m sec (C) 50m sec (D) 250m sec A message m (t) bandlimited to the frequency fm has a power of Pm . The power of the output signal in the figure is
The Nyquist sampling frequency (in Hz) of a signal given by 6 # 10 4 sin c2 (400t) * 106 sin c3 (100t) is (A) 200 (B) 300 (C) 500 (D) 1000 The peak-to-peak input to an 8-bit PCM coder is 2 volts. The signal power-to-quantization noise power ratio (in dB) for an input of 0.5 cos (wm t) is (A) 47.8 (B) 49.8 (C) 95.6 (D) 99.6 The input to a matched filter is given by 6 -4 "10 sin (2p # 10 t) 0 < 1 < 10 sec s (t) = 0 otherwise The peak amplitude of the filter output is (A) 10 volts (B) 5 volts (C) 10 millivolts (D) 5 millivolts
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7.155
Four independent messages have bandwidths of 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 400 Hz , respectively. Each is sampled at the Nyquist rate, and the samples are time division multiplexed (TDM) and transmitted. The transmitted sample rate (in Hz) is (A) 1600 (B) 800 (C) 400 (D) 200
1998 ONE MARK
The spectral density of a real valued random process has (A) an even symmetry (B) an odd symmetry (C) a conjugate symmetry (D) no symmetry The probability density function of the envelope of narrow band Gaussian noise is (A) Poisson (B) Gaussian (C) Rayleigh (D) Rician
1997 ONE MARK
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The amplitude spectrum of a Gaussian pulse is (A) uniform (B) a sine function (C) Gaussian (D) an impulse function The ACF of a rectangular pulse of duration T is (A) a rectangular pulse of duration T (B) a rectangular pulse of duration 2T (C) a triangular pulse of duration T (D) a triangular pulse of duration 2T
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The line code that has zero dc component for pulse transmission of random binary data is (A) Non-return to zero (NRZ) (B) Return to zero (RZ) (C) Alternate Mark Inversion (AM) (D) None of the above A probability density function is given by p (x) = Ke-x /2 - 3 < x < 3 . The value of K should be 2 (B) (A) 1 p 2p (C) 1 (D) 1 2 p p 2 A deterministic signal has the power spectrum given in the figure is, The minimum sampling rate needed to completely represent this signal is
2
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The image channel selectivity of superheterodyne receiver depends upon (A) IF amplifiers only (B) RF and IF amplifiers only (C) Preselector, RF and IF amplifiers (D) Preselector, and RF amplifiers only
7.148
In a PCM system with uniform quantisation, increasing the number of bits from 8 to 9 will reduce the quantisation noise power by a factor of (A) 9 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) 2
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Flat top sampling of low pass signals .no w (A) gives rise to aperture effect (B) implies oversampling ww (C) leads to aliasing (D) introduces delay distortion A DSB-SC signal is generated using the carrier cos (we t + q) and modulating signal x (t). The envelope of the DSB-SC signal is (A) x (t) (B) x (t) (C) only positive portion of x (t) (D) x (t) cos q Quadrature multiplexing is (A) the same as FDM (B) the same as TDM (C) a combination of FDM and TDM (D) quite different from FDM and TDM The Fourier transform of a voltage signal x (t) is X (f). The unit of X (f) is (A) volt (B) volt-sec (C) volt/sec (D) volt 2 Compression in PCM refers to relative compression of (A) higher signal amplitudes (B) lower signal amplitudes (C) lower signal frequencies (D) higher signal frequencies For a give data rate, the bandwidth B p of a BPSK signal and the bandwidth B 0 of the OOK signal are related as (A) B p = B 0 (B) B p = B 0 2 4 (C) B p = B 0 (D) B p = 2B 0
O N
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d co ia. .in
(A) 1 kHz (C) 3 kHz
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(B) 2 kHz (D) None of these
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A communication channel has first order low pass transfer function. The channel is used to transmit pulses at a symbol rate greater than the half-power frequency of the low pass function. Which of the network shown in the figure is can be used to equalise the received pulses?
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The power spectral density of a deterministic signal is given by [sin (f) /f 2] where f is frequency. The auto correlation function of this signal in the time domain is
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(A) a rectangular pulse (C) a sine pulse

1996
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(B) a delta function (D) a triangular pulse

ONE MARK
A rectangular pulse of duration T is applied to a filter matched to this input. The out put of the filter is a (A) rectangular pulse of duration T (B) rectangular pulse of duration 2T (C) triangular pulse (D) sine function The image channel rejection in a superheterodyne receiver comes from (A) IF stages only (B) RF stages only (C) detector and RF stages only (D) detector RF and IF stages
1996 TWO MARKS
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The number of bits in a binary PCM system is increased from n to n + 1. As a result, the signal to quantization noise ratio will improve by a factor (B) 2(n + 1)/n (A) n + 1 n (C) 22 (n + 1)/n (D) which is independent of n
7.165
The auto correlation function of an energy signal has (A) no symmetry (B) conjugate symmetry (C) odd symmetry (D) even symmetry
7.166
An FM signal with a modulation index 9 is applied to a frequency .in o c . tripler. The modulation index in the output signal will be ia d o (A) 0 (B) 3 .n w (C) 9 (D) 27 ww
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SOLUTIONS
7.1
Option (B) is correct. In ideal Nyquist Channel, bandwidth required for ISI (Inter Symbol reference) free transmission is W = Rb 2 Here, the used modulation is 32 - QAM (Quantum Amplitude modulation i.e., q = 32 or 2v = 32 v = 5 bits So, the signaling rate (sampling rate) is Rb = R 5 ( R " given bit rate) Hence, for ISI free transmission, minimum bandwidth is W = Rb = R kHz 2 10 Option (B) is correct.
P ^X - Y $ 0h = P ^X - Y # 0h = 1 2 or, we can say P ^2U - 3V # 0h = 1 2 Thus, P ^3V $ 2U h = 1 2

7.3
Option (C) is correct. The mean of random variables U and V are both zero i.e., U =V=0 Also, the random variables are identical i.e., fU û h = fV ^v h or, FU û h = FV ^v h i.e., their cdf are also same. So, FU û h = F2V ^2v h i.e., the cdf of random variable 2V will be also same but for any instant 2V $ U Therefore, G ^x h = F ^x h but, x G ^x h $ xF ^x h or, 6F ^x h - G ^x h@x # 0 Option (C) is correct.
7.4
7.2
Given, P Û =+ 1h = P Û =- 1h = 1 1 2 Given, random variables U and V with mean zero and variances 4 where U is a random variable which is identical to V i.e., and 1 9 P ^V =+ 1h = P ^V =- 1h = 1 i.e., U =V=0 2 1 2 su = So, random variable U and V can have following values 4 U =+ 1, - 1; V =+ 1, - 1 2 and sv =1 Therefore the random variable U + V can have the following values, 9 n U+V o.i so, P Û $ 0h = 1 c . 2 2 When U = V =1 a i d o = *0 When U = 1,V = 1 or u =- 1, v = 1 .n and P ^V $ 0h = 1 w 2 2 When U = V = 1 ww The distribution is shown in the figure below Hence, we obtain the probabilities for U + V as follows
O N
A I D
U+V -2 0 2
P Û + V h 1 1=1 2#2 4 1 1 1 1 1 b2 # 2l+b2 # 2l = 2
1 1=1 2#2 4 Therefore, the entropy of the Û + V h is obtained as fu û h = fv ^v h = 1 e -u 2s 2 2p su H Û + V h =
2 u
1 e -v 2s 2 2p sv We can express the distribution in standard form by assuming X = u - 0 = u = 2U su Y2 v 0 and Y = = v = 3V sv Y3

2 v
1 ' P Û + V h 1 = 1 log 2 4 + 1 log 2 2 + 1 log 2 4 2 4 4 2 1 2 = + + 4 2 4 =3 2

2
/ PÛ + V h log
7.5
for which we have X = 2U = 0 Y = 2V = 0 and X2 = 4U2 = 1 also, Y2 = 9V2 = 1 Therefore, X - Y is also a normal random variable with X-Y = 0 Hence,
Option (D) is correct. For the shown received signal, we conclude that if 0 is the transmitted signal then the received signal will be also zero as the threshold is 1 and the pdf of bit 0 is not crossing 1. Again, we can observe that there is an error when bit 1 is received as it crosses the threshold. The probability of error is given by the area enclosed by the 1 bit pdf (shown by shaded region)
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=0 X (w) 2 w=0 X (w) w = 0 = 0

