Project: Individual security in Romania Course: Security Studies Specialization: European Studies Year: 1th Name: Negrean Lucian

Marius

Individual security in Romania

Introduction in this project will be presented the security of the individual, having o brief comparison about the security before the communism and how the security changed in democracy, emphasizing the security of the individual in the present in the main domains, which is the approach in terms of security in the relationship between state and individual.

Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 What is the security of the individual? ........................................................................................... 7 What are the security analyzing individual? ................................................................................... 7 INTERVIEWS ................................................................................................................................ 9 Table ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 17 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 19

Introduction

Individual security or human security in tight dimension, by other authors, aims to ensure the physical integrity of the individual against all forms of violence, resulting in a conflict or not.1 In the modern history of the meaning of security is derived from the medieval concept of reason of state, understood as a state of necessity in which a state governors reserves juridical situation that allows them to invoke exceptional measures to ensure the functionality and integrity of the state.2 The beginning of XXI century, coincides with a new era in international politics, the next evolution of the world and the new world order, the central place is occupied by the economy and security.

During the communist period in Romania before 89 ', the term security of the individual was not a widely used term, although security was well insured by the state regarding a job, acceptable income and quiet on streets, but the individual security and groups in Romania was one scary, that was rarely used by the citizens. Individual security was provided by the state by creating a sense of safety, the physical integrity of the individual against any form of aggression. Although communism was one that protect the individual and groups, there were in the collective mind consciousness and restraint fear when it was something about security. Militiamen were those who led the state in the communist period, which are also present among us and have influence on the system.

In Romania, as in most post- communist states, through security means state intervention in individual lives, which is why the term was not even used in the Romanian Constitution.3

1 2

Securitatea nationala a Romaniei in contextual schimbarilor geopolitice mondiale, pag. 38 Ibidem, p.28 3 Securitatea nationala a Romaniei in contextual schimbarilor geopolitice mondiale , p.26

In terms of individual security and ensuring a level of life better, and most importantly, equal to a state, territory and boundaries delimited by a period of communism in Romania has provided individual and group level security that State after graduation offers you a job, a house - Ceausescu built blocks, to ensure a place to live for everybody, free health insurance and more others. State to provide the security of the individual, have more control over the individual and on groups of individuals.

After the fall of communism and the beginning of democracy in Romania, the individual security had been seen from another point of view. Freedom of movement of persons, freedom of speech and others gave more freedom for everybody, but security was more vulnerable for the individual because the implication of the state in individual life was narrower, less. Although security has become more vulnerable for the individual, with the change of values and behaviors, we became partners with some systems and organizations aimed to balance the security and safety of individuals and groups, such as NATO and the European Union. The social representations to the security has not changed essentially since the end of the Cold War, the Europeans and the Americans maintaining their similar perceptions, although the danger materialized in existence communist bloc disappeared. The collapse of communism as a political system, and the establishment of democracy , the expansion of NATO and the European Union, opened borders, increased flows of people, goods, services and capital, and technological development, have created favorable conditions for the connection of new democracies in the prosperity and security zone in Euro - Atlantic.4

Now that we have described a parallel from individual security during the communism and democracy, we have to refer to the individual security in several ways, such as individual security group reported the relationship between the state and the individual ( group) in the security, the security from political view, the economic security measures , the safety of the individual from socially perspective.

Securitatea nationala a Romaniei in contextual schimbarilor geopolitice mondiale , p.18

What is the security of the individual? Which are the elements that describes the individual security?

Individual security is a first level of analysis, very important, given that individual threats can manifest in a variety of ways.

Important for the definition of the security concept is the analysis of its content, in terms of the constituent elements. In this way, we can distinguish the following main components: political security, military security, economic security, social and environmental.5

The political dimension of security is very important because it represents the organizational stability of the state systems, of government and of the ideology. The lack of an effective mechanism of political succession causes numerous political threats, that can result in seizures governmental coup and even violent movements , a situation that can have effects on national security.6

Military dimension means the state's ability to dispose of tools and strategies offensive and defensive military and the ways how states know each other's intentions. In an anarchic world, one of the important attributes of the state is to ensure the military potential, able to meet the needs of defense7 and ensure in the same time the deterring of potential enemies.

From an economic perspective, security is whether access to resources, finance and markets, in order to maintain acceptable levels of welfare and state power. The economic security means the existence of an industry capable of producing military equipment to defend.

