Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ON
EQUITY DERIVATIVES MARKET IN INDIA
25/06/2009
Submitted by: -
GROUP NO. 4
MOHIT JAIN
DEEPESH BALAKRISHNAN
RAVINDRA A.M.
NILESH KUMAR
INTRODUCTION:
Equity derivatives trading started in India in June 2000, after a regulatory process which
stretched over more than four years. In July 2001, the equity spot market moved to rolling
settlement. Thus, in 2000 and 2001, the Indian equity market reached the logical conclusion of
the reforms program which began in 1994. It is important to learn about the behavior of the
Equity market in this new regime. India’s experience with the launch of equity derivatives
market has been extremely positive, by world standards. NSE is now one of the prominent
exchanges amongst all emerging markets, in terms of equity derivatives turnover. There is an
increasing sense that the derivatives market is playing a major role in shaping price discovery.
The goal of this project is to convey a detailed sense of the functioning of the equity derivatives
market, in order to convey the ‘state of the art’. We seek to convey some insights into what is
going on with the equity derivatives market, and summaries broad empirical regularities about
pricing and liquidity.
OBJECTIVE:
Books, White papers, Reserve Bank of India, Research papers, Industry portals, Government
Agencies, monitoring of Industry News and developments etc. Information from various sites
will be analyzed first to perform the analysis. Various online reports have been studied to and
have been combined to form a general analysis.
LIMITATIONS:
1. Time constraints
2. Financial problem
3. Inaccurate or incomplete data
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
I. Lumina Americas Partners With Numerix to Provide Valuation and Risk for
Complex Derivatives and Structured Products.
YEAR: 2009
TITLE: Lumina Americas Partners with Numerix to Provide Valuation and Risk for Complex
ABSTRACT: Lumina Treasury can also act as a repository, capturing transactions either
directly in its customized trade entry screens or importing them from the different corporate
systems. Besides producing all treasury figures, Lumina Treasury performs portfolio
management and supports operational tasks.
CONCLUSION: Numerix, the leading independent provider of advanced analytics for the
derivative and structured products market, have announced a partnership which combines
Numerix cross asset analytical library for the pricing, valuation and risk management of complex
derivatives with Lumina treasury and operations, Lumina’s front to back trading system.
Lumina Treasury system has the ability to capture all the daily trading activity of a financial
institution. It provides tools for administrating the cash flows, managing the curve risk; foreign
exchange exposure, liquidity, portfolio valuation and daily, monthly and year-to-date P&L.
Lumina Treasury covers from plain vanilla products to complex structured instruments,
including all the variety of Latin America traded financial instruments. . Besides producing all
treasury figures, Lumina Treasury performs portfolio management and supports operational
tasks. Lumina Treasury has full integration with Lumina Operations, Lumina's back office
solution that provides settlement, accounting and custody among a comprehensive coverage of
back office functions.
II. When exotic turns toxic; it doesn't have to. With the perils of playing with complex
derivatives instruments now amply visible, the lesson to be learnt is clear-cut: Keep
it simple.
YEAR: 2008
TITLE: When exotic turns toxic; it doesn’t have to. With the perils of playing with complex
derivatives instruments now amply visible, the lesson to be learnt is clear-cut: keep it simple.
ABSTRACT: Remember Jerome Kerviel, the 31-year-old French trader with Societe Generale,
who was at the helm of what's considered the largest fraud in banking history? Kerviel's rogue
trades in equity derivates apparently drilled a $7-billion hole in the French bank's books.
Kerviel's high-jinks are not too different from those of another rogue trader, Nick Leeson, who
brought down the British bank Barings in the mid-'90s.
CONCLUSION: Negotiate with banks to replace complex forex derivatives transactions with
simpler ones. The depreciation of the rupee has come to the rescue of some companies.
Familiarize the senior management about the risks and rewards, basic principles of hedging and
accounting principles. Put in place a risk management framework by installing systems and
processes to monitor actions of dealers in the treasury department. Banks should categorize
corporate clients according to their understanding and risk-taking capabilities. Some of them
expect marked-to-market margins from clients on a daily basis. At a time when hedge funds and
investment banks are imploding globally, courtesy their exposure to trillion dollars worth of
exotic, financially-engineered derivate products that few outside that dubious universe are able to
understand, the big question is: how much of that rot has seeped into the Indian financial system?
According to data tabled in Parliament earlier this year, Indian banks' exposure to derivatives
stood at Rs 127 lakh crore as on December 31, 2007.
YEAR: 2008
ABSTRACT: The restrictions that came as a surprise to many in October last years have now
been lifted. Yes, the bar on P-note issues by FIIs was reversed by the Securities and Exchange
Board of India (SEBI) early this month. Said to be a move to boost liquidity, it had great
significance for the markets. But what are these P-Notes? Why the ban and now the reversal?