7.8
P (error when bit 1 received) = 1 # 1 # 0.25 = 1 2 8 or P b received 1 l = 1 8 transmitted 0 Since, the 1 and 0 transmission is equiprobable: i.e., P ^ 0 h = P ^1 h = 1 2 Hence bit error rate (BER) is BER received 0 received 1 P 1 = Pb l P 0 + P b transmitted transmitted 1 ^ h 0l ^ h = 0+1 #1 8 2 1 = 16
7.6
Option (C) is correct. For raised cosine spectrum transmission bandwidth is given as BT = W (1 + a) a " Roll of factor BT = Rb (1 + a) Rb " Maximum signaling rate 2 3500 = Rb (1 + 0.75) 2 Rb = 3500 # 2 = 4000 1.75 Option (D) is correct. Entropy function of a discrete memory less system is given as H =
N-1 k=0
7.9
1 / P log b P l
k k
where Pk is probability of symbol Sk . For first two symbols probability is same, so H = P1 log b 1 l + P2 log b 1 l + Pk log b 1 l P1 P2 Pk k=3
N-1
Option (B) is correct. The optimum threshold is the threshold value for transmission as obtained at the intersection of two pdf. From the shown pdf. We obtain at the intersection (transmitted, received) = b 4 , 1 l 5 5 we can obtain the intersection by solving the two linear eqs pdf of received bit 0 x+y = 1 0 . 5 y = x pdf of received bit 1 2 Hence for threshold = 4 , we have 5 BER ww = P b received 1 l P ^0 h + P b received 0 l P ^1 h transmitted 0 transmitted 1 = b1 # 1 # 1l# 1 +b1 # 4 # 1l# 1 2 5 2 2 2 5 5 2 = 1 <(BER for threshold = 1) 20 Hence, optimum threshold is 4 5 Option (A) is correct. The mean square value of a stationary process equals the total area under the graph of power spectral density, that is E [X 2 (t)] = or, or,
=-e P1 log P1 + P2 log P2 +
N-1 k=3
/ P log P o
k k
D O
no w.
7.10
co ia.
IA
Now, So,
=-e 2P log P +
N-1 k=3
/ P log P o
k k
(P1 = P2 = P)
N-1 k=3
P1 = P + e, P2 = P - e
H l =-=(P + e) log (P + e) + (P - e) log (P - e) +
/ P log P G
k k
.in By comparing,
H l < H , Entropy of source decreases.
Option (B) is correct. Probability density function of uniformly distributed variables X and Y is shown as
7.7
#S
3 -3
(f ) df
3 X
E [X 2 (t)] = 1 2p
#S
-3
(w) dw
3 E [X 2 (t)] = 2 # 1 SX (w) dw (Since the PSD is even) 2p 0 = 1 [area under the triangle + integration of delta function] p = 1 ;2 b 1 # 1 # 103 # 6 l + 400E p 2 = 1 66000 + 400@ = 6400 p p E [X (t)] is the absolute value of mean of signal X (t) which is also equal to value of X (w) at (w = 0). From given PSD
P &[max (x, y)] < 1 0 2 Since X and Y are independent. P &[max (x, y)] < 1 0 2 PbX < 1 l 2 Similarly for Y : P bY < 1 l 2 So P &[max (x, y)] < 1 0 2
= P b X < 1 l P bY < 1 l 2 2 = shaded area = 3 4 =3 4 =3#3= 9 4 4 16
Alternate Method:
From the given data since random variables X and Y lies in the interval [- 1, 1] as from the figure X , Y lies in the region of the square ABCD .
SX (w) w = 0 = 0 SX (w) = X (w) 2 = 0

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Page 168
= P _N < - E/2 i Taking the Gaussian distribution as shown below :
P b s21 received l = P (X < 0) (as shown in diagram) s11 transmitted = P _ E/2 + N < 0i
7.11
Probability for max 6X, Y @ < 1/2 : The points for max 6X, Y @ < 1/2 will be inside the region of square AEFG . So, P &max 6X, Y @ < 1 0 = Area of 4AEFG 2 Area of square ABCD 3 3 #2 2 = = 9 2#2 16 Option (B) is correct. In a coherent binary PSK system, the pair of signals s1 (t) and s2 (t) used to represent binary system 1 and 0 respectively. s1 (t) = 2E sin wc t T 2E sin w t c T where 0 # t # T , E is the transmitted energy per bit. General function of local oscillator 2 sin (w t), 0 # t < T f1 (t) = c T But here local oscillator is ahead with 45c. so, 2 sin (w t + 45c) f1 (t) = c T The coordinates of message points are s2 (t) =s11 = = = = = 1 T
E/2 Variance = N 0 2 Putting it in the probability function : P bN < E = 2l = Taking,
Mean of the Gaussian distribution =
# #
-3 0
-3
2p N 0 2 2 1 e- `x + NE/2 j dx pN 0
0
e-
`x + E/2 j
2N 0 /2
dx
x + E/2 =t N 0 /2 dx = N 0 dt 2
# s (t) f (t) dt
0 1 1
2E sin w t c T
T 0 c
2 sin (w t + 45c) dt c T
c
O N
where Q is error function. Since symbols are equiprobable in the 2 nd case So, n P b s11 received l = Q c E m o.i c N0 s21 transmitted . ia d So the average probability of error .no w = 1 ;P b s21 received l + P b s11 received lE ww 2 s11 transmitted s21 transmitted = 1 =Q c 2
7.12 7.13
A I D
So, P _N < - E/2 i =
3 E/N 0
1 e- t2 dt Q c 2p
2
E N0 m
2E T 2E T E
# sin (w t) sin (w t + 45c) dt

2 T
E +Q c N0 m
E =Q c N 0 mG
E N0 m
Option ( ) is correct. Option (B) is correct. General equation of FM and PM waves are given by fFM (t) = Ac cos ;wc t + 2pk f
1 [sin 45c + sin (2w t + 45c)] dt c 2
1 dt + 1 E T sin (2wc t + 45c) dt T 0 2 1 444444 42 444444 43 0 = E 2
# m (t) dtE
0
fPM (t) = Ac cos [wc t + k p m (t)] For same maximum phase deviation. k p [m (t)] max = 2pk f ; m (t) dtE
Similarly, Signal space diagram
s21 =-
E 2 where,
#
0
max
k p # 2 = 2pk f [x (t)] max x (t) =
# m (t) dt
0
Now here the two message points are s11 and s21 . The error at the receiver will be considered. When : (i) s11 is transmitted and s21 received (ii) s21 is transmitted and s11 received So, probability for the 1st case will be as :
So,
[x (t)] max = 4 k p # 2 = 2p k f # 4 kp = 4p kf
7.14
Page 169
Option (A) is correct. jw + a GC (s) = s + a = s+b jw + b Phase lead angle f = tan-1 a w k - tan-1 a w k a b Jw - wN -1 K a b O = tan-1 w (b - a) f = tan c ab + w 2 m 2 K K1 + w O O ab P L For phase-lead compensation f > 0 b-a > 0 b >a Note: For phase lead compensator zero is nearer to the origin as compared to pole, so option (C) can not be true.
Four phase signal constellation is shown below
Now
d2 = r 12 + r 12 d2 = 2r 12 r1 = d/ 2 = 0.707d
7.15
Option (A) is correct. f = tan-1 a w k - tan-1 a w k a b 1/a 1/b df = =0 2 2 w dw 1 +a k 1 +awk a b 2 2 1 + w = 1+1w a ab2 b b a2 1 - 1 = w2 1 - 1 a b ab b a b l w = ab = 1 # 2 = 2 rad/ sec
q = 2p = 2p = p 8 4 M Applying Cooine law we have
7.16
Option (D) is correct. Quantized 4 level require 2 bit representation i.e. for one sample 2 bit are required. Since 2 sample per second are transmitted we require 4 bit to be transmitted per second.
7.17
Option (B) is correct. n 7.21 Option o.i (D) is correct. c In FM the amplitude is constant and power is efficient transmitted. . dia Here Pe for 4 PSK and 8 PSK is same because Pe depends on d . No variation in power. o Since Pe is same, d is same for 4 PSK and 8 PSK. .n w There is most bandwidth efficient transmission in SSB- SC. because ww we transmit only one side band. Simple Diode in Non linear region ( Square law ) is used in conventional AM that is simplest receiver structure. In VSB dc. component exists. Option (A) is correct. We have Sx (f) = F {Rx (t)} = F {exp (- pt2)} = e- pf The given circuit can be simplified as
2
O N
A I D
or
d2 = r 22 + r 22 - 2r 22 cos p 4 = 2r 22 - 2r 22 1/ 2 = (2 d r2 = = 1.3065d 2- 2 2 ) r 22
7.18
Additional Power SNR = (SNR) 2 - (SNR) 1 = 10 log b ES2 l - 10 log b ES1 l No No = 10 log b ES2 l ES1
2 2 2 = 10 log a r2 k & 20 log a r2 k = 20 log 1.3065d r1 r1 0.707d
Power spectral density of output is Sy (f) = G (f) 2 Sx (f) = j2pf - 1 2 e- pf or

