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8.2.1: Acids are electrolytes, and have a sour taste, although one
should never taste them for identification purposes. They undergo
single replacement reactions with metals to form a salt and hydrogen
gas, and neutralization reactions with bases to form salts and water. A
strip of litmus paper dipped in an acid will change from blue to red, and
an acid will turn phenolphthalein colorless.
Bases are also electrolytes, and have a bitter taste, although one
should never taste them for identification purposes. A strip of litmus
paper dipped in a base will change from red to blue, and a base will
turn phenolphthalein red. They are also slippery to the touch and
undergo neutralization reactions with acids to form salts and water.
8.3.1: Strong and weak acids and bases are defined by their ease of
losing (or donating) a proton or hydroxide ion, respectively. A strong
acid or base, when placed in water, will almost fully ionize/dissociate,
producing H3O+ or hydroxide ions from water. A weak acid or base will,
however, only partially do this, leaving some unreacted acid or base
remaining. This is set up as an equilibrium, and so when some of the
H3O+ ions produced by a weak acid are reacted, Le Chatlier’s means
that more of the acid will react to form H3O- ions. This means that,
given an equal number of mols of acid, they will be neutralized by the
same amount of strong base, but their solutions will have different pH
values. A weak base is the same as this, only it accepts protons and so
produces OH- ions from water rather than H3O-. Any solution’s ability to
conduct electricity is defined by is charges ions in it. A strong acid will
produce more charged ions than a weak one, and so it’s solution will be
a better electrical conductor than a weak acid. The same goes for
strong/weak bases.
8.3.2: The strong acids are: HCl (hydrochloric), H2SO4 (sulfuric), HNO3
(nitric), and HClO4 (perchloric). All other acids are weak acids.
The strong bases are the hydroxides of the group 1 metals, and
Ba(OH)2. All other bases are weak.
8.3.3: Strong acids and bases are those which disassociate completely
or almost completely in aqueous solution. The strength of an acid or
base can be measured with a universal indicator or a pH meter. Also
the rate of reaction measured by hydrogen production with metals or
CO2 with CaCO3 will reveal the strength of an acid.
8.4.1: pH vales range up and down from 7 (7 being the neutral value of
pure water at 20 ºC and 1 atm). Lower pH values are acidic, higher
values are basic.
8.4.2: For two acidic solutions, the solution with the lower pH is more
acidic. For two basic solutions, the solution with the higher pH is more
basic.
18.1.4: n general HA(aq) <=> H+(aq) + A-(aq) or B(aq) + H2O(l) <=> BH+ +
OH-(aq).
Therefore Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] and Kb = [BH+][OH-] / [B]
18.1.6: The larger an acid’s Ka or the lower its pKa, the stronger it is.
The larger a base’s Kb or the lower its pKb, the stronger it is.
18.3.1: The salt of a strong acid and a strong base will be neutral when
dissolved in aqueous solution. The salt of a weak acid and a strong
base will be basic when dissolved in aqueous solution. The salt of a
strong acid and a weak base will be acidic when dissolved in aqueous
solution. The pH of a salt of a weak acid and a weak base will depend
on the relative values of Ka and Kb.
18.4.1:
18.5.2: The pH range of the indicator falls around its pKa value, so to be
useful, the pKa must fall within the vertical asymptote at the
equivalence point of the titration curve.