A state with outstanding economic performance is viewed as a threat to the security of other states, and the state with an underperforming economy has issues with national security,
5 6

http://cssas.unap.ro/ro/pdf_publicatii/cs05-06.pdf http://cssas.unap.ro/ro/pdf_publicatii/cs05-06.pdf 7 http://cssas.unap.ro/ro/pdf_publicatii/cs05-06.pdf

becoming vulnerable in relationships with others. Economic capacity of a country is the main foundation of the existence of the State, because depending on economic opportunities it builds other security components.8

The social dimension of security involves the development of a national strategy which to determine a policy on protection and welfare of the population, the increasing of professionalization, by improving working conditions and health and ensuring proper preparation population. Also, an important goal in this direction is to preserve the traditions of language, culture, religious and cultural customs that define the nation in its relations with other states.

Medium domain, given epoch, is an inseparable part and a very important national security. Disasters caused by earthquakes, floods, epidemics, droughts can have short-term implications on national security, and others, such as ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect, are effects that can affect the security of the planet. The existence of nuclear weapons poses a potential threat and when to use them, even partial , it raises many questions not only of human survival, and life in general.9 Joint efforts of those involved in this issue is a global responsibility as environmental security in the context of growing economic interdependence rendered, became a moral obligation of all .

8 9

Securitatea nationala a Romaniei in contextual schimbarilor geopolitice mondiale, p.56 Ibidem, p.59

INTERVIEWS

Interviews were taken on people with low social status and medium, people in the educational field, students, and people in the business field, being asked from their views on the economic, social, military, political and security perspective .

"From my perspective as a citizen of Romania I dont feel social safety, because I do not feel that the law protects me and the state does not protect me, that state institutions would need to ensure my silence. I feel pressure from institutions, polities and on finance so on. I feel that they are put there to serve me but they block me. The law does not give what I believe is called " privacy" and what is called " privacy "in personal security , selfdefense. From the military point of view I am not an adept of army, we live in a new world . "

"I believe in free system. I feel safe in their own strength, I can handle anything. It would be normal to feel safe in other ways, such as administration, health, education and so on. I feel a threat from the outside world, who says what to do and how to do it. In our structure, we need to know better how we to administrate us. A pressure from outside, the others dictate what we should d , but do not act to prove what's wrong what they say, we just sit and complain "

"I do not feel safe from the point of view of freedom of expression, I feel that everyone is criticizing this chestier, the world is too dark to hear a new opinion or contradictory, the world is not ready for that. We live in a world of critics and crybabies who will not get out of that system that we are impose by others. "
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"Security is a term used quite a bit in Romania today, as security word refers to police communism that by her actions introducing fear among the people. Of course if we're talking about individual security in Romania, we could say that there is very little to it at all, because the state does not provide the framework for the individual to be safe, even if we talk about safety and security in government system, bank systems, a secure job, or to ensure minimum standard of living for the population of its territory. The state would need to raise some social benefits and minimum wages, pensions and social benefits to help create a level higher and better life that will lead to the welfare of the people and the state, and will provide security high in all respects. "

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Now we turn to the characteristics, or better said, to describe of each dimension of security, the security of the individual, in terms of political, social, military, and economic . From the political point of view, as mentioned above, the political dimension of security is very important because its stability in terms of the organizational state of the system of government and ideology that legitimizes them. In other words, the stability of the state and institutions in times of political crisis that may materialize in the governmental crisis, or even violent movements as happened in 89 ' in Romania since the fall of communism. A large number of the population took to the streets and gave the coup, they took off the head of state and so the communist regime fell. Here fell stability of the state, were the pillars apart communist regime, the system of government of dissolved and established democracy in Romania. Talking in terms of the security policy of the individual, when a safety rule gives individuals the various tools. Among these tools is also one of the areas where I want to focus, that is legal in the State Court of Justice regulates some disputes between individuals or between individuals and the state and state organizations. Court of Justice, by its function should be to create a cradle legitimate and fair, both for individuals and for any party on trial. In other words, the Court of Justice should ensure the creation of circumstances that provide reliable part in the institution will resolve these disputes in a fair manner without political intervention. Arriving at this point, I would like to point out some very important things, because the intervention in ensuring good policy decisions of the judiciary is prohibited. But from this point of view there is a very debated topic in Romania and in the media, in which former Prime Minister Adrian Nastase was sentenced to prison in a case built without any proof by the National Anticorruption Directorate. DNA has become a political tool by which they were created folders judgment of people in Romania, both police personnel and other media businesses. I want to go back to the example of Adrian Nastase, who went to prison on a created folder without any evidence. File for which he was prosecuted was not evidence for it to go to court. This topic was a big disturb in the media and has appeared in the international press. For more details www.antena3.ro/ Adrian Nastase. Following this case the question is how well the state provides safety and security of the individual? In this case, political influence have been inculcated some human rights, and then the question is how well works system? how offers

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safety ? on what extent the State offers safety ? In this case the state did not treat equally citizen Adrian Nastase, it entered the prison on a file contained no evidence.