7.19
= ( (2pf) 2 + 1) 2 e- pf Sy (f) = (4p2 f 2 + 1) e- pf

2
Additional SNR = 5.33 dB

7.22
Option (B) is correct. Highest frequency component in m (t) is fm = 4000p/2p = 2000 Hz Carrier frequency fC = 1 MHz For Envelope detector condition 1/fC << RC << 1/fm 1 s << RC << 0.5 ms
Option (C) is correct. Conventional AM signal is given by x (t) = AC [1 + mm (t)] cos (2pfC t) Where m < 1, for no over modulation. In option (C) x (t) = AC :1 + 1 m (t)D cos (2pfC t) 4 Thus m = 1 < 1 and this is a conventional AM-signal without over4
7.20
Option (D) is correct.

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Page 170
modulation
7.23
Option (B) is correct. Power P = (6) 2 = 18 W 2
Y (s) = sX (s) + se-0.5s X (s) Y (s) H (s) = = s (1 + e-0.5s) X (s) H (f ) = jf (1 + e-0.5 # 2pf ) = jf (1 + e- pf ) Power spectral density of output SY (f ) = H (f ) 2 SX (f ) = f 2 (1 + e- pf ) 2 SX (f ) For SY (f ) = 0 , 1 + e- pf = 0 f = (2n + 1) f0 or f0 = 1 KHz
7.29
7.24
Option (C) is correct. Impulse response of the matched filter is given by h (t) = S (T - t)
Option (C) is correct. cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfc t) cos (2pfc t) cos [2p (fc + fm) t] [1 + cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfc t)] $ $ $ $ DSB suppressed carrier Carrier Only USB Only USB with carrier
7.30
Option (C) is correct. We have p (X = 0) = p (Y = 0) = 1 2 p (X = 1) = p (Y = 1) = 1 4 p (X = 2) = p (Y = 2) = 1 4
7.25
Option (B) is correct. Let response of LPF filters 1, H (f ) = * 0, Noise variance (power) is given as P = s2 = f < 1 MHz elsewhere
#0
fo
2 H (f ) No df = 22 (given) a
#0
1 # 106
or
7.26
2 # 10-20 df = 22 a 2 # 10-20 # 106 = 22 a 2 a = 1014 a = 107
Option (D) is correct. Probability of error is given by Pe = 1 [P (0/1) + P (1/0)] 2 P (0/1) =

a/2
D O
w ww d .no ia
7.31
Event in P (A + B) happen when X + Y = 2 and X - Y = 0 . It is only . o .c the case when X = 1 and Y = 1. Thus P (A + B) = 1 # 1 = 1 4 4 16
IA
Let and Now
X+Y = 2 $ A X-Y = 0 $ B P (A + B) P (B)
P (X + Y = 2 X - Y = 0) =
#- 3 0.5e- a n - a dn = 0.5e-10
= 0.5e-10
where a = 2 # 10-6 V and a = 107 V - 1 P (1/0) = 0.5e- a n dn #a/3 2
Now event P (B) happen when X - Y = 0 It occurs when X = Y , i.e. X = 0 and Y = 0 or X = 1 and Y = 1 or X = 2 and Y = 2 Thus P (B) = 1 # 1 + 1 # 1 + 1 # 1 = 6 2 2 4 4 4 4 16 1/16 P (A + B) Now = =1 6 P (B) 6/16 Option (B) is correct. The mean is X = Sxi pi (x) = 1 # 0.1 + 2 # 0.2 + 3 # 0.4 + 4 # 0.2 + 5 # 0.1 = 0.1 + 0.4 + 1.2 + 0.8 + 0.5 = 3.0 X2 = Sxi2 pi (x) = 1 # 0.1 + 4 # 0.2 + 9 # 0.4 + 16 # 0.2 + 25 # 0.1 = 0.1 + 0.8 + 3.6 + 3.2 + 2.5 = 10.2 Variance
2 sx = X2 - ^X h2 = 10.2 - (3) 2 = 1.2
Pe = 0.5e-10
7.27
Option (C) is correct. S (t) = sin c (500t) sin c (700t) S (f ) is convolution of two signals whose spectrum covers f 1 = 250 Hz and f 2 = 350 Hz . So convolution extends f = 25 + 350 = 600 Hz Nyquist sampling rate N = 2f = 2 # 600 = 1200 Hz
7.28
Option (D) is correct. For the given system, output is written as y (t) = d [x (t) + x (t - 0.5)] dt dx (t) dx (t - 0.5) y (t) = + dt dt Taking Laplace on both sides of above equation
7.32
Option (C) is correct. m (t) = 1 cos w1 t - 1 sin w2 t 2 2 Modulation index sAM (t) = [1 + m (t)] cos wc t m (t) max = Vc
Page 171
7.33
` Option (B) is correct.

2 We have
1 2 2j 1 2 + 2j
2 2 m = `1j +`1j = 1 2 2 2 2 h = m # 100% m2 + 2
CDF is the integration of PDF. Plot in option (A) is the integration of plot given in question.
7.38
Option (A) is correct. The entropy is H = Since

i=1
# 100% = 20% C1 = B log2 `1 + S j N . B log2 ` S j N
1 / pi log2 p i
bits
p1 = p2 = ... = pn = 1 n H =
i=1
As S >> 1 N
1 log n = log n /n N0 = K 2 fc = 1 2pRC ...(1)
7.39
If we double the S ratio then N
Option (C) is correct. PSD of noise is
C2 . B log2 ` 2S j N
7.34
The 3-dB cut off frequency is ...(2)
Option (C) is correct. We have SNR = 1.76 + 6n or 43.5 = 1.76 + 6n 6n = 43.5 + 1.76 6n = 41.74 $ n . 7 No. of quantization level is 27 = 128 Step size required is = VH - VL = 128
. B log2 2 + B log2 S . B + C1 N
Output noise power is = N0 = c N0 m 1 = Kpfc 4RC 2 2RC

7.40
5 - (- 5) = 10 128 128
= .078125 . .0667
7.35
Option (B) is correct. For positive values step size s+ = 0.05 V For negative value step size s- = 0.1 V No. of quantization in + ive is = 5 = 5 = 100 s+ 0.05 Thus 2n + = 100 $ n+ = 7 No. of quantization in - ve Q1 = 5 = 5 = 50 s0.1 Thus 2n = 50 $ n - = 6
-
O N
ww
no w.
A I D
7.41
Option (D) is correct. At receiving end if we get two zero or three zero then its error. Let p be the probability of 1 bit error, the probability that transmitted bit error is = Three zero + two zero and single one = 3 C3 p3 + 3C2 p2 (1 - p) = p3 + p2 (1 - p)
Option (D) is correct. Bandwidth of TDM is
co ia.
.in
= 1 (sum of Nyquist Rate) 2 = 1 [2W + 2W + 4W + 6W] = 7W 2
7.42
Option (B) is correct. We have qi = 2p105 t + 5 sin (2p1500t) + 7.5 sin (2p1000t) wi = dqi = 2p105 + 10p1500 cos (2p1500t) + 15p1000 cos (2p1000t) dt Maximum frequency deviation is 3 wmax = 2p (5 # 1500 + 7.5 # 1000) 3 fmax = 15000 3f Modulation index is = max = 15000 = 10 fm 1500
+ S ` N j+ = 1.76 + 6n = 1.76 + 42 = 43.76 dB S ` N j- = 1.76 + 6n = 1.76 + 36 = 37.76 dB S ` N j0 = 43.76 dB
7.43 7.44
Option (C) is correct. Option (B) is correct. fm = 4 KHz fs = 2fm = 8 kHz Bit Rate Rb = nfs = 8 # 8 = 64 kbps The minimum transmission bandwidth is BW = Rb = 32 kHz 2
Best
7.36
Option (A) is correct. We have xAM (t) = Ac cos wc + 2 cos wm t cos wc t = AC c1 + 2 cos wm t m cos wc t Ac
For demodulation by envelope demodulator modulation index must be less than or equal to 1. 2 #1 Thus Ac Ac $ 2 Hence minimum value of Ac = 2
7.37
7.45
Option (C) is correct. S0 c N m = 1.76 + 6n dB 0 Option (B) is correct. As Noise \ 12 L
= 1.76 + 6 # 8 = 49.76 dB
We have n = 8
7.46
Option (A) is correct.