The backdoor entrants Foreign Institutions, or FIIs as we refer to them, are overseas entities
registered with the country's stock market regulator, SEBI. On registration, these entities can
directly invest in Indian stocks, mutual funds, government securities, derivative and debt. But
there is one category of foreign investors who are not under the regulatory purview - investors
who buy stocks through Participatory Notes (P-Notes).
CONCLUSION: The objectives behind the new regulation were very clear. SEBI wanted to
track and regulate foreign investments coming into the country and stop unhealthy speculation in
the market, by unknown investors. By closing the P-Note option, the regulator wanted foreign
entities to take the FII route whereby they would have to make full disclosures. The move,
though well thought out, was not all that well received by the market. FII selling sent S&P CNX
Nifty plunging 9 per cent in the opening trade on the day following the announcement. Circuit
breakers were triggered and trading was halted on both NSE and BSE for an hour. However, on
clarifications from the Finance Ministry, the market recovered subsequently. Why was the
restriction removed? Despite the P-note ban, Indian indices continued to move northward in the
period following this move for a full four months until January 2008. But the rally didn't extend
as financial turmoil in the US escalated into a global credit and liquidity crunch, triggering a
reversal in FII flows from the Indian market. As a chain of events unfolded, big investment firms
such as Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch went bankrupt, even as FIIs continued selling large
chunks of their investment in the domestic market.
YEAR: 2008
ABSTRACT: Policy backdrop it was exactly a year ago that SEBI, amidst a furor, had imposed
restrictions on the issue of these instruments in order to stem the copious inflow from overseas
into the capital market. But as the SEBI chairman, Mr. C. B. Bhave, put it this week: "The
context has changed completely since then," and hence the move to revert to the pre-October
2007 state.
CONCLUSION: These are unprecedented times and market regulators across the globe have
been up in arms fighting the tumbling stock prices. The Reserve Bank of India and Securities and
Exchanges Board of India (SEBI) has been pro-actively managing the situation at home with a
series of policy changes. One such measure, taken last Monday, was SEBI's decision to reverse
its stance on offshore derivative instruments (ODIs). While this move could stem the outflow of
money from the stock market to some extent, there are a few pitfalls as well. Policy backdrop it
was exactly a year ago that SEBI, amidst a furor, had imposed restrictions on the issue of these
instruments in order to stem the copious inflow from overseas into the capital market. But as the
SEBI chairman, Mr. C. B. Bhave, put it this week: "The context has changed completely since
then," and hence the move to revert to the pre-October 2007 state. ODIs are investment vehicles
through which overseas investors not registered with the Indian regulators can take an exposure
to Indian equities. Participatory notes, or p-notes, are one form of ODI. Participatory notes were
held to be the principal route through which $9 billion of foreign institutional investor (FII)
money flowed into the stock market in September and October 2007. Both RBI and SEBI were
then worried about the entities that were gaining a back-door entry into the stock market through
this route and causing a frenzied rise in stock prices and spurring the rupee to appreciate sharply
to almost 39 against the dollar. The most significant change brought about last October was
banning further issue of p-notes with derivatives as underlying and stopping sub-accounts from
issuing p-notes. The existing p-notes on derivatives and those issued by sub-accounts were given
18 months from October 25 to unwind. The share of p-notes in the assets under custody (AUC)
of FIIs was then restricted to 40 per cent. These moves met with great success. The froth in the
derivatives segment on the National Stock Exchange dissipated, with turnover in this sector
dropping almost 40 per cent by November 2007.
V. MARKET WATCH: Arbitrage funds fare better than peers since January.
AUTHOR NAME: Anonymous
YEAR: 2008
TITLE: Market Watch: Arbitrage funds fare better than peers since January.
PUBLISHED IN: Chennai
ABSTRACT: The gainers Among them are UTI Spread, which has given a return of 7.08 per
cent, HDFC Arbitrage Wholesale gave returns of 6.67 per cent, HDFC Arbitrage Retail gave
returns of 6.48 per cent, Lotus India Arbitrage Fund gave 6.44 per cent, JM Arbitrage Fund
earned 6.43 per cent, ICICI Prudential Blended Plan gave returns of 6.15 per cent and Kotak
Equity Arbitrage earned 5.96 per cent, according to data provided by Value Research. (The
returns are as on September 29, 2008).
Arbitrage funds seek to capitalize on the arbitrage opportunity arising out of the pricing
mismatch of stocks in the equity and derivatives segments. They are market-neutral funds.
Whichever way the market moves they can take the opportunity to earn returns, said Mr. Rajiv
Anand, Head-Investments, IDFC Mutual Fund.
CONCLUSION: A fairly new category of funds has managed to outperform most other
categories of mutual fund schemes since January. Arbitrage funds have given a return of six per
cent over the nine months of the current calendar year. Equity diversified funds have given
negative returns of 43.49 per cent and the hybrid-debt category gave negative returns of 8.62 per
cent over the same period. Arbitrage funds have come up only recently, but are not much favored
as they are a comparatively new category, said Ms Mallika Baheti, Mutual Fund Analyst, and
Share khan Ltd. According to analysts, these funds seem to have outperformed most other fund
categories mainly due to the fact that the market conditions since January have been quite
unusual. Otherwise, these funds give returns similar to that of fixed deposits or other fixed
income schemes and are preferred by risk- averse investors, an analyst added. Currently, there
are 14 funds in this category, and all of them have given positive returns since January.