From the economic point of view, security means ensuring individual well-being or a modest lifestyle, out of poverty and ensure a better life, higher the money issue to be a lesser extent. Individual security in economically in Romania is quite unstable, because the labor market is weak, there is a high demand and provides the dwindling job market dropping so unemployment increases. Speaking of economic labor market does not provide the security of a job, does not provide the certainty that the individual can maintain himself and his family. There is a huge discrepancy in Romania between social classes, between classes of poor, medium rich, with a major distance between rich and poor. The state does not create tools that raise the living standards of the poor or even middle class those. More because of economic policies SMEs have difficulties in functioning system within firms because the production and transportation costs always grow and the state withdrew the huge percentage of company profits, there are taxes to be given to the state, besides enormous taxes a company pays state. Also very important is access to resources and finance, to give the state power and wealth. Romania has a lot of resources from gold, oil, coal, shale gas exploitation not only partially. Thus there is a struggle between political and individual ( group) because the benefits of these operations are not in favor of the individual and his welfare, but only make a small profit by the terms of the contract state, and this has caused an uprising in Romania in the last period.

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Security relationship between individual and state

The national level of security is probably the most used in defining security. The nationstate is the actor who assumes usually the role of guarantor of the security of the individual, group and sometimes even regional security. Instead, the security of the state is defined by all the political, economic, social, military and ecological necessary to guarantee the sovereignty, independence and promote national interests. If we agree on the nature of these conditions, it is clear that both national security threats and countermeasures solutions are of the same nature. It is obvious that the analysis of security at all its levels, is related to the basic concepts of psychology and sociology.10

Terrorist attack
Potentiality of an attack by a transnational criminal group that possess such weapons increases with increasing permeability of borders and the development of specific technology . In the same context, cyber - terrorism is a risk that concerns the international community, given that terrorist groups can focus their actions on networked systems of countries and international organizations.11

Collective security
Under these conditions requires a common security environment based on sustainable development, broad cooperation and unity in diversity interstate, the entity to participate more in
10

http://www.rft.forter.ro/2010_2_t/03-to/04.htm http://www.rft.forter.ro/2010_2_t/03-to/04.htm

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the progress of mankind. All these powers define collective security, regarded as international solidarity (on a certain area), globalization is perceived as one's hegemony, but as a conjugation and concentration of energy and shared resources for its extension. But if we consider that global threats emanating from entities generalized conflict potential, such as for example former partners or allies, competitors, opponents, renegades , with frequent state of necessity which may occur in the network, we believe we have made main argument that only collective security is not enough. It should be extended given that globalization implies for states loss of a part of the fundamental tasks ( sovereignty , design, development ) and more frequent threats come from non-state actors, but supranational / supranational. As the purpose of this extension of collective security appears cooperative security, considered both as a consequence and possible solution against global threats. One of the final results of the cooperative security will be the global change that actually means, achieving stability of the world and its structures regarded as fundamental components based on both the balance of power and the legitimacy. In practice, we find extension of the collective security system more comprehensive and integrated security.12

Individual and military relationship

Army is and will remain an important institution of the rule of law, complex missions and a wide diversity in a democratic society. In some cases, after exhausting all other means that society has it SEPO involve using violence in order to achieve some tasks, but only on the provisions of the laws and procedures governing intervention. However, other tasks require staff competence in various fields and the use of specific technical means . In this context, the military institution can participate actively in ensuring constitutional democracy. Securing constitutional democracy by the military can be understood in several respects. First, the army , the recognized status and role in society, is perceived by the majority of the population of the state as an institution that is, in and of itself, a guarantee of constitutional democracy. In other words, the
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http://www.rft.forter.ro/2010_2_t/03-to/04.htm