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Page 172
To reduce quantization noise by factor 4, quantization level must be two times i.e. 2L . Now L = 2n = 28 = 256 Thus 2L = 512
7.47
Option (C) is correct. Autocorrelation is even function. Option (B) is correct. Power spectral density is non negative. Thus it is always zero or greater than zero. Option (A) is correct. The variance of a random variable x is given by E [X2] - E2 [X] Option (A) is correct. A Hilbert transformer is a non-linear system. Option (D) is correct. Slope overload distortion can be reduced by increasing the step size 3 $ slope of x (t) Ts Option (C) is correct. We have p (t) = sin (4pWt) 4pWt (1 - 16W2 t2)
7.56 7.54
7.48
7.49
Option (C) is correct. By Binomial distribution the probability of error is pe = n Cr pr (1 - p) n - r Probability of at most one error = Probability of no error + Probability of one error = n C0 p0 (1 - p) n - 0 + n C1 p1 (1 - p) n - 1 = (1 - p) n + np (1 - p) n - 1
7.50
7.51
7.55
7.52
at t = 1 it is 0 form. Thus applying L' Hospital rule 0 4W 4pW cos (4pWt) p( ) = 4pW [1 - 48W2 t2]
1 4W
Option (B) is correct. Bandwidth allocated for 1 Channel = 5 M Hz Average bandwidth for 1 Channel 5 = 1 MHz 5 Total Number of Simultaneously Channel = 1M # 8 = 40 Channel 200k Option (A) is correct. Chip Rate RC = 1.2288 # 106 chips/sec Data Rate Rb = RC G
=
7.53
cos (4pWt) = cos p = 0.5 1-3 1 - 48W2 t2
Option (B) is correct. The block diagram is as shown below
O N
ww w
Since the processing gain G must be at least 100, thus for Gmin we get .in o c . 6 dia Rb max = RC = 1.2288 # 10 = 12.288 # 103 bps o Gmin 100 .n
7.57
A I D
2
Option (B) is correct. Energy of constellation 1 is Eg1 2 a) 2 + ( 2 a) 2 + (- 2 2 a) 2 = 2a2 + 2a2 + 2a2 + 8a2 = 16a2 Energy of constellation 2 is = (0) + (2 a) + (2
Here
t (f) M1 (f) = M Y1 (f) = M (f) c e

j 2p B
Y2 (f) = M1 (f) c e
j 2p B
+ e -j2pB m 2
Eg2 = a2 + a2 + a2 + a2 = 4a2 2 E Ratio = g1 = 16a =4 Eg2 4a2

7.58
- e -j2pB m 2
Option (A) is correct. Noise Power is same for both which is N0 . 2 Thus probability of error will be lower for the constellation 1 as it has higher signal energy.
Y (f) = Y1 (f) + Y2 (f) All waveform is shown below

7.59
Option (A) is correct. Area under the pdf curve must be unity Thus 2a + 4a + 4b = 1 ...(1) 2a + 8b = 1 For maximum entropy three region must by equivaprobable thus ...(2) 2a = 4b = 4b From (1) and (2) we get b = 1 and a = 1 12 6 Option (*) is correct. Option (B) is correct.
7.60 7.61
Page 173
A LPF will not produce phase distortion if phase varies linearly with frequency. f (w) \ w i.e.
7.62 7.66
Since fs $ 2fm , the signal can be recovered and are correlated. Option (B) is correct. We have p1 = 0.25 , p2 = 0.25 and p3 = 0.5 H =
i=1
f (w) = kw
Option (B) is correct. Let m (t) is a low pass signal, whose frequency spectra is shown below
1 / p1 log2 p 1
bits/symbol
= p1 log2 1 + p2 log2 1 + p3 log2 1 p1 p2 p3 = 0.25 log2 1 + 0.25 log2 1 + 0.5 log2 1 0.25 0.25 0.5 = 0.25 log2 4 + 0.25 log2 4 + 0.5 log2 2 = 0.5 + 0.5 + 1 = 3 bits/symbol 2 2
Fourier transform of g (t) 1 G (t) = d (f - 20 # 103 k) -4 0.5 # 10 k =- 3 Spectrum of G (f ) is shown below
Average bit rate
Rb = 3000 symbol/sec = Rb H = 3 # 3000 = 4500 bits/sec 2
7.67
Now when m (t) is sampled with above signal the spectrum of sampled signal will look like.
O N
ww
no w.
A I D
7.68 7.69
Option (A) is correct. The diagonal clipping in AM using envelop detector can be avoided if 1 << RC < 1 wc W 1 $ Wm sin Wt But from RC 1 + m cos Wt We can say that RC depends on W , thus RC < 1 W Option (B) is correct.
n Option o.i (B) is correct. c . ia
When 3 /2 is added to y (t) then signal will move to next quantization level. Otherwise if they have step size less than 3 then they will be 2 on the same quantization level.
7.70
When sampled signal is passed through a LP filter of BW 1 kHz, only m (t) will remain.
7.63
Option (C) is correct. After the SSB modulation the frequency of signal will be fc - fm i.e. 1000 - 10 kHz . 1000 kHz The bandwidth of FM is BW = 2 (b + 1) 3 f For NBFMb << 1, thus BWNBFM . 2 3 f = 2 (109 - 106) . 2 # 109
Option (C) is correct. The highest frequency signal in x (t) is 1000 # 3 = 3 kHz if expression is expanded. Thus minimum frequency requirement is f = 2 # 3 # 103 = 6 # 103 Hz Option (B) is correct. We have x (t) = 125t [u (t) - u (t - 1)] + (250 - 125t) [u (t - 1) - u (t - 2)] The slope of expression x (t) is 125 and sampling frequency fs is 32 # 1000 samples/sec. Let 3 be the step size, then to avoid slope overload 3 $ slope x (t) Ts 3 fc $ slope x (t) 3# 32000 $ 125 3 $ 125 32000 3 = 2- 8
7.71
7.64
Option (A) is correct. We have p (t) = u (t) - u (t - 1) g (t) = p (t)* p (t) s (t) = g (t) - d (t - 2)* g (t) = g (t) - g (t - 2) All signal are shown in figure below :
The impulse response of matched filter is h (t) = s (T - t) = s (1 - t) Here T is the time where output SNR is maximum.
7.72
7.65
Option (A) is correct. The sampling frequency is fs = 1 = 33 kHz 0.03m
Option (A) is correct. We have xAM (t) = 10 [P (t) + 0.5g (t)] cos wc t

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Page 174
where p (t) = u (t) - u (t - 1) and g (t) = r (t) - 2r (t - 1) + r (t - 2) For desired interval 0 # t # 1, p (t) = 1 and g (t) = t , Thus we have, xAM (t) = 100 (1 - 0.5t) cos wc t Hence modulation index is 0.5
7.73 7.80
Here
cos (2wc t + 2b1 cos wm t) y (t) = x2 (t) = 1 + 2 2 3f b = 2b1 and b1 = = 90 = 18 fm 5 BW = 2 (b + 1) fm = 2 (2 # 18 + 1) # 5 = 370 kHz
Option (A) is correct. We know that SYY (w) = H (w) 2 .SXX (w) Now SYY (w) = 16 2 and SXX (w) = 1 white noise 16 + w Thus or or 16 = H (w) 2 16 + w2 4 H (w) = 16 + w2 H (s) = 4 4+s
Option (C) is correct. The transfer function of matched filter is h (t) = x (t - t) = x (2 - t) The output of matched filter is the convolution of x (t) and h (t) as shown below
which is a first order low pass RL filter.