VI. MARKET WATCH: Eligibility norms for exchange traded currency futures.
YEAR: 2008
TITLE: Market Watch: Eligibility norms for exchange traded currency futures.
PUBLISHED IN: Chennai
ABSTRACT: The definition of balance sheet net worth would be the same as that in the equity
derivatives market. The clearing member would also be subject to a liquid net worth requirement
of Rs 50 lakh. "The minimum liquid net worth shall be treated as a capital cushion for days of
unforeseen market volatility," the report said.
CONCLUSION: The technical committee, set up jointly by the Reserve Bank of India and
SEBI, today issued a report listing the eligibility criteria for the exchanges wishing to trade in
currency futures, members and clearing and settlement operations. According to the report, the
membership of the currency futures segment would be separate from the membership of the
equity derivative segment or the cash segment of a recognized stock exchange. Liquid net worth
the trading member will be subject to a balance sheet net worth requirement of Rs 1 crore, while
the clearing member would be subject to a balance sheet net worth requirement of Rs 10 crore.
The definition of balance sheet net worth would be the same as that in the equity derivatives
market. The clearing member would also be subject to a liquid net worth requirement of Rs 50
lakh. "The minimum liquid net worth shall be treated as a capital cushion for days of unforeseen
market volatility," the report said. The trading members and sales persons in the currency futures
market must clear a certification programme, which is considered adequate by SEBI.
INTRODUCTION:
Equity derivatives trading started in India in June 2000, after a regulatory process which
trenched over more than four years. In July 2001, the equity spot market moved to rolling
settlement. Thus, in 2000 and 2001, the Indian equity market reached the logical conclusion of
the reforms program which began in 1994. It is important to learn about the behavior of the
equity market in this new regime.
India’s experience with the launch of equity derivatives market has been extremely positive, by
world standards. NSE is now one of the prominent exchanges amongst all emerging markets, in
terms of equity derivatives turnover. There is an increasing sense that the derivatives market is
playing a major role in shaping price discovery.
The goal of this project is to convey a detailed sense of the functioning of the equity derivatives
market, in order to convey the ‘state of the art’. We seek to convey some insights into what is
going on with the equity derivatives market, and summaries broad empirical regularities about
pricing and liquidity.
BENEFITS OF DERIVATIVES:
Derivatives provide a low-cost, effective method for end users of hedge and manage their
exposures to interest rates, commodity prices, or exchange rates. Interest rate futures and swaps,
for example, help banks of all sizes better manage the repricing mismatches in funding long term
assets, such as mortgages, with short term liabilities, such as certificates of deposits. Around
1980 the first swap contracts were developed. A swap is another forward based derivative that
obligates two counter parties Finance o exchange a series of cash flows at specified settlement
dates in the future. Swaps are entered into through private negotiations to meet each firm's
specific risk management objectives. There are two principal types of swaps: Interest rate swaps
and currency swaps. Today interest rate swaps account for the majority of banks swap activity,
and the fixed for floating rate swap is the most common interest rate swap. In such a swap, one
party agrees to make fixed rate interest payments in return for floating rate interest payments
from the counter party.
The term derivative instrument is generally accepted to mean a financial instrument with a
payoff structure determined by the value of an underlying security, commodity, interest rate, or
index. According to some notable surveys, over 80% of private sector corporations consider
Derivatives to be important in implementing their financial policies. Derivatives have also
gained wide acceptance among national and local governments, government – sponsored entities,
such as the Student Loan Marketing Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage
Corporation,
And supranational, such as the World Bank.
Derivatives are used to lower funding costs by borrowers, to efficiently alter the proportions of
fixed to floating rate debt, to enhance the yield on assets, to quickly modify the assets payoff
structure to correspond to the firm's market view, to avoid taxes and skirt regulations, and
perhaps most importantly, to transfer market risk (hedge) - where the term market risk is used to
connote the possibility of losses sustained due to an unforeseen price or volatility change. A firm
may execute a derivative transaction to alter its market risk profile by transferring to the trade's
counter party a particular type of risk. The price that the firm must pay for this risk transfer is the
Acceptance of another type of risk and/ or a cash payment to the counter party.
The term "derivative" indicates that it has no independent value, i.e. its value is entirely
“derived" from the value of the cash asset. A derivative contract or product, or simply
"derivative", is to be sharply distinguished from the underlying cash asset, i.e. the asset brought /
sold in the cash market on normal delivery terms. A general definition of "derivative" may be
suggested here as follows: "Derivative" means forward, future or option contract of pre-
determined fixed duration, linked for the purpose of contract fulfillment to the value of specified
Real or financial asset or to index of securities. Derivatives offer organizations the opportunity to
break financial risks into smaller components and then to buy and sell those components to best
meet specific risk management objectives.
