stress bond stress bond stress flexural stress flexural stress axial stress working stress residual stress

residual stress yield stress stress elastic range deformation strain base platform pedestal hypocenter epicenter focal depth magnitude intensity modified mercalli scale accelerograph seismograph deflectometer structures space frame building frame system moment resisting space frame vertical load carrying s.f. braced frame concentric braced frame

cohesive force in a body which resist the tendency of an external force to change the shape of the body force of adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces dividing gripping force by the surface area of the reinforcing bars per linear inch measure of flexural strength of the beam caused by the moments in beams producing bending longitudinal compressive or tensile stress in beam the maximum value of tension, compression or shear respectively which the material can sustain without failure stress that remains in an unloaded member after it has been formed into a finished product induced by cold bending, cooling after rolling or welding yield point, first stress in a material at which an increase instrain occurs w/o increase in stress, this stress < max attainable stress; yield strength or yield-stress level as defined intensity of force per unit area of cross section linear portion of the stress strain diagram change in the form/ shape of a body subjected to an external force deformation per unit length level at which earthquake motions are onsidered to be imparted to the structure lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination of structural systems upright compression member whose height does not exceed 3x its lateral dimension FOCUS; exact point several miles below the surface of the earth wjere the seismic stress is maximum due to slippage of plates point on the earth's surface directly above the focus or region where earthquake originates distance between epicenter and hypocenter measure of the energy released measure of the damage level of an earthquake subjective rating based on observed damage to structures; I-XII instrument which measures the velocity and acceleration of earthquake in the ground/ building; attached to basement, mid and top instrument measuring the actual displacement of the ground with respec to stationary point during earthquake instrument used for gauging any deflection of a structure assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces 3d structural system w/o bearing walls composed of members functioning as self contained unit w/ or w/o aid of diap. or braing systems essentially complete space frame provides dupports for GRAVITY LOADS space frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily FLEXURE space frame designed to carry ALL VERTICAL LOADS/ GRAVITY essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type which resist lateral forces braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to AXIAL FORCES

eccentric braced frame base shear story shear vertical shear punching shear shear story drift ratio slenderness ratio stiffness ratio water-cement ratio void cement ratio aspect ratio shear wall parapet wall bearing wall counterfort retaining wall buttress retaining wall retaining wall non-bearing wall exterior wall diaphragm collector

braced frame subjected to AXIAL FORCES WITH BENDING total designed lateral force/ shear at the base of a structure summation of desgn lateral forces above the story under consideration tendency for a beam to fail by dropping between supports failure of base when a hevily loaded column punches a hole through it tendency for one part of the beam to move vertically with respect to the adjacent part story drift divided by story height ratio of length of a column L to the radius of gyration about the principal axis of rotation ratio of moment of inertia of the cross section to its length (analysis of determinate structures) ratio of the amount of water to the amount of cement in a concrete ratio of volume of air plus waterto the volume cement in any rectangular configuration, the ratio of the lengths of the sides desogned to resist lateral forces PARALLEL to the plane of the wall part of any wall that is entirely above the roof line wall capable of supporting an imposed load from above cantilever wall that is reinforced with masonry extending upward the foundation from the INNER FACE of the retaining wall OUTER FACE of the retaining wall free standing or laterally braced that bears against an earth of other fill surface carries no load other than its own weight defines exterior boundaries or courts of a building and that has a slope of 60 degress or greater with the horizontal plane horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit LATERAL FORCES to the vertical resisting elements a member to transfer LATERAL FORCES from a portion of a structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system TIE; COLLECTOR; parallel to the applied load w/c collects & transfers diaphragm shear to vertical resisting elements/ distribute loads within the diaphragm element at EDGES of opening or at the perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms boundary element of a diaphragm/ shear wall w/c is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to flanges of beam deformation under LATERAL LOAD significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system secondary effect on shears & moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on laterally displaced building frame effects of the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than PARALLEL to the direction of resistance under consideration coincidence of the natural period of structure with the dominant frequency in the ground motion resistance to deformation of a member, ration of the applied force to the corresponding displacement ability of steel to be hammered/ compressed to thin sheets w/o breaking

diaphragm strut boundary element diaphragm element flexible element p-delta effect orthogonal effect soil structure resonace stiffness malleability

