MECHANICS OF MACHINES

Plane Motion: When the motion may be confined to one plane then it is called as plane motion. There are two types 1. rectilinear motion - In rectilinear the motion is along a straight path. 2. curvilinear motion - It is in circular path. Simple Harmonic Motion ( SHM ): For a body to execute !"# it should satisfy the following two conditions. 1. Its acceleration is always directed towards the center called as the mean position. 2. The acceleration is proportion to the distance from that point. The following are the basic concepts to be worth noting. Amplitude: "aximum displacement of a body from its mean position. Time Period: Is the time ta$en for the complete revolution. Tp % 2 Frequency: &umber of cycles per second. Center of Percussion: 'lso called as the center of oscillation. It is the point at which a blow may be struc$ on a suspended body so that the reaction at the support is (ero. Simple Mechanisms: T pes of !in"s: There are three types of lin$s. They are - )igid lin$ - Flexible lin$ and - Fluid lin$. Structure: It is an assemblage of a number of members having no relative motion between them and are meant for carrying loads. *.g.. +ridge# Truss and "achine Frames. #ifference $et%een a Machine an& Structure:

, In machines# the parts move relative to one another# but in structure# it is not so. , "achine transforms energy to useful wor$# but in structure there is no such things. , -in$s in machines transmit power and motion. +ut lin$s of structure transmit force. T pes of Motion 1. Completely Constrained Motion: In this the motion is limited to a definite direction# irrespective of direction of force. *g. .iston and cylinder 2. Incompletely Constrained Motion: !ere the motion between a pair ta$es place in more than one direction. 3. Successfully Constrained Motion: When the motion between the elements is such that the completed constrained motion is not completed by itself# but a external source. *.g./ haft in a foot bearing. 'inematics Pair: Two elements in contact in a machine is called a pair. If the relative motion between them is completely constrained# then it is called $inematic pair. Classification of 'inematic Pairs: a. liding .air /- .iston and cylinder 0 *xample of 11" 2 b. Turning .air /- Two elements of a pair are such that one element turns about the fixed axis of another element. c. )olling .air /- 3ne element rolls over another fixed element. *.g.. )oller and +all bearing. d. crew .air /- 3ne element can turn about the other by means of screw threads *.g.. +old and nut. e. pherical .air /- 3ne element is spherical in shape# turns or swivels about another fixed element. *.g.. 1ar mirror attachment. o!er Pair :" When two elements of a pair have surface contact during relative motion# then it is called as lower pair. *.g.. liding# turning and crew pairs. #i$%er Pair :" When two elements in the pair have line or point contact when relative motion ta$es place and the relative motion between them is partly turning and sliding then it is a higher pair. *.g.. - +elt and rope drives. - 1am and - +all and roller +earings.

'inematic Chain : When the $inematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last lin$ is 4oined to the first lin$ to transmit definite motion. It is a combination of $inematic

pairs# 4oined in such a way that each lin$ forms a part of the pair and the relative motion between the lin$s is in 11" or 1". Mechanism: When one lin$ in a $inematic pair is fixed then the chain is called a mechanism. It is used for transmitting or transforming motion. ' simple mechanism contains around four lin$s and a complex mechanism contains more than 5 lin$s. Friction: a!s of &ynamic Friction: Force of friction always acts opposite to direction of motion. For moderate speed# force of friction is constant but decreases slightly at higher speeds. a!s of Fluid Friction: Friction force reduces with increase in temperature. The force of friction is different for different lubrication substance. Scre! friction: Threads are of two types. They are 6-Threads and 7uare threads. 6 threads are stronger and offer more frictional resistance to motion. 6-Threads are used in nuts and bolts. 7uare threads are used in crew 4ac$s. $elt #ri(es: +elts are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means of a pulley. The amount of power transmitted depends upon 1. Tension under the belt. 2. 6elocity of belt. and 8. 'rc of contact. -eather# )ubber# cotton and +alata are the materials used for belt. Flat belt# 6+elt and round belt are the different types of belt. The following are the common terms used in belts. Slip: This is caused because of less friction. The effect is that# it educes the overall velocity ratio. - 9 lip in driver belt. 2 - 9 lip in driven belt.
1