As both forward contracts and futures contracts are used for hedging, it is important to
understand the distinction between the two and their relative merits. Forward contracts are
private bilateral contracts and have well established commercial usage. They are exposed to
default risk by counter-party. Each forward contract is unique in term of contract size, expiration
date and the asset type/ quality. The contract price is not transparent, as it is not publicly
disclosed. Since the forward contract is not typically tradable, it has to be settled by delivery of
the asset on the expiration date. In contrast, futures contracts are standardized tradable contracts.
They are standardized in terms of size, expiration date and all other features. They are traded on
Specially designed exchanges in a highly sophisticated environment of stringent financial
safeguards. They are liquid and transparent. Their market prices and trading volumes are
regularly reported. The futures trading system has effective safeguards against defaults in the
form of Clearing Corporation guarantees for trades and the daily cash adjustment (mark to
market) to the accounts of trading members based on daily price change. Futures are far more
cost-efficient than forward contracts for hedging.
A derivative instrument with underlying assets based on equity securities. An equity derivative's
value will fluctuate with changes in its underlying asset's equity, which is usually measured by
share price.
Investors can use equity derivatives to hedge the risk associated with taking a position in stock
by setting limits to the losses incurred by either a short or long position in a company's shares.
The investor receives this insurance by paying the cost of the derivative contract, which is
referred to as a premium. If an investor purchases a stock, he or she can protect against a loss in
share value by purchasing a put option. On the other hand, if the investor has shorted shares, he
or she can hedge against a gain in share price by purchasing a call option.
Options are the most common equity derivatives because they directly grant the holder the right
to buy or sell equity at a predetermined value. More complex equity derivatives include equity
index swaps, convertible bonds or stock index futures.
• Hedgers use futures or options markets to reduce or eliminate the risk associated with
price of an asset.
• Speculators use futures and options contracts to get extra leverage in betting on future
movements in the price of an asset. They can increase both the potential gains and
potential losses by usage of derivatives in a speculative venture.
• Arbitrageurs are in business to take advantage of a discrepancy between prices in two
different markets. If, for example, they see the futures price of an asset getting out of line
with the cash price, they will take offsetting positions in the two markets to lock in a
profit.
• Futures: A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at
a certain time in the future at a certain price. Futures contracts are special types of
forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange-traded contracts
A "Futures Contract" is a highly standardized contract with certain distinct features. Some of
the important features are as under:
a. A future trading is necessarily organized under the auspices of a market association so
that such trading is confined to or conducted through members of the association in
accordance with the procedure laid down in the Rules & Bye-laws of the association.
b. It is invariably entered into for a standard variety known as the "basis variety" with
permission to deliver other identified varieties known as "tenderable varieties".
c. The units of price quotation and trading are fixed in these contracts, parties to the
contracts not being capable of altering these units.
d. The delivery periods are specified.
e. The seller in a futures market has the choice to decide whether to deliver goods against
outstanding sale contracts. In case he decides to deliver goods, he can do so not only at
the location of the Association through which trading is organized but also at a number of
other pre-specified delivery centers.
f. In futures market actual delivery of goods takes place only in a very few cases.
Transactions are mostly squared up before the due date of the contract and contracts are
settled by payment of differences without any physical delivery of goods taking place.
Why Futures are popular
No delivery
There is no delivery. When you buy in the cash segment (where investors buy and sell any
number of shares and hold them in demat accounts), the shares are delivered to you and sent to
your demat account. Over here, there is no delivery so you do not need a demat account.
Lower brokerage
The brokerage in Futures is much lower. It will be around 0.03% to 0.05% of the transaction.
These are the rates given to regular investors. An occasional investor may end up paying up to
0.1% as brokerage. In the cash segment, the brokerage will be around 0.25% to 0.75%.
Margin payment
When you buy shares in the cash segment, you have to make the entire payment to your broker.
Within two days, you will have to make the full payment to your broker. In Futures, you just pay
the margin, not the entire amount.
When you sell shares without owning them, it is known as short selling. You would do so if you
believe that the price of the stock is going to drop. This way, you sell it at a higher rate and buy it
at a lower rate later.
With Futures, you do not have to square your transaction at the end of the day. You can square
the transaction whenever you want or wait till it expires on the last Thursday of the month. But,
in the cash segment, you have to square your transaction by the end of the day, so you can short
sell just for a day.
An option is a contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell
an underlying asset at a specific price on or before a certain date. An option, just like a stock or
bond, is a security. It is also a binding contract with strictly defined terms and properties.
A call gives the holder the right to buy an asset at a certain price within a specific period of time.
Calls are similar to having a long position on a stock. Buyers of calls hope that the stock will
increase substantially before the option expires.
A put gives the holder the right to sell an asset at a certain price within a specific period of time.