elasticity ductility torsional rigidity eccentricity ductility lintel beam spandrel beam wales grade beam gerber beam stringers box beam soldier beam purlin coupling beam girder simply supported beam overhanging beam cantilevered beam semi-continuous beam fixed beam continuous beam

ability of steel to be stretched and regain original shape when forces released ability of steel to be stretched to fine wire w/o rupture relative stiffness of the structure to resist torsional stress distance between the point of application of a direct load to a column and the centroid of its cross section ability of structure to absorb aome of seismic energy and to transfer it back to the foundation witjout suffering damage over an opening to carry wall over the opening from column to column, carrying an exterior wall in the skeleton of the building beams used to support sheeting of a cut which is braced to prevent collapse of the side walls rc beam framed between columns at ground level carrying the walls of these columns, serving as foundation for the superstructure a long, straight beam that functions essentially as a cantilever beam by the insertion of two hinges in alternate spans placed lengthwiseunder the bridge which carry the loads from floors to the beams box girder; hollow girder/beam with a square/ rectangular cross section steel rolled section driven into the ground to carry the force from a horizontally sheeted earth bank/ fill longitudinal beams which rest on the top chord and preferably at the joints of the truss, spanning from truss to truss or supporting rafters horizontal elment in a plane with and connecting 2 shear walls beam that supports smaller beams in a floor system hinge at one end and a roller at the other end projects beyond one or both supports supported at one end only, as in a beam that embedded in a wall PROPPED BEAM; supported at one end and the other end is projecting beyond the support or wall no rotation nor vertical or horizontal movement can occur at either end beam with two or more spans

knee brace sway brace chevron bracing bearing plate buckle plate gusset plate grillage footing pile bearing pile batter pile friction pile sheet pile

stiffener between column and supported truss or beam to provide greater rigidity in a building frame under transverse loads 1 or pair of diagonal members designed to resist horizontal forces such as wind pair of braces located either above or below a beam terminates at a single point within the clear beam span steel slab/ plate under a beam to distribute the end reaction from the beam to the supporting masonry a steel floor plate under a beam lightly arched to increase rigidity usually triangular in shape, used to connect 2 or more members or to add strength to the framework group of steel beams arranged to distribute a concentrated load to the supporting concrete, masonry/ soil wood, steel, concrete column less than 24" diameter, driven, jacked to the gorund for support END BEARING; vertical post of pile w/c carries the weight of the foundation transmitting the load to the structure to the bedrock/subsoil without detrimental settlement BRACE PILE/ SPUR PILE; pile driven at an inclination to the vertical to provide resistance to the horizontal forces surrounded by earth and supported entirely by friction closely spaced piles of wood, steel, or concrete driven vertically into the ground to obstruct lateral movement of earth/ water, & often to form an integral part of the structure

bored pile pile cap caisson cofferdam tremie diving bell

concrete pile which concreted either with a casing or without a casing at its permanent location. Cast in place pile mass of rc cast around the head of a group of piles to ensure that they act as unit to support the imposed load watertight, cylindrical/ rectangular chamber used in underwater construction to protect workers from water pressure and soil collapse temporary dam-like watertight structure around an area of water or water bearing soil constructed w/c excludes water from the site of the foundation during its excavtion & construction watertight pipe 300-600mm diameter with aflared top used in depositing concrete underwater water tight bell shaped steel chamber which can be lowered to or raised from a frsh or sea water, by crane

haunch angle of repose active earth pressure uplift pressure inflection point

deepened portion designed to accommodate higher bending moments at such points and usually occurs at the column and rafter connection angel between horizontal and natural slope of loose mateial ehcih will not slide soil pressure that will tend to push the structure wherein the structure or a wall tends to move away from the soil pressure in an upward direction against the bottom of a structure or a basement floor or a road slab with the presence of water CONTRAFLEXURE POINT; value of moment is zero, position at w/c the tensile reinforcement is bent upward

soil stabilization underpinning creep prefabrication grading prestressing pretensioning post tensioning tendon hinge eyebar thin shell sand drain roller bent anchor block