7.74
Option (A) is correct. We have R = 4 R + sL 4+s

R L
7.81
Option (B) is correct. We have H (f) = 2e - jwt H (f) = 2 G0 (f) = H (f) 2 Gi (f) = 4No W/Hz = 4No # B
d
or = 4 R 4+s + s L Comparing we get L = 1 H and R = 4W

7.75
Option (C) is correct. We have xAM (t) = 10 (1 + 0.5 sin 2pfm t) cos 2pfc t The modulation index is 0.5 Carrier power Side band power Side band power Pc = Ps = (10) = 50 2 (10) 2 = 50 2
2
2 (0.5) 2 (50) Ps = m Pc = = 6.25 2 2
7.76
Option (B) is correct. Mean noise power = Area under the PSD curve = 4 ; 1 # B # No E = BNo 2 2
O N
ww
n w.
A I D
7.82
The noise power is
ia od
Option (C) is correct. As the area under pdf curve must be unity 1 (4 # k) = 1 $ k = 1 in . 2 2 o c Now mean square value is
2 sv =
#- 3 # 0 #
4
+3
v2 p (v) dv as p (v) = 1 v 8
v2 ` v j dv 8 3 4 v = c 8 m dv = 8 0 =
7.83
The ratio of average sideband power to mean noise power is Side Band Power = 6.25 = 25 Noise Power N0 B 4No B
7.77
Option (D) is correct. The phase deviation is b = 3f = 10 = 10 fm 1
Option (D) is correct. {1 + km (t)} A sin (wc t) dm (t) Asin (wc t) A sin {cos t + km (t)} t A sin [wc + k] t- 3 m (t) dt $ $ $ $ Amplitude modulation DSB-SC modulation Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation
If phase deviation remain same and modulating frequency is changed ' BW = 2 (b + 1) fm = 2 (10 + 1) 2 = 44 kHz
7.84
7.78
Option (C) is correct. VSB $ fm + fc DSB - SC $ 2fm SSB $ fm AM $ 2fm Thus SSB has minimum bandwidth and it require minimum power.
Option (B) is correct. As the area under pdf curve must be unity and all three region are equivaprobable. Thus are under each region must be 1 3. 2a # 1 = 1 $ a = 2 4 3 3 Option (A) is correct. Nq =
7.85
#- a
+a
x2 p (x) dx = 2
# 0
a 2
7.79
Option (A) is correct. Let x (t) be the input signal where x (t) = cos (cos t + b1 cos wm t)
Substituting a = 2 we have 3 Nq = 4 81
7.86
3 a 3 x $ 1 dx = 1 ; x E = a 4 2 3 0 6
Option (C) is correct. When word length is 6
2#6 12 S ` N jN = 6 = 2 = 2
Page 175
When word length is 8 2#8 16 S ` N jN = 8 = 2 = 2 S ^ N hN = 8 216 = 2 4 = 16 Now = S ^ N hN = 6 212 Thus it improves by a factor of 16.
7.87
In dB SNRtr = 10 log 109 = 90 dB Cable Loss = 40 db At receiver after cable loss we have SNRRc = 90 - 40 = 50 dB
7.92
Option (B) is correct. The impulse response of matched filter is h (t) = x (T - t) Since here T = 4 , thus h (t) = x (4 - t) The graph of h (t) is as shown below.
Option (B) is correct. Carrier frequency Modulating frequency For an envelope detector
fc = 1 # 106 Hz fm = 2 # 103 Hz
2pfc > 1 > 2pfm Rc 1 < RC < 1 2pfc 2pfm 1 < RC < 1 2pfc 2pfm 1 1 < RC < 2p106 2 # 103 1.59 # 10 - 7 < RC < 7.96 # 10 - 5 so, 20 msec sec best lies in this interval.
7.88
From graph it may be easily seen that slope between 3 < t < 4 is - 1.
7.93
Option (B) is correct. SAM (t) = Ac [1 + 0.1 cos wm t] cos wm t sNBFM (t) = Ac cos [wc t + 0.1 sin wm t] s (t) = SAM (t) + SNB fm (t)
= Ac [1 + 0.1 cos wm t] cos wc t + Ac cos (wc t + 0.1 sin wm t) = Ac cos wc t + Ac 0.1 cos wm t cos wc t + Ac cos wc t cos (0.1 sin wm t) - Ac sin wc t. sin (0.1 sin wm t) As 0.1 sin wm t , + 0.1 to - 0.1 so, cos (0.1 sin wm t) . 1 As when q is small cos q . 1 and sin q , q , thus sin (0.1 sin wm t) = 0.1 sincos wc t cos wm t + Ac cos wc t
O N
w
. ww
A I D
no
Thus
7.94
Option (C) is correct. The required bandwidth of M array PSK is BW = 2Rb n where 2n = M and Rb is bit rate For BPSK, M = 2 = 2n $ n = 1 Thus B1 = 2Rb = 2 # 10 = 20 kHz n 1 i . M = 4 = 2n $ n = 2 B2 = 2Rb = 10 kHz 2
o .c a For QPSK, i d
Option (C) is correct. We have MHz
fc = 100 MHz = 100 # 106 and fm = 1
= 1 # 106 The output of balanced modulator is VBM (t) = [cos wc t][ cos wc t] = 1 [cos (wc + wm) t + cos (wc - wm) t] 2 If VBM (t) is passed through HPF of cut off frequency fH = 100 # 106 , then only (wc + wm) passes and output of HPF is VHP (t) = 1 cos (wc + wm) t 2 Now V0 (t) = VHP (t) + sin (2p # 100 # 106) t
- Ac 0.1 sin wm t sin wc t = 2Ac cos wc t + 0.1Ac cos (wc + wm) t 1 44 2 44 3 1 4444 4 2 4444 43 cosec
USB
Thus it is SSB with carrier.

7.89
Option (A) is correct. Consecutive pulses are of same polarity when modulator is in slope overload. Consecutive pulses are of opposite polarity when the input is constant. Option (D) is correct. F (x1 # X < x2) = p (X = x2) - P (X = x1) or P (X = 1) = P (X = 1+) - P (X = 1 -) = 0.55 - 0.25 = 0.30
7.90
= 1 cos [2p100 # 106 + 2p # 1 # 106 t] + sin (2p # 100 # 106) t 2 = 1 cos [2p108 + 2p106 t] + sin (2p108) t 2 = 1 [cos (2p108 t) t cos (2p106 t)] - sin [2p108 t sin (2p106 t) + sin 2p108 t] 2 = 1 cos (2p106 t) cos 2p108 t + `1 - 1 sin 2p106 t j sin 2p108 t 2 2 This signal is in form = A cos 2p108 t + B sin 2p108 t
7.91
Option (A) is correct. The SNR at transmitter is SNRtr = Ptr NB 10 - 3 109 - 20 6 = 10 # 100 # 10
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Page 176
Now
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia in 3 Volumes
GATE
# 0
0. 3
(x - 0) 2 f (x) dx +
(x - 0.7) 2 f (x) dx # 0. 3
3 0. 3 3 2 1 = ; x E + ; x + 0.49x - 14 x E 3 0 3 2 0. 3
0. 1
or
7.98
s2 = 0.039 RMS =
s2 =
0.039 = 0.198
Fully Revised
Option (C) is correct. FM DM PSK PCM $ Capture effect $ Slope over load $ Matched filter $ m - law
Every Unit Contain All Questions of Last 15 Year Papers Purchase from Nodia Online Store at Maximum Discount with free Shipping The envelope of this signal is = = A2 + B2
7.99
2 6 6 2 1 1 ` 2 cos (2p10 t)j + `1 - 2 sin (2p10 t j
1 cos2 (2p106 t) + 1 + 1 sin2 (2p106 t) - sin (2p106 t) 4 4 1 + 1 - sin (2p106 t) = 4 5 - sin (2p106 t) = 4
7.95
Option (A) is correct. s (t) = A cos [2p10 # 10 t] + A cos [2p10.1 # 103 t] 1 Here = 100m sec T1 = 10 # 103 1 and = 99m sec T2 = 10.1 # 103 Period of added signal will be LCM [T1, T2] Thus T = LCM [100, 99] = 9900m sec Thus frequency f = 1 = 0.1 kHz 9900m
3
O N
Option (B) is correct. The input signal X (f) has the peak at 1 kHz and - 1 kHz. After balanced modulator the output will have peak at fc ! 1 kHz i.e. : 10 ! 1 $ 11 and 9 kHz 10 ! (- 1) $ 9 and 11 kHz in . o c ia. 9 kHz will be filtered out by HPF of 10 kHz. Thus 11 kHz will red main. After passing through 13 kHz balanced modulator signal will .no w have 13 ! 11 kHz signal i.e. 2 and 24 kHz. ww Thus peak of Y (f) are at 2 kHz and 24 kHz.
7.100 7.101
A I D
7.102
Option (C) is correct. Since fs = 2fm , the signal frequency and sampling frequency are as follows fm1 = 1200 Hz $ 2400 samples per sec fm2 = 600 Hz $ 1200 samples per sec fm3 = 600 Hz $ 1200 samples per sec Thus by time division multiplexing total 4800 samples per second will be sent. Since each sample require 12 bit, total 4800 # 12 bits per second will be sent Thus bit rate Rb = 4800 # 12 = 57.6 kbps
7.96
Option (A) is correct. The pdf of transmission of 0 and 1 will be as shown below :
Option (A) is correct. The input is a coherent detector is DSB - SC signal plus noise. The noise at the detector output is the in-phase component as the quadrature component nq (t) of the noise n (t) is completely rejected by the detector. Option (C) is correct. The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The PSD of noise at the output is parabolic Option (B) is correct. We have Pe = 1 erfc c 2 Ed 2h m
7.103
Probability of error of 1 P (0 # X # 0.2) = 0.2 Probability of error of 0 : P (0.2 # X # 0.25) = 0.05 # 2 = 0.1 Average error = P (0 # X # 0.2) + P (0.2 # X # 0.25) 2 = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.15 0
7.104
Since Pe of Binary FSK is 3 dB inferior to binary PSK Option (D) is correct. The pdf of Z will be convolution of pdf of X and pdf of Y as shown below. Now p [Z # z] = p [Z # - 2] =
#- 3 fZ (z) dz #- 3fZ (z) dz