Puts are very similar to having a short position on a stock. Buyers of puts hope that the price of
the stock will fall before the option expires.
There are four types of participants in options markets depending on the position they take:
1. Buyers of calls.
2. Sellers of calls.
3. Buyers of puts.
4. Sellers of puts.
People who buy options are called holders and those who sell options are called writers;
furthermore, buyers are said to have long positions, and sellers are said to have short positions.
-Call holders and put holders (buyers) are not obligated to buy or sell. They have the choice to
exercise their rights if they choose.
-Call writers and put writers (sellers), however, are obligated to buy or sell. This means that a
seller may be required to make good on a promise to buy or sell.
Types:
The Lingo:
To trade options, you'll have to know the terminology associated with the options market.
The price at which an underlying stock can be purchased or sold is called the strike price. This is
the price a stock price must go above (for calls) or go below (for puts) before a position can
be exercised for a profit. All of this must occur before the expiration date.
An option that is traded on a national options exchange such as the Chicago Board Options
Exchange (CBOE) is known as a listed option. These have fixed strike prices and expiration
dates. Each listed option represents 100 shares of company stock (known as a contract).
For call options, the option is said to be in-the-money if the share price is above the strike price.
A put option is in-the-money when the share price is below the strike price. The amount by
which an option is in-the-money is referred to as intrinsic.
The total cost (the price) of an option is called the premium. This price is determined by factors
including the stock price, strike price, time remaining until expiration (time value) and volatility.
Because of all these factors, determining the premium of an option is complicated.
There are two main reasons why an investor would use options: to speculate and to hedge.
The National stock Exchange (NSE) has the following derivative products:
American billionaire Warren Buffet harrumphed against derivatives as the "financial weapons of
mass destruction" in his annual letter to shareholders. This stemmed from his failure to stomach
long-term derivatives losses in one of his subsidiaries. Fortunately Indian investors have not
taken a serious note of the Sage of Omaha.
Derivative products made a debut in the Indian market during June 2000 and it won't be an
aberration to say that the overall progress of derivatives market in India has indeed been
impressive. Index futures were initially introduced in the market. From contracts valued at Rs 35
crore in index futures in June 2000, we have the derivatives segment recording a turnover of Rs
109,850 crore in July 2003.
According to Indian Securities Market report the total exchange traded derivatives witnessed a
volume of Rs 1,03,848 crore during the financial year ended on March 2002 and Rs 3,918 crore
during the year 2001. So the total volume in July 2003 is more than the total yearly volume of
2002.
Currently, derivatives contracts in India are cash settled and not physically settled as Sebi feels
that physical settlement of these contracts needs to have very good stock lending system in place,
along with the facility of electronic fund transfer (EFT). But it is expected that as systems come
in place and the market become more matured, contracts would be physically settled.
The Indian equity derivatives market has registered an "explosive growth" and is expected to
continue its dream run in the years to come with the various pieces that are crucial for the
market's growth slowly falling in place.
Reasons to have propelled the growth of derivatives market are as:
• The settlement of contentious issues relating to taxation of transactions in equity
derivatives.
• Most of the foreign institutional investors are getting into the game.
• The familiarity of the badla traders with the individual stock futures has made stock
futures the most popular product in the Indian equity derivatives market. India is the only
country in which individual stock futures are the most popular equity derivatives product.
• In December 2002 for expansion of the derivatives market, the Securities and Exchange
Board of India (Sebi) released risk containment measures and the broad eligibility criteria
of stocks on which stock options and single stock futures could be introduced. The capital
market regulator has put the ball in the court of stock exchanges (SEs) to expand the list
of individual stock futures from the current 30 to maximum of 500 based on the average
daily market capitalization and average daily traded value.
• In January 2003, the Securities and Exchange Board of India cleared the way for mutual
funds to trade in derivatives. Now they can offset potential losses from cash-market
positions by trading in derivatives products by hedging and portfolio balancing.
• In February 2003 - the Securities and Exchange Board of India decided that exposure of
foreign institutional investors (FIIs) in both the cash and futures markets will be treated
separately. It said that the limit on individual foreign funds investments in local
companies will not be included in their holdings in derivatives instruments such as
options and futures. Sebi has allowed an FII to hold up to ten per cent of a company's
equity and their sub-accounts can hold up to five per cent. However Sebi said this rule
will hold only as long as derivatives contracts continue to be settled in cash.
Though the Futures & Options segment provides a nation-wide market, Mumbai leads the city-
wise distribution of contracts traded at 49.08 per cent followed by Delhi (including Ghaziabad)
at 24.28 per cent, Kolkata (including Howrah) at 12 per cent, and others accounted for balance
share of trading. The others include cities such as Kochi, Ernakulam, Parur, Kalamasserry,
Always at 2.44 per cent each, Ahmedabad (2.25 per cent), Chennai (2.01 per cent), Hyderabad,
Secunderabad and Kukatpally at 1.54 per cent and others at 5.80 per cent.
