Abusio: See Catachresis Acoloutha : Reciprocal substitution of words. Accismus: Feigned refusal of that which is desired.

Accumulatio : Drawing points into a powerful climax. Acutezza : The use of wit or wordplay. Acyron : Using a word opposite to what is meant. Adianoeta : Expression that has second, subtle meaning. Adjunction : Putting the verb at the beginning. Adynaton : Exaggerated declaration of impossibility. Asteismos : Polite expression of emotion. Aetiologia : A statement with a supporting cause. Affirmatio : Speaking as if one's point is disputed. Aganactesis : Indignant exclamation. Allegory : Narrative using sustained metaphor. Alleotheta : Substituting one thing for another. Allusion: Indirect reference. Alliteration : Repetition of same initial sound. Ambage: See Periphrasis. Amphibology : Ambiguity in grammar. Amphilogy : Circumlocution to avoid harm to oneself. Ampliatio : Using a name where it is not defined. Amplificatio : General enhancement of an argument. Anabasis: Stepwise increase in emphasis. Anacephalaeosis: Summary of known facts. Anacoenosis: Asking opinion of audience to gain agreement. Anacoloutha : Non- reciprocal word substitution. Anacoluthon : Ending a sentence different to expectation. Anacrusis: Unstressed syllables at the start. Anadiplosis: Repeating last word at start of next sentence. Analogy : A is like B. Using one thing to describe another. Anamnesis: Emotional recall. Anangeon: Justification based on necessity. Anaphora: Repeating initial words. Anapodoton : Omitting clause for deliberate effect. Anastrophe : Changing normal word order. Anesis: Adding a conclusion that reduces what was said. Antanaclasis : Repeating same word, with meaning change. Antanagoge : Being positive about something negative. Anthimeria : Substituting one part of speech for another. Antimetabole : repeating clause, reversing word order. Anthypophora : Asking then answering your own questions. Antiphrasis : Using words in contrary sense for irony. Antiptosis : Two logical, but contradicting, arguments. Antirhesis : Rejecting bad argument. Antisthecon : Replacing one word element. Antistrophe : Repeating the final word in successive phrases. Antithesis : Contrasting with opposite. Antonomasia : Naming a person with other than their given name. Apcope: Omitting letters from the end of a word. Aphaeresis: Omitting letters from the start of a word. Aphorismus: Questioning the meaning of a word. Apophasis: Talking about something without mentioning it. Aporia: Feigned doubt. Aposiopesis: Not completing a sentence. Apostrophe : An 'aside', to others. Apposition : Layered meaning. Archaism: Using out-of- date language. Assonance: Repeating the same vowel sound. Asterismos : Adding a word to emphasize following words. Asyndeton : Omitting conjunctions. Aureation : The use of fancy words. Autoclesis : introducing an item by refusing to discuss it. Auxesis : Enhancement of importance. Bdelygmia : Expression of contempt or hatred. Bomphiologia: Bombastic, bragging speech. Brachyology : Condensed expression. Brevitas : Concise expression. Cacemphaton: Deliberately illsounding expression. Cacophony: Harsh combination of words. Catabasis: Steadily decreasing emphasis. Catachresis: Using words incorrectly. Cataphora: Using a word to refer to a word used later. Categoria: Directly exposing another's faults. Chiasmus: Two phrases, with reversal in second. Cledonism: Circumlocution to avoid saying unluckywords. Climax: Words ordered in ascending power. Consonance: Repeating consonant sounds. Correctio: Correction to revise meaning. Crasis: Contraction of two vowels into a longer sound. Diacope: Repeating word after one or two other words. Diallage: Multiple arguments to establish a single point. Distinctio: Describing something by saying what it is not. Dysphemism : Substituting a mild word with a stronger one. Dysrhythmia : Breaking of a rhythmic pattern. Dystmesis : Inserting one word into the middle of another. Ecphonesis: Short exclamation. Ellipsis: omission of words that would make a sentence explicit. Enallage: Substituting one item for another. Enjambment: Breaking a phrase at an odd point. Enumeratio: Breaking down and detailing a subject. Epanalepsis: Repeating the same phrase at start and end. Epanados: Repeating words in the reverse order. Epanorthosis: In-sentence correction. Epenthesis: Adding letters to the middle of a word. Epistrophe: Repetition of the same final word or phrase. Epitrope: Conceding in order to gain. Epizeuxis : Repetition of a word with vehemence. Erotema: Rhetorical question. Ethopoeia: Putting oneself in the position of another. Euche: Expressing emotion through prayer. Euphemism: Substituting offensive words with gentle ones. Eusystolism : Use of initials to avoid speaking harsh words. Exemplum : Using examples (real or fictitious). Exergasia : Restating a point in different words. Extraposition : Putting a subject at a later position than normal. Fictio: Attributing of human traits to creatures. Glossolalia: Fabricated, meaningless speech. Hendiadys : Two words, connected by conjunction. Heterosis: Changing the form of the verb. Homoioteleuton: similar endings in adjacent or parallel words. Homophone: Different words that sound the same. Hypallage : Reversing syntactical relationship. Hyperbaton :