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army contributes to favorable legal framework for expressions of Romanian constitutional democracy in modern society, by the very fact that it exists as a legitimate institution of the state, with strict functions defined in the Constitution and other laws. Then she will participate with other state institutions to maintain unaltered the conditions necessary and sufficient assertion of constitutional democracy, as the essential feature of a modern society. Moreover, the guarantee of constitutional democracy is one of the major tasks of army. Finally, the military will always act by appropriate state domestic security environment, regional and global levels, to ensure the safety of individual, group and state, the element of ensuring constitutional democracy.13 According to literature, public policy include: social order (peaceful coexistence and harmonious cooperation without violating the rights and interests of society) order state ( normal functioning of law enforcement to enforce laws created ) natural order.14 Public policy is required to be understood as the unity of the obligations, rights and legal responsibilities incumbent upon everyone as a citizen of a state. Complementary here added responsibilities, rights and duties of state institutions (including the military), which is exercised in direct contact with individuals and human groups representing the citizens. However, public policy requires viewed as a particular organization to another state so that its members to feel secure and safe manner in all they undertake, of course, according to the country's laws and other legal acts. Basically, security is a state in which hazards and conditions that could cause damage, physical, psychological or material, are managed so as to protect the welfare of the individual and the community. Some state institutions that help maintain individual security, community and the entire nation to a level that allows human aspirations and the military is.15

13 14

PDF Armata si garantarea democratiei constitutionale Aprarea armat a rii ntre suficien pentru aprare i reacia armat suficient, Bucureti, Editura AISM, 2001, p.106 15 PDF Armata si garantarea democratiei constitutionale

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Table

In the following table we performed a statistical security in economically, socially, politically and militarily dimensions, on a sample of 30 people from Romania, aged between 18 and 70 years to define the level of security in the areas listed up, so I asked people to say a number in the 1st and 10th of what it means security for him / her, and summarize the extent that it is in the following fields. Following the results that I have collected and I have noted in the table below to each category the average of the results received from the interviewees.

Field/Age

18-30 years

30-45 years

45 -70 years

Economic

5/6

Social

Politic

Military

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Conclusions

This year, 2014, is the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War, the first war in which the entire world is in conflict. When individual security throughout the land was threatened. Now we live in a world without major wars, without international conflicts to expand in many countries, we live in a world where there are regional conflicts - conflicts within certain states that create and conflicts at transnational level, as conflict in Syria. From the point of view of security in Romania, the occurrence of an internal conflict is not possible at present, very rare and as such the possibility that a terrorist attack, as on American marathon race. The state in Romania does not provide safety of the individual or group, as long as the stray dogs on street bites and kills you or leaves you with serious medical problems. We in Romania do not have a problem with terrorism but with dogs that bite you on the street. We are at a very low level of security and we had to deal with minors, we keep in place and shows us how undeveloped is our country. Security in the socio -economic in Romania can be characterized by insecurity, the population failing to ensure that teachers needed to have minimal lifestyle . Minimum wages are very low, which does not provide a good living condition for the individual nor the security of a steady job. Pensions are also very small in relation to the years of work done by persons retirement and social benefits are minimal in a helpless family cant live, compared to social benefits granted in European Union countries . There is no homeland security in educational, security which offers books in which you can learn, or the modest medium schools, colleges or universities, a minimum equipment for pupils and university students for learning, reduces the number of scholarships each year so fewer and fewer students leaving the gates faculty and you can find a job, as there is no security system to adjust the difficulty of students and new employees on the labor market.

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People do not feel safe even on the street, because there are many homeless people on the street that assault, violent attack them for money or things in general are attacked women. These conditions do not provide an individual safe to walk on the street.

To go even further, to talk a little about the judicial system and the police, from my experience I can say that the employees of these systems treat people with verbal violence and even sometimes aggression. Finally, Romania has to work hard on the safety system of individuals and groups, from all points of view described in the paper, but also in Romania have, as individuals, to fight for their rights and not to leave trampled by institutions. This situation is unstable because of the government in the last period, but also because the population is lenient in there system actions.

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Bibliography

1. http://cssas.unap.ro/ro/pdf_publicatii/cs05-06.pdf 2. http://www.rft.forter.ro/2010_2_t/03-to/04.htm 3. Securitatea nationala a Romaniei in contextual schimbarilor geopolitice mondiale 4. PDF Armata si garantarea democratiei constitutionale 5. Aprarea armat a rii ntre suficien pentru aprare i reacia armat suficient

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