process of improving the properties of a soil to make it more suitable for a particular purpose art of placing new foundation under old foundations tendency of materials to continue to deform over a long period of time even when the constant load is removed preconstrucion of components as part of a whole act of excavating/ filling earth or any sound material, in preparation for a finishing surface rc in w/c internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from loads concrete members permanently loaded to cause internal stresses that are opposite in direction to those caused by dead & live load. Concrete is held in compression. Tension prior to palcing of concrete method of introducing jacking force in which the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened enough to sustain jacking force wire, cable, bar, rod or strand or a bundle of thses used to impart prestress to concrete point in the structure at w/c a member san rotate slightly but sufficiently to eliminate all bending moment in the member in that point pin-connected tension member of uniform thickness with forged cut head of greater width than the body proportioned to provide equal strength in the head with the body 3d spatial structure made up of one or more curved slab or folded plate whose thickness are smaller helps in compaction providing channels which water can escape much more rapidly than through clay itself support at the end of a truss/ girder permitting rotation and horizontal movement to allow for expansion and contraction a structural frame composed of 2 or more columns and a crosspiece (cap); plane framework of beam/truss supporting loads and columns which support these members concrete at the end of tendon containing anchorage and reinforced to resist bursting

mat foundation floating foundation structural analysis

RAFT FOUNDATION; large thick usually rc slab which transfers loads from a number of columns and walls to the underlying soil building foundation where poor soil conditions are overcome by excavating to a depth more or less equal to the weight of the building analysis of stress, strain and deflection characteristics

short column

rc column where the ratio of the height over at least lateral dimension is less than 10

force resultant equilibrant moment overturning moment bending moment moment of resistance reaction couple seismic force torsion jacking force load dead load live load axial load buckling load run span unsupported length effective length limit state failure proportional limit safety factor ultimate strength resilience rupture metal fatigue modulus of resilience

quantity that tends to accelerate/ change the movement of body force that can replace a group of forces and still has the same effect single force that will hold 2 given forces in equilibrium and is in a reversed direction with the resultant tendency of force to produce rotation about a given point; product of force and perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the point moment as a whole at any given level due to wind, earthquake lateral forces algebraic sum of the moments of the forces acting on either side of the section of a beam about an axis through the center of gravity of the section internal resisting moment of a beam. Opposite in sense to the bending moment but of the same magnitude upward resistance of support against downward pressure forces parallel, same magnitude, opposite direction force induced by acceleration by the earthquake quantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line temporary force exerted by a device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons forces that result from weight; forces acting upon structure, causing stresses or deformations weight of materials, fixed parts of structure occupancy load load on a cross section of a column where the resultant load act vertically usually coinciding with the centroid load at w/c a perfectly straight mwmber under compression assumes delfection position distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight distance between structural supports distance between supports of a column distance between inflection points in the column when it breaks structure/ components is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function, unsafe structure reaches a limit state, does not involve rupture greatest stress a material is capable of developing w/o a permanent deformation remaining upon complete release of stress ultimate strength of the material divided by allowable working stress maximum value of tension, compression or shear respectively that the material can sustain w/o imminent failure amount of energy that can be stored in an elastic material per unit volume without a permanent deformation total breakage of a specimen, concrete / steel damage result in sudden and brittle fracture of a ductile material after a sufficient number of flunctuations or reversals of stress amount of energy that can be stored in an elastic material per unit volume without a permanent deformation

modulus of toughness modulus of elasticity modulus of rigidity lap joint construction joint key control joint contraction joint slip joint isolation joint cold joint wobble friction curvature friction

amount of energy absorbed by specimen until rupture young's modulus; ration of stress to unit strain; resist deformation under stress w/in proportional limit ratio of shearung stress to shearing strain lapping 2 pieces of material 2 successive placements of conrete meet projecting portion that serves to prevent the movement of parts in a construction joint in the form of a weakened plane joint consists of a sawed joint 12mm wide with the depth approx. 1/5 thickness of slab and then filled with sealant expansion joint at the adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected movements between them, prevent cracks contraction joint between 2 sections of wall, vertical tongue at one side fitting into a groove on the other side separation between 2 adjoining parts of a concrete structure, allow relative movement in 3 directions weak and leaky joint between 2 pours of concrete friction caused by unintended deviation of prestressing sheath or duct from its specified profile friction due to the bends and curves of the prestressing tendons