If there is a winner of the current Bull Run on the bourses, it is undoubtedly the infantile
derivatives segment. In the battle for turnover, the derivatives segment has overshadowed the
long-established cash market.
Today, in less than three years, the derivative segment has not only overtaken the traditional cash
market, but has also emerged as an ideal hedging mechanism in the equities market. The
derivatives market was able to beat the cash market in terms of monthly turnover for the first
time in February 2003. Then the derivatives segment of the equity market clocked a total
monthly turnover of Rs 49,395 crore compared with the total cash market's Rs 48,289 crore
In the just completed July 2003, the derivatives segment has recorded a turnover of Rs 109,850
crore, while the cash market segment has been pushed behind with a turnover of Rs 78,878 crore.
The average daily turnover in the derivatives market has touched Rs 4,776 crore against the cash
market turnover of Rs 3,429 crore. For the past six months (except in the month of May 2003),
the monthly volume in the derivatives segment has been higher than in the cash market.
The bourses are thriving on derivatives volumes. The growing volume turnover indicates a
healthy sign. The derivatives segment has brought in a lot of liquidity and depth to the market,
and the mind-boggling turnover statistics of the derivatives segment speak for themselves.
But why are derivatives such a big hit in Indian market?
• The derivatives products - index futures, index options, stock futures and stock options
provide a carry forward facility for investors to take a position (bullish or bearish) on an
index or a particular stock for a period ranging from one to three months.
• They provide a substitute for the infamous badla system.
• The current daily settlement in the cash market has left no room for speculation. The cash
market has turned into a day market, leading to increasing attention to derivatives.
• Unlike the cash market of full payment or delivery, you don't need many funds to buy
derivatives products. By paying a small margin, one can take a position in stocks or
market index.
• The derivatives volume is also picking up in anticipation of reduction of contract size
from the current Rs. 200,000 to Rs. 100,000.
Everything works in a rising market. Unquestionably, there is also a lot of trading interest in the
derivatives market.
Futures are more popular in the Indian market as compared to options.
Market observer says that futures product like index futures and stock futures are easy to
understand as compared to options product. Options' being a more complicated product is not
very much popular in the market.
If we compare futures, stock futures are much more popular as compared to index futures.
Starting off with a measly turnover of Rs 2,811 crore in November 2001, the stock futures
turnover jumped to Rs 14,000 crore by March 2002, Rs 32,752 crore in May 2003 and Rs 70,515
crore in July 2003.
Similarly, index futures started its turnover journey with Rs 35 crore-figure way back in June
2000. The trading interest picked up steadily and jumped to Rs 524 crore in March 2001, Rs
1,309 crore in June 2001, Rs 2,747 crore in February 2002, Rs 3,500 crore in November 2002
and Rs 14,743 crore in July 2003.
Stock futures were a hit right from their launch. It is important to note that the Securities &
Exchange Board of India introduced stock futures in November 2001 after it launched all the
other derivative products and now it accounts for nearly 65% of total volumes. In the month of
July alone, stock futures considered to be the riskiest of the lot recorded a turnover of Rs 70,515
crore followed by stock options, index futures and index options.
The popularity of stock futures can be traced to their similarity to the earlier badla system of
carrying forward of trades. Stock futures encourage speculation in the capital market and with
speculation being an integral part of the market; the popularity of the product is not a surprise.
Also stock futures have the advantage of giving higher exposure by paying a small margin.
Stock futures are currently available in 41 most active stocks like Reliance, SBI, HDFC, Infosys,
L&T, Wipro, HPCL and ICICI.
While the rising popularity of derivatives is a good sign, market pundits opine that the
sophisticated derivatives are out of reach for the small investors.
However I would assume it to be a myth. It's a myth that the retail investors do not understand
derivatives. In fact, retail investors are the ones driving the volumes in the derivatives segment;
otherwise it would have taken years to achieve such impressive numbers.
RISKS OF DERIVATIVES:
So, far, we have examined some of the economic benefits associated with derivative products.
The appreciation of these products' effective benefits would however be partial and incomplete
without an analysis of some of the risks inherently linked. The major preoccupation of regulatory
bodies, banks and other market participants would essentially gravitate around the identification
and qualitative appreciation of these risks. The kinds of risks associated with derivatives are no
different from those associated with traditional financial instruments, although they can be far
more complex i.e., credit, market, operational, and legal risk.
• Credit risk is the risk that a loss will be incurred because counterparty fails to make
payments as due. In the event of the default, the loss on a derivatives contract is the cost
of replacing the contract with a new counterparty. Concern has been expressed that
financial institutions (especially dealers) may have used derivatives to take on an
excessive level of credit risk that is poorly managed.
• Market risk is the risk that the value of a position in a contract, financial instrument,
asset, or portfolio will decline when market conditions change. Concern has been
expressed that derivatives expose firms to new market risks, while increasing the overall
level of exposures.
• A risk that arises in all businesses is operational risk the risk that losses will be incurred
as a result of inadequate systems and control, inadequate disaster or contingency
planning, human error, or management failure.
• Legal risk is the risk of loss because a contract cannot be enforced or because the
contract terms fail to achieve her intended goals of the contracting parties.
This risk, of Finance course, is as old as contracting itself. Because of the relative newness of
derivatives transactions, however, their treatment under existing laws and regulations is often
ambiguous. This legal uncertainty can result in significant unexpected losses. The credit risk
from derivatives activities can be controlled by the traditional credit risk management
function of dealers. This can be supplemented by the more precise identification and
measurement made possible by derivatives technology. The technology can evaluate the
creditworthiness if counterparts, set risk limit to avoid excessive concentrations, regularly
measuring exposures and monitoring them against risk limits. Derivatives generally have not
exposed institutions to fundamentally new sources of market risk and have long been
exposed to these same market risks.
The market risks of any financial activity, including derivatives activity, must be evaluated on
the basis of its effect on the net exposure of an overall portfolio.
These same sound principles and practices can be, and are, applied to other activities. While no
aspect of operational risk is unique to derivatives, however, it is important for institutions
actively engaged in derivatives activities to have adequate oversight of well trained and
knowledgeable staff by informed and involved senior management. Users of derivatives, like
other firms, should attempt to manage and minimize legal risks.
• Derivatives related disasters, particularly the collapse of Barings, have led to questions
about the ability of individual derivatives participants to internally manage the trading
operations. In addition, concern has surfaced about regulator ability to detect and control
potential derivatives losses. But regulatory and legislative restrictions on derivatives
activities are not the answer, primarily because simple, standardized rules most likely
would only impair banks' ability to manage risk effectively. A better answer lies in
greater reliance on market forces to control derivatives related risk taking, together with
more emphasis on government supervision, as opposed to regulation.
• Banking regulators should emphasize more disclosure of derivatives positions in financial
statements and be certain that Finance institutions trading huge derivatives portfolios
have adequate capital. In additions, because derivatives could have implications for the
stability of the financial system, it is important that users maintain sound risk
management practices. It is the responsibility of a bank's senior management to ensure
that risks are effectively controlled and limited to levels that do not pose a serious threat
to its capital position. Regulation is an ineffective substitute for sound risk management
at the individual firm level.
• It is important that derivatives players fully understand the complexity of financial
derivatives contracts and the accompanying risks. Users should be certain that the proper
safeguards are built into trading practices.
• The following are some of the essential market monitoring tools and policies that should
prevent financial disruptions, by keeping the various risk exposures in the financial
market under control.
• Enhancing confidence and knowledge among all market participants is a necessary
condition in order to guarantee the stability of the derivatives markets.
• Enhance information standardization and disclosure at all levels of the derivatives trading
industry. Also, the market value concept should always be preferred in order to serve as a
benchmark for the marking to market or collateralization of the various risk exposures. L
Increase and harmonize the frequency of market, accounting and credit assessment data
disclosure in order to allow for daily risk monitoring. Market participants should be able
to effectively monitor and limit their market, credit and liquidity risk exposures to the
extent of remaining exposed to a "sustainable" price, volume or credit variation at most.
• An efficient risk management system for the derivatives industry has to be "dynamic" and
explicitly consider and monitor the evolution of market, credit and liquidity risk
exposures. In this respect, the credit risk of derivatives positions should be analyzed
across maturities as well as across counterparties.
• In order to enforce the risk management and monitoring at all responsibility levels, the
performance measurement and financial compensation schemes of the firm employees
have to be incentive compatible. In order to guarantee efficient self regulation in the
derivative market, the managers, traders and other derivative dealers must receive the
proper incentive when hedging, trading or speculating with those instruments. Thus, their
performance objective (in term of risk targets) has to be clearly specified and their
fulfillment enforced through explicit penalties. Finally, the horizon over which a given
performance is assessed should be compatible with the long run objectives of the
institution and prevent traders from engaging in short term horizon performance
enhancing strategies that lead them to adopt exaggerate risk exposures or turnover
activities.
• Whenever possible, the reputation of the market participant in the derivative business
should be used as a monitoring device to prevent them from adopting excessively risky
positions or from engaging in irregular transactions. In an industry where the competition
for market shares is intense and involves a few major players, where the products are
highly substitutable and where the technology for financial innovation and transaction
costs reduction is not anymore the property at privileged elite, reputation is a very
effective market monitoring instrument.
• Derivatives participants should adopts more transparent and standardized accounting and
disclosure rules, putting more emphasis on the education of their personal and developing
an expertise in their back office management and settlement procedures.
• The ultimate and perhaps most delicate topic are related to the monitoring of derivatives,
namely the justification of external regulation. Regulation is clearly not the only
monitoring device that can be used to enforce market participants risk exposures.
External regulation should be considered as the ultimate enforcement mechanism
whenever self regulation of the market participants fails to achieve the monitoring goals.
Thus, one could view the role of regulation as that of a player of last resort who
guarantees that the economic benefits associated to the derivative trading activity remain
on the efficient "risk/return" frontier.
It is a well known fact that risk management is not about the elimination of risk; it is about
the management of risk; selectively choosing those risks an organization is comfortable with
the minimizing those that it does not want. Financial derivatives serve a useful purpose in
fulfilling risk management objectives. Through derivatives, risk from Finance traditional
instruments can be efficiently unbundled and managed independently.
REGULATORY OBJECTIVES:
(a) Investor Protection: Attention needs to be given to the following four aspects:
(i) Fairness and Transparency: The trading rules should ensure that trading is conducted in a
fair and transparent manner. Experience in other countries shows that in many cases, derivatives
brokers/dealers failed to disclose potential risk to the clients. In this context, sales practices
adopted by dealers for derivatives would require specific regulation. In some of the most widely
reported mishaps in the derivatives market elsewhere, the underlying reason was inadequate
internal control system at the user-firm itself so that overall exposure was not controlled and the
use of derivatives was for speculation rather than for risk hedging. These experiences provide
useful lessons for us for designing regulations.
(ii) Safeguard for clients’ moneys: Moneys and securities deposited by clients with the trading
members should not only be kept in a separate clients’ account but should also not be attachable
for meeting the broker’s own debts. It should be ensured that trading by dealers on own account
is totally segregated from that for clients.
(iii) Competent and honest service: The eligibility criteria for trading members should be
designed to encourage competent and qualified personnel so that investors/clients are served
well. This makes it necessary to prescribe qualification for derivatives brokers/dealers and the
sales persons appointed by them in terms of a knowledge base.
(iv) Market integrity: The trading system should ensure that the market’s integrity is
safeguarded by minimizing the possibility of defaults. This requires framing appropriate rules
about capital adequacy, margins, clearing corporation, etc.
(b) Quality of markets: The concept of “Quality of Markets” goes well beyond
market integrity and aims at enhancing important market qualities, such as cost-
efficiency, price-continuity, and price-discovery. This is a much broader objective
than market integrity.
(c) Innovation: While curbing any undesirable tendencies, the regulatory framework
should not stifle innovation which is the source of all economic progress, more so
because financial derivatives represent a new rapidly developing area, aided by
advancements in information technology.”
CONCLUSION:
In this project, we have tried to learn about India’s equity derivatives market, in a variety of
aspects. India is one of the most successful developing countries in terms of a vibrant market
For exchange-traded derivatives. This episode reiterates the strengths of the modern development
Of India’s securities markets, which are based on nationwide market access, anonymous
electronic trading, and a predominantly retail market. Internationally, banks and mutual funds are
major players on the equity derivatives market.
Among exchange-traded derivative markets in Asia, India was ranked second behind S. Korea
for the first quarter of 2005. The variety of derivatives instruments available for trading is also
expanding. In equity derivatives, NSE figures show that almost 90% of activity is due to stock
futures or index futures, whereas trading in options is limited to a few stocks, partly because they
are settled in cash and not the underlying stocks. Exchange-traded derivatives based on interest
rates and currencies are virtually absent.
As Indian derivatives markets grow more sophisticated, greater investor awareness will become
essential. NSE has programmes to inform and educate brokers, dealers, traders, and market
personnel. In addition, institutions will need to devote more resources to develop the business
processes and technology necessary for derivatives trading.
REFERENCES:
• Chitale, Rajendra P., 2003, Use of Derivatives by India’s Institutional Investors: Issues
and Impediments, in Susan Thomas (ed.), Derivatives Markets in India, Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India.
• J.N. Dhankar, "Capital Market Reforms", paper presented in the conference of 2nd
Generation Reforms, pp 1- 2, 2001.
• Ranjan Mukherjee "Derivatives – what it is?" the Management Accountant, May 1998,
pp 335-37.
• Sanjive Aggarwal, "Indian Capital Market" 2nd edition. 4. Fred. D. Arditti, Derivatives:
A comprehensive Resource for options, futures, Interest Rate Swaps and Mortgage
securities, Harward Business School Press.
• K. Bhalla, Financial Derivatives (Risk management 2001, S. Chand & Company Ltd.
Publication.
• A. S. Harish "Potential of Derivatives Market in India", The ICFAI Journal of Applied
Finance, Vol. 7, No.5, Nov. 2001, pp 1-24.
• Andrew Kasapi, Mastering credit derivatives, Financial Times prentice Hall, pp 1-3.
• Report of the L. C. Gupta Committee on Derivatives and Verma Committee Report on
Risk Containment in the Derivatives Market.
• John C Hull, Options, futures and Other Derivatives, Prentice Hall of India Private
Limited, 1997.
• Websites: Securities and Exchange Board of India (www.sebi.com), National Stock
Exchange of India (www.nseindia.com) and Stock Exchange, Mumbai
(www.bseindia.org)