-2
7.97
Option (B) is correct. The square mean value is s2 = =
#- 3 (x - xq) 2 f (x) dx
(x - xq) 2 f (x) dx # 0
1
= Area [z # - 2] = 1 # 1 #1 = 1 2 6 12
Page 177
Cn = A sin ` np j pn 3 From Cn it may be easily seen that 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, harmonics are present and 0, 3, 6, 9,.. are absent. Thus p (t) has 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz, 5 kHz, 7 kHz,... frequency component and 3 kHz, 6 kHz.. are absent. The signal x (t) has the frequency components 0.4 kHz and 0.7 kHz. The sampled signal of x (t) i.e. x (t)* p (t) will have 1 ! 0.4 and 1 ! 0.7 kHz 2 ! 0.4 and 2 ! 0.7 kHz 4 ! 0.4 and 4 ! 0.7 kHz Thus in range of 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz the frequency present is 2 + 0.7 = 2.7 kHz 4 - 0.7 = 3.3 kHz or
7.109
Option (C) is correct.

1 vi = Ac cos (2pfc t) + m (t) v0 = ao vi + avi3 v0 ' ' ' = a0 [Ac cos (2pfc t) + m (t)] + a1 [Ac cos (2pfc' t) + m (t)] 3
7.105
Option (D) is correct. We have or mean Now RXX (t) = 4 (e - 0.2 t + 1) RXX (0) = 4 (e - 0.2 0 + 1) = 8 = s2 s =2 2 m =0 P (x # 1) = Fx (1) = 1 - Qc Given
' ' cos (2pfc' t) + a0 m (t) + a1 [(Ac cos 2pfc' t) 3 = a0 Ac
X-m at x = 1 s m = 1 - Qc 1 - 0 m = 1 - Qc 1 m 2 2 2 2
7.106
Option (C) is correct.
7.107
W = Y-Z n ' = 3a1 Ac cos (2pfc' t) m2 (t) + m3 (t) o.i c E [W2] = E [Y - Z] 2 = E [Y2] + E [Z2] - 2E [YZ] . ia The term 3a1 Ac' ( cos 42pf t ) m (t) is a DSB-SC signal having carrier d 2 o = sw .n frequency 1. MHz. Thus 2fc' = 1 MHz or fc' = 0.5 MHz w 2 We have E [X (t)] = Rx (10) ww 7.110 Option (D) is correct. = 4 [e - 0.2 0 + 1] = 4 [1 + 1] = 8 2 PT = Pc c1 + a m 2 2 E [Y ] = E [X (2)] = 8 2 2 E [Z2] = E [X2 (4)] = 8 Pc a2 = Pc (0.5) P = sb 2 2 E [YZ] = RXX (2) = 4 [e-0.2 (4 - 2) + 1] = 6.68 2 Psb = 1 E [W2] = sw = 8 + 8 - 2 # 6.68 = 2.64 or Pc 8 7.111 Option (C) is correct. Option (D) is correct. 2mp AM Band width = 2fm Step size d = = 1.536 = 0.012 V L 128 Peak frequency deviation = 3 (2fm) = 6fm 2 2 ( 0 . 012 ) 6f Quantization Noise power = d = Modulation index b = m = 6 12 12 fm = 12 # 10-6 V2 The FM signal is represented in terms of Bessel function as
D O
IA
' ' cos (2pfc') t) 2 m (t) + 3Ac cos (2pfc' t) m2 (t) + m3 (t)] + (Ac
' ' cos (2pfc' t) + a0 m (t) + a1 (Ac cos 2fc' t) 3 = a0 Ac
'2 + 3a1 Ac ;
1 + cos (4pfc' t) E m (t) 2
' c
7.108
Option (D) is correct. The frequency of pulse train is f 1- 3 = 1 k Hz 10 The Fourier Series coefficient of given pulse train is -T /2 Cn = 1 Ae-jnw t dt To -T /2
xFM (t) = Ac
# #
wc + nwm = 2p (1008 # 103) 2p106 + n4p # 103 = 2p (1008 # 103), n = 4 Thus coefficient = 5J4 (6)
7.112
n =- 3
/Jn (b) cos (wc - nwn) t
= 1 To =
-To /6
-To /6
Ae-jhw t dt
o o o o

T /6 A [e-jw t] -T /6 To (- jhwo) A = (e-jw t - e jhw T /6) (- j2pn) = A (e jhp/3 - e-jhp/3) j2pn