The speed ratio is given by

&2 : &1 % 0 d1; t 2 : 0 d2 ; t 2 x 0 1 -

: 1<< 2

Creep: When the belt passes from slac$ side to the tight side# a certain portion of belt extends and contracts again when moving from tight to slac$ side. +ecause of this# there is a relative motion between belt and pulley called creep. )* $elts: These belts are used when two pulleys are nearby each other. The included angle is usually 8<o -5<o. In order to have good grip the 6-+elt is in contact with side faces of the groove. Chain #ri(es: The advantage of chain drivess are that it prevents slipping. teel chains are used. The chains are made of rigid lin$s# which are hinged together. They wrap around the driving and driven wheels. The wheels are also called sproc$et and resemble spur gears. Pitch of Chain: It is the distance between the hinge center of one lin$ and the hinge center of the ad4acent lin$. +ears: Following are the different types of gears. Parallel 'ears: The shafts are parallel. pur gears are where the teeth is parallel to axis of wheel. +ut in helical gears the teeth are inclined at an angle to the axis. ' double helical gear is called as herringbone gears. (on Parallel and Intersectin$ 'ears: +evel and !elical bevel gears are the examples. (on Parallel and (on Intersectin$ 'ears: Terms ,se& in +ears: SNo 1 2 8 Terms .itch 1ircle .itch 1ircle >iameter 'ddendum #efinition ' imaginary circle which by pure rolling action would give the same motion as the actual gear. The diameter of .itch circle. =ears are specified by this .1>. The radial distance between the .1> and top of tooth. 'ddendum circle is drawn piral =earing.

through the top of teeth and concentric to .1. 5 ? @ A B C 1< 11 >eddendum 1ircular .itch "odule >iametrical pitch Total depth Tooth Thic$ness Face of Tooth Flan$ of Tooth The radial distance been the .1 and bottom of teeth. The distance measured from the circumference of the pitch circle from a point in one tooth# to the corresponding point in next tooth. it is the ratio of .1> to the number of teeth. Inverse of "odule. 'ddendum ; >eddendum Width of the tooth measured along pitch circle. urface of gear above the pitch surface. urface of gear above the pitch surface.

S stem of +ear Teeth: 15.?o 1omposite ystem. 15.?o Full depth involute system. 2<o Full depth involute system. 2<o tub involute system. =ear ratio % T : t % Teeth on Wheel : Teeth on pinion. +ear Trains: Two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit power from one shaft to another shaft. uch a combination is called as gear train. 1. imple gear train 2. compound gear train 8. )everted gear train 5. *picyclic gear train. Fl %heel: It acts as a reservoir which stores energy when the energy supply is more than re7uirement and releases it during the period when re7uired energy is less than supply. Coefficient of Fluctuation of Spee& in Fl %heel : The difference between "ax. and "in speeds is called as "aximum fluctuation

of speed. The ratio between max. fluctuation of speed and mean speed is called as 1oefficient of Fluctuation of peed. 1s % 2 0 &2 - &1 2 : 0 &2 ; &1 2 1 : 1s % m %1oefficient of steadiness. *nergy stored in a fly wheel % m$2w21s +o(ernors : The function is to regulate the mean speed of the engine with changes in load. The governor automatically controls the supply of wor$ing fluid to the engine with the varying load conditions and $eeps the mean speed with the certain limits. =overnors are broadly classified into 1entrifugal governors and Inertia governors. Centrifu$al $o)ernors : The main principle of wor$ing of the centrifugal governor is based upon the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an e7ual and opposite radial force# $nown as the controlling force.

.endulum Type - Watt governor -oad type o >ead weight governors - .roel and portel governors. o pring controlled governors - !artnell# hartung governors# Wilson-hartnell and .ic$ering governors.

Inertial $o)ernors : They operate on different principle .=overnor balls are arranged that the inertia forces caused by an angular acceleration D retardation of the governor shaft tend to alter their position. The obvious advantage of this type of governor is 7uic$ response to load variation .This advantage is offset however by the practical difficulty of arranging for complete balance of the revolving parts of the governor. *7uilibrium speed/ Is the speed at which the governor balls are at complete e7uilibrium and the sleeve does not tend to move up or down. ensitiveness/ If there is more displacement in sleeve for the same speed then the governor is said to be sensitive. It is e7ual to 2 0 &2 - &1 2 : 0 &2 ; & 1 2 !unting/ In this the governor switches between the maximum and minimum position. CAM:

Is a rotating machine element which transmits oscillating or reciprocating motion to the follower. They have line contact and constitutes higher pair. 'ccording to the type of follower they are classified as 1. Enife edge follower. 2. )oller follower. 8. Flat faced follower and 5. pherical faced follower. The four types of motion of follower are 1. Fniform 6elocity 2. Fniform acceleration 8. !" and 5. 1ycloidal motion. T pes of )i.rations: 1. Free 0 or natural 2 vibration. 2. Forced vibration and 8. >amped vibration. -ast updated on #