Separating words that belong together. Hyperbole : Deliberate over-exaggeration. Hypocatastasis : Implied comparison. Hypocorism : Use of pet names, diminutives, baby talk. Hypophora: see Anthypophora . Hypotaxis : Subordination of clauses to show relationships. Hypozeuxis : Every clause having its own subject and verb. Hysteron proteron : Reversing temporal sequence to put key things first. Illeism: Referring to oneself in the third person. Inclusio: Bracketing a passage with the same words. Innuendo: Oblique allusion. Irony: Saying something by using its opposite. Isocolon: Phrases with multiple similarities. Kenning: Replacing noun with circumlocutory mythologising. Kolakeia : Flattery to distract from unwanted elements. Litotes: Denying the contrary of what it being affirmed. Malapropism: replacing a word with one that sounds similar. Meiosis: Understatement for emphasis or effect. Merism: Combining words for meaning beyond normal combination. Merismos: Complete description or reference. Metalepsis: Referencing something through a weakly associated item. Metaphor: A is B. Using one thing to describe another. Metaplasmus: Deliberate misspelling. Metathesis: Rearranging letters in a word. Metonymy : Using one item to represent another. Narratio: Presenting essential facts. Nosism: Referring to oneself in the plural.*ILLEISM* Oeonismos: Expressing emotion through wishing or hoping. Optatio: Exclaiming a wish. Oxymoron : Adjacent words that seem to contradict one another. Parachesis: Repeating the same sound in successive words. Paradeigma: Listing examples to create generalization. Paradiastole: Portraying a vice as a virtue. Paradox: Seeming contradiction. Paraeneticon: Expressing emotion through exhortation. Paralipsis: Emphasis by obvious omission. Parallelism: Repeated patterns in a sentence. Paraprosdokian: Surprising ending. Parataxis : Successive independent clauses. Paregmenon: Repetition of words of the same root. Parenthesis: Nesting sentences. Parisology: Deliberate use of ambiguous words. Parison: Matching patterns across structures. Parisosis: Same number of syllables in a clause. Paroemion: Excessive alliteration. Paromoiosis. Similar sounds across two clauses. Paronomasia: Using similarly sounding words. Parrhesia: Boldness of speech. Periphrasis: Roundabout wording. Perissologia: Excessive use of words. Personification: Giving an object human characteristics. Pleonasm: Using unnecessary words. Ploce: Repetition of a word whilst varying specificity. Polyptoton : Repetition of a word in different forms. Polysyndeton : Repeating conjunctions. Polyptoton : Repetition in different forms. Praecisio: Not speaking to get over the message. Praegnans constructio: See Brachyology . Praeteritio: Mentioning something that is against the rules. Procatalepsis: Answering objections in advance. Prolepsis: Anticipation of action. Proparalepsis: Adding letters to the end of a word. Prosthesis: Prefixing letters to the beginning of a word. Proverb : An encapsulated and unquestioned wisdom. Psittacism: parrot-like repetition. Pun: A play on words. Repetitio : Repeating a single word. Rhyme : Repeating sounds at end of words. Scesis onamaton: Omitting the only verb. Sententia: Quoting wisdom to create truth. Simile: Explicit comparison between two things. Spoonerism: Interchange of initial letters of two words. Subreption: Phrasing words to misrepresent and concealing facts. Syllepsis: See Zeugma. Symploce : Simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe. Synaloepha : Omitting one vowel to combine two words. Synchysis : Confused arrangement of words. Syncope : Shortening word by omitting middle segment. Syndeton : Use of conjunctions. Synecdoche : Understanding one thing with another. Synesis : Unifying things. Synizesis : Successively sounded vowels. Synonymia : Repeating synonyms for amplification. Tapinosis: Downplaying and reducing something. Tautology: Repeating meaning, unnecessarily. Tmesis: Inserting a word in the middle of another. Transumptio: See Metalepsis. Tricolon: Three components, increasing power. Zeugma: Two words linked to another, only one appropriately.