o o o
Option (B) is correct. Ring modulation $ VCO $ Foster seely discriminator $ mixer $ Option (A) is correct.
Generation of DSB - SC Generation of FM Demodulation of fm frequency conversion
7.113
fmax = 1650 + 450 = 2100 kHz
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Page 178
fmin = 550 + 450 = 1000 kHz 1 or f = 2p LC frequency is minimum, capacitance will be maximum R = Cmax Cmin or
7.114
For best reception, if transmitting waves are vertically polarized, then receiver should also be vertically polarized i.e. transmitter and receiver must be in same polarization.
7.122
f2 = max = (2.1) 2 2 fmin
Option (D) is correct. s (t) = cos 2p (2 # 106 t + 30 sin 150t + 40 cos 150t) = cos {4p106 t + 100p sin (150t + q)} Angle modulated signal is s (t) = A cos {wc t + b sin (wm t + q)} Comparing with angle modulated signal we get Phase deviations b = 100p Frequency deviations 3 f = bfm = 100p # 150 = 7.5 kHz 2p
R = 4.41 fi = fc + 2fIF = 700 + 2 (455) = 1600 kHz Eb = 10 - 6 watt-sec No = 10 - 5 W/Hz o (SNR) matched filler = E = N
o
106 = .05 2 # 10 - 5 2 (SNR)dB = 10 log 10 (0.05) = 13 dB
7.123
7.115
Option (B) is correct. 3 fs 2pfm This is satisfied with Em = 1.5 V and fm = 4 kHz For slopeoverload to take place Em $
7.116
Option (A) is correct. If s " carrier synchronization at receiver r " represents bandwidth efficiency then for coherent binary PSK r = 0.5 and s is required. Option (B) is correct. Bit Rate = 8k # 8 = 64 kbps (SNR)q = 1.76 + 6.02n dB = 1.76 + 6.02 # 8 = 49.8 dB
Option (*) is correct. We have m (t) s (t) = y1 (t) 2 sin (2pt) cos (200pt) = t sin (202pt) - sin (198pt) = t y1 (t) + n (t) = y2 (t) = sin 202pt - sin 198pt + sin 199pt t t
7.117
7.118
7.119
Option (C) is correct. .in o = 1 [sin (402pt) + sin (2pt) - {sin (398pt) - sin (2pt)} c The frequency of message signal is . 2 dia o fc = 1000 kHz .n + sin (399pt) - sin (pt)] w w 1 The frequency of message signal is w After filtering 1 = 10 kHz fm = -6 sin (2pt) + sin (2pt) - sin (pt) 100 # 10 y (t) = 2t Here message signal is symmetrical square wave whose FS has only sin (2pt) + 2 sin (0.5t) cos (1.5pt) = odd harmonics i.e. 10 kHz, 30 kHz 50 kHz. Modulated signal con2t tain fc ! fm frequency component. Thus modulated signal has = sin 2pt + sin 0.5pt cos 1.5pt 2t t fc ! fm = (1000 ! 10) kH = 1010 kHz, 990 kHz 7.124 Option (B) is correct. fc ! 3fm = (1000 ! 10) kH = 1030 kHz, 970 kHz The signal frequency is Thus, there is no 1020 kHz component in modulated signal. 24p103 = 12 kHz = f m Option (C) is correct. 2p +3 Ts = 50m sec " fs = 1 = 1 # 106 = 20 We have y (t) = 5 # 10 - 6 x (t) d (t - nTs) Ts 50 n =- 3 kHz 3 x (t) = 10 cos (8p # 10 ) t After sampling signal will have fs ! fm frequency component i.e. 32 Ts = 100m sec and 12 kHz The cut off fc of LPF is 5 kHz At filter output only 8 kHz will be present as cutoff frequency is We know that for the output of filter x (t) y (t) 15 kHz. = Ts 7.125 Option (A) is correct.
O N
A I D
=
y2 (t) s (t) = u (t)
[sin 202pt - sin 198pt + sin 199pt] cos 200pt t
10 cos (8p # 103) t # 5 # 10 - 6 100 # 10 - 6 = 5 # 10 - 1 cos (8p # 103) t =
7.120
Option (C) is correct. Transmitted frequencies in coherent BFSK should be integral of bit rate 8 kHz. Option (B) is correct.
7.121
d (n) = x (n) - x (n - 1) E [d (n)] 2 = E [x (n) - x (n - 1)] 2 or E [d (n)] 2 = E [x (n)] 2 + E [x (n - 1)] 2 - 2E [x (n) x (n - 1)] 2 2 2 or sd = sx + sx - 2Rxx (1) 2 2 As we have been given sd = sx , therefore 10
as k = 1
2 sx 2 2 = sx + sx - 2Rxx (1) 10 2 2Rxx (1) = 19 sx 10 Rxx = 19 = 0.95 2 20 sx
Page 179
Bit rate
or or
7.126
Thus bit interval is

7.135
Rb = HCF (f1, f2) = HCF (10k, 25k) = 5 kHz Tb = 1 = 1 = 0.2 msec = 200 m sec Rb 5k Pm = m2 (t) x (t) = m (t) cos wo t cos (wo t + q) = m (t) [cos (2wo t + q) + cos q] 2 m (t) cos (2wo t + q) m (t) cos q = + 2 2 m (t) cos q 2
Option (A) is correct. An ideal low - pass filter with appropriate bandwidth fm is used to recover the signal which is sampled at nyquist rate 2fm . Option (A) is correct. For any PDF the probability at mean is 1 . Here given PDF is 2 Gaussian random variable and X = 4 is mean.
Option (D) is correct. We have The input to LPF is
7.127
7.128
Option (C) is correct. We require 6 bit for 64 intensity levels because 64 = 26 Data Rate = Frames per second # pixels per frame # bits per pixel = 625 # 400 # 400 # 6 = 600 Mbps sec Option (C) is correct. We have sin (700pt) sin (500pt) sin c (700t) + sin c (500t) = + 700pt 500pt Here the maximum frequency component is 2pfm = 700p i.e. fm = 350 Hz Thus Nyquist rate fs = 2fm = 2 (350) = 700 Hz Thus sampling interval = 1 sec 700
7.136
The output of filter will be y (t) = Power of output signal is

2 Py = y2 (t) = 1 m2 (t) cos2 q = Pm cos q 4 4
7.129
7.130
Option (D) is correct. Probability of error = p Probability of no error = q = (1 - p) Probability for at most one bit error = Probability of no bit error + probability of 1 bit error = (1 - p) n + np (1 - p) n - 1 Option (A) is correct. If g (t) then PSD of g (t) is and power is Pg = 1 2p Now PSD of ag (t) is ag (t)
FT FT
O N
w
. ww
A I D
Thus
7.137
Option (A) is correct. Hilbert transformer always adds - 90c to the positive frequency component and 90c to the negative frequency component. Hilbert Trans form cos wt " sin wt sin wt " cos wt cos w1 t + sin w2 t " sin w1 t - cos w2 t x (t) = Ac cos {wc t + b sin wm t} y (t) = {x (t)} 3
no
dia
Option (A) is correct. n o.i have We .c
7.131
G (w)
7.138
2 = Ac cos (3wc t + 3b sin wm t) + 3 cos (wc t + b sin wm t) Thus the fundamental frequency doesnt change but BW is three times. BW = 2 (3 f') = 2 (3 f # 3) = 3 MHz
Option (C) is correct. Option (C) is correct. This is Quadrature modulated signal. In QAM, two signals having bandwidth. B 1 & B 2 can be transmitted simultaneous over a bandwidth of (B 1 + B 2) Hz so B.W. = (15 + 10) = 25 kHz Option (B) is correct. A modulated signal can be expressed in terms of its in-phase and quadrature component as S (t) = S1 (t) cos (2pfc t) - SQ (t) sin (2pfc t) Here S (t) = [e-at cpsDwt cos wc t - eat sin Dwt sin wc t] m (t) = [e-at cos Dwt] cos 2pfc t - [e-at sin Dwt] sin 2pfc t = S1 (t) cos 2pfc t - SQ (t) sin 2pfc t Complex envelope of s (t) is S (t) = S1 (t) + jSQ (t) = e-at cos Dwt + je-at sin Dwt = e-at [cos Dwt + j sin Dwt]
Sg (w) = G (w) 2 Sg (w) dw #- 3 aG (w)

3
7.139
7.140
or Similarly
7.132
Sag (w) = a (G (w)) = a2 G (w) 2 Sag (w) = a2 Sg (w) Pag = a2 Pg
Option (C) is correct. The envelope of the input signal is [1 + ka m (t)] that will be output of envelope detector. Option (D) is correct. Frequency Range for satellite communication is 1 GHz to 30 GHz, Option (B) is correct. Waveform will be orthogonal when each bit contains integer number of cycles of carrier.
7.133
7.134

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Page 180
= exp (- at) exp (jDwt) m (t)

7.141
Option (B) is correct. Given function g (t) = 6 # 10 sin c (400t) ) 10 sin c3 (100t) Let g1 (t) = 6 # 10 4 sin c2 (400t) g2 (t) = (106) sin c3 (100t) We know that g1 (t) ) g2 (t) ? G1 (w) G2 (w) occupies minimum of Bandwidth of G1 (w) or G2 (w) Band width of G1 (w) = 2 # 400 = 800 rad/ sec or = 400 Hz Band width of G2 (w) = 3 # 100 = 300 rad/ sec or 150 Hz Sampling frequency = 2 # 150 = 300 Hz
4 2 6
Auto correlation function is given by T/2 Rxx (t) = 1 x (t) x (t - t) dt T -T/2 When x (t) is shifted to right (t > 0), x (t - t) will be shown as dotted line.
7.142
Option (B) is correct. For a sinusoidal input SNR (dB) is PCM is obtained by following formulae. SNR (dB) = 1.8 + 6n n is no. of bits Here n =8 So, SNR (dB) = 1.8 + 6 # 8 = 49.8 Option (D) is correct. We know that matched filter output is given by g 0 (t) = t = T0
Rxx (t) = 1 T
T +t 2
A2 dt
T - +t 2
7.143
# g (l) g (T - t + l) dl at
3 -3 0
6g 0 (t)@max =
= [g 0 (t)] max
7.144
# g (l) g (l) dl = #
3 -3
#
0
1 # 10-4
[10 sin (2p # 106) 2] dt
Option (B) is correct. Sampling rate must be equal to twice of maximum frequency. f s = 2 # 400 = 800 Hz
.n = 1 # 100 # 10-4 = 5 mV ww 2 w
O N
-3
g 2 (t) dt
A I D
od co ia. .in
7.147
2 2 = A :T + T - tD = A :T - tD 2 T 2 T 2 (t) can be negative or positive, so generalizing above equations 2 Rxx (t) = A :T - t D T 2 Rxx (t) is a regular pulse of duration T .
7.145
Option (C) is correct. The amplitude spectrum of a gaussian pulse is also gaussian as shown in the fig. -y 2 fY (y) = 1 exp c 2 m 2p
Option (B) is correct. Selectivity refers to select a desired frequency while rejecting all others. In super heterodyne receiver selective is obtained partially by RF amplifier and mainly by IF amplifier. Option (C) is correct. In PCM, SNR a 22n so if bit increased from 8 to 9 2#8 (SNR) 1 = 22 # 9 = 22 = 1 4 (SNR) 2 2 so SNR will increased by a factor of 4 Option (A) is correct. In flat top sampling an amplitude distortion is produced while reconstructing original signal x (t) from sampled signal s (t). High frequency of x (t) are mostly attenuated. This effect is known as aperture effect. Option (A) is correct. Carrier C (t) = cos (we t + q) Modulating signal = x (t) DSB - SC modulated signal = x (t) c (t) = x (t) cos (we t + q) envelope = x (t)
7.148
7.149
7.146
Option (C) is correct. Let the rectangular pulse is given as

7.150
7.151
Page 181
Option (D) is correct. In Quadrature multiplexing two baseband signals can transmitted or modulated using I 4 phase & Quadrature carriers and its quite different form FDM & TDM. Option (A) is correct. Fourier transform perform a conversion from time domain to frequency domain for analysis purposes. Units remain same. Option (A) is correct. In PCM, SNR is depends an step size (i.e. signal amplitude) SNR can be improved by using smaller steps for smaller amplitude. This is obtained by compressing the signal. Option (C) is correct. Band width is same for BPSK and APSK(OOK) which is equal to twice of signal Bandwidth. Option (A) is correct. The spectral density of a real value random process symmetric about vertical axis so it has an even symmetry. Option (A) is correct. Option (C) is correct. It is one of the advantage of bipolar signalling (AMI) that its spectrum has a dc null for binary data transmission PSD of bipolar signalling is if we shift g (- t) for convolution y (t) increases first linearly then decreases to zero.
7.152
output of matched filter y (t) = g (t) ) h (t)
7.153
7.154
7.155
7.156 7.157
7.158
Option (A) is correct. Probability Density function (PDF) of a random variable x defined as Px (x) = 1 e-x /2 2p so here K = 1 2p
2
O N
ww
no w.
A I D
7.163
Option (C) is correct. The difference between incoming signal frequency (fc) and its image frequency (fc) is 2I f (which is large enough). The RF filter may provide poor selectivity against adjacent channels separated by a small frequency differences but it can provide reasonable selectivity against .in a station separated by 2I f . So it provides adequate suppression o c . ia of image channel. Option (C) is correct. In PCM SNR is given by SNR = 3 22n 2
7.164
if no. of bits is increased from n to (n + 1) SNR will increase by a factor of 22 (n + 1)/n

7.165
7.159
Option (C) is correct. Here the highest frequency component in the spectrum is 1.5 kHz [at 2 kHz is not included in the spectrum] Minimum sampling freq. = 1.5 # 2 = 3 kHz Option (B) is correct. We need a high pass filter for receiving the pulses. Option (D) is correct. Power spectral density function of a signal g (t) is fourier transform of its auto correlation function Sg (w) Rg (t) here Sg (w) = sin c2 (f) so Rg (t) is a triangular pulse. f [triang.] = sin c2 (f)
F
Option (D) is correct. The auto correlation of energy signal is an even function. auto correlation function is gives as R (t) = put Let
# x (t) x (t + t) dt
-3 3
7.160
R (- t) = # x (t) x (t - t) dt -3 t-t = a dt = da
7.161
R (- t) =
change variable a " t
# x (a + t) x (a) da
-3
R (- t) =
# x (t) x (t + t) dt = R (t)
-3
R (- t) = R (t) even function

7.166
7.162
Option (C) is correct. For a signal g (t), its matched filter response given as h (t) = g (T - t) so here g (t) is a rectangular pulse of duration T .

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GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

(A) 6000/p, 0 (C) 6400/p, 20/ (p 2 )

(B) 6400/p, 0 (D) 6000/p, 20/ (p 2 )

Common Data for Questions 5 and 6:

GATE GUIDE and GATE CLOUD by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

(B) (4p 2 f 2 - 1) exp (- pf 2) (D) (4p 2 f 2 - 1) exp (- pf )

Statement for Linked Answer Question 14 and 15 :

Common Data For Q. 8.5 & 8.6

Conventional AM FM VSB SSB-SC

Statement for linked Answer Question : 8.10 & 8.11 :

Common Data For Q. 8.19 & 8.20 :

If the signal to quantization noise ratio required in uniformly

GATE GUIDE and GATE CLOUD by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Common Data For Q. 8.29, 8.30 and 8.31 :

The probability density function (pdf) of random variable is as shown below

The corresponding commutative distribution function CDF has the form

.in o c . ia Assuming the signal to be uniformly distributed between its peak to

A Hilbert transformer is a (A) non-linear system (C) time-varying system

(B) non-causal system (D) low-pass system

Statement for Linked Answer Question 8.44 & 8.45 :

(D) A (w) = C, f (w) = kw- 1

Common Data For Q. 8.41 & 8.42 :

A signal with bandwidth 500 Hz is first multiplied by a signal g (t) where

GATE GUIDE and GATE CLOUD by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

/(- 1) k d (t - 0.5 # 10- 4 k)

Common Data For Q. 8.56 & 8.57 :

Common Data For Q. 8.60 & 8.61 :

(A) 25 8N0 B (C) 25 2N0 B

(B) 25 4N0 B (D) 25 N0 B

(A) P - Z, Q - Y, R - X, S - W (B) P - W, Q - X, R - Y, S - Z (C) P - X, Q - W, R - Z, S - Y (D) P - Y, Q - Z, R - W, S - X

in A is phase modulated (PM) with frequency deviation of 10 o.carrier c . ia

Common Data For Q. 8.69 and 8.70 :

GATE GUIDE and GATE CLOUD by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

(A) B1 = 20 kHz, B2 = 20 kHz (C) B1 = 20 khz, B2 = 10 kHz

(B) B1 = 10 kHz, B2 = 20 kHz (D) B1 = 10 kHz, B2 = 10 kHz

(A) zero (C) 0.55

(B) 0.25 (D) 0.30

1 + sin (2p # 106 t)

n o.i 2.7, 3.4 (A) c . ia

(C) 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6

(B) 3.3, 3.6 (D) 2.7, 3.3

Common Data For Q. 8.95 & 8.96 :

Common Data For Q. 8.90 & 8.91 :

GATE GUIDE and GATE CLOUD by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Consider a sample signal y (t) = 5 # 10 - 6 # (t)

(D) 10 cos (8p # 103) t

(D) an ideal low-pass filter with the appropriate bandwidth

GATE GUIDE and GATE CLOUD by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

(B) 2 kHz (D) None of these

(A) a rectangular pulse (C) a sine pulse

(B) a delta function (D) a triangular pulse

GATE GUIDE and GATE CLOUD by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

P ^X - Y $ 0h = P ^X - Y # 0h = 1 2 or, we can say P ^2U - 3V # 0h = 1 2 Thus, P ^3V $ 2U h = 1 2

P ^U + V h 1 1=1 2#2 4 1 1 1 1 1 b2 # 2l+b2 # 2l = 2

1 1=1 2#2 4 Therefore, the entropy of the Û + V h is obtained as fu û h = fv ^v h = 1 e -u 2s 2 2p su H Û + V h =

1 e -v 2s 2 2p sv We can express the distribution in standard form by assuming X = u - 0 = u = 2U su Y2 v 0 and Y = = v = 3V sv Y3

1 ' P ^U + V h 1 = 1 log 2 4 + 1 log 2 2 + 1 log 2 4 2 4 4 2 1 2 = + + 4 2 4 =3 2

=0 X (w) 2 w=0 X (w) w = 0 = 0

=-e P1 log P1 + P2 log P2 +

H l =-=(P + e) log (P + e) + (P - e) log (P - e) +

H l < H , Entropy of source decreases.

= P b X < 1 l P bY < 1 l 2 2 = shaded area = 3 4 =3 4 =3#3= 9 4 4 16

SX (w) w = 0 = 0 SX (w) = X (w) 2 = 0

GATE GUIDE and GATE CLOUD by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia