T?-*fb=/u,'.

44
0lA0 hlll{n Al.rr ,Ait

U,ry

col'l:fE\rrs
Chaoter 1: VERBTEIIS:S ChAbtEr 2, MODAI- AUXILIARIES AIJD SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
Qlrgqtg1-_3: THE PASSIvE Qhgptel-4: GERUNUS At,tD tNFtNit ![qgtgl_rl: NOUNS

tVen

tz

))o

712 aa'Ju /r+at

l'/[S

Chaoter 6; ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Ghaplr z: N0IJN CLAUSES Cbaoter 8: SHOWING RELAT|0NSH|PS BETWEEN TDEAS - PART I Chaoter 9: SHOWING RELAT|ONSH|PS BETWEEN TDEAS _ PART tl Chaoter 10: USING lF, WISH, AS iF APPENDIX: SUPPLEMENTAL GRAMMAR UNITS
Unit
Unit

l:

ARTTCLES

PRONOUNS Unit3:ADJECTTVESANDADVERBS tt

2:

PERSOI'|AL

Unit4: COMPAR|SONS UnitS: SENTENCES: SIMFLE, COMPOUND, AND COMPLEX Unit6: TAG QUEST|ONS Unit 7: SUBJUNCTIVE t\400D Unit 8: INVERS|ON Unit 9r PREPOSTTTONS AND PHMSAL VERBS

R,EFERENCE BOOKS
- 0xford Univeisity PBss:

A Practkxl English Grammar, A.JJhomson & A.V. Martinet, 19g6. - Exercises on phrasal Verbs, Jenniter Seidl: 1990. . Oxford Advanced Leame/s Dictionary, 1g92.
.

. English ldioms

g*ford Guide tc English Grammar, John Eastwood, 1994. Oxford PracticaGrammar, John Eastwood, 1g92. . Practical English Usage, Michael Swan, 19g0. - Prentice Hall Regenls & prentice Hall Internaiional:
.
.

A University Course in Engiish Grammar; Angela Downing&philip Locke, 1992.

. Essentiat ldioms in English, RobertJ. Dixson;1994 . . Fundamentals of English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer , Understanding and Using English Grammar,

Azaq 19g2.

- Collins Cobuild: . English Grammar, 19g0. . English Language Drctionary, 19g7, - Cambndge University press: English ,l9gS. Grammar In Use, Raymond Murphy, ' - NTC 's American idioms Dictioniry, Richard A. Speans, t9'9A. - Peterson's TOEFL Success, Bruce Rogers, 1g96. - The Random House Coilege Dicrionarf, 19BB -Webste/s New World Coltege Dictionary, 1996

BettySchrampferAzar, 198g.

-t-

TT,BDVH

LTBH NGUdil $Ail6

CHAPTER

VERB TENSES
Notes: S = subject; V = verb; s.f = simple form = infinitive without to; p,p = past participle

L SIMPLE PRESEI,IT

True fact, a general

truth
2. A present habit

+ V(s.f) He, she, it + V-s

V-es

. The eanh is round. It goes around the sun. . Water boils at 100'C. She always gets up early. He watches TV every night.

Mary washes her hair twice a week. . The Vietnamese exchange the best wishes on Tet holidays. 4. A future event on a . My trarn leaves at I 1:00 tonight. definite scheduie with , The fair opens at I A.M: next Frida,v. verbs such L\: open, . Her plane orrives at 9 tonight. close, begin, swrt, erul, Jinish arrive, clme, leave, return. -5. A present state with . I know the answer to that question. stativ verbs such as: . He has a luxury car. realize. . Mary stili owes me some money. understantl, recognize. . A piano weighs a lot. believe, feel, suppose, . These roses smell good. thinh inagine, doubt, . I don't mind going shopping with remember, forget, want, now. need, prefer, mean, low, . I think he is an experienoed doctor. like, lnte, dislike, fear, . Do you sec a bird sitting there?
3. A custom

knaw;

enry, mind, care,

ow,l, smell,

possess, have,

belong, tdste,

ll. PRESEI'II

cotfitiluous
am

S+is
' are

+V-ing

right now, at

hear, ./bel, see, seem, look, appear, cost, owe, wgigh, be, exist, conalst of contain, include... An action in progess . At tle moment I am studying English, my the moment of mother is preparing lunch, and my brothers speaking, with adverbs are playing chess. of time such as: now,

nas

l at

lav
j
vtt

the

moment... 2. An action generally in progress this weeft, this montH this year...

am wri{ing another composition

this

na0

week.
. What are you doing tomorrow moming? . I'm playing badminton with my friend.
.

---_
vill

3.

planned action in

the near futue.

always, constantly, forever to express a complaint.

4. Used rvith

had

He is always making so much noise.

t"--I

slilo

I efo rninu mn vlx

S+V-ed

TT.B0_!!|

Ll0_l

ltf

_|1gg qu_PHAlf

S+V

ilt.$MPtfPrsT; This action began and {regular ,i, ended at a particular verb) time in the Dast.
,

Mr. Brown flew to Florida laCt summer. . Sue looked tired yeserday.
.

{inegular verb)

IV, PAST

c0t{Ttxt 0J5

one action begatr earlier and

in the past, but

in

I . Buth actions occuned

. While we were livingjinner,

knocked at the door.

someone

5+was + !-ing
were

snes
I

progress when lhe other oocwred.' 2. Both actions occurred . While'I wrs reading a Uoot! my brothers rt the same time in the. wcre playing chess. past. .r Vo>{rdrlriin na)r 3. An action occurred at TAt this fi@ we we"e Jtuavins

was

a point of time in

l4,m

the

English here.

past.
v. PRESEI{TPEnFECT

l.

An action happened

lS+,has

+p.p

L
+
-1..i

nave

by now ,without a specific

happened
mention of lime.

in the past or has never

I hrve met you somewhere. He hru moved to his new house. I have never been to Europe. Flave you?
I

f4

lo.,

,;o

tt"

r.,&-x1,,,.

2. The repetition of "*tivity before now.

an

Weh*vcSrcnffitwicThe teacher has given us four tcsts This is the frrst time he bas called me.
. He has been here;iirH la.st Mav, . She has written to me fri 2 yeirs.

,""i

rl
vt. PRESET{I
PERFKT

happened past in the and conrinues to the present.

3. An actic'n

. We haven't met each other slrceiwe left

school.

.l
\

cotflil{tnus
has been +V-ing
nave

. We have been waiting for him since ? duration of an activity o'clock. that legan in the past . It has been raining all day. and continues to the
Dtesent,

l. To emphasize $e

-t .i

nyl ocl
VII. PAST PERFEST

general activity in . I have been thinking aUout moving to ttre recently city and finding ajob. without any specific . He is very tired because he has been mention of time. studying hard.

progxess

2.

A- past action completed

had + p.p
VIII, PAST PERFECT

bofore another hction or timr' in the past.

t)

cof{niluo(s
had been

+ V-ing

ld,rh

d6nq

ld dd Ifitu fir

emphasize the . We had becn dolng on our rei for 30 of an activity minutes before he came. progress . They had been ilriving for an hour before that was boford another activity they took a break. or time in the oast.
I

. '[o

duration

in

-3

q!49l!ltt-!tt!!4t
progress recent

1T.?.quu:llslt

rueudir

slii:

tx.

s||'tPtf FI'II'RE

. The streets were wel becauselt traO feil rsining. anotber time or activity . IIe was exhausted because helad been in the nast. running 2 miles, l. 'Io express a
to

2. An activity in

jgdiction
5+will +V
am

2. To express

rs + going to +V
are

willingness l. To express a

-pry4t"lion. 2. To express

a prior

| H-

.. rne ooorbell rs ringing. I'll answer the coor. . u's ctoudy. I think it is going to rain. my house tomorrow.

. l am goitrg to paint
1-.--

Present

Using the 5imple

l
I

-.P!4!, | . In Time L-lause

-;;;;-=-

. r'r go our wtth you as soon as homework-

I finish my

2. See I.4
Using the Present

##ts[leroeleJlrrrl____i
s blrthday is tomorow. I am sending him a nice card.

plamed event or . I'ob

Ccntinuous

definite intention

I
am

X. FUTURE

coNnMn
+
V-ing

will be

h going to be+V-;ng
are

An activity that will be . Ar-rars ffi ncxt.wcek. l'll be nttending in progress at a time in my {liend's wedding. the future. . When ,vou coine tom{)rrow. you'll see rhat I'll be typing py report. . Don't visit me at 2 p.m. tomonow besause I'm going to be sleeping at that time.

FUTURE PERFECI

will have

+ p.p

An activity compteted before a time or an event

. By

the.

tirneloIdFfdEilshtF

XII. RMJBE PERFECT

coffiilnous
will have been+

Ving

emphasize the tsy the time we get to your housgr- we'[ : duration of an activity have been driving for 5 straighr hours. that will be in progress before another time or event in the firhre.

To

in tlie future.

have finisbed cooking.

-t

rllncrs8e I , Irlte the correct tbnee f,or:ms of the verb

:4
r.TO StUDy,, :
languoge.
4 4 5

+.

J. sne ...,/naD..h1lrdrg.d.......,.... French twice a week. 6. Shc ...................i..................... this lesson twice. 7. Shc ......6\+dr.q.d............ ........ this lesson wice lasr w.eek. 8. She ......................................... this lesson wioe tomoruow. 9. She this lesson because she doesri.l like it.

"-"'ts' Il | . ....ltucti.{n....;...,.i........ English every day last year.

I lr*rff:tf

. ntur-$........-.,english nowadays because it is a universat

,,...:....... English cvery day.

)
5 5 5

(ner.er)

J
5,

10. She

(never)......'

(neverlruflt mr,r'3rv. (never)ntil,L mrvSnz..lil{d.,{4,....... this lesson again. (uever').,,..r.r.!..V(\...)>tu{*d, f. .. rhis lessoh tast month. J l 3 She (never) i1 n1. nl. if .\...A'l!rfll.e.(.....,..... this lesson until yesterday.
l. She 12. She
i

td;. fitfu4X"fi, 6h, :....... this lesson before. ,.+.ffrirfr,.AtUt4ijt before U

mathematicsbeforehisbedtime.

14. He

.'..n'f.u.:dt-rn.'

../*udt.CfL.......... mathematics before he went tb bed.

17. 18.

lle

rnathematics beforc he goes to bed. mathematics for 2 hours before he wcnt to bed.

At the rnoment, we 19. At this timc lasl week, we .: 20. next weeL, we ..r.it.t

tt-

English. [....... English here. y' English here. litemture. literanre.

?4. By this time next week, we )Ajti.l.htr-i 25. When j was younger, I .........Ail.r/.'(U.!

ibr over one hour.

);.,. , 18) 29. 30. 31.

,1"*"*
eht.

t._l I'il __l

;:; Wetll
] I

you call me at this time I lived in My lfro, L...-dt!l.v.r..Alit.au-.,.r\...... English for 2 y&rs. 32. L...hq'.V+...41!rci.,'fd........ Enslish for 2 / :r. r .....hcrv*-,..irb,,'c\iiC......... enlish for I L<-,urs. l\i,r *,,'^, 1^r s'c irq ...... English for 2 hours every day. English for 2 hours yesterday. 36. I f')nglish for 2 hours romorrow.

When When When Whep

I got home, my brother /tT-rC.; I get home early, I often ........

vears.

It,
\c,

37. I 38. I

@,P:lli

frtle,has

English for2'hmr Smshnilg^ En8lish for 2-hours.owSen,yq retum, tr^i,l) | .{r." just.bought some Spanisi books. HdSHEY ,\,\(\.\S..... Spanisd nexr week. someone to help me with this project, a loung man slood .up and said,

nffi

rLi. ^. i^^r ,';d. "^,,"

i+z

H" a"'ii ..:...iyffi;{ridii..:.,.....:;::.. tr'. h"s"r"i'""d*r'e.*,"ro"d.-{|,f' f48. He (ust) .......o.r,,nd,..5$til..At*.qtri,.3.9..... tfrat ""*.i[i..r@a new suQiecltEfole I qamc, 49. Please waitiust.a minutp. I (iust/furish)..Airvf..J.tm1..{.tnU.hlCl...... the program. .......,+$.4i..rA-I'trd,q............i......... the problein by tG 50. I (ust) you anive. thb time vou 0ustl .......,+U.{.,41u.d& 51. She (npr) .r.ti?o,{ L...iXt{..A1$dXi0.q.. anyrhins since Christmas. 52. She ...,{^r*A.. n\u,d.r.i{...... ... ......1 .odput"t sciince since I mer hcr lasr year.

43. We .......n1i*dl.r.d............... how learn to speak all day yesterday. 44. He was tired because he ............1,., ......verb tenses. 45. He is tired becausg he,.......,.....!:r.,+$Jr9\............verb tenses. t46. He (iust) ..*ro*1.,t.ui".1--..r:fudr.epl.......... a new subiect. J t^hfu," .rrlr. r! trv

,-. 54. She ..........Fludr,ti\......;....-o........... computer science now since she likes it a lot. 55. This is the tirsr ride i ".;ho..yi...$..q.tji:(C......,....,.......French. Thatr}vac th{first $me I ....h.c.r.\....ii-u+r.u*.rcl..;............ French. tll)The first tirne L..,A,+d.....4lt"d.r"cd.................. Fronch, I had difficulw soeakine ir. 5t. How long ...... lurx-......r....... you :...., ffisd"rrd,.... engtiifi?

ii

il:h*Hr

'atxdlt''r'x"' :::T:::::l:::::TT-l:T',.

,,, ,.

J[
\

A(

//-:/ rLlL\'l ,r irar\,r

|

l r

,'l

:,tL.r,jr

/-,h'ore \ U r -5-

rii

,4i.ti;1

',;l

I ;.rii iiiir..r sri{rl Udi{

59. How many new words .. 61. How

n.sqvlt_qqH ilcudx sAilc

73. He 74. He (not)

72. He (not) .......................:... .:................. .. German until tOOO tonigtr. German rurtil I returned. ...... ..... .. ..... .. . . German until I retum. :

German until 10:00 p.m. It tflllt .bssa i;:'-"":i"'i"':',..' olnrfu4 . ... German unril rri,oo to#giiP'"'' 11. Ie 14]sn.

69. This is.the easiest lesson I (ever) ...........,.....

^ \\o,ngot ff!^newwordsb}Bteun/ 68. I...:r..*itL!r+x.."*nAig,\................ l0l0newlvordrLyt"*"G* u

67.1 --:...:---:ii${ffi.-.......

ol,, uJ. | .wrr.\,r)rc*lirJ4rtJcl_.................... ................... i0 I0 new words today. ... ... .. ro new woras yesteroay 11 I .;. ..../).11"'.cln'....,...,..........,. oJ. o). r .)rtl/:\ l.:{r.r+A*,...1 I0 new words tomorow. 66. t..,;.Ilq.v*-". L.,...l:\ctv{*.. rtr,r'.e.r(.cJ ............. 1000 new words so

i*"^*tl,q ..

far.

_ | \ ^ sqr&/ \.Fyq

*:il

jY'

(not)

t}re last 3 days. l! Lht 77. She .w.r.lzL...hf.kr\4........................ Japanesedffr,

I

1l

.......Japanesein3days. ll'. . .,;F+$c.{1................,........ ,'ntfq Japanese in

Whcn'lFor to

rr. a. choose thE correct and b""tY"r", ..

t"he

srarion,'N................... John.
b.-had

^ .9I.1" l. when I got to the statioHJdn

nret

c. was

meeting

d. have mer

in a c6ffee shop.

statioriJohn . an4 I didn,t sec him. a. ieft b. r.r'as leaving c. had Ieft 4. Whcn I got to rhe station- John lor mc lbr lC minutcs. treen wairing b. had been waiting c. was waiting - .@!as 5. When John herc tomorroq L..1................. uou. a. arrives/call b. wilt arrive,/wi1 call
call
d. is arriving/will be
here af fh;s +irlre

. l.

,,1;11t, When I got to the

- * -"*'l
d. has left d. is waiting

9. Whcn

@comV*ill trave. tidied -. c. will come/will liave tidied 8. When it rains heavily, "lohn uruuily .. a. slay b. will stay-.

t:" ry

r r +L^ lll,:.:;;.-:.:'...'......herejg.t@.tbtomcrrow.I...''....',,'.''''''theroomup. a. comeVwill tidy (6)come / will be tidying c. will come/rvill be tidying X come /will have ridie;
.:::.:.......

calling

l
|

::.::..:hft -

hv rhis rime tomorrow. [ .............,..... t]re robm b. comeh,r,ill be tidying tl. are coming/have tidied

up.

a. b. c, wds 10. I ......-.......... on the sheet whn it rained. b. have been walking c. had . , @was _ I l. Jonn .................. anlth.mg since yesterday.

stays

it

rained heavily, John usually ......... .

.. ,."iloil;-(.)tuy,
.Y.. it

d.

will

be staying

stayed

sraying walked

home.

d. had stayed d. walked d. said

walkinS

have is be d. is having a. do/answer b. will / answer c. did / ansu,cr G)rave/answered 14. I ..........-....... John. He me abour his trip to Singapore.V

c. has @hasn.t 12. ln a few days. therc ...)1.............. an imponant meeting. a. will b. c. will 13. How many questions ..._................. you ................. so far?

a. <iidn't

say

said

said

GlAo Tnrirli rchri

Vxiii .,
'n.

TT.BDVH

LTUH 041

iiru ,,,.,,{.n

met / was telling

c. have met I
C. 1S

told
I

d.mct/have told d. was running

runlng

d. read c. have reided c' h. heve ever ever read l T.Yfrat was fte most interesting story I to it a. have ever listened b. had ever listened c. had ever listened to d. listerrd to the North of Vietnam' 18. d. lay (glie b. is a. is lying, John's motorcycle. who 19. The police caught d. was $olen c. stole ttol.n a. had stplen 20. I rhink that iohn .......Y...... the money before we need ii' havtrttumed d' has returned b. had u. tun. tttutn

fi)rave

it

read

China

th{lef @ut

lieing,

@i.'

"

returned @niil tlqdoor, I found that rifmotorcycle .-.-....,......,...... 2l . When I looked out 0f ! s (b. had d been stolen c. has been stolen d. had stolen a. was slolen

22.

i Visited \!doo / visit 'Ihis is the first time I ,...........'.."'.' .. Hanoi.-1 23.
a. have
a.

When

yo,Ifirst

b. rvill / visit

Hg!S? 9!+Ti

d. did / visit

d' will visit b. am visiting fy'ave visited visited give me a hand'l 24. Risht.now, L.............. some help. What are y-ou doing? Can you d' have needed c' will necd Gim needine b. need 25.i6st night, w-hile I ..................... a letter' the phone".".'.""""""' ' was ringi4 a. was writing/r,uas ringing [wrote/ writing/ rag (d' c. wrcte / mng )vas floor' 26. At this time y-eserday, Mr' antl Mrs' Brown'idaughter """"""""""" the -c' was cleaning d' had been cieaning 6.\""r" cleanins b. clearled

zz.Xe irafrIlIY,-...........'... up before the sun

a.

hi?6?en/

rose

b. gets /

rise

"frrSib"""
c' got /

rose

'

'

(d

Fets

/ rrses

28.Intwoweeks't'1E.'...'....,...'....ourvacationiq$alongBay. b. will have spent (c)uitt spnd a. have spent 29.Inthelasinvoweeks,we'.'.......''...,...-:ourvXcationinHalongBay.

a. had

d' had spent

spent \-!fn"nt 30. d' repaired u. was prepdtlg b. had Fen preparingS)rad prepared
Mary .. -................' thc meal Q1@her frienA;ame'

spent

b. have

spelt

c' would have

31. At the meetinP,,

b' didn't speak/ had asked d' had spoken / asked 32. At ihe meetins. John ..."...'...""'.. until he ... ...""""""' other members' opinions' b. didn't speak/ had heard Ca\adnl '/spoke / iad d' had spoken i heard 33. Why ............. you always ......'..... with each other? I?m not pleased with4\d (d';fo / areue b. have / argued . c' are i a..did / 34. I ...................... to contact you all day. Where have you been? d lnve tried b. have been trying c' am that' John all day yestetday, but I couldn't do 35Y...................... to contact -

(al)brdn't

'ispoke/

spotien/asted had asked

John....'............'ffisomeoXe

"""""" ""' him some questions'

spot<inlheard heard

argue

arguing^

lt

6oita "-;';j;;;''"'"

trying

flradbeentrying 36. I .................. the door when the phone rang b' hardly locked fdl\ryas hardly locking d. have bnrdly locked Y. had hardty tocked
37. My feet feel asleep because

t.*'*tying'

d.haftried

L.......... '.""""" ""'

on my heels'

6rA{r

'i*iil'

AilH yAil

ILIqE - LrDH r{Gudil stnc

(a" brave sat

c. nave been 38. My feet.felt asleep because a. was b, had been

srtting

sitting

b. had sat d. h:d been siuing

:'1ryl.P,p:,q qrvotud lorgrve

40. The

qat he .,..'................
b.

robber a. was hung

tJir. 'n" forgave c. willfore.ive ""' '"'t " for-murder yesterd-' was hanged c. would be hanged
ainot *itt',e

sitting

;;;il;.

c. have

Gen'sitting

@.0*t
d.had forgiven d. had be hung

crAo tRiilH

tilfl vAr

CHAPTER 2

MODAL AUXILIARIES AND SIMILAR EXPR.ESSIONS

I.INTRODUCTION: I. Modal auxiliaiies (or motlal vertr-s or niolals) English are: cau, could, may, might, !n mnst, shrll, sbould, ought to, wi , would. Modal idiims are: had

tl
J

bettcr, would rather, and would sooner, 2- A rnodal aux iary is used.with anorhe'v.erb.io express pofiteners, advisab ity, necess,tv, rbility' permission. possibilitl'' impossibilify, suggestlon ... in the past, present;;l'r;;.. And each modal can have more thun one *"uning -.i use, - I can speak English (ability). You can use my motorcycle (permission). -3' It hns no special form in the thir{ ne,.so1 singular aruI no present participie and past participle. It is foilowed by the simpre form of a verb 1oi ua.e innnitiue). - I can speak English. - He can speak French. 4. ln questions, it comes before the subject. - Can you speak English? - Can he speak French? 5. In negative clauses, it is followed by'. not.,, or a short form.. n,t,.. - You should not drive fast = you shouldn,t drive fast . - I c4nnot speak spanish -= I can't speak spanish (in cannot, trre two words 4re joined together) Could not = : Must Sha.ll not = Shan,r May nor = Ought not to -- Oughtn.i Will not = Won,t' MjghJxot = Would = Had ;fter;or' Would rather not 6. lt can be used alone when it is in contrast wittr another full vcrbal group. - You can ryeak Chinese, but I can't. 7. It is used in tag qrcstions. - He will be invitred to the parly, won't he? 8. Some semi - modals are: dare, need. used to. 9. Some expressions lhat can be used instead ofmodals are: Be able to: c6 thd (khri Have to (phdi) Be unable ro ; kh6ng thd Have got to (phrii) Be about : sdp (x6y ra) Why don'r we /you .....? Be allowed to: ctutlc Lefs .............

'--

(toukln't Mayn't Mighrn'r

not

MuStn't to. not Wiulan,t

ro

nang). . . ph6p.

Be likely : cd rhd (xey ra) Be unlikely to : kh6ng ch{c (x6y ra) Be supposed to: phfii (vl ngudi ktr6c mong ddi).

to

-9-

GfiO TNiilH AilH

Vi'I

TT.BDVH

LTOH IIGUdil SAIIG

II.USAGE: I . Polite requests: (only used in the present a. With subjtict '!ou "

and futule meaning)

Can Will !
t

you help me

uith this work?

Could

I J

WouH

Wouldyou please help me with this work? Would you please not smoke here? Would you mind helping me with ihis work? Would you mind not snoking here? Would you be so kind as to help me with this wc'rk? Would you bc kind enough to help me with this work? I wonder if you'd mind helping me with this work. I wonder if you'd nind not emokini here. I wonder if 1'ou'd be so kind rs to hclP me with this work ' I wonder if you'd bc kind enough to help me with this work. b. With subject "I" Can i I tum on the light? CouH I

l(

ti

Ii

I'
F
ln

I-

' '

May

Woukl it be OK if I turned on the light ? Would you mind if I turned <in the light? Is it 0K if I turn on the light? Do you mind if I turn on the light?

I'

li ll
.

2,Abitibr
Can Cannot

-He

crn speak Ghinese, but he -She couta sing well when she was younger. (She used to bd able to sing well' crntt r'nrite it. finish this work but now she can't) -I

F lPi
l+ t-l -rI

Could Could not Be able to

tomofrqlry.

-l will

be able to finish it

tomonow. -He has been able'to drive for 2 years.

win the game -They yesterday. (they menaged to win the game yesterday = they were successful ir winning the game yesterdaY). -He couldn?t write a good composition (= write good He wasn't able
. were ablc

to

t-F

L;
-i 9.1

to

comDosition)

lt.

l-N

-You

should
ought to had better

studY hard

Agllc&i[u
Should Ought to FIad better

-You'shouldn't
oughtn't to 'd better not -You

belatY.

Shouldn't Oughtn't to Had better not

4

hard. -You should have studied ought to have studigd' (you dicln't study hard) -You shouldntt have been l:,vy oughtn't to have been (you were lazy)

t-:

io lro
fro
.t

lw'

ju,
I I I

Ernccfadoa
Be supposed

to fV

rupposed to come -You were supPosed to come on tlme, but you weren't. on time. -You are to come on lime -You were to some on time, but You weren't. (the meaning is stronger)'
arye

L___

t:)

GlAo Tilti'rH A$til vdH

i:i)r.

rr,,.;

i;r{M

Beto+V
5

Fhe rnail is supposed to be dc!ivered in the rnoming.

-'the mail was supposed to

iast week. but

be delilcred

it wasn't.

Jclinite
to+V

-l was going to leave on Monday. but I

changed my mind

ube

: Be going

-I was about to

lbave whcn thc phone

- Be about to

rV

-Beto+V
6.Ngess$a AUigalioe
Must
Have to Have got to Had to

7.Lach-of rccQssiE -Don't have

IO

-Don't need to

-Didn't

...

-Needn't + V -Needn't have +fJp

to come. rang. -'{he Prime Minister is to visit -He was to hrve visited Singapore last European countries next vear, but he chanled his mind. month. -You study hard. J had to study hard. -He said that he hrd had to studv hard to have to pass the exam. have got to -Ittt necessara for you to study hard. -lt'r necessary that you study hard. -You dontt have to come. -We didn't have to bring a lot of clothes because it lvas a short trip. don't need to -Hs doesn't have t0 come. -We didn't need to bring a lot of clothes because it was a shon tip. doesn't need to -You needn't come. (We didn't bring a lot ofclothes). -He neednrt come. -You needn't have brought a lot of cdothes for a short trip . (You brought a lo1 ofclothes)

must.

L
Plohihilior
-Mustn't -May not -Calnot -Be not
allorved to

-You

mustntt

smoke here.

may not cannot rrentt allowed to I

9.Pernis,riqx 'May
-Can

-You

may

use dry car.

-l could use my father 's motorcycle when

I was a child. (repeated acrion) (could = was allowed to)

-Could'
-Be allowed

to

cfln -We are rllowed to be herg. .May I ask you a question ? -Am allowed to go in this buildine ?

-[ wrs allowed to use rny father 's car yeslerday. ("could " in this sentence is
wong because it's not a reoealed action) -I used to fly a kite as a child.

lo. BesIj4Di!
Would
Used to

would

(rcpeated action)
.

-I used to be a soldier.
have a nice house

live in Nha Trang. (" w<iuld in this sentence is wrong because it's not a repeated action).

"

GIAO

IRIilH AIIH vAil

TT.BOVII

LTOH

ilGudil SAiIG

night. (l went out. but it was boring) would rathcr you had stayed home Iast night. (you didn't stay home) I would rather you hadn't gone out last night. (you went oul) -I would rather not have bothered him.

-I would rathcr have stayett home lasr

:ttr didnt

d*.

ro

-Did he dare to tell you what he knew?

Giilhfii*l

i
i

GdO TRIT{H ANH vAil

-Did you urc to piay soccer at school? -He urcd to play soccer at school. -l didn't use to stay up late. -Used you to play socccr at school? -I used not to stay up late. -l usedl't to say up late. . -She used to be shy, didn't she? -She used to be shy, usidn't she? (Modal used to is not comrnonly used)

-He was a doctor. -He oassed the exam.

-The man we saw yesterday

musf havc been a doctor. -'Ihis house must have been built long time ago. -He was bound to pass the
exam.

.-l]-

GilO TRiilH AilH vAil

TT.BDVI{

LTDT IIGLdil SAilG

Gd

90%

-The traffic is tcrrible. He should come

= tqhtq
50%

late.

-He may be a doctor. i only might

-He should have come an hour ago . -He ought to have come an hour ago . (I wonder why he hasn't come.)

14.
15.

guess.

-The man we saw yest;rday been a doctor.

may haye
'11

could -He may be sleeping now. I'm not

sufe.

-He

may
might
could

have stayed home yesterday.

C

might could -l-Ie rnay not come tonight. I don't

.IIis car may have been repaired. might

could

18.

t
19.

. rnight

know.

I
(

.mclsls
Choose the beet aaswerB

20.

you_
.)

.'
'$Would/please

a. Would

/likc

someone told you'the trutli about him ?

7 .;p(r

y?u _-.-__ the house . What a waste of efiort ! I've just.done it . : ( a .)don't need to b. didn't need to clean Y needn't have d. don't have to clean, 8 . The only thing youl$other no19 is t-ving to pass the exam a.. need to do_ . llkreeds ro c. is needing d. needs doing ^ v. at the meetlng yesterday . Why *gXq you absent ?

d. Wouldi please ' _. a. Would /like /rather d. Wou.ld/ please _ -=-_ you _ to come rvith me f /rather 6. Would / mrtrd d. Would/ please - a. WouldAike b. Would 5._l some pictures here ? 1.4, b.Am/allowedtotake c.Will/take d.Would/take .!fl?l o. He sard that he __ . the examination room because he was late , a . mustn't enter b . gouldn't enter c . might not enter d .wasn't allowed to enter
1

".

Wortd /ltL"

b. Would c. Would / mind not make so much noise ? b. Would c. Would / mind you not parking here !_ b. Would (c. tould / mind you

__

/rather y'rather

rh

'r'

l'
I

clean cleaned _

You

do

clo

a . had to

c. mu$ have

come been

10 .Would you be so

a-.$ to b.to .. 1 | . His parents would rather a. him / leaves b. he left

open

kind_rhe

( U)stroUa Ue Y were supposed to be

open _

window ? If

'sjru& iere .
.

c. n6il-o

close

d.enough to open d. him /left

tomorow
.

lZ-lhe
( a.

c. he /leaves b. could swim d. has been swimming

bas swim

----to

since she was 12 yean old

has been able to swim | 3r(was a dillcuit problem, but

(a.

finalty he

solve c . is able to

it

fvas able

b. could

d.can

l4

cilo

THir{h {Rd

r-4I_ _
go out alone at night

TT.BDUH

LIOH O4I H('C .lJ PHAflI

14. You

b. (i) hadn 't better d, had betfer not 15. She that man . FIei life is so misirable rrow . a. would rather not mat, b . mustn't have manied c.would rather not have nrarned d. sh,:uldn't marry 16.'Ihe meeting has already started. We We__-___ earlier. a. should hive come b. might have come c. must have come d. needed to come 17. She was angry *out my saying. She me. a. must misunderctand b. must have rnisundersiood c. shorildn't have understood d. could misundetstand 18. We take our vacation last week, but we caneeled it because ofthe weather. a. had to b. were supposed c. were going d. couldn't 19. We_dinner wheu tle power went3ff. a. were going to b. *.r" about to have c. had to d. could have 20. You enter the emergency room without the doctor.s permission. _ a. b. don't have to c. couldn't d. may not allowed 2l . The environment is more polluted than.it a. would be b, used to be c. was gorng to be d. uas supposed to 22" watch'fV than read books. a.would b. would c. would sooner 23. I don't like latc. __ .._.work a. having b. having got to c. being forced d. to havc go1 to 24. Your motorcyclc was stolelt. You . the police right aftgr that. W-hy didn't you do

___, a . should --

oughtn't

inthisaea

'

_ mustn't .

have have

to -

to

Children like _ . ' to

a.

prefer

thAt?

b. could have called d. must have called on'fV tonight. our for a walk. a. rnight as well c. will d. need go 26. Who.called me tris morning? John, but I'm not sure. a. b. c. rnay have d. may be people 27. Rich need never ask someone for help, a. need b. needn't c. don't d. do they 28 to me like that ? a. I{orv dare you b. How do you dare c. How you dare d. Why you dare to . 29. Ilve just seen Dad s,ith a shovel in his hand. the garden right now. a. may be working b. must be working c. should d. is working 30. I don't know i,r'h.et \,lary rvas studying last night. She

c. may have callad 25. There's nothing inleresting

shouldcall

,'

go b.'rgustgo lt is was -thcy they . *_-Weak

We

go

beeil

rhey -.-_?

Hp__-in

work

a,musthave study h.may have becn studying c.nay be studying d. was studying 3l Modem equipment long time ago,but befter late than never . a.should have import b mighqhave been imported b.must have been importeri d,should iiave been imoorted J2. Is the mm we saw yesterday llill's fatber? lt Bill's father because he went to Europe 2 days ago. a. can't have been b.iouldn't be c,may not have been d. must have been

'

__Spanish.

6IA0 TRhtH AilH vAil

TT.BD.VH

[TAH. NGUdil SAI{C

33.Your application lbrm by next Friday. a..is to be submitted b. is submifting c. rs d.is going to submit 34. I'm going to meet my uncle aI the airport. I leave early today, sir? a. Will b.May c. Shall d. Would 35. Do you down the radio ? a, if I tum b. if I c. tuming d. to tunr

__

submitted ,_.

mind_.;__

tumed

1..,

'41
5t 6! 7l 8/ 9!
10,

GlA0 TRIilH AilH vAr{

TI.BDUH

LTDH

OII HgC

SU PH4M

CHAPTER 3

THE PASSIVE
I - FORMING THE PASSIVf, Form ofthe passive: BE Past Participle

Active :

(a) Mury hcllrcd the boy SV Passive : (bi The boy rvas helped by Mary

SVO

passlve.

In the passive, the object ofan active verb becomes the subject ofthe passive verb: "the boy" in (a) b*omes the subject of the passive in (b). (a) and ft) have the same meaning. Active : (c) An accident happened. Passive : (d) (None) Only transitive verbs fferbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use verbs such as happen, sleop, come, and seom (intransitive verbs) in the

I
I

Simplc present Mary Present progressive Mary is Presenl perfect Mary has

helps helping helped Sbryle past Mary, helped' Past progressiw Mary was helping Pert pedect Mary had helped Sirnpleluture lvlaryt6lffi Be going to Mary is'going to help
Future

ACTIVE

r \-ln ch* tgng

O

trr dtt'at-: A
Johl
John John

Jotrnisl$E-

PASSIVE

by Mary

John is being helped

John has been helped John was helped john was being helped John had been helped

perlect

Mary will have helped

John John John John John John is going m^be helped John John will haveibeEh

by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary

JohnilHltffiil{,
, r.\a,Lt

byMary
by Mar.v

by Maty byMary

t
I

netDeo

.The progtressive forms of the present perfect, past perfect, future and future periect are

very rarely used in the passive.

EXERCISE
/ Shaliespeare

1!

Change the wrote that play. ->

active to th6 paaeive.

That play was written

Shakespeare

-:j

5/ 'fhe ieacirer is goitrg to explain the lesson.'lF.*. ,kAgn.tqp,,.h. l 6/ Shirley has suggestcd a new idea.*, idea.r\, ,trtw.rd'rg.' .trs-w.rdr*9.' *}.q,r .b*+h.l uC *f.q,r.b,qrA.]luq v ?/.r..,^ -trr,- the f'armer's vragon. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . 7/ Two L^-^^. horses --.^-were _ pulling .. . . ..: : . . . .. . . 8/ Kathy has retumed the book to the library. 9/ By this tirne tomonow' the president will have made the announccmenr. i 0/ 1 didn't write that note. .lim rrote it.

-.

..

.-"

..:.

...

iil Ai;;;;d";;,"J;;il;i; ;i; M" 8,"'.i

l2l

Does Prof. Jackson teach *rat coursc ? I know that Prof. Adams doesn't teach ir.. ...

'r"

r.

13/ Mrs,{ndrews hasn't signed thuse papers yei. Has

Mr Andtsw signed t}rem yet ?.....

. t1

Gldf ,;iitiH At{il VAr

iLl!!!:_!r--uj!{qr,ttn $uc

0r

l4l
I

ls Mr browr painting your house ?

5/ His tricks won't fool me.

li
Soare..

EXERCISE

verb8 are

4. I agree with Dr. Ikeda's theory. 5. Dr. Ikeda developed that theory. 6. Timmy dropped the cup. 7. The cup feliio the floor. 8. The assistant manager intewiewed 9. It rained hard yesterday.
10.

l. A stramge thing happened yesterday. (no change) goal. -> The winning goat was scored by Jackie. ] frykie scored the winning 3. My cat died.

Charge the active to passive if possfble. lnetransitj.vd aud caano! be changed.

2!

l: l. t:

me.

A hunicane destoyed the small fishing village. i l. Dinosaurs existed millions ofyears ego. 12. A large vase stands in fte comer of our front hallway.
_

thr

13. The children seerned happy when they went to the zoo. 14. After class, one of the students always erases the chalkboard. 15. The solution to my problem appeared to me in a dream.

2-

USING TgE PASSIVE (a) Rice is grovm il India.

J. 4. An accident happened at the comer ofFifttr and Main. 5. Someone stole my purse. 6' Someone was making the coffee when I walked into thd kitchen.
7. Translators have hanslated that book into many languages. 8. Jim's daughter drew that picture. My son drew this picture.
9.- The judges willjudge lhe applicants on the basis of their originality. 10. lV{y sister's plane will arrive at l0:35. I i . Is Professor Rivers teaching tlut course this semester?

necessary, People grow com in lowa. -> Com is grown in Iowa 2. Peler came herc hryo months ago. (no change) Someone made this antique table in 1734.

usually the passive is used without a ' BY phrase". The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not impoatant to know exactly who performs an action. (b) Life on the Mssissippi was written by MarK Twain. The "BY phrase" inctuded only if it is important to know who performs an action. In (b), by Mart Twain is importanr fuiformation, _EXERCISE I : Why is the use of the passive appropriate in the following sentences ? What would be the activerquivalents of the passive sentences ? My sweater was made in England, 2. The new high way will be completed sometime next month. 3. Language skills are taught in wery school in the country 4. Beethoven's Seventh Symphony was performed at the congert last night. 5. The world Cup soccer games are beingtelevised all over the world f,xERcIsE 2: change these sentences into passive ones ifpossible .. (some ofthe verbs are intansitive and cannot be changed) Keep the same tense, lnclude the *By phrase" only if

l.

t.
')

4.
o.

8.,
9.
10.

I I
?

18

GIO TniNH AilH uAil

TT.BoVH

tToH 04t HoC SU

PHNM

12.

They are going to build thc neu' hospiral next year. They have already truilt the new
elementarl, schr.rol.

mail canier had already delivered the mail by the time I left 14. When is someone going to announce the results ofthe conrest?
13. The 15.
3

fo'school rhis moming.

After the conceft was over. hundreds of fans mobbed the rock music star outside the
Ih&alet.
]NDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS D.O. (a) Sonreone gavc Mrs. an award. (b) Mrs Lee was given an award. (c) An award was given to Mrs L,ee .

LO.
Lee

I. O. = indirect D.O. = direct object. Note in (c) : when the direct objert becomes the subject, ,,TO" is usually used in front of the indirect object. 'fhe ommision of "TO" is more cornmon in British English than American English : ,qn dwdil was given Mrs Lee. EXERCIS.E I : Find the INDIRECT OIIJECT in each sentencE, and make it the focus of attention by using it as the subject ofa passive sentence. Use the..By phrase,'nnly if

object.

necesszlq'.

1/ Someone handed Ann a menu at the resraurant. (indirect object = Aln) -> Ann was handed a menu at the restaurant.

ily
I I

2/ Indiana University has awarded Pegg"v a scholarship. 3/ Some comparry paid F red three hundred dollars in consulting fees. 4/ A local advertising cornpany has offered Maria a good job. 5/ They will send you a bill at the end ofthe month. 6/ Someone will givc the staffing people a week's supply of rice as soon as the food suppiies arrive in the famine-stricken area.

EXRECISE 2 : Use the words in the following list to complete the sentences. All of the
sentences are passive. Use any appropriate tense,

ib$-

lif
2.

'build spell ffir

.fiighten
confuse

surround

rcport kiV exryct

cause

invenl

surprise order

divide wear

The electric light bulb......urrs invented......,..by Thomas Edison. An island............................by water. 3. The - ING form of .........with a double ,.r". ' 4. Even though construction costs are high. a new dormitory. 5.'Ihe class was too large, so it.........................,.....into two sections. 6. A bracelet.. . .. . .. . ..around lhe wist. 7. The Johnson's house burned down. According to the inspector, the fire.......,.........by lighming. 8. Al got a ticket for.reckless driving. When he went to the traffrc court, he... . . ... .. ... . ... ..to pay a fine of$100, 9. I reed ahout a hunter who... ................ .......by a wild animal. 10.'l'hehunter'sfatalaccident........................inthenewspaperyestelday.

l.

"sit".....

|{}

GtAo TnlilH

Alil{ vAl{

lI.BD','}i -.LTOH ilGUdil

she was there. I

SANG

l. I didn't expect Lisa to come to th meeting last night, but ..............t0 see her there.

12. l.ast week

13. 'fhe

I.. children,

...a.iob ar a local bank, but I didn't acceor. ..in the middle ofthe night when they heard srrange noises
class

in the house.
14.

could you try to explain this math problem to me again? yesterday in l......... ... ......... ...... ...by the teacher's explanation.
B: No.

15. A: Is the plane going to be late?

It.......................1o

be on time.

EXERCISE
parentheses.

3:

Use active or passive,

ln

any appropriate tense,

for the velbs in

l.

2.

The Amazon valley is extremely important to ecology of the earth. Forty percent of the world's oxygen furoduce)............................rhere. The game (win, .....by the other team tomoffow. They're a lot

probably)

3'
4.

befler than we are.

.5.

6.
7.

product. Yesterday the wind (blow).........................myhat offmy head. I had to chase it down the street. I (want,not). .. . .. .to lose it because it's my f'avorite hat and it (cost)...........,....;......a lor.

as the prices of medical supplies. However. other prices (delermine)....... .. by how much people are willing to pay for a ..

There was a terrible accident on a busy downtown sbeet yesterday. Dozens of people (see)...... ... it,includingmyfriend,who(interview),......................,.... by the police. In my country, certain prices ........by the government, such

......

(control)..

Right now Alex is in the hospital. He (treat),.....

his hand and arm. Yesterday a purse-sratcher

...

.lbr abad bum on

(cahh):.;,,........ . . .... .by a dog. While the thief (chase) .....by the police. he (iump).......................over a fence into someone's yard, where he encountered a ferocious dog. The dog fteepy
. . . the thief from escaping. Frostbite may occur when thc skin .....to extreme cold. It most frequently (atrect)...........................the skin of the cheeks, chin, ears, fingers,

8.

(expose)...

nose, and toes.

9.

the frnr fish (appear).........................on the earth about.500 million years ago. Up to now' over 20,000 kinds of fish (name).............................and (describc). . . ... ... .. ..... b.v scientists. New species (discover).......,.......,..........every

year, so the total increa-ses continually. 10. Proper first aid can save a victim's life, especially

stopped breathing, or

(poison)....

if the victim is bleeding heavily, ............. .

has

20

Gllio TRiilH ANH vAtl

TT

sDv_t: !T0l_pAt {'i:c__q[pu!L

- THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS

lses lass

AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS IIFIE PASSIVI: FORII: Modul + hs + past participle (a) will be to the picnic. (b) 'l'he window can't be opened. (e) should be taught to respect their elders. lv{ay I be excused from class? (e) This book had better be returnecl to the librarv before Fridav. (l) This ought to bc before.lune |". has to be about our change in plans G) I\.,lar_v (h) Fred 'is supposed to be told 'about thc meetins

fom

invired

Children (d) lener

sent toid

TIIE PAST- PASSWE FORM: nodbt + hive been + past.participle (i) 'lhe lener should hive been sent last week. This house must have been built O over 200 years ago.
(k)

Jack

to have been .ought

invited

to the parfu.

i*r,
a

ilce$

.'r

)wn

id it

an interview

a1 an

hOn

had an interview

t .'l

t-

Dse

EIO

Fp)

I. lt
r.ls,

t)

pro
14. .15.

an-d

lery

has

or similar
one modal is

in ink.

crA0 TniilH Alilt

virl

IT.BI}VH

LTDH t{Gudil SAiIC

5/ Five of the ccimmittee members will be unable to attend the nexl meering. In my
opinion, the meeting (postpone).. 6/ A child (give/no|..........,..,..................everything he or she wants.

7/Yourdaughterhasagoodvoice.Herinterestinsinging(encourage).......................
8/ Try to speak slowly when you give yoru speech. If you don't, some of your words (misunderstand) .

9/ Some UFO sightings (explain, not)... ............ ... .,. ... ... ....easily. No one is able to explain them easily. 10,/ What? You tripped ovr a chair at the party and dropped your plate of food into a woman's lap? You ............! 5 - STATIVE PASSIVE (a) 'l'he door is old. (b) The door is geen. (c) The door is locked. ln (a) and (b) : OLD and GREEN are adjeotives. They describe the door. In (c); LOCKED is a past participle. It is used as an adjectivc. It describes the door. (d) I locked the door live minutes ago. (e) The door was locked by me five minutes ago. (f ) Now the door is locked. (g) Ann broke the window. (h) The window was broken by Ann. (i ) Now the window is broken. The passive fomr may be used to describe an existiug sltuation or state, as in (0 and (i). No action is taking place. The'action happened before. There is no "BY phrase". The past participle functions as an adjective. When the passive form expresses an existing $ate rather than an action, it is called the "stative passive". fi) I am interested in Chinese art. (k) He is satisfied with his job. (l) Ann is married to AIex. Often'stative passive verbs are followed by a preposition other than BY. (m) I don't know where I am. I am lost. (r) I can't find my purse. It is gone. (o) I am finished with my work. (p) I am done with my work. (m) through (p) are examples of idiomatic rlsage of the passive form. These sentences have no equivalent active sentences. EXERCISE I : Supply the stative passive of the given verbs. Use the SIIvIPLE PRESENT or the SIMPLE PAST. l/ lt is hot in this room because the window (close)........rr c/osed.

(embanass)......

(
'-l

ltT:

glv
t

/,,

4.
b.

2/Yesterdayitwashotinthisroombecausethewindow(close).'.''..'.'..' 3/ Sarah is weming a blouse. It(make).........,.....,.............,ofcolton. 4/ The door to this room (shut)........ .1:.... ...... . ... 51 .lim is sitting quietly. His elbows {bend).......... ... ... ... ... ... ...and his hands (fold)................. "....... ... ....in front of him.
6l We can leave now because ctass (finish). . . . . 7/ Don't look in the hall closet. Your birthday present (bide)..............................there. 8/ Hmm. My dress .. . I *onder how that happened. 9/ Where's my wallet? It (go)..............,....,... ! Did you take it?

8. 9.

i0.

(tear)..

22

BIAO TRiilH AilH VAI{

.BDUH

tToH Dft HoC

SU PH[ttr

l0/ My room is ve4,

neat right now. The bed

(make)............

the

rfloor

EXERCISE 2: Supply the corrcct form of. the verb in parentheses anil an appropriate preposition. Use the SIMPLE PRESENT. (interest) Carol.... is intererled irr.....ancient story. 2/ (compose) Water............ ... ..........hydmgen and oxygen. 3/ (accustom) ........living here 4/ (tenify) Our son......... :......................dogs. 5/ (frnish) Pat ..... ............. her composition.

l/

L.

6/ (oppose) I..........................rh81 suggestion. 7/ (cover) It's rvinter, and the ground... ......snow. 8/ (satsifi) I...............................the progress I have made. 9/ (many) Jack........,......,..........Ruth. 10/ (divorce) Elaine...... .,.. ........ ... ...... Ed.
6.- TITE PASSTVE WITH GET (a) I'm getting hungry. Let's eat soon. (b) You shouldn't eat so rtruch. You'll get fat. (c) i stopped working beoause I got sleep!. GET may be followed by certain adjec'tives. (d) I stopped working because I got tired.
(e) They are getting married next month. (l) I got rvorried bscause he was two hours late. GF,l' may also followed by a pasl participle. The past participle functions as an adjecfive; it describes the subject. The passive with GET is common in spoken English but is often not appropriate in tbrmal

*riti"g.
EXERCIf,Dj Complete the
given verbs.
sentences

by using an appropriate form of GET and the

,

2. (hurt)- There was an accident, but nobody 3. (lose) We didn't have a map, so we....................,......, 4. (dress) We can leave as soon as you. .. ... ... .. 5. (confuse) L...,.............. ....trec.ause everybody gave me difforent advice. 6. (do) We can leave as soon as L.......... ....withthis work. 7. (pay) I.......,.............on Fridays. I'll give you the money I owe you next lriday
..... . ..

1. (tire)

I think

I'll

stop r.r'orking. 1...

...,dm getting tbed...,...,

8.

9.
10.

okny? (hire) After Ed graduated, he.... ... .. .. . ...... ....by an engineering frm. (finish/not) Last nighl I.. . .. . .. . ,.. . .. ,.. . .. . ....with my homework until after midnight

(engage) Firsl

they... ...

...

Lt'r:

l"oint)

-..r.j-,

BIAO

IRiIIH AilH VIN

TT.SDVH

LTOH I{GUdil'Sl[ilG

CHAPTER 4

GERUNDS
1- GERIINDS: INTRODUCTION
as fl

AI{D

INFINITIVES

A gerund is the -ING form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund is used in the same ways [oun, for example a subject or an object (a) playing remis is fun

SV

(b) We enjoy playing tennis

svo

(o) I{e's excited about plaving tennis

r A gerund is frequently used as the object ofa preposition. m "' al We alked about going to Canada for our vacation.
-22

^-

^z{ ''e 3/-l!:gdlgry.surprising:rew!._lt8{rySlNC

COMPARE: the use of the -INO form of verbs. t/ walking is good exercise. WALKING - a genrnd, used as the subject of the sentence praying rennis. PLAY-ING : a present participle in present continuous lgu a1a ann
- a preseniparticipt",

Prep

*ra

as

"oua;ectiu,

b/ Sue is in charge oforganizing the meeting c/ I'm interested in learning more about your work. In the following sentenes: To be a preposition, not paf,t of an infinitive form, a/ I'm used to sleeping with rhe window open. b/ I'm accustomed to sleeping with the window open. c/ I look forward to going home next month. d/. firey object to changing their plans at this late date. Negative forrr: NOT preccdes a gerund a/ we talked about not going to the meeting, but finaily decided we should go. Supply an appropriare preposition and verb form. isn't interested..,......(look).,.............,fcr a new job.

2. Henry is excited.....,....(eave)...................for India. 3. You are capable.....,....(do),,....................better work 4. i have no excuse..........(be)-....... ;............late. 5. lm accustomed............(have).................a big breakfast. 6. The rain prevented us.....,.......(complete) ....... _......... ,....lhe work. 7. Fredis.alwayscomplaining...............(trave).................,aheadache. o. i.ntt.1d.'.'.. .....(study)...........,..,, Margaret lvent to a ball game with
liiends"

. EXERCISf, l: . L Alice

some

of

?;, 3}uqtou.,.......-(help)......................mecarryrhe packagestorhepostoflice. l0.Mrs.Grantinsisted..........(know).........,.............ttrewnotetruth. I i. He showed us how to get to his house..,......(drarv)..........."..........a map. 2. You should take advantage............(live)....... ... ........h"r*. l3.Laurahadagoodreason.,.........(go/not)............................toclassyesterday. 14. Eleryone in the ireighborhood participared...........(search)....................fo.ltn.
1

cnltd. I apologized to Dianc......,...(make)............... ....her wait fix me. 16. The weather is terrible tonight. I don't blame you .......... (wanVnot) go to the meeting
15.

..'..'...'',.'.,...'

to

24

ct/io Tnh{H AilH UAtl

17.

IJ:B!!!*-

LT0H 04r H_gc

su

PHAM

(d4v)

.... ..... ..... ,....the

avs

ano rer public stareneni for the purpose...,........(clarifu),.,......

the

nce

ous ;tive

3-

t f r

Joe quit smoking

John gavc uJr'.smgklng imrnerliatelv bv an

["ffftifi'r:?,ff'#*
!S$fd!1hrd:

i'linitive

c';f

puqrose (in order ro),

I
.a

co

* cnnufrild'
! I

$top + infinitil.e : Wtile.iwas walking down the streel I ran into an old I stopped to talk to him. ,aopp"?iraLing; a

rhe professor e'tered the room, the $udenrs sropped talking. 1)re room bccalpe quiet.

,-Whu,n

";;;;;;r&;Jh#;

n,*, o*,ff,'Jull|of#,,ff*:'und

in ccrtair idiomatic expressions ro express, ror tho

Did you go shopping? We went fishing yesterday. bird watching - go hiking -'gl s$r^*-..i", - go boaring _ go hunring _ go .go go bon'rrng sLating _ go jogging go.skiing _ go .umpini _ go mountain _ go climhing :leddrng guca'ocing - *otly1l-g.,- goswimmini dancing _ gosailing_.r;o Irshrut - go shoppinp - go windorvf go robogganiig --

91-

{-

t' - pronrise p- --rqn to - ask to - pran to - agree .,^-^^-T:0" r() appear to - cxpecl ro _ (inreTt rD _ offer _ ro pi.i.nd',u _ woultj likc to dccide to - refuse ,o - *ii o _ need ro

GROAPA: |ERE

INFINITIT/E

GR{!t,rP
r tslr

B:

invite someone to require someone t6 _ .ask -_someonc 1o advise sornrrore to perntit someone to a*pect rornaon" to encourage slollleone to _ allow someone to _ fbrce so*.on" to - would iike someone to remind someone to *u- ,on *n" io'l--iun, *."one lo _ need someorie to

asomione

|ERB + eRONoary

to -

INFTNITVE

GtAo rBtitrt AltH vAN

TT.Bovri

LrsH ilsudu

sirc

I I I I I I r

I hoPe to sec You again soon He Promised to be here bY ten He Promised not to be here Mr. Lee told me to be here at ten o'clock The police ordered the driver to stop I expect to pass the test (I think I will pass the test) i expect Mary to pass the test (l think lvlary wili pass the test) NTEI.iD rs uzually followed by an infinitive (l intend to go to the meeting) but sometimes may be follorved by a gerund (I intend going to the

+* A eei;d
object.

meeting) with no change in meaning' is used after ADVTSE (active) ifthere is no (pro)noun

I :

He advised buYing a Toyota He advised me to buy a Toyota. I was advised to buy a Toyota

a gerund or Supply any appropriate completion for each sentence' Use either

.. ...

....some bread at the

in

June, but theY finallY

in fron1 of me at the movie......'.'.........'....."'quiet'

my

mother

reminded

She was afraid he

26

arAo

T[|!14!!H uir,r

,.rr.g!!tr_: lIqH oal

Hqc_qu_t!!1!t

EXERCISf, 2: IJsing the given ideas and the verbs in parentheses. mdie sentences. both active and passiVe, by using an infinitive phrase. lr The leacher said to me, "Yuu may leave early."

(pernit) The

teacher permitted me to leave early. (active) I was permitred.m leave early. (passive),..

rol

2/ The secretarl,said to.me, "Please give this note to Sue.'

:Tll
3/ My
advisor said to rne, "You should take biology 109. .. (advise)

......ulassrve,l

ii

n'Jie

,r'" (warn)

;; ,il#;; ;;ia t" o.n-:: ;;;- ffi ;;;;; ;;;;;; ;";",."

'...''..-'..'..'..'.'

6/ Dwing

the test, th teacher said to Greg, ,'Don't look at your neighbor's paper.,'

(wanr)

the

""":"""'-'
the meeting, the head r,rt the Jepartment said to rhe fauulty, your grade reports by the 15 th ,"

7/ At

"Don't fbrget to tum in

rally
: the

(remind)

uiet,
rded

8/ Mr.

Lee said to the children, "Be guiet."

(tetl)

dhe

9/

The hijackct said

to

rc

pilot, "You must land the plane."

(force)

11

The teacher said to the students, "Speak slowly and clearly." (encourage)

l2l The

(cxpcui)

teacher always says to the students, "You are suppoged to come to class on time."

Gr{il},TRltrH AilH vArl

..,....,...,.,.,i..:.

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWEp BY EITHER INFINITMS,OR Some verbs can bc followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, sometimes with no differense in meaning, and sometimes with a difference in meaning. . hf|ir*,' Verb + inlinitive or gerund ffiffiit mfi*4,,1
6

can't stand begin like-.-*--{rate s*,art ltivc can't bear continue QreGr) I It began to raii:Alr6egan raining I I started to work i I started working I It r+'as beginning to rhin (Ifthe main vcrb is progressive, an infinitive is usually
used. not a gerund)

Group

in meaninqf .--., \ trv ) Gcrhembdtt t reerct) . E-rgel) r-T[dy.-uhruy, rememb]si-o locK Ine ooor (ro penorm responsibilityyuty or task)

BlVerb

Inlinitivellgernnd (wilh

a differerce

I Sam often forgets to lock the door ( to perform responsibility, duty or task) I I remember seeing the Alps for the frrst time. The sight was impressive (remember something that happcned in the past) I I'll never forget seeing the Alps for the first time, (forget something that I I t I
a

happened inthe past)* news)

I regret ro tell you that you failed the test. (regret to tell someone of

some bad

I rcgret lending him some money, He irever paid me back. (regret something that
happened in the past) I'm trying to leam English. (Make an eftbrt) 'Ihe room was hot. I tried opening the window, but *rat didn

t help. So I tried turning on the fan, but I was still hot. Finally, I tumed oil the air conditioner' (experiment with a new or diftbrent approach to see if it q'orks)

1 "{l1 ,F;ts\

Notice the patterns with prefer: t"^,, lbcfer + gmbd I prefer staying home,lg going to the concert' .t{^i "\ Itefer + infrritive: I prefer to stay homeQg)(to) go to tlre concert. **. Forget followed by a gerund usually occursii-a negative sentence or a question; e.g. I'll never forget, I can't forget, Have you ever forgotten, and Can you ever lorget. . ..

E)IERCISE
parentheses.

1:

Complete the sentences with the correct form(s)

of the verbs in
before it was

I like (go) .,....to go / going... to the zoo. 2/ The play wasn't very good. The audience started
over.

li

(leave)

3/ After a brief interruption, the professor continued (lecture) .. in the ocean. 4l The children love being suffer. I can't bear it. . any tiving 5i I hate 6/ I'm afraid of flying, When a plane begins (move) runway, rny heart starts (race)

(see)

(swim)

..........

down the

(morQ............

.......andmyheartisstarting(race).....'....... to (take) .........'...,......'...' a plane. 7/ When I travel, I prefer (drive) (take) .. '. .. . .. . '. . . . -.. . . .. a plane. 8i I prefer (drive) . .. ... . . . ... .. . . . ... rather than off all the lights before I lcave my bouse. 9/ I always remember (tum). . . . . . . proud and happy when I graduated' (be) very l0/ I can remember ....................
I 1/ Did you reme.mber

(give)

.. Jake my message

GIO TBII'IH AI{H vAil

TT.BDUH

LT0l.t uAi Hr-"ii

!u ': i i.,

movcd into our first homc 17/ I can't ever forget .. our team score the winning goal in the Iast seconds ofthe game to capture the national championship. I 8/ Don't forget (do) . . . . .. . . , . . . . . . . . . your homework tonieht!

l2l I renrember (play) ..pLo,,i,r{\<i"... _....... with dolls when I was a child. l3i \[hatdoyourenrember(Ho)q.....,.........,......before1'ouleave]brclasseverydayi' l 4/ What do you rernember (do),d*"r.+.qa.. .......,. when you were a child ? . ... .... ...... beforeyoulefffbrclassthismoming? lli Yly,qiayouforget(do) 16l I'll nei,er forget (carrl,) .... ...... my wife over the thresholcl *li"n *,

(watch)

l9i I

regret

(inform) not)

you rhat
...

yo*

approved. 20/ I regret (listen,

sk) rsk)
rsive

ioun application has nol

beeD

.. . to

my f-ather's advice. He rvas risht.

thar
bad

you.

that

ried
'nel.

f.

here over vacalion and (paint) ... my room. 8. We discussed (quir) our jobs and (openi ...._,.......,........... our own business. . i'm getting lired. lneed(take),. .. ... .. . . . ... .... ... a breal_. 10. Sometimes students a'yoid (look) ...................., ... .., at the teacher if they don't want ..... a question. ll.The club members discussed lpospone; ...... the next meedns until

.............

(answer)

March.

n;

-_s m

-was

children (watch) television (listen)... ... ro the radio. 13. My grandlhther prefers (read) ... ... ... .... i4 Didarol agree . (camp) withyou ? 15. As thc sromr approached. the birds quit (singi ... . .. 16. The te\i driver relirsed (tak*) ... ..... ....._..... a chech. He wanted the passenger (pay) . . . . .. ... in cash. I 7 'fhe soldiers werc ordered (stand) . .. .. . . r. .. at artenrion. lU. lhe travel agcnr advised us (wait, unril Ausust.
12.

Most

......

prefer

(go)

.......... .

. not)....,.....,..........

\'
1/ admit
the

ring
ne.

2/ advise 3i anticipae 4/ appreciate 5/ avoid

67

He admitted stealing the mone1,.

She advised waiting until tomorrow. I unticipate laving a good time on vacation. I appreciatedheaing fiom them. He avoidcd answering my question. I finally completed witing my term paper. I will consider going with you. He delayvd leaving for school. She deraied committing the crime.

complere

7/ consider

8/ delay 9/ deny

-29-,

GtA0

i:iiilH nMi vAil

I0/ discuss I / dislike 'i2l enjoy 13/ finish .i4i forget l5/ can't help
1

iL8U1,'H

LTriH riGu0t{ sAlic

They discrr.r'sed opening a new business. I dislike driving long distanccs. We enjbyed visiting them.
She /inished studying about ten. never lorget visiting Napoieon's
.

l'll

hmb.

i5l

kecp I 7/ nrention

l8/ mind

l9l miss ?0i postpnne 2ll practice 22/ quit 23i recall 24l recollest 25i recommend
261

rqret

27l renember 28/ resent 29l resisl 30/ risk 3l/ stop 32l suggest 331 tolerate 34l understand

I can't hclp worrying about it. Aeep hoping he will come, She mentioned going to a movie. Would you nrnd helping rne with this? i rniss being with my family. Lct's postpone ldaving until tonronow. The athlete practiced thtowing the ball. He quit Winl9to.solve the problem. 1 don'l recall meeting him before. I dsn't recollect meeting him before. She recommended seeing the show. I regrel telling him my secret. I car. rcmember meeting him when I u'as a child. I resenl her interfering in my business. I couldn't resist eating the tlessert. She risFs losing all of her money. She stopped going ro classes when she got sick. She srggested going to a movie. She won't lolerale cheating during an exanrinalion. I don'a understand his leaving school.

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES A - Verbs tollowed inmediateQ b an iniinitive. I can't affird to btry it. 1/ afford

2l
3/

agree appear

r+/ anange

5/ ask 6/ beg

7l

care

8/ claim 9/ consent
10i decide i I / demand

They agreed to help us. She appears to be tired. l'll arrange to meet you at the airport. He asted to come with us. He begg,ed to come with us. I don't care 1o see that show. She c/aanr to know a famous movie star. She finally consealed to marry hun.

l2l
I

deserve

3/ expect 14/ fail

l5i forget l6i besitate i7l hope

18/ learn
i 9/ manage

lhave decidedto ieave on Monday 1 demand ta know who is responsible. Slrc derenes to win the prize. I expect to enter graduate school in the fall. She failecl t't retum the book to the iibrary on tirne. I forgor to mail the lettcr. Daa't hesitate to ask for rny help.
Jack ftopes to arrive next week. He learned lo play the piano. She managed ta finish her work early.

20/ mean

21l need

I didn't zean to hurt your feelings. I need to have your opinion.

30

A'IG

GlAo Tnrild

ll'lti

VAt{

_,__ _ - IT. B_gltj_:

Il_0!!4LBqg

_srj

p!4M

221 offer

They

oftred to help

us.

23/ plan 24l prepare 25r pretend 261 promise 271 refirse ." 28/ regret - 29l rernember 30/ seem 3 l/ struggle 32l swear 33/ threaten 34l volunteer 35/ wait 36/ want 37l wislr

I am planning lo have a part),. We prepared lo welcome them.

He pretends not to understand.

promise not to be late. rerttse to believe his story. I regret to tell you that you failed. I remembered ta lock the door. That cat .rcem.r to be friendly.' I struggled to stay awake. , She swore to tell the trulh. She threatened to tell my parents, He rolunteered to helo us. I will wail t0 hear from you. I wazt to tell you somethihg. She wrslas to come with us.
I
1

B-

Verbsfollowed by a (pro) noan + an inJinitive 38/ advise She advised me to wait until tomorrow. 39/ allow she allowed me lo use her car. 40/ ask I arted John to help us. 4l/beg They 6egged us to come. 421 canse Her lazirress caased her to fail. 43l challenge She challenged me to race her to the corner. 44/ convince I couldn't conyince him to. accept our help. 451 dare Lle dat'ed me to do better than he had done. 46l encourage He encouraged me to ry again 47l expect I expect you to be on time. 48/ forbid I/arbid you to tell him. 49/ force They forced h;un to tell the trudr. 50/ hire She hired the boy to mow the lawn. 5l/ instruct IIe instr cted lhem to be careful. 52l invite Hany invited the Johnsons to corne to his oartv. 53/ need We neetled Christ to help us figure oul the sotution. 54/ order The judge ordved me to pay a fine 55/ permit Ile permittedthe children to stay up late. 56l persuade I persuadcd him to come for a visit. 57l remind She reminded me to lock the door. 58/ require Our teacher reqarleJ us to be on time. 59/ leach My brother td grt me to swim. 60/ tell The doctor /o/d me to'take thesd pills. 6ll urge I &rged hef to apply for the job. 621 wwt I want you to be happy. 63/ warn I warned you rwt to drive too fast.

-it-

Grio TRiiil{ AitH vAN

EXERCISE I: Complete rhe sentenrres with the conect form, gerund or infinitive, of the words in parentheses. Margaret challenged me (race) ...,.....,.. ... ..............,.,her across the pool. 2/ David volunteered (bdnS) ................... .............some fuod to the reception. 3/ The students practised ... the ,th'; sound in the phrase ''these thirty-three dirty trees".

l/

(pronounce)

in the fairy tale, the wolf tkeatened

Little Red Riding Hood. 5i

(eat)

a girl named

remind you , (hang up) .your coat tvhen you get home {iom school? b/ The horses struggled .,..,...:..the wagcn out of the.mud. 7i Janice demanded (know) ........................ ........ why she had been 1ired. 8/ My skin can't bleraie (be) . ................ in the sun all day long. I get sunbumed easilv. 9i I avoided (tell) ..................,........Mary.the truth because I knew she would be angry. l0l Fred Washinglon clainrs ........ a descendant of Georse Washington. 11/ Alex broke the antique vase. I'm sure he didn't mean (do) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .ir. 12/ urged (return) school and (finish) ... . .... his education. l3lMrs. Freeman can't help (worry) ............ about her children. l4l Clhildrcn, I forbid you (play) in rhe street. fhere's too much traffic. My little cousln He can't resist
.,

Susie! How many rimes

do I have to

(pull)

.. . ..

(be)

Al

to

...... ............

.............the time to help

nre.

7-

USING GERUND AS SUBJECTST USING rf +tivruynta A ger.rnd is frequently uscd as the subject 6fa senrence. Ex: Riding with a drunk driver is dangerous sometimes an infinitive is used as the subjecl ofa sentence. llorvever. an infinitive is more commonly used with 'I1"'. The word "lT" refers to and has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentencc. Ex: 'I o ride with a drunk ririver is dangerous I! is dangerous to ride with a drunk driver Sometimes a gerund is used with "IT" when the speaker is talking aboul a particular situation and wants to give the idea of ,'while" Ex: 'fom was drunk. It was dangerous riding vith him We were in danger whiie we were riding with him

th

)L

GIAO TRiilH ANH $AiI

TT:IDIIH

LTDH

0*t Hoc srj

PH4tr

EsBeIE:
din
med up)

The phrase

whom. the speaker is ralking aboutr Add "foi someone" to the any other words to give a more specific meaning.

"for someonJ'may pri:cede an infinitive ro idenrifo exactly fofiowing ,.nt*.., und

2/ It isn't possible to be on time - lt isn t po,tsihle /br me to be on time to cla.ss 3/ It's ."asy to speak Spanish.

l/ It's irnportant to take arlvanced math courses. - It's important for scient:e siudenls to take advanced math
dthe
bus

courses.

drivers are on stike.

4/ It's important to leam English.

med

5/ It's unueual to be late.

lbe
)rge

Lish)

9/
10/

It

was impossible to come to class.

ruch

It is a good idea to study gerunds and infinitives.

:sist

8In order to is used to express purpose. It answers the question *WHy?". in order to is oflen omitted. Fx: He canre here in orier io study English. He came here to snrdy English. r . o express pwpose, use (in order) tc not/or, with a verb He came here for studying English-- INCORRECT He canrc here for to study English - INCORRECT He canrc here for study English _ INCORRECT FOR is sometimes used to express purpose, bui it is a preposition and is followed by a noun subject, as in the following senrcnce, I went to the store lor some bread. i went to the slore to buy some bread. ohT" be- used for expresses the typical or general purpose of a urng. rn lrus case, the prepositionpr is followed by a gerund. A saw is used for cutting wood A saw h used to cut wood.

r*-^tl9|lll?":,1r

G6$ rillilir Atrfl vAs

9-

'

Tl.BoUtl

- Li0h iuLtl;t

$&ttc

ADJECTIVES FOI,LOWED BY INFINITIVES Certain adjectives can be immediatelt followed by in{initives. In general, these

adjectives describe d person (or persons), nert a thing. Many ofthese adjectives describe a person's feelings or attitudes. EX: We were sorry to hear the bad news. I was surprised to see Tirn at the mecting. Some common adiectives followed fu:inlfrnitives glad ready careful sorry surprised to* prepared happy hesitant sad amazed to pleased anxious reluctant upset a.stonisheil to* deiighted eager afraid disappointed shooked to* conlent stunned proud to willing relieved

. tc to to to to motivated 10

to to to to* to toi to ashamed to to luckv to* to* to

to to to to to dL'termined ttr

iortunatc to

-$

The .*prrrion withilterisla is usually followed by infinitive ptuases with verhs such as see, learn. discover, find out, hear. EXERC'ISE 1: Complcte these sentences with infinitives. 1/ I was glad.....,..."1o get..............a letter from you. 2/ I was relieved ..........to find out..........that I had passed the exam. . alive after the accident. 3i Sue is 4/ The soldiers were prepared to the circus. 5/ The chiklren are anxious . . ... .. . . . 6i Dick didn't feel like going anywhere. lle rvas content ........... a book. 7/ The teacher is always . .. . .... us. ...... English. 8/ The students are 9/ Be careful not ... ....................... : on fte ice sidewalks! 10/ Iom was hesitant home alone on the dark street.

lucky...........

willing motivated

...............

a 10 -usING INTINITMS WTTH rOO AND pNOUGH In the speaker's mind, the use oftoo implies a negative result. Ex: That box is too heavy for Bob to lift. (It is impossible for Bob to lift that box.) That box is very heavy. but Bob can lift it. (lt is possible but di{ficult for Bob lo lift h

(\

that box.)

ENOIIGII follows an adjective. Ex: I am strong enough to lift that box. I can lifl it. ENOIJGH may precede a noun, or follow a noun. Ex: I have enough strength to lift that box. I have shength enough to lift that box. .II . PASSIVE AND PAST TORMS ON PASSIW INFINIT,IW: TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE I didn't expect to be invited to his parf. "To be invited" is passive. lhe understood "by phrase" is "by him",- | didn't expect to be invited by him. T PASSIWGERUND:BEING + I appreciated being invited to your home. "being invited" is passive. The understood "by pitase" is "by you" - I appreciated being invited by you. PAST INFINITIW TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE The rain seems to have stopped.

--

(aql
8r

ol 9l p(

PASTPARTICIPLE

ll

t2

I'r

1'

Gl4qjtir{nA1{.!yi!{

, .
HAVING

_-_

Ir_:gD_t!.!-_ri0!r_!4!_!qc-l,u=pH4M

The event expressed by a past infrnitive or past gerund happened before the rime the main verb. In ttre example, rhe rain seems now to have, stopped a few minutes ago.

of

PASTGERUND

PASTPARTICIPLN

I appreciate having had the opportunity 10 meet the king. I met the king yesterday. I appreciate now having had the opportuniry to meet rhe

king yesterda,"-. PAST PASSIW INFINITIW: TO HAVE BEEN PAST PARTICIPLE Jane is fonunate to have been given a scholarship. Jane was given a scholarship lasr month by her government. She is fbrtunate. Jane is fortunate now to have been gil'en a -scholarship last month by her govefiImeut.

PAST PASSIVE GERI]ND fiAVIn-G BEEN PAIT iARTICIH.,E I appreciate having-been told rJre nclvs. I was told the news yesterday by somcone. I appreciate that. I appreciate now having been told the news yesterday by someone. NOTES: If the main verb is past, the action of the past infiniti.ve or genurd happened before a time in the.past. Ex: The rain seemed to have stopped. - The rain seerired at 6pm to have sropped before 6pm I appreciated having had the opportunity ro meet the kjng. -. I met the king in 1985. I appreciated in 1987 having had the opportunity to meet the king in 1985.

EXEBCI$E 1: Sppply an appropriate form for each'verb in parenLheses. l/idon'tenjoy(laugh)......irtlaqlau1;hed.....,"........atbyotherpetiple. 2il I'm-angry at him ft)I (lell, nor). .......not telling,'not having.told..........:....me iLc 3/ It is easy (ibol).. .. . .. . . . . by his lies.

rr.utii.

4/ Jack has a n:rnotv escape. FIe was almost hit by a car. He barely avoided (hit). ...,... ;,..., ..by the spealing automobile. 5i Sharon wants us to tell her the news as soon as we hear anithing. If we find out anything

abourtheproblem,shewants.(tell).....-.....r...............aboutitimmediately. 6/ Yesterday Anna wrote a check for fifly dollars, but when she wote it she knerv she didn't have enough money in the bank to cover it. Today she is very wonieil about (write). ..... ... . .. . .... . .. .1hat check. She has to frnd a .way to put some moley in her accounr
right away. 7/ A: Wlut's the difference between "bum up" and "burn down"? B: Hmm. That's an interesting question. I don't recall evo'r (ask)... ... ,...... ..... ....,. ... ...that question before. 8/ Living in a foreign country has been'a good experience for me. I am glad that my company sent me !o snother corinfy to study. I am very ple.ased (give)..........................the opportrmity to learn about another culture. 9/ You must tell me the tuth. I insist on (tell)............ .,....rhe rruth. l0/ Don't all ofirs wak flovc1..................,.....and (need)....,................by other people? I l/ I enjoy (watch)......... ..... ............television in the evenings. l2l Deu Jim: I feel guilty about (wdte. not).. ... .. ...to you soorler, but I've been swamped with work lately.

...

....

-35-

cdo

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IT.Eirdir lTt:-i r{jrlJrj jA.ii

EXERCISE 2: Supply an appropriate form for each verb in parentheses. / I Martha doesn't like to have her pioture taken. She avoids {photograph). . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . 2/ Tim was in the army during the rvar. He was baught by the enemy but he rnanaged to cscape. He is lucky ...... ...with his lit'e. 3/ A: It's becn nicc talking to you. I really have enjoyed our conversation, hut I have to leave now. l'm very happy (have)....... ...... .. ... ........ ,.. . this opportrmity to meet you and talk ivith you. let's tr,v to get together again soon. Ij: I'd like rhar. 4/ A: ls Ted r transfer student? B: Yes. A: Where Cid he go to school before he camc here? B: I'm not sure, but i think he mentioned something about (go). . . . .. . .. .. .to UCLA or IJSC. 5/ A: You know Jim Frankenstein, donlt you? IJ: Jim Frankenstein? fdon't think so. I don't recall ever .....hirn. 6/A: fhis letter needs .... immediately. Will you take carc of it? B: Right away. 7/ Sally is very quick. You have to tell her how to do something only once. She doesn't necd (tell) ........................... rwce. B/ A: I thought Sam was sick. B: So did L But he seems (recover) ......... .. ........ ... r'ery quickly. He certainly doesn't seem {be) . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . ...sick now. 9/ Last year I studied abroad. I appreciate (have) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the opportunity to live and study in a foreign country. l0/ This year I am studlng abroad. I appreciate (havc) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _thjs opportunity io live and study in a foreign country. 1l/ Ms. Walters complained about (tell, . . ".......aoo-ut lhe meeting. In the fut':re, She expects . . . . . . . ..of any and all meetings.

(escape)

(send)

(meet)

not) (inform)

12- USTTIG GERUNpS OR pASSrVf,-rilFrNrTrvES FOLLOWTNG NEED. Usually an infinitive follows needEx: I need to borrow some money. John needs to be told the truth. In certain situations, a gerund may follotry need.In this case the gerund carries a passive meaning. Usually the situations involve fixing or improving something. Ex: The house needs painting. 'Ihe house needs to be painted.
Two examples have the same meaning. EXERCISE: Supplv an appopriate form for the verbs in parentheses,

r{l

i,,Thechairisbroken:Ineed(fix)..''..'....'.......it.1hechairneeds(fix) Z What a rnessl I'his roon needs (clean) ..........................r1p. We necd .. ............ .......... ....it up before the company arrives. 3/ The baby's diaper needs (change) ....,..,..Ir'swer.

-l
(clean)

(i
I
2

4/ My shirt is wrinkled. It needs (iron) 5/ lhere is a hole in our roof. The roof needs (repair) . ........... . 6/ I have books and papers atl over my desk. I nced (take) .. straighten up my desk. It needs ...............up. 7/ Tlre apples on the tree are ripe. They necd (pick) .............

2
I

(straighten)

...

sometime to

21

tq
26

fo

8/ The dog needs (lvash)

36

crAo

rfiittH At{H vAil

TT.BDVH

- rT0rl

DAt Hoc sU PHAM

r:i - usrNc A qpssE$srvE To M

In formal English, a possessive adjective (e.g. our) is used ro modify a gcrund. Ex: We came to class late. Mr. Lee complained about that fact.

FORMAI-: Mr. [,ee complained about our coming to class late. INFORI\,[AI-: Mr. Lee complaimed about us coming to ilass late. In informal English, the object form (e.g. us) is frequently used. In very formd English, a possessive noun (e.g. Mary's) is used to modifo a gerund. Ex: Mr. l"ee complained about Mary's coming to class late. The pqesessive form is often not used in infonnal EngJish. Ex: Mr. Lee complained about lr,Iary coming to class late. " coming to class late " occuned before "Mr. Lee complained" so a past gerund is also possible. - Mr. l,ee complained about our having come to class late.

interview 6/ I4atthew left without (ell). .... .... .......anyone. 7/. It's _irelss. Give up. Enough's enough. Don't keep (beat) ........ ..........your head against the brick wall. 8/ His (be. no$..... .. . ... ... . . ... .. ...able to come is disappointing. 9/ I hope .a scholarship for thi coming-semesto. I 0i We are very pleased (accept). ........ ...,.......your invitation. 1ll I,have considered (get).................a part time job (help)..... ..................pay for my school expenses. l2 It is exciting (travel).................10 faraway places and (leave)..... ,........ ..........,one,s daily routine behind. 13/ (help)...... ......,.. .... ........the disadvantaged children learn how to read was a rewarding experience. l4l He wants Qike)....................and (rrust)...........................by everyone. l5/ I can't help (wonder).. . ... ... ... . ... ..... .. ..why Larry did such a foolish thinu. 16i Mr. Carson is very lucky (choose).........,.,..........by the commi-ttee as their feprcsentative to the meeting in Paris. I 7/ (live)............'......... iln a city has certain advantages.

EXERCISE: Supply an appropriate form for each verb in parentheses. ll Alice didn't erpect (ask)........ :.................1o Bill,s party. 2/ I'm.not accustomed to (drink). .. , .... .. .....coffee with my meals. 3/ I1l help you with your homework as soon as I finish (wash). .. . .. ... .. . . .. . ...the dishes. 4/ s]re took a deep breath (relax):.. , .. . ... . ... .. . ..herselfbefore she got up to give her speecL. 5/ I'm prepared (arswer).....,.........any question tbat might be asked-during my job
_

(award)

l8/ Keep on (do).............. ............whatever you were doing. I (intemrpt)........ .............you.

didn,t

mean

l9l It_ is very kind ofyou (take).......................care ofthar problem for me. 20/ She opened th window (let)...................in some fresh air, 2ll They agreed ..with us to the firllest extend. 2-Jl Did you remerrber .in your assigunent? 23l I don't remember ever ....that siory before. 24l Does your son regret ...home and (go) .....................to a lorergn country (study)? 25l I appreciate your (ask) .. .. . .. .... . . .. .. , , ....my opinion on the maner.261 Yots should stop (drive) ............. .....,.if you get sleepy. It's dangerous (drive) .. . . .. . .. .. . . . .when you're not alert.

{cooperare) (tum,t (hear) (leave)

27lAfterdrivingfortlreehours,westopped(get)........;.............somethinstoeat.

3'1

Gli0 Tflir'rfl AilH vAil

28/ Please forgive me for (be. nqt)
14 - ustNQ_v_ERBS OF

TI.BDyH,- LIOH $riitit'l

SA|{G

.......... ..... ...... ... ..,..here to help you

yesterday.

PERCEPTION.

Cenain verbs of perception are foilowed by either "the simpls form" or "the -lng fbrm'' of a veib. there is usually little di{ference in meaning beiween the two forms except thal "the IIig form" usually gives th idea of Ex: I saw my friend run down the street. I saw my tiiend running down thc street. (l saw rny fiientl while he was nrnning do\a'n the strcet) I heard the rainfall on the roof. .I heard the rain falling on the , Sometimes, (not always) there is a clear difference between using.l.lhq simple form" or "the -Ing firrm". Ex: I heard a famous opera sing at the concert last night. (a) When I walkcd into the apartment, I hoard my rconrmate singing irilthe shower. (b) In (a) : I heard the singing fron beginning to end. In (b) : The singing uas iu pmgress when I hearci it. Verbs of oerceoiion followed bv tbg simole form or the -Ins form

"while"

roof.

OBSERVE EXERCISE: Complete the sentences with the words in ihe list. Use both possible fonns. Chase: land; sbake: ccme; look at; sirigl knock; ring; take oft' l/ When I was dowr town yesterda), I saw the polioc.... chase i chasilg...a thiei. 2/'fhere was an earthquake in my hometo*n last year. It $,asjust a srnali one, but I could feel the ground.. . -jl Polly was working in her garden, so she didn't hear the phone. .. . . . .. . 4i I like to listen to the birds...................when I get up early in the morning. 5/ The guard.observed a suspicious-looking ..into the bank. 6/ I wag almost asleep last night when I suddenly heard sorneone,.............-.......on the door. 7i Did you notice Max... ....................another student's paper during the exam? 8/ While I rryas waiting for my plane, I walched other

WATCH

. SEE ,HEAR FEEL SMELL NOTICE

LOOKAT

LISTENTO

person

pIaues...................and-.................. In thefotlowing, choosc the some appropriare form (either simple or -Ing) of rhe vefis in parcntheseu. 9/ Last weeketd I went to my rJaughter's sococr game. I enjoy-ed warching the children.....................play soccer. (play) 10i When I walked past the park, I saw some children...... ... .. ... . .... ....baseball. (ptay) I li Do you see Mary................,.up the sreer? Isn't that her, the woman in the red.dress? (walk) 12./ Do you hear someone..................for help in the distance'l I do. (call). ! 3/ When I glanced out the windorv, I saw Jack....... ....... ...toward my house. (rl'alk) l4l When I heard the principal ofthe school..... .... .. ... . .. .,.lny name a1 the graduation ceremony, I walked to the front of the auditoriurn to receive my diploma. (call) 15/ Last night while I was fi,ving to fall asleep, I could hear the people in the next ..... , (sing, laugh) l6l Do you sgrell something......................,..? (burn) 17,/ As soon as I saw the fly............on the table. I srvatted it with a rolled up newspaper. (land)

tod
soII

aparlment..........................and

iAIIG

0ri0 TRiltH At{H VAil

15 -

TT.BDVH

ITDH OAI

HOC SIJ PHAIT

in'' of

USING THESIMPLE FORM Atr-tER '{LET" AND (HELpn LET is always followed by the simple form ofa verb, not an intinitive. Ex: My fadrer let me drive his car. I let my triend bonow my bicycle. HELP is often followed by the simple form of a verb. An inlinitive is also possible. Ex: My bmther helped me wash my car. My {rother helped me to wash my car. EXERCISE: Complete the sentences with verb phrases, l/ Don't let me.......forget to take my keys to the house with me........... 2/ The teacher usually lets us

3/ Why did you let your roommate

(b)
rss

4/ You shouldn't let other people.. 5/ A stranger helped the lost

child

............................

16. USING CAUSATIYE VERBSI MAKE. IIAYE. GET (a) I made my brother carry my'suitcase. (b) I had my brother carry my suircase. (c) I got my brother to carry my suitcase. Form: X makes Y do something (simple form) X has Y do something (simple form) X gets Y to do something (infinitive) MAKE HAVE GET can be used to express the idea that "X" causes "y' to do something. when they are used as causative verbs, their meaning are similar but not identical. In (a): My brother had no choice. I insisted thdt he carry my zuitcase. In (b): My brother canied my suitcase sirnply because I asked him ro. In (c): I managed to persuade my brother to csrry my c itcase.
Mrs. Lee made her son clean his room. Sad movies make me cry. Causative MAKE is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. MAKE gives the idea that "X" forces "Y" to do something. In (d): Mrs. Lee's son had no choice (f) I had the plumber repair the leak. (g) Jane had the waiter bring her some rea. Causative HAVE is followed by the simple fonn of a verb, not an infinitive. HAVE gives the idea that "X" request5 "y" to do something. hr (f): Thc plumber repaired the leak
because I asked him to.

(d) (e)

fleths

95S?

(h) The students got the teacher to dismiss class earlv. Jack got his friends to play soccer with him afteischool. causative GET is followed by an infinitive. GET gives the idea that "X" persuades .,y"

(i)

to do something. In (h): The students managed to persuade the teacher to let tlem leave early. () I had my watch repaired (by someone). , (k) I got my warch repaired (by someone). The Wsl.paliciple is used after HAVE and GET to give a passive meaning. In this case, there is usually litde or no difrerence in meaning between HAfE and GEt. Inll; ana 6;: t caused my watch b be repaired by someone.

GIAO TRiiIH ANH vA}I

TT.B0uti

LT$,: tr0i.nfl sAhi

EXERCISS l: Complete.the sentences with the words in paientheses. l,/ The doctor made the patient. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , ..in bed. (stay.y 2i lvlrs. Crane had her house.... ... ..... ,..... , .. .... .(naint) 3/ The tcacher had lhe class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a 2000 - woxl research paper. (write)

4i Imadenryson..................."thewindow$betbrehecouldgooutsidetopla,v.(wash)
(clean)

5/ Don gqt some kids in the neighborhoo<i..............,....our his garage. 6/ I went to the ba:rl to have a check...... . ...... ..... ..... . (ca-sh)

7/Tomhadabadheadacheyesterday,sohegothistwinbrotherTirr..............toolass for him. Tire teacher didn'r know the difference. (go) 8i When Scott went shopping, he found ajackct that irc really liked. Afrer he had the sleei,es. . - . . . . . . . . .....,,,, it fit hirn pcrl'ecLly. (shorr.en) 9/ Ivly boss made me......,........,....nly report because he wasn't setisfied with it.(redo) l0/ Alice stopped at the service station to have the tank....... .._ .. ......(fill) I l/ I got Mary..................me some money so I could go to a movie last night. (lend) l2l Mr. Fields went to a doctor to have the wad on his nose...................,.........(remove)
13i Peeling onions always makes me.................. .(cry) l4l Tom Sawyer was supposed to paint the fence, but he didn't want to do it. He lvas a very clever boy. Somehow he got his friends.....................it lbr him. (do) 15/ We had a protbssional photographer................pictures ofeveryone who participated

in our wedding. (take)

l6lispiiledsometomatosauceonmysuitcoat.Nowlneedtogetrnysuit............(clean)

l7Have Have

Ex

- -ing : IJave a good tirle difficulty + -ing; Have a hard tirnc +

lirn

We had fun playing volleyball. We had a good time playing football I had nouble / I had difficulty / I had a hard tirne / I had a diflicult rime fi nding his

llng

; Hav"e trouble + ^ing ; Have a difficuit tinic {- -inB

house.

SPEND + expression of time or ntoney + ING WASTE * exDression of time or monev + ING Ex: Sam spends most of his time studying. I waste a lot of time watchins TV. SiT expression ofplace + ING J- expression ofplace + rNc STAND + expression ofplace + INC EX : She sat at her desk writing a letter. I stood there wondering what to do next. He is lying in bed reading a novel. (pro)loun lNC (pro)noun CATCH INO In flris case, FIND and CATCH mean DISCOVER. CAI'CH exptesses anger or

LIE

FIND + +

+ r.

displeasure.

Ex: When I walked into my otfrce, I lbund George using my telephone. When I rvalked into my offrce, I caughl a thief iooking tluough my desk
draq'ers.

.+0

GIAO TRINH

TilH VAII

TT.EDVH

LTOH O4I HgC SU PHAM

ttr)

EXERCISE l: Complete the following. 1/ We had a lot of fun...playing............games at the picnic. 2/ I have trouble 3/ I spent two hours..... , ..........my homework last night. 4/ Martha is standing at the corner......... ...........for the bus. 5/ Michael is sitting in class............ ... ......notes. 6/ Ms. Anderson is a commuter. Every wo*day, she spends almost two hours... ... ......to
and from work.

;s

:
o)

7/ It was a beiutiful spring day. Dorothy was lying under a tree.. ...... ...... ..to the birds
sing. 8/ We waste our money. .. . .. . ... . ... .,to that movie. lt was very boring. 9/ Joe spmt all day................ready to leave on vacation. 10/ Ted is an indocisive person. He has a hard time.....;..........up his mind about anyfting.

clA0 ri.iiillt.A|,itr VAil

rT.Bil!h

'

tTgit Nouiid rAil6

CHAPTER 5

NOUNS
l, Uncountable (noncount) nouni snd countable (count) nouns
t'ountable nouns are things we can counr. They have t'oth singular and plural foms. E.g.: a house. houses, a doclor, doclors, a dog, and dogs... * Exception: Some nouns are always plural nouns and take phrral verbsl bui they do not end in s. e.g.: livestock, people, cattle, poultry, the police, the pubtic, and clergv... 2' I lncountable nouns are things we cannot count. They have nsr plural f<rrms anc they are ahvays singular. E.g.: water, money, information... -1, Some common noncoupt nouns: a. Whole groups: baggage. clothing, equipment, firrniture. garbagc. hardware. jewelry. junk, luggage, machinery, mail, makeup, money/sashichangc, postage. scenery. traffic, etc. b. Fluids: cofl'ee, milk. tea, water, soup, oil, blood, g-asoline, etc. c. Food: rice, sugar, salt. pepper, bread, butter, cheese, spaghetli, corn, wheat, flour, etc. d. Gases: oxygen, hydrogen, air, pollution, steam, smoke, snlog, etc. e. Materials: wood, paper, cotton, w()ol, glass, silver, iron, gold, etc. f. Particlcs: chalk, dir| Cust, grass. hair, etc. g. Languages: English. Vietnamese, Chinese. F'rench, Spanish, etc. h. Fields of study: chemistry, engineering, economics, history, geography, literature, mathematics, physics, statistics, politics. phonetics, gymnastics, etc. e. Recrertion: baseball, soccer, foorball, vnlleyball, basketball, tennis, badminton, chess,
1.

-2

3 *4

-6

I
9

l, I
1:

L t,

il
T
'1.

bridge, poker,

etc

.i. Some diseases: diabetes, mcasles, mumps. rabies. bronchitis, lichets, shingles, flu,
slress. insomnia. etc.

s(

k. General activities: reading, driving, studying, swimming. traveling, etc. L Natural phcnouena: dew, electricity, fbg, fire, hail, heat, humidity, light. darkness, gravitf, thunder, lightning, rain, sleet, snow, sunshine, wind, weather... c. Abstractions: beauty, education, enjoyment, frur, health, help, knowledge" laughter, luck, music. pride, progess, recreation, significance. sleep, truth" wealth. etc. - advice, information, news, evidence, proof, etc. - time- space, energy, etc. - homework, work, grammar, slang, vocabulary. etc.

II. Plural Nouns

Erercise: Write the plural form of thc tbllowing nouns and the final S/ES sounds i . pen - pens /z/ 17. calf 3 3. potato 49. orange 2. teacher 18. half 34. echo 50. house 3, arm 19. knife 35. auto 51 . watch 4. law 20. leuf 36. kilo 52. qriz 5. book 21. life 37. photn 53. bus
6. stomach 7. rnonarch 8. epoch
t/. pholograph
10. 12.
I 3.

-v,
'1.

22.loaf 23. self

24. sheaf 25. shelf
26.

38, solo
39. radio

2.

54. box

roof
chief

thief

I I . handkerchief

cuff

27. wolf 28. scarf 29. satb

40. dynanro 41. piano 42. soprano 43. volcano 44. tornado 45. rnosquito

55. dish 56. m;rn 57. wornan

58. child

3.

59. <rx 60. mouse 6l . louse

vl
Er

l.

4?.

tiG

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LTDH OAI HOC SU PHAM

14.

chef

15. map 16. student

30. bplief 31. chff

32.rcef

46. city 47. monkey 48. piece

62. foot
63. tooth 04. goose

L bird ofprey 2. bride-to-be 3. sister-in-law

no't

worker 16. wornan driver

15. man 17.

4. comrade-in-arms

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

cover-up

fork-lift-nuck
human being heart attack

lady-doctor passer-by 19. 21. man-of-war

18.

gentleman-farmer

fish 31. sheep

30. 32. 33. 34.

offspring

means precis

grapefruit

35.
36.

species greenlly

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

analYsis basis

appendix

'

22.commander-in-chief

lily ofthe valley 10. Iooker-on I l. holiday maker 12. grown-up 13. address book 14. forget-me-not

corps bison aircraft spaceclaft 27. deer 28. series 29. crossroads
23. 24. 25. 26.

37.
38,

thesis 39. crisis 40. index

medium criterion formula 50. bacterium 51. datum

., 52. chassis

53. Mr. Brown 54. Miss Green phenomenon 41. 55. Mrs. Smith 42. syllabus 43. cacfus

III. Compoundnoutrs:

are two nouns used together io malie one word or idea.

1u,

The I st noun acts as an adjective to the second noun and usually does not take s. The second noun cm be plural. e.g.: brain cells, computer scientists, a child, psycltologist, school bags ... e.g.: - He wote a 600-page novel. - We have a very beautiful flower garden. -Tom spent a three-month holiday in the countryside. '

rSS,

IV. Indefinite promutrE

everyone someone
everybody everything

are

anyone

no one

anybody somebody an)rthing something lndefinitc pronouns are always in singular. e.g.: - Everyone lus his or her own responsibility. - Nobody has. been here for a long time.

nobody nothing

V, Reflexive pronolns are

myself itslf

yourself
yourselves

himself
ourselves

herself themselves
are thc same.

L A reflexive pronouns is used when the subject and object

e.g.: - I teach myself English. - My best friend often talks to himself. 2. A reflexive pronouns is used-to emphasize the fact that the subject does the action alone. e.g.: - My daughter made a dress for her doll herself. - My daughter herself made a dress for her doll. 3. By + a reflexive pronoun means "alone". e.g.:.My grurdfalher lives by himself.

VI. Pogsorive crse Erercise: Choose the correct answer l. ....,................ are romantic masterpiece.

GrAo TRil{H

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:. i

Jll lii:Uitli

;i,1,

-,

poetress'poens c. That poetress's poems

a. 'l'hat

b. l'hose poelress'poems d. 'fbose poctress'; poenls

2. i'hat shop sells ................... clothes. b. man,s and wontan's d. rnen and women's 3. ....................parents usually buy them similar clothes because they are twins. a. Tom's and PeteCs. b. Tom's and Peter c. Tom and peter's d.b&c atr conect 4. ....-..........-............ dresses are similar in color.
c. man and
a, mens and

womeris wonran's

'

b. Mary's and Alice's d. a&c are conect 5. NIy ....... .,....,........ car is very nice and expensive. a. brother-inlau/s b.brothels-inlaw c. brother's-inlaws d.brother-inJaw 6. Ihe ...................r room is far from the ...................... office, a. employee's / b. employees'/ boss, c. empioyees' / d. employce's / boss' 7. This book is not mine. Ir's..........,.........,... . a, someone b. someone's c. someone d. another's 8. This !s a very nice tie of a. my b. farher c. father's d. my father's, 9. A vacation that lasts 3 months is called a a. 3-month vacation b.3 months' vacation c. vacation of3 C. all are correct I0. Luke is my cousin , ......................,... son. a. my father's bmther's b. my t'ather's and brother's c. my brother''s father's d. my brother's I l. A ..............., is waiting for you outside. a. iady's long black b. lady with long black hair c. lady has long biack d. lady oflong black hair 12. For ......................, you shouldnt harm him. a, conscience' sake b. the conscience's sake c. sake of conscience d. sake's conscience

a. Maq' and Alice's c. Ivlary's and Alice

boss's boss's

else

else

else's

firther

months

hair hair

b. houses ofeach other c. each nther's houses d. each house and other 14. ...................... put out to pasture from spring ro autumn. a. The majority of cattle is b. The majority of cattle are c, The majority of cattles are d. The majoritv's cattle are

a. each other in houses

VIL Forms of (Jther

Exercise: Ch.o<rsc the correct answer l . They're going to buy ............. ..... .... c.u. fhe old one has been sold. b. another c, the other d. another's 2. John have come. a. 3 other friends b. 3 more c. anorher 3 lriends d. all are correct 3. I sav*'a house on fire ...........,..... dav. a. another b. other c. the other d. the others 4. Dn .........-.... lind this erercise dilficuit to do . too? a. the other student b. the other studenb c. other studeFts d.others students 5. Thel only chose fresh were tluoun auav. a. b.'fhc others

a.other and

fiiends

Others

apples.

44

GIAO TRII{H ANH

vIil

TT.BOVH

LIOH OAI HOC SIJ PHAM

c. The other apples

d, b&c are correct

6. Please remember to water these plants on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and so on. These plants should be *'atered ..................,., . a. every b. every otherday c.onceevery2days d. day after day 7..I've got 3 letters. One is from my parents, .............. is from my cousin, and ............... is from my friend. a. another / anotherb. another / the others c. another / the other d. one / another 8. They walked a. each other / one another b. altogether / each other c. together / together d. together / each other 9. I can't answer the last questiors, but I have done a. all the others b. othcrs c. all of d. other ones 10, I have po close friends ......................... you. a. b. another c. other d.than the other

day

others than

other

than

VIII. Expressionr of Quantity = Quanlifiers:

Quantificrs
one each Used with count nouns one book
each book

Use with noncount nouns

O (not used)

o\

every

every book

a
u)

two both a couple of three,.... a few, fewer sweral many a number of a great number of a large number of a small number of the number of a little, less much.
a great deal

tlvo books both books a couple of books three books a few books several books many books a number of books a greal number of books a large number bfbooks a small number of books the number of books r7
@

w (
@

g
w
(7

6
@ @

Y) a

little coffee, less coffee

of of of

a good deal of a large amount a small amount

o a
not any books - no books hardly any books some books a lot ofbooks / lots ofbooks

rnuch coffee a great deal ofcoffee a good deal of coffee a large amourt of col'fee a small amormt of coffee not any coffee = no coffee

no = not any hardly any

some

lot ofl lots of plenty of mofe most all

a

plenty ofbooks
more books rnost books all books

hardly any colfee some coffee a lot ofcoffee / lots coffee plenty of coffee more coffee most coffe all coflee

of

-45-

GNO

INiilfi

ANH VAil

TT.BOV
.i-

ITOH !{tiLri,i.rAa{G

noncount or count noun c.g.: - Ivlost studenls are studious. - Most coffce is bitter. * Spccific nouns are nouns freceded by : - demonstrators; this, that, thsse, those or - possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, lheir, John's ... or - itrticle : the

* Nonspeci{ic nouns : quantifier

* Using Of in expressiors of qurntity

one, each. every onc

two, both
three...
a fcrv

of

spccific

+ plural count

noun

several

- Several

my those

students

are

fiom the provinces.

books

arc not minc.

+of
: Much of the

+ troncount noun
here is second hand.

e.g. : Some of my tiiends ate doctots. Some of the fumiture hcre is old.

* of is alrays a part of these following expressions of quantity whether the noun is specific or nonspecific: a couple of, a lot of, lots of, a number of, a great deal ol, a lot of, lots of,
plenfy of, - Nonspecitic: I have bougjrt a lot ofclothes. - Specific: I have bought a lot ofyour clothes. , * of is optional after all and both when the noun is specific - All of my teachers are excellent. = All my teachers are exceilent. - Both of thcse books arc about famous writers. : Both these books are about famous writers.

Notesr

IX, Using a fcw - fen'; a little - little Exercisc: Fill in ths blanks with a few. few, little, or a litrle. 1. FIe is very selfish. Therefore, 2. How long have you been waiting for us? - Just ................... minutes. 3. She has spent most of her sal4ry. Now, she has ................. money. 4. Would ytru like to iisten kr ..................,.. music before you go 10 bed? 5, He dislikes nrilk. Therefore, he adds ........,........,.mi1k to his 6. ile has been sleeping for...................... hours. 7. She never feels lonely although she has ...................... friends. E. Can you speed up a bit? There is ......,..,....,...... traffic. 9. Shc is very happy because she hasjust sent ....................monev to her rnother.

coffee.

.i::

4t,

GIAO TR.IilH AilH

vAiI

TT.BOVH

LTOH OAI HqC. SU PHAII

X. Subject - Verb Agreement 1 Basic Subject . Yerb agreement

Verb My Aiend lives in Dalat.
Phrral Verb My friends live in Dalat.

- Singular subject + singular

plural verb A prepositional pluase between a subject and a verb does not affect the verb. Subjects connected by and take a plural verb. Exception: Every and each go with singular nouns; thus, the verb is singular even the subiects are connected by and. Genrnd used as the zubject takcs a sinzular verb.
verb - Plural subiect

Tbe story about his adventures is well written.

The stories in this book are well written.

My mother and father are

doctors.

Every manager and worker needs to work hard. lgsh professor a4d student has to be at the metins. Fishins takes both time
aod Datience.

2. Using expressionr of quantity

verb - Some of the fruit is ripe.

new,

Plural verb

- All of his clothing is

- One of my sisters is here. - Each of .my teachers is
here.

-Some rip".

of the aoples are

- All of his houses are

modern.

The noun following of in expressions of quantify

determines the verb.

Exceptions: orie of, each of, and every one of take

singular verbs.

-&9ry_s!9 of my sons is
here

* &!g of the books is

*

** Nong ofthe books are

good.

good.

formal English *i used in informal speech

and

used

in

very

writine

The number of workers in the factory is 100.

3. Usfug there + be

* A numbff of workers are

skilltul.

The number is the subject ** A number of= a lot of

Tbe subiect is the noun

4, Usitre collective

army
association audience assembly

crowd
couple company

government

group

public staff
team uruon

board choir

council crew

family ftmr faculty

jury
orchesm
press

47-

GIio TRiilH AilH vAiI

n.0Uu,
Plural verb fbgi$qig are relaxing and having some drinks. .= They are relaxing and having some drinks. - Our teeci,ine si,a$ are having dinncr.
*

i .0h r. ir.i;:i

,r.

verb lheir lealll is not veN strong = It is not velv strong.

+ When a

- O'rr !-e4ghirrg staff is the

bcs1.

refers to a single unii. a whole group, it is singular. . +t Wlren a coilcctive noun rcfers to each individual, all membcrs of the grcup. it is

a'r
.FXURCIETS

l.

She is very sclfish. Thereforc, a. some few

2. Most of

b. clothing c. clothings are frclothings is J. A number of going on glliftgthis week. a. workers b. workers c. worker is d.all are corect 4. The exercises in this hard. _ a. book are c. books arc d. books is fbook is 5. What '., a. are the natural phenomenons b. is the natural phenomena c. are the natural phenomenon rl..are the natural pheriomcne 6. One of the salad brolirn, a. bowls b. bowl c. bowls d. bon.l are 7. l'wo - thirds of the his. a. luggages b, luggages c. luggage d. luggage are 8. There's in my city. a. 800 beds b. 900 bed hospitals c. 800 - bed d. 800 beds,hospital 9. Every a rdgistered number. a. student b. student c. students d. studenrs has 10. In my city , there . a.are a lots of b. are a lot of universities c. is a lot of d. are a lot ofuniversitys I 1. every iove? a . Does / child b. Do I children need c . Does / children d. Do / childrens need 12. fbis laboratorr needs a. several b. some equipment c a few d. sn.ne equipments 13. Almost all in this aquarium _____ _ rropical fish. a. o1'fishes /are b. of.the fish / c. ofthe tlshes / are d. of the fish /is 14. All fumiture in those rooms second-hand. a.0/are h. the / is c. of the i is ri. b&c are cixrect i 5. Most of the information ia those worth reading. a. book is b. book are c. books d. books is

her a. clothing are are

*a _-

_
c. f-ew

d. linle

fashionable.

is

___

is

are

is

is'

hospital hospital , ___ has have _ university univosity __-.-.-*_., need need equipments equipment _ _ are
*,___--_

are ---

is

is

have.

3:

_-=__--

JI
36

are

48

ri,

GrAo

rRiilH AilH Vlil

TT.BDVH

LIOH DAI HOC $U PHAM

;--l
rhtrle
I

16. The Philippines a. consists /islands

of many
b. consist islands d. consists / island
b. The Vieinamese are d. The Vietnarnese is far to walk.

t1

c. consist / island

n
all
.ls

hard working. a. Vietnamese is c. Vietnameses are

18.'Iwenty-fwe kilometers

a. is too b. are too c. are so d. is so 19. I wonder if you'd be so kind as to give me a. a few advices b. some advice c. some advices d. few advice 20. Ifuowing him a succe,ssful businessman. a. much language make c. a lot languages make

b. many languages make d. many languages makes

c. need helps
a flag.

21. Thehandicapped
a. needs help

b. need help

d. needs helps

22. Every
a. house and apartment have

b. house and apartrnent has

e. fruit is d. oranges are of rhe hers. a. Much / $nail is b. Many / rnails are c. Much / mails are d. Many/mail is 25. He is an independent man. Therefore, he needs a. few b. little help c., a little help d. a few helps 26. Reading her hobby. a. books and rnagazines are c. book and magazine is b. books ard magazines is d. books and maqazine is 27. Each ofthe holding a flower in a. children are / their c. children is / his b. child is / his d, children is / her 28. of those two boys well - educated. a. Some / are b. None / c. Neither / d. Most / are 29. everyone musrc or spofis. a. Almos i likes b. Almost / like c. Not / like d. Most / likes 30. One quarter of my from HCM City. a, classmata b. classmates c. classmate d. classmates is 3 L I tried on scveral pairs of shoes, but of them fit me. a. b. most c. one d. none 32. students absent today. a. Not / b. None / c. No / d. No / is 33. Which one would you like, the blue one or the red of them fine. a- Either / b. Either / c. Both / d. Neither / are 34. of students in this university increasing. a. Thenumber/ is b.A number / c. The number/ are d, A number/ is 35, boy and girl in this looked aftcr very well. a. Both / b. All I c. Every / is d. Every i are 36. She teaches children very well because she is 4 famous a. child psychologist c. child's psychologist b. children psychologist d. psychologist of child

c. houses and apartrnents have 23. Several ofthe ripe. a. orange is b. fruit are

d. houses and apartments has

24.

help =--

_ are

is

is

some

are _

are

are is

is

are one?

--.,-.--_

,, . are

is .-..are kindergarten are

are

-49-

Gtio Tnitiii Afir! viN

..

.-,

...

Ti.il0vfi _ LToh l,lt||jlift-iitt{d

3?. Many are competing to gain th+drsfket share a. computeni c. computer's companies D. computer d. computer companies 38. Most in this city are kind and liiendly. a. woman taxi-drivers c. rvomen's taxi-drivers b. women taxi-drivers d. woman's taxi-drivers 39. Those lenses are cleant but this ............... dirw. a. lens b. lense c. lenses d, lenses are 40. i bought some ...................^ this morning.

companies company

______

is

is

is

c. hands d. e1,es ofcorn 41. ..........,...... ofchildrcn in that arca .....,........ poor diet. a. A number/have b. T'he number/have s. A number / d.The number/ has 42. ............... of rice ............ exported to France. a. A great number/is b.Alot/are c, A great deal / is d. Most / is 43. ..... ........... the pclice .............. the thief yer? a. Have / caught b. Has I c. Do / catch d. Does I catch 44. I want to rnke a phone call. ..................... do you have ? a. How many c. What ohanges b. How much d. How change ._ 45. A .................. far less experuive than a durian. a- head ofbananas c. piece ofbananas is h. hand of bananas d. good deal cfbananas'are. 46. Those two ............,.... cosi 3 tlollars. a. c. heads ofcabbase b,. q]eces d. arms of cabba{e _ 47. I didn't catch as ..................... as he did. a. many b. much c. manv fishes d. all are correct 48. She in studying English. a. much pmgress b. many progresses c. a progress d. a big progrcss 49. In Vietnam, the most common name for TEo or Ti. a. boys b. boy c. boys rl. boys was _^ 50. She was disappointed because she got .................... news and mail from him, a. b. c. d, a little 51. It's safe herc because there is ........,.,....... crime here. a. b. not c. hardly d. all are conect 52. To finish this exercide, I need .................,.. a. another five minutes c. more five minutes b. five more minutes d,a&bareconect 5i. I have three sisters, One is a is a dentist, and _........... is a teacher. a. another / the other c. one / another one b. another / another d. all are corect 54. She has bought 5 dresses. One is blue, a. the others / c. orhers / the others b. another / the others d. others / lhe other 55. The professor and dcctor ,............,,.......... soon. a, ls b. are cominc c. are going to d, b&c are conect 56" I{rs. Brown with her four children-................... to the supermarket eyery wcekend. b. c. is goiog d.

a. ears

ol'corn b. coms

ofcom

has

caught

changes change is is

cabbages ofcabbage fish made is

fish

is

little are some

.

liule

few

little

much

anv

docbr,

others

commg ccnte a.go goes

'

'

going

*.

50

Gdo TRiilH AilH

vIil

r. come getting
here.

!qy!

_--

_!IgH

9$ Hqq_qqlHAlL

5?. John, acconrpanied by his friends,

c. hasjust a, havejusl corne b.just 58. Living expenses in Flanoi, as well as in HCM City, .........,........ c. is a. b. are 59. My father and director ......,.....:......... always ready to help me. c. was b. are a. ts

gets

come getting

d, are coming higher and higher. d. get

d. were d. persons is

60.

All the .............................,.

a. peoples

are

b. people

is

c. people are

GtiO TFINH AI,IH vA

CHAPTER 6

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION

Terms; clause:
indcpcndent clause:
A clausc is a group of rvords coniaining a s,,U.r.t -a a verb. An independent t:/arse is a complete sentence. it contains the mai4 subject and verb.ufa senlence. 0t is also called a mam clause.) A dependent clause is not a compiete sel)tcnce. It must be ci.rnnected to an indepenclent clause, Atr adjective. clause is a ricpendent clause rhat modifies a noun. It describcs. identifies, or gives funher rnformalion about a noun. An olause is afso cglled arelative ciause,)

dependent clause:

adjective clause:

USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS: WHO, WHICH,THAT

who = used for people which = used for things thnt = used for botl people and things

USING OBJBCT PRONOUNS: WHO(M), WHICH, THAT

r.

PRONOLTN USED AS THI VERB The rnan was Mi. Jones. I sa,w him.

(e)l'he man who(m) I saw was Mr. Jones. (l)l'he man that I saw was Mr. Jones. (g)The man o I sarv was Mr. Jones.
Tbe movie wasn't very good. We saw

Notice in the examples: -hJ@ clause pronouns ae placed at tbe fuginning of thc clause. (Gcneral guidclinc"; Placc an adjective. clausc pronoun as close as possibie to lhe. noun it In (e): rvho is usually used instead # whom, especially in speaking" Whom rs generally used only in very formal ln, (g) and O: an o6jecr pronoun is ollen omittcd fiom al adjeciive clause. (A suhject pronoun, howeveq rnay not omitted.)

9l
JI 5/ 6/

lt

4/

8l
19

it

last night,

(h)The rnovie which we saw last nicht wasn,t

pal

inl

c|A0 TBit{H Af'th trAN

l8

An adjective clause may conuin an expressibn of quantity with OF ; MANY OF ;MOST Ol'; n*ONE OI.'I TWO OF ; HALF OF; BOTH OF ;NFIITHER OF ; EACH OF ; AI-L OF ; SEVERAL OF ; A FEW OF ; l,l'ITLE OF : A NUMBER OF : erc. In my class there are 20 students. Many of them are from the Far Easr. (a) In my class there me 20 students, most of whom are from the Far East.

He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.

:-_1

lent

I
I

'l
,.

oun
Lrve

_]
I

(b) He gave several reasons, only a few of which werc vald. The teachers discussed Jim. One ofhis problems was poor study habits. (c) The teachers discussed Jinr. one of whose problems was poor study habits. The expression of quantity precedcs the pronoun. Only WHOM, WHICH, and WHOSE are used in rhis patlern. Adjective clauses that begin with an expression of quantity are more common in writing than speaking. Commas are used.

live

-i
__J

I
I I
I I

Swenth. 3/ (a) I hied on six pairs of shoes. (b) I liked none ofthem. 4/ (a) The village has about 200 people. (b) The majority ofttrcm are farmers. 5/ (a) That company currently has five ernployees. (b) All ofthem are computcr experts.' 6/ (a) After the riot, ovef one hundred people were taken to the hospital , (b) Many ofthem had been innocent bystanders.'

I : Cornhine the two senrences. Lrse (b) as an adjective clause. (a) 1/ The city has sixteen schools. (b) Tuo ofthem are junior colleges. The city has sixteen schools, two of which are junior colleges. 2/ (a) tast night the orchestra played tlnee symphonies. ft) One of them was Beethoven's
EXERCISE

*:l
)ral I ilsL'l

ir;l

*"i
nfl
I

--J

'Tl nel
- _-_l

EXERCISE2 : Cornplete the following sentences. 1! Al introduced me to his roornmates, both of .....whom rre from California The Paulsons own fouriutomobiles, one of ... ... . . . .. I have three brnthers, all of ........... 4l I am taking four counes, one of ... I hive two rnornmates, neither of .. ..,........-......... 6/ This semester I had to buy fifteen books, mostof .. ................... The company hired ten new employees, sbme of . 8/ In my apartment building, there are twenty apartmsnts, several of . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
_

isi
i

se.l lor

An adjective clause may include a NOUN + OF WHICH (e.g. , the rop of which). This pattem carries the meaning of WHOSE (e.g. , We have an antique table whose top has jade
inlar'.)

_l

-)-t-

{irA0 TflinH ANH

vir{

lT.BUVh

LIEH l{Uljllri iiAli6

This pattem is used irr.an adjeclive clause that modifies a..thing', and occurs piimarily in formal written English. Commas are used, .We have an alrtique table.
The top of ir has jade inlay. We have an antique table. the top of which has jarie inlay.

ETIC|SE : Combine rlre senlcncas. Use (b) as an adjectir,e clause., . (a).we.toured a 300-y.ear-ord house. (b) The exterioi of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay. I We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemerrteci

li

wrth clay.

Picasso painting. (b) The value of the painting is over a million dollars. 3/ (a) I bought a magazine. (b) The tittle of the magazine is Conremporary Architectural
Styles.

21 (a) They own an original

(a) My country is dependent upon its income from crffee. (b) 'Ihe price of coftbe varies according to fluctuafions in the wbrld market. 5l (a) The genetic engineers are engaged in significant experiments. (b) The resulrs, of the experirnents will be published in the Joumal of Science.

4/

(a) The professor has assignd the students a research paper, (b) The purpose of the research paper is to acquaint them with methods of scholarly inquiry. 20-

6/

(a) Tom was late . (b) I*a/ surprised me. (c) Tom was late , which surprised me. The pronoun //rat and t [r can refcr to the idea of a whole senience which comes before. in (b) : The word that rcfers.to the whole sentence ..Tom was late. * (d) The elevator is out oforder. ,(e) This istoo bad.
The elevator is our of order , which is too bad. twy modir$ the idea of a whole sentence. in (c) : .iTom The word vord plicfr which refe$ refers to the whole sentenoe sentenoe.iTom waslate. ., Using pfuc& to modi$ a whole sentence is informal and occurs rmost frequently in spoken English, This structrre is gencrally not appropriate in formal writiirg. Whenever it is written, however, it is preceded by a comma to reflect a pauie in

(f

similarlf,

an adjectite clause with which

pl
,

speech.

EXERCISE

home yet. That worries Max isn't home yet, which wonies me. 2ll Jack was fireci from hisjob. That surprised all ofhis co-workers.. 3/ My roommate never picks up after hersclf. This initates me. 4/ Mrs. Anderson responded to my letter right away. I apprecia ed that.very.much. 5/ There was an accident on Highway 5. That means I'li be late to work this momins. 6/ I shut the car door on my necktie. That was really stupid of me.

l/ Max isn't

: Use.the second sentance as an adjeotive clau$F.

me.

GlAii

t,r|,ir

i,,i, i

''irlt

EXITRCISE 2 : Make up a sentence ro precede. the given sentence. Then combine the two sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause. l/ The student aexr to me kept crackiug his knuckles. That bothered mc a lot. fhe student nexr ro me kept cracking his knuckles, which bothered me a lot. 2/ ...........................Thatdisappoinredme. 3/ ..... . .. ... . .......That made me neryous. 4/ ......'l'hat shocked all ofus. .......That means he's probably in trouble. 6/ ......Thatwas a pleasant surprise. 7l ... ,..., ........... ........;... .. ,.....That made her very unhappy. 8/ . '.... ..... , ... ,. , .. .... .... ..... ... .. , ... I appreciared that very much. 9/ ...,That made difficult for me to conccntrate.

t ..,.............. ..... ................. 5/ ................ ........,........

..... . ....................."............... ................

it

l0/
21-

......That bothered me so much that

couldn't get to sleep.

Terms:clause: A clause is a groqp of related wofds that contains a subject and a verb. phrase: A phrase is a group of related lvords that does not contain a subiect and a verb, (a) ADJECTM CLAUIiE: The girl wlra is siuing next to meisMary. (b) ADJEC'IIVE PFIARSE: T1tre gil sitting next to ne isMar!. An adjective phrase is a reducdon of an adective clause. It modifies a noun. lt does not contain a subjecl and a verb. The adjective clause in (a) can be reduced to the adieclive phrase in O). (a) and (b) have the same rneaning. (c) CLAUSE: Tlrc boy u,io is playing the piano is&en. (d) PHRIa,SE: Thehy playing the piano isBen. (e) CLAUSE:'1lre boy (whom) Lsau, was Tom. (f ) PHRASE: (none) Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun .who, wbich, or that - are reduced to modiffing adjective phrases. The adjective .clause in (e) carurot be rcduced to an 4djecti!:e

phrase.

22Therc are two ways in which an adjective ctause is changedtoill adjertiw phrase: The subject pronoun is omitted AND the be form of the verb is omiued. (a) Clause: The man who is talking to lol]n|| is from Korea. Ptvase'. The talfrr'ng to John is fron Korea. (b) Clausr: The ideas which are presented intlnt book are interesting. Phll;ae;The prdsented intbatboolS sre interesting. (c)Clause: Ann is the woman who is responsible for preparing the budget. Phrase: ln4 is the wbman' responsible foi preparing the budget. (d) Clause: The boolu that are on that shelfarc mrne, Phrxe: The on thu shelf ue mine. 2. If thete is no be form ofa verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb'm its -ing form. (e) Clausc: English has an alphabet tllat consj.rtr of26 leners.

l.

man

ideas

'

.'

bottk

Pfuale English

has

.an

alphabet
-55

coasltfi'ng of 26 letters.

ci4_0_rl!!!_1!!

,vlr{

iT.BLri'. - :,lr ,,

,1..llj fi;,

commas, as in (h).

(h) George lrashington, the.first president of the ,nired States, raas a wealthy coionist an(l a general in the army. If the adjective crause requires commas, as in (g), ihe
arljective phrase arso requires
Change the adective clauses ro adjective phrases. , PI.E4qISE 1, l/ lro you Know the woman who is coming toward us? * Do you know the woman coming rowards us? 2/ The people who are waiting
u

to come with us is welcome. wantingto come rvith us is welcome. . (E) George washigtotl, who was the first president ,of the ,nired.lrores, was a wealthy colonist and a general in the army,

(f)

Clause. Anyone who Ptvase:

Anyone

wants

for the bus in the rain are getting wet. city that is located in rhe southe- part o?the countrv. -""' 4/ The children who attend thar school receive a g".;a .A"r;ii"". 5i The scientists who are resEarching the causes o'f canccr are making prcrgress. 6/ The fence, which surmunds our hiuse, is made ofwood. 7/ They live in a house.tlnt was built in 1g90. 8/ We have an apartrnent, which overlooks the park

j{L.o*:.19.

, ,+!E+C!SE
r,

-^11i_ ceremonles.
31

r*,o*

2:. Change the adjective clauses ro adjective phrases who is the president of the university, rvi a speech

five

at commencement

of ctri"ago *asrr"*rri"r. 11/ Pictures that showed ttre trudrtity of war entered the riving-room oi *iiiio^ Americans on the nightly news. Kuala Lunprr., which is the capitar of Malaysia, is a major trade center in souttreast . .12/ Asia. 13/ The Indians who lived in pdru before t}e discovery of the New wortd by Europeans belonged 1o the lncan culturc. l4l Many of the students who hope'to enter the university will be disappointed because only onc-tenth ofthosc who apply for idmission will be accepted. | )/ l here must exist in a modem community a suftiiieni number of persons who possess the technical skilt that is reouired to maintain the num"rous d"u,"o upon wrrich our physical comforts depend

message, rvhich corcemed rhe special nieering? 3:O lle the J/ Ite sffe to follow instructions that are given at the top of tf,e page. 1{ Jhe conctusion, which is presented in tiat book. rrut , tt ut most of the automobiles, whioli are pmduced by American inaustry, have some alfeci. 5i rhe ruls that atlow-pubric access !o w demess nod to b" .considered. o/ | ne pnorographs, which w.ere publishedin the newspaper, wefe extfaordinary. 7/'l'here is almost no end to the problems that face a hiaj of sate. 8/ N.'o, who was Emperor of R-ome from s+ to os e.D., is believed to have murdered both his mother and his wife. 9l rhe psychologists who study the natwe of sreep have made importiant discoveries. I 0/ The experiment which was conducted at the university

ry:.:

*o

.r

56

GIAO TBiilH AI.I}1 vAH

EXf,RCISB 3: Change the adier;tive phrases to adjeclive clauses.. li David Keller, a young poet known for his sensitive interpretations of human relationships, has jusl publishcd another volume of poems. I David Keiler, who is a young poet who is known for his sensitive interpretations of
ry
es

human relationships. hasjust published another volume of poems. 2/ Com was one of the agricultural producrs inuoduced to the European settlers by the Indians. Sonre of the other products iltroduced by the Indians were potaroes, peanuts, and tobacco. 3/ Hq read The Old Man and the Sea, a novel written by Ernest Hemingway. 4/ the sunlight coming through the window wakes me up early every morning. 5/ Mercuy, the nearest planet to the sun. is also the smallest of nine planets orbitirrg the
sun.

6/ The pyrarrrids, thc monumental lombs of ancient Eglptian pharaohs, were constructed from 3000 to 1800 B.C. 7/ 'lhe slofh, a slow-moving animal found in the nopical forests of Central and South Americ4 feeds cntirely on leaves and fruits. 8i Two-thirds of those anested for car theft are under twenty years of age. 9/ St. i,ouis, Missouri, known as " The Gateway tb the West'., traces its history to 1793, when Pierre Laclede, a French fur trader. selected this site on lhe Mississippi River as a furtrading post. l0/ Any student not wanting to go on the trip should infonn the office.

trXERCISE 4: Cornbine the sentenccs. [Jse the second sentence as an adjective clause. l/ Louiqville was founded in 1778. lt is the largest city in Kentucky. I Louisville, which is the largest city in Kentucky, was founded in 1778. 2/ John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 176'l. He was the sixth president of the
United States. 3/ Two languages, Finish and Swedish, are used in llelsinki. It is the capital of ]rinland. 4/ The Washington National Monument is a famous landma* in the nation's capital. It is a towering obelisk rnade of white marble.

iT.gtjld -

.i:iii

h$U.:ri

GIAT

CHAPTER 7

NOUN CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION

,{ noaa is used as a subject or an ot ject. A noun tlause is used as a subject or an object. In other words, a noun clause is used in the
same ways as a noun. (a) His story was irrteresting.

(b) Whw he said was'intresting.

.

In (a): a srory is i,roun. lt ls us"a us *e *Ui"ct of tfre

sentence.

In (b): wfat he said is a noun clause. It is used as the subject of the sentence. The noun clause has its own
subject (fte) and verb (sar'a).

YES

wiil
Does

(c) I heard his story. (d) I heard what he said.

In (c): sloryis a
verb heard.

nou@

In (d): what he said is a noun clause. It is used as the object of the verb ieard. W(,,ru'U USEI'''IO INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSES (l) question wordsj (2) whether (3\ that

when who
where
whom what which whose

if

why how

NOUN CLAUSESWHICH BEGIN WITH A QUESTTON woRD

QUESTION
Wheie does she live?' What did he say? When do they arrive?
@)

(a) I don't know

NOUN CLAUSE ui eic she lives.

I couliln't hear what he said. (c) Do you know when they anive?

In (a): where she lives is the object of the vetb lotow, Do not use question word brder in a troun clause. In a

noun clause, the

subject precedes the
verh.

Notice: daes, did. questions br.rt b Who lives there?

What happened? Who is at the door? noun clauses.
S

do are used
(d) I don' Iknow who.Iives there. (c) Please tell me what happened. (f) I wonder rfta ls at the door.

nd
in

not in

In (d): The word order is the same in both the question and the noun
clause because pfto is the subiect in both. (g): sfie the the question. is placed in front of the

VS
Who is she? Who are those men? Whose house is that?

SV
. (g) I don't know who she is. (h) I don't know who those men are. (i) I wonder nr*ase house that is.

In

$ubject of

is

so it

verb be
clause.*

in the noun

ctt

GlA0 llrlir,lr

Ailli

VAi{

IT.EDV||

r,li;i',

iii,

What did she say? : What should they do?

lfhat she said surprised me. Whut thev should da is obvious.

In Q); what she said is

the subject of
sentence.

the

t. I
I

(k): A noun clause subject takes a

NOUN CL4USES WrrrCH BEGrN WrTIr WHETTTER OR

Nolice

in

'-:l

:i ,-|
'nl

IF

;l *i

When a yes/no question is changed to a noun ciause, whelher or if is used to inlroduce the
clause.

,"1

-l
I
I

__l

(Note: wfteller is more acceptable in . formal English, but r/ is quite commonly used, especially in speaking) In (c), (d) and ie): Notice the pattem when or rol is used.

(l) Whether she comes or not is

unrmDortant to me.

;l :l ;l
;I
"l "i

QUESTTON WORDS FOLLOWED

(a) I don't know w hat I shoukl do. @) I don't know nrlcr ra da. (e) Pam can't deci& whether she rhould go or stay home. (d) Pam can't decide whether to go ot (to) sta! home. (e) Please tell me how I can get to the bus

BY

INI'INTTTVES

Question words (rlrea, where, how, who, whom, whose, what, which) and

whether may

be followed by

an

il
rl

I
:l

stalion, (f) Please tell me hoi' to get to the bus station. (g) Jim told us wlrre we could Jind it. Jim told us whre to find it.

in{initive. Eaoh pair of sentences in the examples has the same meaning. Notio tlnt the meaning expressed by the infinitive is either should or canlcould.

NOUN CLAUSES WHICII BEGIN WITII THAT

STATEMENT (Expression ofan idea

He is a good aclor.'
:
L

NOUN CLAUSE.
or

ln (a): thu he is a

fact\
(a) | thitik that he is a gogd. ailon (b) I think ie b a good actor.

good actor
(c)

is

The world is round.

\le know (that) the world il round.

noun clause. It is used as the object of the verb tillzft. The , word

-i9--

GUIO TNINH AI,IH VAN

Frequently it is omitted as in (b),

espebially

the

when ir introdirces a noun clause, has no meaning in itself. simply marks the beginning of

It

clause.

speaking.

(lf

l used

(r

(
((

ft
((
(1

(l (i fi
{e
(r.

QUOTED SPEECH *

(n In

6t)

GNO TniilH A]'IH UAil

lt
f,un

no
relf.

qks

of
IS

(b), 'tn
sed

.ln (e): The question mark is inside the

quotation marks.

tis
)un

In (1): Ifa queetion mark is used, no comma used before slg as*e/.

is

the

In (g): The exclamation point is irrside

the marks.

sn)
tlre the

REPOR1ED SPEECH AND

r""

T#lfi""SEQUENcE

oF TENSES rN Nor.rN

lhe not ir
)utr

Reported speech refus to using a noun'clause to report what someone has said. No quotation mar*s are used. Notice the changes in ths vcrb forms from quoted speech to

QTjOTED SPEIICH
(a) She said, "[ wntch TV even rlay." (b) She said, "l an watching'l'V." (c) She said, 'T have *rtched TV,"

the

f{EPORTED SPEf,CH
She said (that) she watched TV every day. Sire said she was watching TV. She said she hrd watched TV. She said she hed watched TV. She said she would wstch TV. She said she war going to watch TV. Shc said she could watcb TV. She said she might watch TV. She said she migbt watch TV. She said she had to watch TV, She said she hed to wrtch TV. She said she should watch TV. She said she ought to wrtch TV.

(d)
rly,

it
the th9 ls :nd as

(d) She said, "l wotched TV." (e) She said, "l wlll watch TV." (f) She said, "l an going to watch TV." (g) She said, "I ccn wrtch TV." (h) She said, "I may watch TV." (i) She said, "I might watch TV."

--t
_J
u:l
I

fi) She said, "I mrst wrtch.'fV." (k) She said, "I have to watch TV." (l) She said, "I shorld watch TV." (m) Shc said, "I oughno watch TV." (n) She said, "W*cb TV." o) She "Do you watch TV?"

told me to watch TV. t She asked if I watched TV.

She

n'l

ieo :ks

]nI itl
I

edl

.- 61

crA0

ihii{Hnhn viir

ll.ifilri - .1liii $tt,;i,r,, !il{o

lhr IT
B: [!e said he wafits us to read Chapter Six. Later reporting:. A: I didn'r go to class yesterday. ltid lri. Jones make any assignnrents? B: Yes. He said he wanled us to read Chapter Six. (3) Also, sometimes the present tense is retained in formai English when the reported

r.

-i J il iJ
J

I
i

She has said., "I She wril say, " I

sentence deals rvith a general truth: She said tfu.tt the worlcl is rountl. presenl; -presept perfect, or I'urure, the noun clause verb is not chaneed. She says, " I wltch TV.every day." She says she watches TV evcry day.

(4) when the reporting verb is simple

I
I

l
I

watch TV every day.', watch TV

She ftss sdid that she watches

She u,ril soy that she

TV every day. watches TV everv dai.

ii

USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES

| (a) The teacher denaadr that we be on

LlE)i t'h I I the

I
nol

Itifte.
(b) I izsrs/erl that he pay me the nronev. l.c) | recommended that she not go to the concert. ld) It is importantthatthey be totd the truth

(e) I suggested that.she see a doctor. (f) I cuggested that she should see a doctor.

subjunctive verb. The subjunctive is used in a noun clause that follows certain vcrbs and expressions. The sentenccs genemlly stress importance, |n these sentrnoes, the subjunctive verb is used only in its simple form. It does no1 have present, past, or future fomr; it is neither singular nor plural. Negative: not + sinrple form as in (c). Passive: simple fonn of6e + past WrticiDle. as in (d\. Should is also possible afrer suggest and recommend. *

In (a): rle is a

qu
NO

1.

t. l
QU NO

3.

iQU
NO

colrMoN vEnBS

AND ExpRnssrols NOUNCLAUSE

rol,iom
it is obligatory (that) it is urgenr (thaO it is imporranr (rhat) it is necessary (that) it is essential (that) it is vital (that) it is imperative (that) it is advisable (that)

i1.(
QU NO

5.J
QU NO

demand (that)

suggest (thao

insist (that) request (that) ask (that) require (that)

recommcnd (that) advise (that) propose (that)

urge (that)

i6.

iau

lNo lz, I
lQut lNor

8I

iQut

lNol

9.t

QUI

62

;nlli

GlA0

ll.l.iiii Ai\ir

ir]iN

II,-q!!]
USING -EVERWORDS

:1,"H

iA!r:.:Y !14!-

The following -araer word give the idea of "any". Each pair of sentences in the examples has the same meanine. (a) Whoever wants to come is Anyorre who wants to come is welcome, (b) He makes liiends easily with who(m)ever he meets. + Who Ile makes lriends easily with anyone who(m) he meets. Wfratever (c) He alr,r'ays says whutever comes into his mind. He aluays says anything that comes into his mind. Whichever (d) There are four good programs on TV at eight o'ciock. We oan watch whichever program (whichever one) you prefer. We can watch any offour programs that youptefer. Whenever (e) You may leave whenever yon wish. You may ieave dI utty time tlrat you wish. (f1 She can go wftererer she wants to go. She can go anyplace t 4t she wants to go. (g) The students may dress ,lorcever they please. Howev'er The studenls may dtex in any wav that

Whoever

(m)

Wherever

EXERCISE T blake a qwstion from the given sentence. The words in parentheses should be the answer to the question you make. Use a question (utho, what, how, etc.). Then change the question lo a noun clause. I om will be here (next week),

l.

Qr.rESTloN: NOUN CLALjSE: ...........,............ 2. He is coming (because he wants to visit his friends). QT]ESTION: NOLrN CLAUSFI: .....................;..... 3. He'll be on flight (645, not flight74?). QUESTION: ..i...;.................... NOUN CLAUSE: ..........,............. 4. (Jim Hunter) is going to meet him at the airport. QUESTION:

.....................

5. Jim Hunter is (his roommati).

QUESTION: NOLiN CLAIJSE: ........................ 6. Tom's address is (4149 Rivenide Road).

NOUN CLAUSE: ........................

QUESTION:

...........................

8. He was (in Chicago) Iasl week.

QUESTION:

9. He has been working for IBM (since QUrisTroN:

1998).

GIAO TRiilH AilH

vi't

NOI.IN CLAUSE;

EXERCISE

Find und carrect the errars in the following sentences. Plcase tell me what is your name. 2. No one seems to know when will Maria arrive. 3 I wonder why was Bob Jate for class. 4. I don't know what does that word mean. 5. I wonder does the teacher know the answer? 6' whatshould they do ahout the hore in their roof is their mosr pressing probrem. 7. I'll ask her would she like some coflee or nor. 8. Be sure to tell the doctor. where does it hurt. ?: Iey I unhappy rs something I can'r explain. 10. I llonder does Tom know about the meeting or not. I l. I need to know who is your teacher. 12. I don'l understand why is the car not running properly.

l. .

......,....,...... Please

ty

to understand.'
5

EXERCISE

Combine,each pair of sentences into one sentence by using the facl that. I studied for rhree months for rhe examination, Regardiess ofthat, barely passed. 2. Jim lost ow tickets to the concert. There,s nothing"*e ao aboutI that. "an ]. e are going to miss one ofthe best concerts of 6e year because of Jim's careressness. That I nat maKes makes me a little e angry. ,l We can't go to tbe concert. view of that. let's plan t(, go to a movie. 5. I couldn'r speak a word of Itarian and *nderstood very tiii". a**pt for that, I had a wonderfr time visiting my Italian cousins in Rome. Many people riving in Miami speak onry spanish. when I first visired Florida, I was surprised by that. 7. Bobby broke my grandmother's antique flower vase. That isn,t important. 8. He lied about it. That is whar bothersme.

l.

llt

ll

8. 9.

l(

il

64

GIAO TRiNH

ftfi

VTil

9.

had almost no teaching experience, was hired to teach.the advanced physics course. At first, some ofus obiected to that, but she has proven herself to be one ofthe best.

Prol Brown, who had

10. That

autonobile has the besl safety rccord ofany.u, r(nuf)"t*.d this year. I am impressed by tltat and would definitcll, reuommend that you buy that make.

EXERCISE 5 Add the necetsary puncruation and capitalization to the .following. Do not changi the word order or add or delete any words. The athlete said where is my ruriform. 2. Who won the game.asked the speclaior. 3. Stop the clock shouted the relbree we have an injured player. 4. I c.an't remember Margaret said where I put my purse. 5. Sandy asked her sister how can I help you get th,rough this difliculty I'll answer your question later he whispered I'm hying to hear what the speaker is saying. 7. As the studenrs entered the roonr, the teacher said please take your seats Why did I ever take this job Barry wondered aloud. 9' After crashing into me and knocking all ofmy packages to the ground, the man stopped abruplly, twned to me and said softly excuse me. 10. I'm going to rest for the next three hours she said I don't want to bc disturbed. I l. Do we wanr fbur more years of comrption and debt the candidate shouted into the microphorre no the crowd screamed^

l.

6 L

quickly.

EXERCISE

Complete the sentences bv changing quoted speech to rcporte{l speech. [Jse Jbrmal sequence of lerces as appropriate. I aslred Mwtha, "Are 1ou planning to enter law school? " I asked to enter law school. 2. Ed just asled me, t'What time does the movie begin? " Ed wants to know 3. Fred askcd, "Can we still get tickets for the concert? " Fred asked tickets for the concert. 'I'homas said to us, " How can I help you? " Thomas wants to know 5. Eva aslced, " Can you hetp me, ,lohn? " Eva asked John her. 6. Charles said, "When will the final decision be made? " C.harles wanted to know ............ 7 Frank asketl Elizabeth, "Were have you been all afiernopn?,' Frank asked Elizabcth all afternoon. 8. Bill just said, "Iyhat is Kim's native language? " Bill wants to know ....................... Yesterday Ton soid to Bob, " IYhat's the problem? " Ron asked Bob 10. I asked myself, "Am I doing tke right thing? " I wondered the right thing. All of the farners are asking, "lVhen is this rerrible drought going tiend? ',All of the:farmers are .,..... to end. 12. George asked me, "Wat time do I have to be at the laboratory in the morningl " George asked me ......................,..............1o be at the laboratory in the momin[.

l.

Mffiha..

.....................

9. ll.

wondering

-65-

GlAo

,lttlilt

At'rft UAtt

Il,{Dv!

-_!{g!! taurit sAnc

EXERCISE

In each of the.following, select the ONE correct answer. I talked to Bob two weeks ago. I thought he wanted to know abour my cat, but I misnnderstood him. He asked me where... . ., ..... ., not mv car. A. is rny hat B. my har was C. nry hat D. w.as my hat ') ..._. "Ihe people in the apartment upstairs must have a lo1 ofchildren... ''l don't krlcrv how , but it sounds like they have a clozen.,, A. children do they have B. do thel' have children C, children they have D, they have children Do you know? I nyself have no idea................ A. holv many years the earth B. how old the earlh is C. how long is the D. how much time has been the earth 4. l'There's too much noise in this room. I can't understand what.. .. .. . .. .. .,, 'Neither can L" A. is the professor saying B. is saying the professor C: that rhe professor is saying D. the professoiis saying 5. When I was little, my l'ather gave me some advice. He said . . .. . . . . .. . ... . talk !o strangers. A. I shouldn't B. that shouldn't C. don't D. that I don't "l didn't expect Ann's husband to be here at the opera {"ith her." "l'm surprised, too. Am must have insisted that ... ........ .... rvith her.,, A. he B. he comes C. he D. he had come Wright, can you give me a linlc extra help rying some letters toclafi:, llYr "so,r]', I can'r. The boss has an urgeni repcirt for- mo to $rlte. she denranded that it .on her desk by 5 l,.lvl. foday.,' A. was B. will be C. is D. be 8. "Did you te.ll Carol where . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . r.rs this evcniup?-' "Yes, I did. I can't understand why she is late." A. should she B. she to meet C. she meets D. to meet 9' A fortune-toller predicted'............... inherits a lot of money before the end of the year. A. that I would C. what D. whatl 10. "Bill Frazer seems like a good.person for the job, but we don't know whv he left his last job." " I know why. He told a se ous policy disagreement with his boss

l.

is

ntany

'

earth

is

(d)
(e)

son

7 .

come

came

(f) din

(e) fing (h) blat

meet

B.thati

Iwill

me

last January."

A. if he'd

had

B. he'd

had

C, what he'd

had

D. thar what he had

(a) I (b) I

lhere

l(c)Ir

l-'

(d) T
mona

(e) Y
't

ov

Dfl
uart

c)T
ccu,

GlA.

:,:

!:i , ,tlitH VAI{

!l,B0v1:

; rr1,r tll

,.lt-_"-j:l r:r:l!

CHAPTER S

rI

SHOWING RELATIONSHIPS BETWENN IDEAS . PART I

PAMLLEL STRUCTURE One use of a conjunction is to connect words or phases that have the same $amnutic{ firnction in a senterice. 'I'his use of conjunclion is called parallel structure. Tlre conjuncrion used in this patteq 99 a4d, b141.9r, noq, * (a) S?eve lnd his Jiiend Ne coming to ln (a): noun + and + noun dinner. In (b): verb + and + verD yerb + and + ver6 (The second (b) Susan raised her hand ,nll snapped her In finger. auxiliary may ba omitted if it is the same as (c) He is waving his arms ,\d (is) shouting the frst auxiliary.)

(c):

at us.

(d) These shoes are o/d but comfortable. (e) He wants to $,qtch TV or (to) /i.rren to some music, (f) Steve, Joe, and Alice ue coming to dimer. (g) Susan raised her ltand, snapped hcr frngerc, and atked a question. (h) The colon in that fabric are red, gold, black, and green.

In (d)'. adjectite + bfi + adjective ln (e): infinitive + or + infinilive (the second to may be omitted.)

A parallel shuctu

may contain more ftan two pafls. In a series, cornmas are used to separate each unit. The final comma 'that precedes the conjunction is optional but is customarily
used.

(No commas arc used

if

there are only two

parts to a Darallel struclure.)

USING PAIRD,D CONJUNCTIONS.' 8OrH..",4rvD,. NOTONLY ... BUTAISO;

EITHER.... OR: NEITHER .., NOR*

(a) Both my mothor and my sister are here. (b) Not only my sister but also my parents are
nerc.

Two subjects connected by both...and

take a plural verb.

(c)Neither ny sistor nor my parents are here.

\Mren two subjeos.are connected by nal only... also, either,..or, or neither . . .no4 the subject that is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural

but

(d) The research project will take holh time and

money.

Notice the parallel structule

in

the

(e) Yesterday it aot snowed,

onl! rained bat (also)

(f)

l'll

tzl<e

eilher chenistry or physics next

quarter. (g) That book is a elther intcresting

nor

acculate.

examples. The same grammatical form should follow each word ofthe pair. In (f): both + noun+ and+ noun In (g): ,tot only + verb + but alio +verh In (h): eitfter + n oun + or + noun In (l): nellher + adjecttue + nor + adiective

-61

GIAO

mii|H AilH vAil

4,;1

ADVERB CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION

trlhen we were in Niiyork rs;n aA;"rb clause. It is a dependent clause. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. It rnust be connected to an independent clause. Punctuation: Whcn en adverb clause
precedes an dependent olause, as (a), a comma is used to separate the clauses. When the adverb clause follows. as ilr (b).

-1

no comma is used.

suMMARy LrSr or wonos usnDTblnrrnoDuc.n;DvERB CTATJSFf TiE

CAUSE AND

aftu be{ore when while. as

by the time

CONDI'IION

(that)

,rince

as once
as soon

untit

as/so long as

. EFFECT OPPOSITION hecause cven though if since alrhough- uitro now what thougi o"iy ,t as whether or tnt as/so long as even ifinasnruci as whereas proving (that) while provideC (that) in case (that) so that I in the evcnt (that) in order rhat

wheneter
every time (thot) the.first rime (that) thc last time (that)
I I

i--

68

crJ[o TniilH Ar'lH

uift

USING ADVERB CI,AUSES TO SHOWTIME RELATIONSHIPS after

(a)

(b)

Alter After

she graduates, she

will

get a job.

she (hctd) graduated, she got a job.

A present tense, nol a future tense is used in an adverb clause of time. Notice examples (b) and (d). (See Chan 1-21 for tense usage in future time clauses.)

he-fore

1 will leave before he comes. (d) I had lefi 6e/o re lrc cume. '

(c)

when

(e) When I arrived,he was talking on the

phone.

(D llhen I got there. he had aiready left. (g) llhen it began to rain,l stood under a
tree.

when = at the time (Notice the different time relationships expressed by the
tenses. )

(h) lYhen I was in Chicago, I visited the

museums.

($ llhen I see him tomonolt),I will ask

while
ag

ntm. (fi While I was walking home, itbeganto rain. {kJ As I was walking ionr, it lregan to rain.

white, as = dnring lhat tirne

by the time

By thc time he arrit e , we had aheady left. (m) By the tilne he comes, we will already have left.

(l)

hy the lime = one event is

comple te d
b

efor e ano lher

evenl

stnce

(n) I haven't seen hin since he left this morning.

u til

till
a8

(o) We stayed therc until we Jini$hed aur work. (p) We stayed the te till we finished our
work.
(q) As soon as

J00n as

it stops raining, we will

once as long as so long as

lervc. Oxce it stops raining, we will leave. (s) I will never speak to him again as /ozg as I live. (t) I will never speak to him again so long

(r)

(Notice the use of the past perfect and future perfect in the main clause.) slttss = from that time to the ptesent (Notice: The present perfect tense is used in the main clause.) until, till = to that time and then no longer. (Irl/ is used primarily in speaking rather thao uritine.) os soot os, onee = when once evenl happew, another event happe ns s oo n afterw ard,
.as

hng

as, so

hng

as

as

live.

duripg all that time, beginning to erul

= from

whenever every ltme

the.first
time

(rt) |lhenever I see her, I say hello. Whenevet = every time (vj Everv time I see her, I say hello. (w)The tirst time I went to New York,I went Adverb clauses can be to an oDera. introduced by the following:

-6S

GIAO TRiiIH AilH yAiI

Tr.BDvH

- lrgH xaudr sAm

Gt

(x) I saw rwo plays ne iast

the last New York.

tin"j

wmr G

time
the ne

(y) The nert time I go to New going to see a ballet,

york,l'm

the

( first I I second I

Jthird

time

llmt 'nexl

ltime
I

USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CATISEANDEFFECT RELATIONSHIPS

because (a) Because he was s/eepy, he went to bed. (b) He went to bed becaase he was sleepv.

-ites

loi

f(c)

Itr. L_

An adverb clause ntay precede or follow the independent

clause. Notice the punctuation in (a) and (b).

lld)

I, (eJ l':
ltes

Etnce

now that

(c) Since he's not tnieresteaiitaiiAarusic, he decided not to go to the concett. (d) Now that the going to rest a few days and then take a trip.
(e) As she had nothingi particrk she calle.d up a friend and asked her

In(c): since means because

l(0
I

seniioEfirifrajmt,
if

I the

os

dr,- InGE."dG*"rs
she

In(d): aow tfiat means becaG now ffap tial is used for Dfesent and firfirrp cifirotinrc

as/so long qs

'inasmuch
ag

wanted to take in a movie. (f) As long as (So tong asl not busu could you helo me with this work? \g) rnaJmucn as the two government Ieaders could not reach an agreement, rne possibilities for peace are still remote.

yo"i

In (t): as /azg ac meani

because,

ln (g): inasmuch oJ means Intsmuch as is usually found only in formal writing qnd speech.
because.

USIilG PREP0Sfl0I{ST0SHi)WCAUSEAT{D EFFECT: BECAUSE (a) B ecaus e t hei e at he stayed home.

OF

AttD DUE

ni,asiiitrG
u,eather. we staved

f0

lo)
il ll

itrj
(d)

ft)

Because of the

cid

Becawe introduces an adverb;lauself is followed by a subject and verb.

Because

ll&L

t'l

home. (e) Dub to the coU weainei,we stayed

of

and due to are prepositions; they

Ll roa(

are followed hy a noun

obiict.

ilro.

nome. \s) Lrue m tne lad that the wealher wat cold, we stayed home.

rct
lq) ({,
|
I

Sometimes, usually ln more forma writing, dre to is followed by a norur clause

lwitl

]Jiifc,@!by!9-fuctthat.

Like adverb claus"s, th@ases ao atso follow the main clause, as in (ei. "an

itits exal
l(k)i

Irtl

iltwel

llwha fl(rn)

j dow
fl(o))t
I

IIGI
leal
.(

T70

GlA0

thiNii ,{nrr vAil

,
coNSESAENTLv

Ir-'Q9!!1-: 1.9t1-t4j lli':r : :;.;

;1ii!vi,

USING TRANSITIONS TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT: ftIEnEFOnE AND

Al failed the lest because he didn't study. (b) Al didn't stttdy. Therefore, he failed the
(a)
teST,

(a), (b), and (c) have the same meaning Therefore and consequently mean "as a result". In grammar, they are called

(c)

Al didr't study. Consequently,

he failed

transidons
sentences.

(or

conjunctive

adverbs).

the test.

Transitions connect the ideas between two A transition occws in the second of two related sentences. Notice the patterns and punctuation in the examples. A period (NOT a comma) is used at the end of the first sentence. The fansition has several possible positions in the second sentence. The transition is set off from the.rest of tire
sentence by commas.

(d) Al didn't stldy. Therefore, he failed the lest. (e) Al didn't sttdy.He, thercfore, failed the
rcst.

(0 Al didn't
thereforc.

study. He failed the test,

POSITIONS OF A TRANSITION.. trcnsilion + S + I/ (+rest of sentence) S + transition +I" (+ rest of sentence) S+ f+ (+ rest of sentence) + trrnsition (g)Al didn't study, so he failed the test,

COMPARE: A transition (e.g. therefore)hw different possible positions within the second sentence ofa pair. A conjunction (e.g., so) has only bne possible position: between lhe tw(r sentences. ,so cannot move around in the second sentence. as therelore can.

-71

crIo.IRlilH rr{H

vlil
!1.!qyl_1Tor xcudr sffc
EXPRESSTNC pITRpOSE:

Zrdr 1a1 t rurned off iEilTFoffiEDtE ny roommate to study :, *!":tr".Wrr*{Wp^"

USrNc sA
in peace and quier.

(b) I turned off the so (thatl nv roommate could sn$t in peaie

ln (a): , I tumed off rr," lhe iV-io, ]V f^. a - purpose. The . l1l"]: was to pulpose make it D|rriUt" fo, lTIy

yoTrur:
und quiet.

:.::!!:1"?

ro study in peace q*"r. cxpresses pzlpore. Ii expresses

*o

so!HArim;;mL-D(c/ r m gorng to cash a chvlk so that can buy my textbooks. (d) .I cas,hed a che ck so that I coald buy my rcfibooks.

lyl'"Tine

u,

the o,inii.-rn;;;il:ffii';;

rif\,soyzaffi
that Iwon't get wet. possibte to use rhe simple Il 11 I,t: sometimes ,rar in place of witr; tr,"oi_fi" 1n* p-rsent expresses a future meanrng. .. llould is used in pait senfences.
su!,e

T::::

72

t
clAo miilH AilH viN
TT.EDlit

- tlu,i rjil,,

i:. . r.-.,

i,e.

CHANGING TIMN: CLATISES TO MODIFYING PHRASES

-t rh.l

(a)

CLAIISE:

Since Mary came to this country,

she has made many friends.

"L Itr'" [" is :t

I I

(b) PHRASE: Since coming to this country, Mary has rnade friends.

vhbn

rl
I

rure

"*l
,ple ere

Y
I I I

EXPR-ESSING

TI{E IDEA ,Otr' "DURING THE SAME TIME'IN MODIFYING

Sometimes is omitted but the -izg phrase at the

__,1
TON

begiruring of the sentence gives the same. meaning (i.e. "during the same time"). {a), (b), and (c) have the same

ses.

*l

EXPN,ESSING CAUSE

ANI} EFF0CT RELATIONSHPS IN MODITYING PHRASES

Often an -ing.phrase at the beginning.of

'l
__l ,tl

(f)

Becaase she nbeded some money to buy a book, Sre cashed a check. (g) Needrzg some money td buy a book, Sze cashed a check. (h) Becaate he lached the necessary qualifications, /re was not considered for the job. (i) Lacking the necessary qualifications, &e was not considerdJ lbr the job.

a senlence gives the meaning of o'hecause."

(0
and (g) have the same
'meaning.

Becdwe is not used in a modifying phrase. It is omitted, but the resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect
relationship.

rfl

(l

Having sen that movie before,I don't wanl

to go again.

(k) Hnving seen that movie before, I didn't want to so asain. (l) Becawe she was ,ineble to afford a ca\ she bought a bicple. (mJ Being unable to afford a car,.sle bought a bicycle. (n't Iltuhle ts afrord a car. sfe bousht a bicycle.

Having + past participle gives the nreaning not only of "besiuse" but also of"before." A fonn of6e in the adverb clause is often changed to 6erng. The use of Deing makes the cause and effect ' relationship clear.

cri0 tBiilH AilH vAn

TT.B0uit

tTltrt r'tcu0il sAilE

USING UPON + .J/yG IN MoDIFYING PHRASES

@) ap o n r e ac *Es the@&Tll t my inheritance. (b) lVlTen I reached the 4ge of 2l , I received my inheritance. (c) On reaching thtage rece,"ed my inheritance_

ffi i

Modifuing phrasesGgiruLing *irn upon + _ lng usually have the same meaning as adverb
clar:ses introduced hy when, (a) and (b) have Ine same meaninp

Alt,l

Uponctnue@

all nave thc same meanin.,

EXERCISE I {lsinf ideas given in parentheses,

complete the sentences. :he \My parents are generous.) Because of ............... a'ofthe children in our family have receir.ed the best of everytling.
.

| (Dr. Robinson has done 4.

5'
6.

yo:.hr!y.l we were lare to the meeting due ro .......,....... 1 {fitt's_w-t1e 9!: yW: k ill.) Billhas todoafl ofthe cooking
aid cleaning
because

excellent research on r,ii"rr)bo. to-. - .'-:. _ -.. much nore today aboul that endangered specie, tfr* iu" AiO rur":n"; y.*, (It wat noisy in the next apaitmtnt.l t gito ,t."p rurt night because"g". of

of

..

*; k";; .-.'

.............

"oian't

(Circumstancesarlbeyondmycontrol./Dueto...............,IregrettosaythatIcannor
De

presnt at your daughter's wedding.

2

EXERCISE
r

sente.nces. Atic capitat teners it. necessary. l"r:i:::: :!:!:,towing rar arways ' enjoyed studying sciences

I , q 5

#:S*ji:ff

in high schoor thereforJshe decided to major in biology in college. t9 iirprovements in the economy fewer peopie are Pue lecent unemptoyed. damaged the power lines c""r"d;iiy *,, ro*n *uJ*iihout elecrricity

Because ofthe snowstorm onry five students came to crass the teacher therefore canceled the class.

Anna always makes numerous spelring mistakes in her compositions because she does not use a dictionary

when she wites.

3 Combine the.fotlowing seniences by using so ...,hat or such .., that. r rus tea rs good. I t}ink I'll have another cup. 2, This is good tea. I think have anothr. 3. The car w4s expensive. We couldn't afford "ui. il Ury lt. an expensive car. We couldn.t affora to Uuv ii. .' to wear my wool coar. It was acold d"y. 6. Lh.d The weather was hot. you could fiy an egg on the sidewalk. feet tike going to class. We;re havlis Lrrandpa herd me tishrrv when he hugged me. I courdn't for a momenl. - "'-" ' breathe "' 9. I couldn,r understant her. She talkeiLo fast. 10. The audience booed the actors. It was a bad performance. I l ' I've met too many people in the tast r"w aays-i cun;t poiriurv

EXERCISE

l.

I
(
tr.

fll

1 ]1"* t

--

'2
J

.1

q
5

l. 6' id"'J
names.

k;ili;;"r.

6
7
8

,*"rber

all of their

12.

rr.

It took us only ten minutes to get there. There was little traffic. rnere were lew people at the meeting. It was cancelled.

ll

GlA0 Trtiiil.i AriH VAtt

TT"EDVH

LTEH DAr ilt)n $L'PtlAM

14. The wa-stepaper basket overllowed.

sally used too much paper when she was witing her

rcpon.
I I I I I

EXERCISE
C omple
t

't

.t

I I

is so heavy 2. Ttris box is bo heary '... .'."'"..' ' 3. That car is too exPensive 4. . That car is so expensive 5. The coffee was too hot . ...'..'.. ... 6. The coffee was so hot 7. It is so dark in here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. It is too dark in here

e I hc

f<tllo*ing.

ihis bt'x

EXERCISE

.7.I'mgoingtocashacheck.Iwanttonukesurethallwillhaveenoughmoneytogotothe
market. go 1() thg I cashed a check yesterday. I wanted to make sure that I had enough money to market, 9. Ann and Larry have a six-yeat-ol'J child. Tonight they're going to hife a babysitter. They want to be able to go out with some fiiends, go to a dinner 10. Last week Ann and Larry hired a babysitter. They wanted to be able to party at the home of Larry's boss. 'ae (oR is) t t. sure to put the meat in the oven at 5:00. You want to be sure that it will be ready to eat hY 6:30. 6:30. 12. Yesterday I put the meat in the oven at 5:00. I wanled it t'o be ready to eat by

5 Combine the ideas bv using so (that). Please tum down the radio. I want to be able to get lo sleep' 2. Mv wife tumed down the radio. I wanteC to be able to get to sleep' 3. Put the milk in the reiiigerator' We want to make sure it won't spoil I put the milk in the refiigerator' I wanted lo maka sure it didn't spoil' 5. Please be quiet. I want to be able to hear what Sharon is saying' 6. I asked the children to be quiet. I wanted to be able to hear what sharon was saying.

l.

4.

g.

EXERCISE

Change the adverb clauses to modifuing phtases ifpossible. Make no change it the subiects of tbe two clawes in the sentence are different. Whil. Jo. was driving to school yesterday, he had an accident' 2. While I was walching TV last night, the telephone rang' 3. Belbre I cagre to class, I had a cup ofcoffee. 4. , Before the student came to class, the teacher had already given a quiz'

i.

5. Since I came here, I have leamed alot of English. 6. After he (had) finished breakfast, he left the house and went to his office' 7. While I war living in Burma last year, I learned many things about Burmese customs. r 8. Jennifer looked in the rearview mirror before she drove onto the main road' about feel oonfident Michael has begUn to Technolory, of the Institute 9. Since he erfered
his future. ont'o 10. While t was walking down the street, a cal swerved to avoid a dog and almost drove the sidewalk. I l. Before I wont to Yellowstone Park last summel, I'had never seen a black bear in the wld.

Gdo TRhH AltH

vlfl

II.9-qlH

LroH ricutiri sAr{c

m;fi;c.rffi;i"r i r n.i*.,n1?"#il:1lj:#::i,ll'l il,i'ji,lf; i'*llll fi tlTfll-;"H.:fl shrimp.

nufi hrs back while he was chopping ra,ood. reld a conrracr dio;"y;;,;sn your name. It. r ''' .'rrer'p"lgltJvars rne cnrdren set home from schoo!, our house buzzes with their many activities. 16. The Wilsons have ixoerienced lifestyle ,since they adopred fivins. 17. While I was Wins ro (

l?. +ler:he r.r. .r\rex

(had) completed her shopping, she wenr homc.

Ill

'- #;f5ffJ;:;,.t#;;,f"*o *
tt

;;,

"oartmenr.

reeistered for school, explored the ciry,

20' After I heard Mary describerrow cold it gets in Minnesoa in the winter, I decided not to g:-ll*g for my vacation in January. ^. ctimbing therno*tuinr, she losr her footing and felt onro a rddge ,Tl;hi::ilwas 22' Before you ask the librarian for help, you should make every effort to find the materials yourself,

EXERCISE

2'

' iffifi;::ff:nt '4

0 L r.
5.
EXERCISE

7 Change the adverb clauses to modifuing phrases Because he didn'r wanr .o hurr 1". F.[f*gr,;;" aidn,t telt her the bad news. Because the rittte bov believed rr"r no oJr iotJ u*uy from home. puviog

l.

"n"ntion"t"

*r'"1;t"'#"i

ilir,i..*
'

eoine,,1,;

rt ;pJlnt-i

mre ana

Because I had foreotten ro bring a pencir to the examination, I had to bon,ow one. Because she is a vlgeuriarl shJ does not eat Because he has already flunked out ofschoor once, he is determined to succeed this time.

m;.

5.

, lj:fl3;Til.to incorienience,tfri;;i;;;ii,il

8 combine the two sentences' mahing a modrfying phrase om of the frrst sentence, ifpossible. - -"' The children had nothing to Oo. n.y *... urra. r neard that Judy was in the hospital. I her fam y to find out ivhat w.rs wrons. 3' The liule boy was trvine his best not_tocalred .ry. H. r*ar'"i,.a hard ana began to speak.

r,J ,"

o,i*

I was sitting on a large rock at the edge of a mountain strcam. I fert at peace with the

'".

;;:;;

;ilffii

6. John had mn a red traffic light. The police officer anested him. 7. I am a married man. I have many responsibilities.
the paper last night. I *.ou.tirt" on solar energ,,. f v. ly::f*q I had not understood what he_said. I asked him to repeat ihe directions. ' 0' I was watching the chirdren flv u'.i. kt;;-ilJiJffiil;i;;e"lind my head.
t

brew my hat

off

l1' Ann was convinced that she colld never ream to play the piano. she

stopped taking

EXERCISE

I 3:f:* r'

Change the adverb clauses to modfying phrases. I atked to you, t naA neuer,inArrsiooa that forrnula. because he drd not want to spend any more. money this month, Alfred decided asainst going to a resiaurant for dinner. ge ma.re r,ims"Jf'a insteaa

lili*icf,

76

CIAO TRIilH AilH vAN

Tl 66tlh - Liriir.,.,'r'

',

After i read the chapter lbur times, I finally understood the author's theory. Becarrse I rcrnembercd that everyone nakes mistakes, I softened my vietv of his ' seemingly inex.cusable enor. 5. Since he r.:ompletod his Bachelor's degree, he has had three jobs, each one belter than the
3.
A

last.
o. 7. 8.

While I was traveling across rhe l.hites States, I could not help being impressed by the
gleaa differences in tenain.

Befbre he gained national fante, the union leadet had been an electrician in a small town. llecause we were enjoving the cool evening breeze and listening to the sounds of nafure. we lost track of time. 9. Because she lud never flown in an airplane before, the little girl was surprised and a little liightened when her ears popped. 10. Before he be$ame vice-president of marketing and sales, Pete McKay worked as a sales represcntative.

EXDRCISE

IO

When I looked in my wallet, I discovered I didn't have enough money to pay my restaufant bill. .+. I bowed my head when I met fhe king. 5, When Sam rc-reads the figulers, he found that he had made.a misrake. 6. When I got an appraisal ofmy croin collection, I was surprised how it had increased in value. 7. Mrs. Alexander nearly fainted when she leamed that she had won the lottery. 8. When you finish the examination, bring your paper to the tont of the room. 9. When the police found the thief, they also found the stolen merchandise. 10. When I was elected a member of the clut, I found that the dues were more than I coulc

2. 3.

Ltsing the givcn information, make serttences wilh upon + -ing. When 'i'om saw his wife and child get offthe airplane" Tom broke into a big smile. When Tina cmssed the marathon finish line, she fell in exhaustion.,

afford.

0lAu

r:it4.j. AilH Vii

TT.BD.JH. TIDH $OUJ,j sAIIc

CHAPTER 9

STIOWING REL.{TIONSIIIPS BDTWEEN II}EAS

PARTS

II

ic
I
I

t-

(a)re"aas"r@
swrmming.
(h)

EXPRESSING UI\{EXPECTED RESULT USING EVAN

Because is usea tn
resutts.

ffIOUGfl

FI
I I

opFr. oiEiid--

"i

thoagh the weather *as cold, I went .Even swimming. f,).B3cary I wasn't rired, I didn-r go to bed. 1o1 zven though I wasn't tired, I wellt to bed.

'Jr
I
I
I

?::Jryr^

is used ro express unexpecred

L_

SHOWING OPPOSITION (UN EXPECTED RE$ULT)

I wenr .wi mm,ne7;t (Ktl went swimming ia spdte a/the cold

0)

rtG;;iA-*dihil

SIIOWING DIRECT OPPOSITION

GIAU

iilrtt:r,!

H irAri

TT.EDV|j .- LIDI, rJ:.i

.,... ,.,- r'iiAM

IlLII

(e) Mary is rich, Dirr John is po0r. (D John is poor, far Mary is

In (e) tlrough fi): As with whereas and

while, it does not make any difforence which idea comes first and

hou'ever an the otl er

TRANSITIONS

hand

rich. (g) I\,lary js rich; however, John is poor. (h) Jolu is poor; however, irv1lry is rich. (i) Mary is rich. Joln, on the other hand, is poor. fi) John is poor. Mary, on the ather hand. is nch.

which idea

comes

second. The two ideas ar directly opposite.

EXPRESSING CONDTIONS IN AD!'ERB CLAUSES:

(a)

"IF CLAIISEf'

'.'Ilclauses" (also called adverb clauses of' conditiow) ptexnt possible conditions. The main clause expresses results. In (a): POSSIBLE CONDITIOI.I = itrarzs RESULT = t,e streets gel wet* (b) If it rains tomorrow, I will take my A present tense, not a futue tense, is used in a umbrella. "gfclause" even though the verb in the "r/ clause" may refer to a future event or situation, as in (b). * WORDS THAT IMRODUCE ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION f'IF

If it rains,

the strsers ger wet.

cr.AUSP\z

d
whether or not
9v9n

in case (that) in the event (that)

unless

rf

only d providing (that) provided fthat)

ADVERB CLAUSB OI'CONDITTON: USING WIIETHER OftNOTAND EVEN

IF

(OR: whether it is cold or not.)

EVENIF
(b) I hgve decided to go swimming tomonow. Eyea if the weather ii cold , I' m going to go swimming. COMPARE: '(c) {l'Ann studies hard, she will pass the

IYhether.or not expresses the idea that neither this condition nor that condition mattersi lhe result will be the, same. In (a): If it is cold, I'm going .swimrning. If it ii not cold, I'm going swimming. I don't care about the temperature. It doesn't matter. Sentences with ayer gfare close in meaning to those with whether or not, Even y' gives the idea that a particular condition does nor matter. The rezult will not chanse. "If clauses" are followed by expected results, as in (c).

CONDITION: Annstudies EXPECTED RESULT: s/repasses the exam "Even if clat*s" are followed by unexpected results, as in (d). CONDITION: Mary studies

. '!r -

GrA0 TBlltH AtlH vAit

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDTTION: T]SING IN CASE (THAN AND IN THE EVENT (THAT)

I'll be at my unclets housc-iz cose vo?l (.should) need to reach me.

(a) (b) In the event that: yt;u 6houtd) need to reuch mc^ I'll be at my uncle's house.

cuse that and in the event ni7 exryess the idea that.something prohably won,t happen, but it nrighr. I1.ca1e/iy evcnt that = if hv any chtmce .tlte rnts should haDben

In

Notes: ,n thi'event that ismorc lbrmal than in case. 'fhe use of shoatd in the adverb clause emphasizr the speaker's uncertailrty lhat somethins will hannen AI}YERB CLAUSE OF CONDITION USING UNLESS
(a)

I'll I'll

go swimming tornonow unlesrr.r go swimming tomoro w

cold. (b)

if ir isn,r

unless = if .. . not In (a): unles.r it's cold = if it isn't colcl (a) and (b; have the same meanins.

cold.

ADVDRB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING ONLY/TTAND PROWDING/Pft OW DE D TITA T

OnJy result.

jf

one condition that

expresses the idea that there

will

cause

is only particular

(b) Only if it rains cancelled.

(c'1

*itt

th"

picri

be

wtren oary r/beEins a sentcilqlhetDt.

and verb of'the main cJause are inverted-, as in

subm-

Providing/providid 7*at1 no oni has any.further questioru, the meeting will be

aolo'runed.

80

9-rA9_IEltll *tt H'{Nll

EXPR-ESSING CONDITIONST USING

(a) I alrvays cat breakfast, Otherwise,I gel

OfttfnWISE AND OR (ELSE)

hungry during class. (b) You'd beuer hr,rry. Otfterwise, you'll

bd late.

Otherwise expresses the idea "ifthe opposite is true, then there will be a certain result." In (a): otherwise = if I don't eat breakfast lr' (b): othenoise = ifyou don't huny Or else and othenvise luve the sarne

(c) I always eat breakfast. or qelse) I get hungry durirrg class. (d) You'd better hurry, ar (e/se) you'll be
late.

meanins

Otlerwise is a transition. Or (else) is a conjunction.

SUMMARY OF RELATIONSHIP WORDS: CAUSE AND Etr'FECT, OPPOSITION, . CONDITION

TMr{StTtoils

C0l'ljUlKn0ilS because

so

of

CAISE

since now that

AS

for

due to

ND
EFFECI

asiso long as inusmuch us so (that)

even thouEh

nevertheless
nonetheless

although

but (... anyway) vet (...

0PPosmsl

though
whereas

howeter
an lhe other

while

hand

if
uftless

otherwise

in case oJ' in the etent

otly
even coilDNnoil

tf

of

if

whether or not

(thar) provided (that)

providing(that) in case (that) in the event

81

ciAu rFrtJtr A H ulil

I:qovH
GIWNGEXAMPLES

rrDH

lcudil sAilc

(a) There lre clty. For examplq the bounical garden has numerous displays ofplants from all over the world.

manym

fbr

example andfor instance

have the same meaning. They are often used as transitions.

(b) fhere
I he

of modern iainti (c) There are many inreresring ;ffies ro;sit in the;ity. e.g., the botanical garden and the art museum.

collection

art muscum,

are mary interesting places to visit in the city. tor insttnce, has an excelient

8.9., - .for example (e.g. is an abbreviation

"6 "7 -8
I

(e) I prefer to wear casuat sweatshifi.

T" TTy interesting places ro visit in rhe city, IgrCI4@'thg-lgEggdJqden and the art museum.

(d) There

Latin p.hrase (c,S ano (d) have the same meaning. Sach as =for exampli

ofthe exem&, gratia.)

I
I
1

ctottres,;rr"r;Jffi

and a

(f; Some countrie s, such as Brazil and Canada, are big. (g) Countries szci as Brazil and Canada are big. {a"*fq!S!g!q Brazil and Canada are

(fl, (g), and (h) have essentially the same meaning even though the pattem varies.

CONTINAING THE SAME IDEA

J.
4. 5. 6.

. . . . .. h; .lerry's in gcrd sha.pe physically .,............. he gets a lot of exercise. . Sue rs a good student, she received a scholarship. Arur is a good student, she didn,r receiue'a scfrolarst io. it was raining, we wenl for a walk. .......... it was raining, we didn't go for a walk. _:.. I hls letter was it didn,t have enough postage. 8. That letter was retumed to the sender ...... ......... it didnit have e-nough postage. '' didn t learn Spanish ......:......., she lived in Mexico [o, u ?;. 10. Joe speaks Spanish he lived in Mexico fbr a year. I l. A newbom kangaroo can find its mothcr's pouch ........,...... lts eyes arc not yet open. l2.Somepeopleprotestcertain.corn*rr"iulfishingcperations............... dolphins, considered to be highly intelligent mamrrrals. aL t<ittect unxecessarilv .

EXf,RCISE I tlte sentences lonyjey l.

Tim's in good shape physically

by using either even though

..
....

..

becaase. doesn,t get much exercise.

or

: 1 : !. /.

2.

. .

delivered well

lu.*

y.uri

lr:;

GlA0 ;iiiNI;

*tllr

VAN

TI.BDVH

LIDH D4l

Hlit ,',t rxAtJl

DXERCISE

Complete the lblk;wing with your ow,t rl,ords. Add commss where appropriate. I had a cold but l ... ... , ,. .... .. anyway. 2. Fjven though I had a cold l ..... ... ... , .. . 3. Althoughldidn't study 4. I didn't study but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anlway. 5. I got an ' A" on the tesl even thouglr 6. Even though I{oward is a careful driver 7. Even though the food they served for din-ner tasted tenible 8. My shirt stifl has coffee stains on it even though .. . .. . i. . .. . .. . 9. I still trust him even though 10. Even though he was drorvning no one . ..... ...... ,.. I i. Although I tried to be very carefrrl 12. Even though Rrth is one ofmy best friends 13. It's still hot in here even thoush 14. Even though I had a big breakfast

l.

EXERCISE

3 Give sentences v,ith the same meaning by using in spite of or despite. I Even though her grades were low, she was admitted to the miversity.

In spite ofher tow grades, Deipite ler low I In soite of the frct that her grades were low,

grader,

unitersily.
the

Despite

fact that her grudes were low,

she was admitted to the

2. I like living in the dorm even though ir is noisy. 3. Even though the work was hard, they enjoyed themselves. 4. They wanted to climb the mountain even though it was dangemus. 5. Although the weather was extremely hot, they went jogging in the park. 6. He is un}appy even though he has a vast fortune.
EXERCISE
4

Complete the foltowing. Discuss other ways of expressing the same idea by moving the position oJ whereas or while. Sorne people are fat, whereas 2. Some people are tall. whereas 3. Some people prsfer to live in the ciruntry, while ... ... ;........ 4. While some people know only their native language 5. A mouse is small, rVhereas . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . 6. The planet Mercury always keeps the same side toward the .sun. .Theretbre, one side of' Mercury is always extremely hot" whereas the part of the planet that neve{ facqs. the sun

l.

8.

Some people .. ... . .. .. .... . , whilc Some , whereas

countries

crio TniilH Al{H vIfl

TT.BDVH

LTDH I{GUdil SiI{G

EXERCISE

Give sentences with the sdme meaning by using however or on the other hand. punctuate carefully. I Florida has a warm climate, whereas Alaska has a cold climate. 2. While Frcd is a good student, his brother is lazv. 3' sue and Ron are expecting a ch'd. sue is hoping for a boy, whereas Ron is hoping for a girl. old people in my country usua y ,ive with their ch dren, whereas tire ord in the Lnites. States often live by themselves. 5' In the l/nited states, gambring casinos are nor regal in rlost states, whiie in my country it is possible to gamble in any city or tow

*J f-"ii"'ri"a i"r it.r?*uiv. 1' .:" 5. I'mgoinghorselackridingwifhJudythisaftemooo...............l,mafraidofhorses.

6. 7.
_

6 Complete the sentences with even fhoagh o, beca^". I puton my sunglasses ............... it was a dark, cloudy day, " 2. I put on my the sun was brishishe has a job, she doesn't make money to support her four children. "noug-r, " ", " "r " she has a job, she. is able to pav rr.r ."lt

EXERCISE

l.

sunglasses

-'

I'm going horseback riding with Judy this aftemoon ... ... . .. ... . .. I enjoy it. . .. ' '. ' '. '. . . .. you've made it clear that you don't want any herp, r nuuJto ut least ofrer to help you. I knew that I.should get some sleep, but I just couldn,t put my book down ...,...........
was really enjoying it. the
1

8.

9. f'm qlad that my mother made me take piano lessons when I was a child ............... l hated it at the time. Now, I play piano
10
l.
were having fun Joe jumped into dre river to rescue the wasn't a good swimmer.

Tom didn't know how toAce, ie wanted to go to the schoor dance he ferr lonerv sitting and st{rting biankly at the Tfwhile '.......'.".".. ail orhis rrieJs

"...."'...'.

everv dav.

together.

\- -

liule girl who was dronning ._.............

he

12.

i3'

My hair stylist subscribes 1o three different fashion magazines ............... she,s not interested in clothes. She subscribes to them . .. . .. ... . . .. . . her custotners like them. .':" "'.'. the -earthquake darnaged the bridge acrorrlskunk River, thc s,nitt able to cmss the river .;. . ... ... .... . tt t uC u Uo-at. "

"

*..

"y

7 complete the sentences and capitalization

EXERCISE

with the given words. pay crose attention to the given punctuation following with

though, nevertheless. . he is still hunlry. 2. ............... he is still hungfr. heatealargedinnlr. ] lgfisstillhungry a lotof studying to do. ......,........ i went to a movie anyrvay. 1 5. lPq I had a lot of studying to do. ..............., I went to a movie. 6. ............. . I had a lot of studying to do, i went to a 7. I finished all of my work ............... I was yery sleep)., "rolri". 8. I was very sleepy. ............... I finished all oiry iork *y*uy.

PART. I: Complete

l.

Bob ate a large Bob ate a large dinner,

dinner.

the

hut, even

9.

wa*s

very

sleepy.

, I finished

af

oimv *orl.

Gdo TniilH AilH

vlil

10.

All of my family friends have advised me not to travel abroad during this time of political turmoil. ...,...,...,.,. ,l'm leaving ncxt week to begin a tnp around the world.
with yet, although, or however. I washed my , rhey srill looked diny. I washed my hands, , .. . . . . . . . . . . , . rhey still looked dirry. ............... I washed my hands, they still looked dirty. Diana didn't know how to swim. . .. . . . ... . .. . .. she jumpcd into the swimming pool.

PART II: Complete the following sentence.r

2.

l.

hands.

4. 6.
7. 8.

3. 5.

...........,...Dianadidn'tknowhowtoswim,shejumpedintotheswimmingirool.
Diana didn't know how to

jumped into the swimming pool, I wo.uldn't rust Alan with my morey ............... lie seems to be trustrrvorthy-. Alan ssems tnrstworthy and capahle as a financial advisor, ........,....... I wouldn't trust him with my money. 9. Alan seems capable as a financial , I wouldn't trust him with mv money. 10. some people think great strides have been made in cleaning up the environment in much of the , others think the situation is much worse than it was twenty
she

swim.

advisor

world.
8

yeafs ago,

EXERCISE
I

Choose the best completion.

. .

I can't ride my

2. 3.

bicycle there isn't any air in one of the tires. A. despite B. because C. altho"gh D. but

4. 5.

. .. . .. . . . .. .; ,. i had missed my bus. Ar even lhough B. neverfteless C. because D. despite Brianused to be an active person, but now he has to limit his activities ... .. .... . ... .. problems with his heahh. A. nevertheless B. because C. although D. in spite of It should be easy for Bob to find more time to spend with his children . ... . . . . . . . .... he no longer has to work in the evenings and on weekends. A. even ftough B. D. bifi

I got to class on time

of

Jakeisaverygoodstudentoflanglages.HisbrotherMichael,:..........j...,hasnever
been able to master another language.

nowthat C.dueto

B. even though C. whereas D.6n the other hand 6. The ancient Aztecs of Mexico had no technology for making tools from metal. .. ;. : .. ..r .. .. . , they had sharp knives and spears made from a stone called ohsidian. A. Whereas B. Although C. Nevertheless D. Despite 7. Roberta missed the meeting without a good reason ... .... .. ... ... she had been told that it was cdtical that she be there. I wouldn't want to be in her shoes at work tomonow. A. despite B. despite the fact that C. even D. however 8. I usually enjoy. attending amateur productions in small community theaters. The play we attended last , was so bad that I wanted to leave after the firsi act. A. therefore B. however C. whereas D. even though 9. Some snakes me others are harmless. A. B. C. D. despite 10. Most l5h century Europeans believed that the world was flat and thal a ship could conceivably sail offthe end of the earth. .. . .. . ... .. . ... , many sailors of the,time rcfused to venture forth with explorers into unknown waters. A. Due to the fact that B. Nevertheless

A.

therefore

night poisonous, but so

for

-85-

ctio rfrrdit
C.

AilH UlNl

IT.EDUH

LTOH IIiTIJI)N

8r[G

Therefore
9

D. Whereas

EXERCISE
appropriate:

show the relationship between the ideas by addrng any of the following expressions,

as

t,
.

trimmed tlre branches on the cherry he; . .. . .. . ,. ..... , I asked him not to. 4. The meat of rhe puffer fish causcs paralysis or even Arutfrlf it i, , it remains a delicacy in Japan for brave diners. - . . '. ' '. .. . '.,. everyone disagreed with hirn, Brian went ahead with his originat plan for the company. 6' The first mention of'the game ofchess appears in an Indian rext written armost I500 years ago. ........-...... itsaricientbeginnings,itremainsoneofthemostwid;it;t6-cril;" in the world today. 7. Alice heard a siren and saw the.flashing rights of a porice car in her 6*-ui.*)oir*r.,., she quickty pulled over to the siae of the roaA and stopoed8. Most adults carry around certain auitudes *a p.rjuaiiJ. uuout the world around them. rvruDr e er new srtuations without such preconceived notions.

l' Itwasstillhotintheroom...............Ihadtumedontheairconditioner. Several people in the crowd bocame ill and fainted ... .. .. _.,. iiiJ*orr. I 3, The gardener
..
.

because since now.that therefore

because due

to

of

even

though howeyer

v,hile / whereas on the other hand nevertheless in spite of

despite

atthough

f,r".

t6r;p".li;A;;

5.

urururgn,

T:#11T1:,:.:1.:ru|loftheskiareasinth.rno*iuios........::... conditions and avalanche danger.

;;;;il,;ffi;;;

severeweather

ls. ............... theabacushadbeeninuseinAsi".ir."*i,i.i1ii*ri;;;;id\il;"* *world credited r 9-year.old Blaise pascal, a Frenchman, with inveutin;,h; calculating machine in 1642.

10.^......._........paperwasfirstdevelopedbytheancientChinese*itsEnglishnamecomes from the word poryu4 rhe name of an E$eti* rvuto . 11. The supervisor must know what *"ryon"-in i, Oolng ............,.. all " responsibility for error will fall on her shoulders. 12" "' :..:......'.asqirin is relalivgly safc fo-r most adults, it shourd be adminisrered very careiirlly ro children, ifat all, It can be dangerous to clhildren,s health. -13. The_peanut.is used today to make-everythirig from cosrneUc, to explosives ... .. ... . ,.. ... me proneenng scientific work of George washington carver in thi lgl0s and 1g20s. 14. In ancient China, yellow was cgyiOerea t9 Ue an]mpoial .olor. ... ........ _ _ , ,fr" emperor was allowed to wear it. No one else could have yellow "Jy clothine of anv kind.

t arffi*

pft

1:

fuJ--

16.,.:..:...:,....shethoughtsheheardthetelephonennging,MargetumedtheTVdown_
only to discoyer it had been a terephon" on the show ihJwas watchins.

"r c
l.
1

EXERCISE

IO

I)sing the given possibiriries, make sentences using pay aaenrion to the wordforms. My car will probably not statr tornorro* rno*In!. If ny car doesn't start tomotow morning, I'll tike the bus to work 2. Sometimes I have free time. 3. Sometimes my car doesn't start in the mornins. 4. Maybe I will have some free time tornonow. * I might not be able to come to the meeting this aftemoon. 6. Sometimes I can'l attend a meting at mylffice.

l.

i!

'

ti6

GIAO TRII{H AilH

uIil

ll!p!r!! -

LroH

q4lnoc $qfINyt

7. You will probably be too lired to finish your work this aflemoon. 8. Perhaps I wonrt bc able to get a ticket for Flight 605 Tuesday morning. 9. We might not have enough mdney to take our trip next mondr,
10. People might ccntinue to destroy their environment.

EXERCISE

II

?.

Choose the conect answer. you arc polite to them. Mos't people you meet will be polite to A. unless B. I can't buy a car ... .. . .. . . . . . . . I save enough money. B, only A. unless thcy are kept at the proper tenperature. 3. Eggs will not

l.

you
if

4.

.
5. 6. 7.

B. only if A. unless watch television after dinner ..,,. ,.. .... ... they have finished their Our kids are allowed to homework. Home'work must come first. B. only if A. I'll give you a hand ...,.,......... you need it, but I hope I don't hurt my back. A. B. if I'm afraid the battery is I buy a new one, the car won't start. B. if A. unless My sister can fall asleep under any conditions, but I can't get to sleep .. . .. . .. . . ... :'. the light is off and the room is perfectly quiet.

harch

if

unless

unless

dead.

9:

B. only if A. unless you promise to do everything she says. Alice will tutor you in B. only if A. unless 10. Oscar won't pass his math course ............... he gets a tutor. .A. B. only if you assure me that we won't be violating I l. I won't be involwd in this

effort.

math

unless

project dinner

any laws.

A. unless B. prepare you all promise to be home on time this 12. I'll a really special evening. Let's plan on an old-fashioned sit-down dinner with tle whole family at the table at once. A. unless
B. only

if

if

EXERCISE

12

Choose the best completion. ...... ,........ the salary meets my expectations,

l.

2.

A. Due B. Even C. Provided that D. Unless power people To their inventions, have made use of natural energy source, coal, oil, water, and steam. C. and they use D. such as A. in addition to B.

to

if

Iwill

accept dre job offer.

as

3...........,....excellentartmuseums,Moscowhasaworld-famousballetcompany. A, Because of. B. In spite of C. In case of D. ln addition to 4. It is still a good idea to know how to type. . . ....... .. . .. . the many technological advances
in typewriters and word processors, a skilled operator remains indispensable. A. Because B. In spite C. In case D. In addition to

of

of

of

8rA0 TBIilH AlrH

ulil

:{ .- t10H

iii,,.,ii{ ;;iiir"

5.

6'
7.
8.

people when I was traveling in Spain. A. Therefore B. On the other C. Moreover D. Nevertheless i 0. I'm sorry you've decided nor to go with us on the river trip, b"t . .. _. . .. ... .. . y"" your mind, there will still be enough room on the boat for you. A. B. nevertheless C. in the event D. provided ttrat I l. I like to keep the windows open ar nighr no matter how cold it gets. My .......t......., prefers a' warm bedroom with all windows tightl! shut. " A. nevertheless B. consequently C. on the other hand D. moreover I 2. Some fish can survive only in salt water, . . . .. . .. . .... -- ott o.species can live only in fresh water. A. whereas B. unless c. I). since 13 ". . . . . . . . . . '. Jason became famous, he has ignored his ord friends. He shouldn,r do that. A. If B. Ever C. Even thougir D. Due to 14 we'regoingtorosethisgame.............:.theteamf,oesn-l stiart praying better soon. . A. B. unless C. D. wheieai 15. My two children are cooking clinner for my frmilifor frmily for the first irrr,i_u time rn tonisht. the food is terribte,.r'm going to enjoy this mear very much. iiwitt ue frur to have them cook for me for a change.

Afire,musthaveareadilyavailable-supplyofoxygen................,itwillstopbuming. A. Consequently B. Furthemtore C. Otherw]se D. However r sru.ued spanish tbr fou' years in high school. ... ... . .. . .. ... , I had trouble tarking with

Even though a duck may live on water, it stays the oil on its feathers. The oil prevenrs rhe warer from soaking rhrough ihe feathers *d *""hiil ;i;;i.;;.-'"' A. due B. C. in spite D. in the eveniof Alex cannot express himserf crearly and conectiy in witing. He wiu n;vei advance in his .iob .. . .. . ..,.. . .. .. he improl.es his language skilis, A. otherwise B. C. only D. unless .,......-...... there was no electricity, I was able to read because I had a candle. A. B. Even though C. D. Only

dry

to

besides

of

if

if

Unless

Even

if

hand

,i*g,

even

that

;fe:--'

if

since

if rf

unless

although

D. provided rhar I helped him anlway. B. C. D.-but l T Florida is famous for: its tourist attractions. Its coastrine o{fers exce ent wh e sand beaches. .. . .. .. , , . .. . ... it has warm, sunny weather. A. Otherwise B. Furthermore .C. Nevertheless D. On the other hand 18. The flowers will soon start to bloom .. . .. . .. . .. . :, . winter is gone and the weather is beginning to get warmer. A. even B. now C. D. even rhough 19. Only if you promise to s{rdy hard ............... to tutor vou. u8r." C. I D. I will agree .,n lu. .^_.* uamets nave either onel. hump ol two humps. The Arabian camel has-one hump. The Bactrian camel, ............... , has two humps. A. ner,.:rLheless B. however C. furthermore D. otherwise 16. Jack insisted rhat he

,,

if A. and
A. Only

B. didn't need any

If

so

help, besides

C. Even

if

if_

that

so

Itll-,1q*r

agree

88

GIAO TBII,IH AilH vAN

CHAPTER 10

uslNc IF, WISH, ASIF(AS THOUCH)

ls

5.

r o * v _ If I had a lot of moneyJl ndtdry.you

o
the exam.)

-i

Exarnples: 1. IfI get up eariy, I usually do poming exercise. 2. Last year, got up early, I usually did rnorning exercise. 3. If I get up early_tomorrow, I will do morning exercige. IfMr. Brown dfl{Ves here next weekJ please call me. 4. If I ivere rich.{hroibs.telp,ycur (Actually, I am not rich.)+

ifl

[,tenhdfr

(Actually, I don't hav'e muct mtrLv.) 5. If I hadn'r studied hard, I would have failed rhe exam. (Actually, I srudied haid and passed

;j

a,,l

c1rruh

were'you, I wourd have accepted thar job yesterday. (Actually; I'm not you and didn,t f^accept that job yesterday ) (7.)lfl had sudied hard. I could d. rhis exercise easily now. (Actually, I didn'r srudy haxd, so L,/ I can't do this exercise easily ntrw) N0tes:

6.

IfI

l. we can use progressi'e

verb fomrs in progressive situations in unreal conditional

,{.
2.

sentences.

!! it yere raining now, I would prit on my rairicoat and go to class. - If it had been raining at this time yesterday, I wouldn't have gone out. When we want to omit IF, we must use inversion - Were I rich, I would hetp you. - Had I not studied hard, I would have failed the exam.

-E9-

II.MPLIEI' CONDITIONS:
l.But (unresl rituetionu) i S + wodd tV G$;fit s + v

could

- t woutd visit you today, but I rm busy. condition: If I weren't

however. -.---_l

(s.pg

I would visit

- I came to see.you yester ay, but I didn,t see you. Where were you?)
7

Condition True
Probable Unreal

Time
Present
Past Present + Firture Present Past

Main clause S + V (S.Pre.) S + V (S.PasO

Implied condition

S+will+V(s.f.)
can

E I
?

* Futttc

s+would+V(s.f)
could S + would have + p.p could have

4.
5.

I sometimes go without his pemission 2. I went without his permission. 3. I won't go without his permission. (- If he doesrr't allow me, I wont go.) 4. I wouldn't go without his permission. (= If he didn't allow me; achralln he allows me, and I wiil eo) 5. I wouldn't have gone wiihout his permission. (- If h.e hadnt allowed me; actualln he allowed, and I went.) Notes: You mustn't go wi0rout my pennission. (prohibition)
1.

3.

Or
Condition True * Habihral Probable Time
Present
Present + future

s+

Main clause (s.Pre)

lmplied condition
;
;

or(else) S + V (S.Pre)

- Imperative

-S+must +V
have to should had better - Let's +V

; otherwise,

othgrwise, S +can+V +witt + V (r , or (else)

can may

Ilueal
Exarnples:

Past

S+V(S,Past)

, or

(else) S + would have + p.p otherwise, could

mieht
i

1. She always wears her glasses. or (else) she doesn't see anything clearly. ; otherwise, she.can't.

t,

90

GIAU

t*ilirl

Ahdlr VAir

TT.SDVh

LTDH

0Al tloc $U PH{M

2. Start early, , or (else) we will be too late. We should start early; otherwise, Let's start early (Otherwise = If we don't start early) 3. We started early, or (clse) we would have been too late, ; otherwise, (=lf we hadn't started early)

'

@",

WISH CLAUSES:
S + wish (that)

.{noNs
s +(would + Y(s.D ( could
>( [were + going to + V1
S +[P. Sub.:

ct*; @l

48, -, ,...

Future

lf only

wlL, -t \,

vr

vJ ctlL b? qrr"1 fr'

Present

(were + V-ing bould + V(s.0

S +JP. Perf, )could have + P.P. Past

Examples:
f1 . He will leave

lomorrou.

--)
*gmnorrow.
I wish

he viouldn't leave tomonow.

j. \,^5 \rrl9 -.-> .! -,-> f5.He havino :--> I is tiouble. 'litfl --->-Y . !\^lt no has money. \6.He
r4.He .He isn't here now.

(1, ne can t anend tomonow s meeflng. --> (3. He is going to be absent ---> (thar)
It only

he could attend.tomonow's meeling

tr

uerent gcig to

absent tomonow.

he were here now. h weren't having trouble.

he had much money, he could helo us now

he hadn't le{t last night.

V.He can't help us.now,

t8.He left last nioht. '.

->

--i

)9.He couldn't attend yesterday 's meeting.

-->

1r coJd lnve afrended yesterday'stneding

-t
. AS

I}'/

AS

Notcs: Verb form in unreal - Vl and 2 are mentioned at the same time; Past subjunctive - V2 happened before Vl: Past perfect

Examples:
|.
He looks as

ec4,.^ii

2.

he is drtrnk, (Maybe he is drunk now) he.has gotten up. (Maybe he has gonen up) he has been running. (Maybe he has been ruining) l_rc^is going to leave. (Maybe he is going to leave) .iie looked as if hifras drunk. (Maybe at that time he was drunk) tF was leaving. (Maybe at that he was leaving)

if

91

GIAO

?R|IIH AilH VTil

TTJ0VT'|

lirrli

ftiiuir/$ sAfli!

3. a. lte rooks as rf

Vl

vl

h"*iX t't

(were = Past subjunctive)

ufdrunk
sinntio:rfactuaily, trg is{tgrunk

and V2 are mentioned at the same

tine in the presenr.

,.U#:t
-

d*ti;o;'-

Vt

vl

V2

happoacd bdore

Vl.
fr.r-.tr ;,,n^.

see a ghost a short tinie ago, bur right now he looks ;iff1ly:;1r:,:.jgr/",.n:drpt or shocked as if he had seen an

were d

v2
b. He logked as

.1,,,_,

tf;' l: t
(-

.t.- 1.-i'

- V2 happened before Vl. - ljnreal situation; actua v. he didn't see or hadnt seen a ghost before that time, but at that time in the past he tooked frighteil;;;;;"k.d seen a shost.

;ii"ffiffi $ffih.0*, ,{*#,fi ";tr,*T1",;:iJL*},ffi if he had seen a ghost. vl v2

;;ihJffi

I. whar you (do)? 3. I didn't know what ro do in *rat situarion. lf i, ,fr.t you (do)? 4. Ifyou (meet) Jobn ar the meeting, pt.use (glu"i hin, rhi; ieuer. 5. If i (not/ inform) of the delay, I o tf,.""irp"n y.o.ra"y 6 lf I (invite) to someone'sparty, rusually ]. Il! (knowt French, I (offer) ajob in France lasl week. = u. 11 I (noustick) in the naffic jam, I (come) to class earlier. sleep) when you came, I (ask) you ro play tnoV Tu.y the piano. m-6:.bfi steep) now,'t (ask) you ,ir pf'"v,r,roil"J. tr-oV 19. | | . i wlsll.r{netp) you yesterday, but I,m sorry I couldn,t. r l. rtvrsltes he (be) a little more considerate. _Jne rJ. lr.only we Gtart) our joumey early tomonow momins. eartier- bur I gor stuck in a raffic jam. l:. lJ."r_"I

Use the correct verb forms 1".ti". o" L Ifyou (noV stay) up tate lait nighr, r. t don't know what to do now. If you___

p"ffithe parenthesesr t"';l;;"(.) #;;;;;.

y"i___

["j

tbrmijlill;;;.

l^t$:

t5' fve finished the exercise early. I (nevi understand) this 1esson withour the teacher,s explanation.
explanation.
lesson I (never/ finish) this exercise without the tearher,s

l6' I dont understand this

r d.

I7. (take) a bath every day; otherwise, I (feel) uncomfortable. uo.what the boss told you. or else you (fire).

lct's take a break; otherwise, we (Cxhaust) ourselves in the work. 20. I -was roo.busy last week; otherwise, I zr' ne ooesn't know anvthine about medicine, but he ;.'n"* "oon r. speaks as if he (know) a lot about it. 22. she didn't wirness rhe u.Jident, but she

ll.

(.;plifi ;;;;

toid;;b;;t

ir aJirshe lwitness) it.

92

GdO TRiilH AI{H

vAN

'

Ti.rr,vh SPPEbTDIB

rrl,

u,1.,

N'jC

;if

r 1..^,..

UNIT

THE ARTICIES:6/6tl

- eilD - TllE
A/AN or THE

fill

tn the bLabks with approprlat,e arlicleE

!

if

nce8Bary

2. _ __ Sahara is _- biggest desert in_-- world. 3. _ Asia is .__ biggest continent in _world. 4. He is from _ America, and he has traveled.a lot of in_

L ___
.

Pacific Ocean is larger than

Atlantic Ocean.

-5. ' 6.
1 8.

Americas.

United States lies berween Canada and Mexico. Sircialist Republic of Vietnam or_Vietnam is looated in

Asia.

__

-__

Southeast

___

9.

__ is --

Rcpublic Philippines is Phi.lippines ot -__ independent country. La.ke Ontario lake between New York and Ontario Province. smallest of Creat l,alies. Mount Everest mountain on

of

is _ is

lt

Pole, while it is veiy hot near

11. They thought that

18. Hd used to scrve in Air Force, and now he is working for Vietnam Airlines. 19. During 1980's, _smiths were living in Netherlands or Holland. 20. In Canada. poor, handicapped, and unemployed arc

_ -* conllicts in Middle East. .-millions of ._ lives were lost during --- First World War, _World War il, arnd _Civil War. 15. '[hey used to live in __ District 6 and __- Tan Binh District, now they are liVing in {hird District. 16l- Dong Nai river is polluted with industrial antl chemical waste. 17. __- Saigcin Times has offered him -_ good job.
l?.
Suez Canal and I J , There have. been

_ 14. .-

__cartir

serious

universe. Pananu Canal are important warerways.

.

was

__ equator _ center of _

_ _ _blind, __ -supported by _ government. Jl, She can't play _ tennis, but she can play _ piano very well. 22. ^fhey are studying Vielnamese because they are going to do busineis
Vieftamese.
radio.

*_

with

Paris,

Royal

Pyramid, __Eiffel
Sphinx, and so on.

such as

_I'aj

-..

93

Gll4u

'ii,,rrfl iitt!! vAtt

n"Fll! : !lifi

itt"jt'l1',

iriil3

30. Please go to __ church and pick Ine up at I I :00 AlvI on Sunday. My car has broken dcrrn, and I'll go to _ _ church by bus. 3 l.___ Prolbssor Jones died of cancet. 32. man should cat to live, nor live to eat . i3. life is short and fi.lll of _ sonows. 34. Iife was lost traffi&ccident . 35 - fire is usefirl because it gives heat. However, itis alss dangerous due to catelessness. Last week, there was grlat fire on Third Avenue. in room. pteaie tum on light. IF1-'r T,..nough j,il we ysuall{ trave _cooked rice, soup, fistr or mbat,for _ olruler. t-ast night, we had youth R[taurant. very good dinner at omner cost us a lot. gokt_is more precious than silver or copper. Howcver, " Nothing is more precious ,,. freedom and indffidence Uncle Ho. -fr'*J"*-La' said Therefore,. _Vietnanrise fought t". independence of their country .

-__ --

in

l!

_light

off---*

__

_-

and

---

-._-

38.

than

_
_.

1.1; I ru(c-_ plnx oI,,_..orpound tnls rose.

_- Pi{ rlr

of

_ _* rcd and _

_*

_-

white. Is thar rigfit?

40.

human senses include Independence Day is

_ ,+J.
41.

touch.

_ sight,._

hearing,

smell,

__

taste, and

w9:.k bY motorcycle or by car. hurry, I often go on foot and then bus. 44..I{e teaches English at open university. university and at Van Lang University. 45. Nowadays we can contact,-- ship sea radio.

to do. 43. Sometimes

uo you know who invented ___ computer?

national holiday.

__-

computer only does what

it,s

told

: I
1

_--

J go to _

__

, take ;f at by_

_-

[f I,m not in
Education,

of

l
1

l
I I I I

I
I

'1
')

-t

')

z
a
.,

I 1 J

{
J J

r)4

Gliu iRiftlt At{tl vAil

UNIT 2

TT.BDVIi

LT0H oAi

q,J-

"ij,

''lr,']l

PERE0f{6t PR01t00ilS
Subjective Pronouns Objective Pronouns Me Him Her
Posse3sive Possessive

I
He
She

Adiectives My His Her

Its Our Your Their

It
We

It
Us You 'lhem

Pronouns Mine His Hers Its

Ours

'

Reflexive Pronouns Myself Himself Herself Itself

You They

Yours

Thein

Ourselves Yourself , yourselves Themselves

FiIl ln the blanke wiEh appropriate perEonal. pronoulrs

l.
2.
3.

mother

. and is as tall as speaks English better than

loves
and

love

__-

, too ,

4. 5. Betweeu

housc is nicer

than.

ii the youngest. 6. Among __ ' ,attended liiends except 7. All of _ ----- is red, and 8. These are-.-- pens. -----9. are talking 10. 11.

am right.

wedding yesterday is blue .

that are very kind and friendly. has to wrote this letter and sent assistant. would like to rneet Miss , not on and off automatically' 13. This machine can is very clever . sister. 14. This meal was cooked by to cook . taught . Be will harm 15. carcft{, room . enjoys studying in 16. job . for losing 17 blamed leaving early . parents objected to 18. is happy . tail 19. The dog wags job' '20. Is for that is applying true tlnt is 21. Who's is 22. Whose hat is this? '23. a lot . who has helped is have helped a lot. 24. 'loves more than 25. 26. Both __ are students.

Jotur 12. _

A friend

of

to

told

about

tum

White -

or

-. - -- -

- by-

_-tlnt? -is

when------

whom

27. 28.

- and

likes both
has never enjoyed

and

like that

is very hot here in the summer . when everyone lives in peace . 30. lovo when someone tells a lie 3t. can't stand class, 32. Neither John nor Mary is going to name on 3 3 . Someone has forgotten to write

29.

exam paper.

-Y)-

ctA0 TRilrtlt Ait|t vAl{

lT. Sb v r;

___--_ j::::::::'" ,il:_:a,''li_--,l;11f "'*'::"T"0. personal questions _ _

asKlng
,

34. A J-'. .| sru(renr student must have left left 35. Every boyand girl has _+ 36. find

___

book on the desk before o11,n book and pen. own nen

96

GIAO IRINH AilH VAI'I

UNIT 3

AITJSCTIUES EilD AOI'ERBS.

I. Choose the correct form that completes the sentences: l. i'm _.-- sorry for keeping you waiting outside . (tenible / tenibly )

influenced younger generations. (deep / deeply) 2. Flis ideas into it for pearls . (deep / deeply) 3. The occan was , but he dived (good / well) 4. She tastcd the , so it lasted around the house. (careful / carefuily) wher he looked 5. He looked (excited / when the clorvn appearcd 6. The children appeared excitedly /sudden / suddenly) . (careful / carefully i soft and said that it felt 7. She felt the material

-soup _---.-.--

_---

---

---- -

I softly)

man. (coward / cowardly) 8. He is a healthy but absent from work. (hard and is worker. She 9. She is / hardly) (fast /fastly / slo driver because he drives 10. He is a

rvorks

--

slowly) of those over the ___ mountains. I often think I I . A plane is t)ying . who invertted it. (high / highly) here, but while I was crossing the street, a car 12. The post office is just hit me . (near / nearly) suddenly came , and it and said to my friends, "l'm sorry. I'm 13. Last night, I came trj the party ". (late i lately) because I've been very busy at home flights, but they are not like birds on some 14. Flight attendants can travel flying in the air because they are usually busy serving passengers u'ho feel to ask them for something. (free / freely) and catches a mouse animal . lt always licks its fur 15. The cat is a (clean /cleanly) . Its fur is usually . (lonely i alone) and sometimes feels 16. He smile (friendless / with a 17. Your brother always welcomes me friendly / in a friendly way) of food is 18. The boy who gocs Ghort / shortly) at me ' Oretty when she smiled girl liiendly 19. That / prettily) , Challenging to do the work te love . That work makes us 20. It's altempt (satisfied / satisfying work which is finished also need / satisfactory / satisfactorily) 21. tlre little girl's handbag was grabbed although the day before she had given a lot of rnoney ' (lucky / luckily / unlucky / been unluckily) 22. In my life " I've seen a snake swallow a rat , but that 's not a (whole / wholly) / wholely surprising thing . . the chair when he t'ell 23. evening, t}re man was just sitting --on quietly/ unconscious / a heart attack,(quiet/ the He suffered ftom on floor. unconsciously) .(tighU tightly). It was 24. He packed his suitcase

_-

._--

_--

--

----

---

lives _ -

---

--

_.-. -_looked

coming -*

--___,

a--

---

--

---

-'.-

Onthat--*

too---.

---lacked
g',!

G6O TRIilH AilH vAiI

TT.BDVH

ITSH ..IGUtJil SAIIG

II',Pur

these adjectives and

ri-odem/ German/ norsy) cify. 5.,Nha Trang is a (tourisV Vietrramese/ beautifut/ sm.lii;i;: 6.We used ro live in a (charming/ famring/ Iittle);ili;n;.-"' (wooden/ pretty/ smalt/ anriquel iquare; taure. 1..::, ?t 1very v. I hey spent their (winter/ Iast/ three/ cold) days in Hanoi. ' 10.l'hat is a (walking/ long/ well-used/ brown/ dart.t ,ti.t.

3. Daisy has very fteautifuU curly/ btond/ lons) hair 4. Her brother is living in a (big/ industrial/

I Y1.-.!: f3ueht z. rerer usua y wears (dark/ expensive/ leather/ brown/

a v.e.vJqinV corton/

attributive words in the correct order: Englirv n"*7 ronii ii.")ar"rr.

Italian; shoes.

: i: :::i

I |,:::

l1n

with very

(tecinot"sid/,."pii;;:;)

progress.

98

GiAi ihlfiH AHh Uitl

TT.BOVIi

LTO}i DAI HST

iU

PH4M

UNIT 4

COMPARISO]IE

I.

Rewrite these sentences as guided' using comparisons: 1. Both John and Peter are the san'.e height'
Inhn 2.

HCMaity is much
Dalat

rnore polluted than Dalat'

3. Your dog rnakes more noise thau mine' 4. English iniere*s me , while other languages don't ' To me , Engiish is 5. Nobody is morc intelligent thau Mary in this class '

Mv

-------.-

Mary

6. No one can sing better than Alice in our group '

Alice
7. He drove at full speed to caich the robber ' He drove as 8. My sister works hard , but I don't .

fm---

-'

I work 9. You are like Your t-ather

You and your father 10. This book and that one are similar . This book is 1 l. This way and that one are the same This way is 12. Youarrivedat ? : 00. I rurived at7'. 15' You arrived I anived I just know a little' I 3. You knowiliiof things about biotechnology, while
You knou' t4. You've lived here only for 6 months , while I've lived here for 40 years ' You've lived here I've lived here drives at a 15. Tom drives at a speea or ao mptr. Dick drives at a speed of60 mph. Bill speed of40 mph. - Tom and Dick drive , and Bill drives - Of the three , Tom drives 'l'om he is a Tom, - Dick drives , and Bill is the - Of the three Tom is 16. Tom caught l0 fish, and I caught ?0 fish. - Tom didn't catch - I caughtprme - I caught twice | 7, Compare a kilo of cotton with a kilo of sugar' - A kilo of cotton is

--

::

the-----

-99-

GIAO

IRIilH AIIH VIII

_

..

.,

___- ,II,B3vtt _ LroH itGldr{ Siit6

of the tluee. - The salary of a worke, of the three . 19. C-ars from Japan run well - Cars from Japan run - Cars from Korea run _ zu. I o{ay the temperatue is 32 o C . yesterday the temperature was 29o C . - Today it

- A kilo of cotton is the -'Ihey both weigh 18.-the salaV;-lr doJto.is $60,000Erye;Jh",ulay of a nurse is $ 30.0(10 per year. The salary of a wor\er is $ 20,00b per year. - 'Ihe salary ofa docror is twicc a nurse. - The salary ofa doctor is three tinres a worker. - l'he salary ofa doctor

ii-_--.--_

ffi

r esleroav
r

lt
IO

oyota costs $ 20,000 . A Daewoo costs $ - A Toyota costs lwice - A Daewoo costs hatf 22. My Mvhouse house is 5 km far - My house is - Your house is 23. Yqu are 20 years .l arn'+O Vears ofA. "tO - You arc 20
r

,000

'

fi'f.ffifrmfar

from here

-1,- , - l rn lwce

:Iam20 - You _Jq

ir,.i^'

24. Compare a soldier with an officer . - A soldier inferior - An officer suDenot

ttniot

COMPARATWES:

I:_glmqlete

the sentences by REPEATING A

COMPARATM or with DOUBLE

and

l. When-you are nervous or frightened your heart wiil , beat r. from March to July , the weather eets and -3. She has recovered frrcm the flu . S[, lrno* f."f inj-'- .
by the.soccer game

1 5. ?::y-":.y::Ic:ted If you study hard, you witt p*, ih. *"ln,"rliy. rr,!-_
whetr you exercise, you

becau* it

*.s *ril"g

*j

'I

*a, ""*:-

the the the fewer

will be

healthier. The

/.

ype carefully, or you'll make a lot of mistakes. The .The

the the
the

E. When we get old, ir is'difficulr ro tind a job. The

9.

When you travel

far north, you will feel colder. The

100

I
l

GdO TRINH AI'IH UAI{

TT.BDVH

LTDH

0Al fiuil $u PhAit,

UNIT 5

SENTENCEg
I. SNTPLE SENTENC!]S elemenls that can be part of a are A simple ser{nce has one independent cl11s9, (C)' and *titct tSi, uerU tVi, Jirett object (Od)' indirect object (Oi)' complement "i*r.l adverbial (Rdv) Here are some basic sentenc!

J\1

! s: Y @1,:qn!ilive) r.4d'v
2, S+V J. S+ I/+C

6. S+V+Q1l+ pre+0i 7. s + l/ + o + c g. s+ l'+ o + Adv

John gave this book to me.

lYl,9l'll.r:v:-":*:.::'.Lt-1-:-, ..' John put the book on the table.

* Examples: I was tired, so I weni to hed early' I was tired; therefore. I rvent to bed early' III. COMPLEX SENTENCES:

.l

sentsnce oontains one main clause and. one or more subordinat:,"11:t and noun clauses. These subordinate clauses are

.ornpft"

adj clause

adv clause

3rxRergsl coryLeto these Eentencea with approprlate worda or phrases that Dake thell meanirgful '
I........................somepeopleareoptimistic'othersarepessimistic'

2........................youputtth".*amcanyoubeadmittedtotheuniversity' you'll miss the flight' 3. You'tt better leave now, that you are qualified for it' 4. You can get thatjob

6.
7. 8.

5.

You can iover buy a house ....... ...".".... you save enough money' ...............,.... his old age, he can support himself' John was absent from-class yesterday, """.'"""" he had a headache' The cake was stale, ..................... the boy ate it up'

-'101 .-

6l&.,

l:rtih

Airi.t ,iAir
-

r_.-Bl;

!l

1 :-:.r-b-tj_ryq4i! q4ilG

24. He had an accident .............,... he drove .*"t.rriv. 25. You should bring your raincoar ..,................. the rain. 16. a lot of people study thcy can communicate with foreigners. her glasses ......... j shi goes to sleep. :......:.... "ears zd. lT. rorr -".iy-"l-1 are generous; ..,,....,,.....,.,., he is stingy. 29. ................. information was collecrea .....1...,...... I couldn,t remember it. 30. We have to tum on the air conditi** .................-ti., iit f,",. -'"-.''" call me...,,......,..,. you iinishyour*o.i, 11, jl. I haC typed dtosc letters ..................... the boss rerumcd. 33. t will acccpt .-................ job suits me Oo*n to Ur" gro*a. -'.r. .................... sne comes 10 see me, she cails me in advance. 35. Its beenr a long I last saw you. 16' ..........,'.,.. comes first will be served first. 37. He orders me what to . .....he were a general. 38. ......................peter loves Marv is rue_ 39. I have several fiiends, one of is from Cariada. 40. She is .....:............ a nice .urryo* iif.o tJl'ing ro hgr.

They are going fishing in the country...........,.......... it rains or not. ru. .....,..........,... rhe clrcumstances, I couldnt attend John,s birthday party. I l. She few ,tre ot*n f.et, ton.ty. wesrayedhome l? tr. ne tned tus best to do the work; ,,....... ....., all his efforts were in vain. 14. Could you tell me .................. he come i,"i. * p4int the house? "un 15. ..........,........ he loves her is not important to her. ]!. :..r....,.... it was raining, they starred on time. l /. iJatat rs cooler and quieter than HCI\{ City; ...............,... it has a lot of beautiful scenery. 18. The is driving rhe white car'is a goo; 19. Alice got manied to that old man,.. He doesn't like aoes t e ptuy spois.--^2!. We went to Dalar lasl 21. month, kuV"J tf,"" ior 5 days. 22. I have been working hard alt day, ............... no*. : ]. jorove tast; .....,.........., I would have come to the meeting --"" latc.

9.

has

friends

Il*tu91t:.:itylastnight;

ilrr"r"

man

il;"r.

music,

ir

l,;;;;;;

English

ll"*.

time

do

... girl

.
.:

j I
1
1
.1

t02

!4q

lry!-lu tlry-

-UNIT 6

-*

-IlB9vh

! rBH l4r-H0--:!l

ilill!

Tffi
I.

OUESTIO]IE
,!

Mr. Brown 's wife seldom drinks coffee, 2. Alice's nephew put the book on the shelf" 3. His cltildren swim every m0rntlrg, 4. Their niece hardY goes oul at S.That is your hal
6.'l'hese machines have been tested, 7. All of the luggage got wet' 8. There's a iot of new informatittr\ 9. There used to be an apple tree in the fiont yard, 10, He's by no means Poor, I 1. He's inviting tus frieuds to the paay.
12. He's irrvited You to the Parly' 13. He's invited to lhe Party' ?

,|

,.

*titten his comPosition, given another opporhmity to study abroad, He's 15. 16. She'd like to meet John, 17. She'd rether you stayed home tonight, 18. She'd better not go out al'--ne, 19. She'd come by the time you called, 20. She'd come ifYou called her' 21. She'd orefer to live in the country' 22. She'd been thore before, 23, Never has Maryr s Pet been sick, 24. Betty wistred her boyfriend had picked her up'
14. He's

25.I'm; fittle

late, go for a walk, 26. Let's

'-..-.----.--?
,l
")

27. Please tum on the radio, 28. Don't make me disaPPointed, 29. Everyone is readY, 30. Somebody wants to meel me' 31. NobodY has tiPished the test, 32. Neither ofthe boys is intelligent, 33. No news is good news' 34, Nothing is clean, 35. Something noeds to be done' 36. Not everyone likes classical music, 37. I don't suppose anyone will support us, 38. Few students can do this exercise conectly, 39. A ibw friends of hers ought to help her, 40. l,ittle mail hae been delivered, 41. A little salt is enough, 42. What a nice guy, 43. You and I have met him' 44. Reading books is her hobbY, 45. Tom and Mary need to be there, 46. The police need never fear death,

,)

'9

-.

103

otAo rRiilH Ai'tfl uAil

i l.5UV

47. You thought thar we tried to persuade you, 48. I think that she'd left before y-ou came, 49. What a waste of time, 50. She may be right.

104

-I

GdO TsiNH ANH

VIil
UNIT 7

TT.SIIVH--

Liiril Ler iririi iij

Fhrtrri

SUBJUNCTIUE MOOO
Subjunctive mood is usualiy used ro erpress wishes, hopes, doubl, hypotheses, unreal situa ons,
cac.

L Present subjunctive is the simple fbrrn of a verb (infinitive without to)

- lt's nesessary that he &UqIt the truth. 2. Past subJunctive is the past forn ot a verb, with the verb "to be", we use WERE for all persons. - I wish that he know the

truth.

- I wish thar he gglg hcrc. 3. Past perfect subjunctive is the past perfect form of a verb. - If only hc had known sooner.

TiXIREIE

U6 the corrct form parenthesee

l.I've just

of the verbs (acEive or paseive) in

the

heard mc. (call) ?. lt's urgent that this right away. (send) 3. You should harre had the report yesterday. (type) 4. She did nothing but .................. the piano. (play) 5. She does everldring the dishes. (wash) 6. Ifs (high) time we ................ rvorking and................. a rest. (stop / take) 7. Don't let herself ...,..............,. . (harm)

someone lener iohn

cxcept

8. I wish that my now. (finish) 9. .................., you, I wouldn't have beiraved like that yesterday. (be) 10. I watched my motorcyole this moming. (repair) I l. Long ................. the King. (live) 12. She insisted that she ................... him. it. (marry / be) 13. Far ,.....,.......... it from me to advise you, but i think you shouldn't go alone. (be) 14. They were whispering lest them. (hear) 15. They made him ................... a lot of work. (do) 16. Why ........,............. he re until he comes'l (not / wai0 17. I'd rathr;r here until tomonow. (stay) 18. They suggested that the . (cancel) 19" She wishes that she ................ John last night. (meet) 20. He acts as if he .................... my boss. (be) 21. If he ...................... mor carefully, he wouldn't be in hospital now. (drive) 22. Would you mind if I ...................... yorrr phone for a while? (use) 23. Isn't it (about) time hard for the next exam? (study)

lfl

work

him

So

others

you

meeting

you

24. Suppose you 25. He told the story as though he ................... in that situation. (be)

-t05-

GIA0 TnIiIH AilH vAil

II. B!yH-:.!ToH ilGrdil slilc

UNIT 8

If I were you, I wouldn't do that. Were 2. lf I hadn't been informed. I would hav;L;;;Genr from the meerifi.
I.
-

Pleage reuriEe theae sentences using inverElon:

'

3.lfsomeoneshouta@ Should 4.Shestudieshara@

She studies hard; as 5. Myfather seldor!

dri@y,

hardly, scarcely, never)

" Hardly 8. Hc had no sooner rtoodif-dilfiEiidizzy.-= No 9. Scarcelv 10. He little realizes th-impoi-anc, ot rt .liui.,, Little IL We have at nc timeleenlilh b6uritujiceniry

6. She's.neverTett mo.e aiEppoinrca Niler 7. I had hardly locked the dooi wh.n tt pt on" rrng.

Shehadscarcetyte@

A1

rr,.

ou snould not be absent from class under anyi-rcumstances. ,r

--:-

unocr

13. He didn't r urrl'c once u9rn9 come on onl6e. Ilme. Not 14. This exercise is so di{Iicult rhat

So
15. This is such a

rrany stuOenrs
,n.uny st

.*Tnnirf,
"an1

it.

Aim-utt ux"r"lr" Gat

Such
16. His laziness

ra""b

firllsl, tt.

*as such thut

Such
I

.ouldE noi[inf

7. Stre didn't say u *ora auring thiE,ty. 18. He will no way admit his mlstates. No 19. She doesn't on any ar account consent go On 20. He did.r't come until 9S0. 21. He came to class late . He also to

N;
out with him
.

N;

Not oniy you muy p^s the 1?. "xam. 23. .She hasn'r been ro Ha Long Bay fveitG "itfrE. 24. I've only met him once. Onlv 25. I saw her orrly by clrance foiUl,,fucUlnfy 26. Sheagreed with me only this moming Only 27. \Ve can succe.a in tife onty in tt* *ay. Orrty 28. You can irnprove your Engfirf, onry fr pru.iilinf Only

__

f*g"it" b*g h" pe"

lyi$

irAayl

torL@

106

29. This event happcns only on rare occasions,

fJnlv _-_ li0. We can pass the crossroads only if the iraffic light tums green Onty 3l . You should leave only when I call you .

__ --

:' : I '
.

0nly
Only

32. She is here only because she wants to see you

34. The little boy walked in with his wet clothes

'

In 35. The cat slept under the sofa

Under.

lO. e,

nicefrnumint *as in-Eoilof

the

buililinc.
.

37. The dbg ran or{ with its tail wagging when I came

Out

t17

GtAo Tfiir,fi{

Aitil

vAJl

Il!!!llUNIT 9

rToH r{Gudit sAilG

partieles

FiII in

PRE?OSrflOilS AilD PHREEEI UERBE the blan ke with appropriate prepoaitione

"""""';

or

; d;t; il
9.
8.

1 Do you agree 5. ........... me ........].. tr,. .......::;ii"rr.ase 6. I agree ........,. your suse "rra
J":ff :,

2. 3. sil;;;##-#:

l.

I'm grarefirl .......,... you You sheruld apoloeize .

"""""'

4;;;";;;;:::

""""" ,il;;;,ffi;; . ;ffiH'llll:::;*nl?.0

ycur kindness' It's very nice - " """' you to heip me. vourparents vour rudeness.

..........,... pav?

fi::;T;

't

Although equipped ........... a computer, this office is not adequate........... our needs. Did 1ou ger used .......... rtriving L.:...] "*u, bi:_..:_ ou, ........ London ...,...:.... the summer. I0. Composed .,........ hvdrogen and oxygen, water is essential .......... our life. l l. Graduating ............ u f.rnou, ,i1"r,,liry, ,f" i, .fig,Ul" ........... that job. ""* ':-::::: he arso worfts as a reporter ........'..'io,l.'"ih;;;;;,ll'o""

"il,lii

:::y .1:,J :#:ffi",;",.."1 111 *.0

il

il'il*'?"ent'

'' Tl:

she was

14. I look ........... hearine........,...you soon. please tcrll me how you are getling ............. 15. Thank ......... your hilp. we have just ._.. ..:. ;'lorution ......... rhe prohtem. . .. wlr . . the airpon. 'u :

il;,rtf90'

sfill a student '.....'.'.. the universirv of Education, majoring

o*.';io

here.

fi;;-,:.: r,i,,,n anive . ::::.j"m$ rday ry;;, moming. They will take part ............an irnportant
....
...,

fic;;

meeiing

17. Couid you put me

I

rq.

v"'""r*r,'-,.-::-..;;;;f#H,*fi:';

_- give _: me videophones. please Congratulations ............ v

...

the department that deals .......-._. sales? I,m inquiring ,o"" .-.. .....

iri"_"ti""

what's the reason .....,...... the.hane.? ,20.

IHfl'J:']lllt;
.*... ;;;il;;,
*"

'o"Uifrpf,;;r*: engrisir ana muth".ati"s

;;r"",

meeting shoutdnt be caled

21. She wually spends .,..,..... least an hour.......,.. her studies every day. Sometimes learns important lessons .......... tea.t, st e;s usJ'..1.1... ,*r,ing ........ difficuli she words .....,.,... the dictionary. 12. Is the uip .......... ............ youl'No. it depends .......... the weather. a sudden, Jo[n appeared ......,... tl* door. We didn,t expect him ro drop 1ll

t,

.....

24. He came down .......... the flu last week, hut he has goften ......... ,t.i^^;.,:._*.

they are livini looKrng ........... a feip, better place

time

:.-.

.._

26.'we hbve ro put ........... riuuing 27. He was just talking ..,......

to live ............ sood.

ff;;

it . ilghborhood, bur soon they,l

.

be

*iii

though he had asked her to hold ............ -28. .......... my mind, you should

y11 . .

n ri
.

*"&"tl*ur.

. . . . ,fr" ---

pir"", *"r*"ir," r'rvrrv w'tr nung hung ...........even 'ivrrw' urE phone Prrurrt was """"" evet
.......... fint, read it.......... and ......... again. .........,..:';;", oecrsron ........... a while and

our car has broken ..........

pay artention ............ important _took Oet"ilr, ............ last, sign it.

,f,'"".*o*,

tfri*

t08

I
GfO TRiflH ANH UiII
TT.EDUH

LlLl, JF'l lf:: ^:!

i'l-il

29. Affer trying ............ some pairs

of

shoes, he made .......... his mind

to pick .......... the

brown one,
30. My sister dressed ........... for her friend's wedding party. She was dressed ........... white. Ji. I saw a building -......... fire last week. Several firefrghters Fied to put the fire ........ and to

preve l the building ......... buming ................ 32. Many young people are addicted ............ drugs these days. The authorities are trying to keep drugs and stop drug dealers ..........,... selling drugs .,.........

them

thenr.

33. We have besn .....-.... .......;.. touch........ years. We must keep.......... touch.......... each

olher ......... mw,.........

34. He was lookcd ........... ..i.......by his friends because he took advantage .......... them ...... borrowing money ........... them and never retuming it ............ thern35. When you want to divide a 1?-acre field ......".... 3 parts, .........., which one part is as large as the other two equal pans, add one ........... 17. 'Ihen 18 2 is 9. Next, subtract .,.,........ 9, you'il get 8. Finally 8 divided ............ 2 is 4. To check again, 4 multiplied .......... 2 plus 9 equals 17. 36. Letters can come .......... fax or e-mail. Then new information is keyed ............ the computer. 37. We concentrated ............. domestic markets, invest ............ new machinery, and try to reduce the coet instead ............ raising the price. 38. Paper is made ........... wood, and rnost fumiture is made ........... wood. 39. Hello! Our washing machine is .,........... ........... order. Please come .......... and have a

divided

look ......... it. 40. It is ........... the law to kill animals ............. danger .......... extinction. 41. ............ a new product to be popular, it should be advertised .......... nelvspapers. 42, After filling ........... the form, you'll apply it............ the authorities .......... a visa. 43. Thank you very much ........... advance ............ your invilation .......... the reception. z[4. After having been found guilty ......... murder, he was accused ............ murder and was
sentenced ............ death.

funny thing happened ............ me this moming. I ran ........ an old friend who ran ....;,........ ............. money and was .......... debt, and I lent some money ........... him. 46. I wanted to know what his reaction ...,......... that news was. but his answer ........... mv question was lacking ..........,. warmth. 47. She's very proud ........... her success, and her pride .......... achievements often stirs discontent ............. her friends. 48. The man ............. r:harge .,.,.,..-, the foreign trade is partly resp,onsible the economic develoument. 49. Contrary ......,.. my expectation, the man who was related ........... Mary ........... marriage was incapable ............ adjusting himself .............. that new situation. 50. ............. mistake, he,brought ............ the accident which resulted ........... several minor injuries. 51. Some people die ........... an illness, others die .......... their own bed, others die ....".... their boots, others die .....,..... tbeir country, others die......... battle, and others die.........".... their own hand. 52. Exams will begin ............ the 9th and last ........... the l5th ......... July. You must get ........,,. studying all tho lessons .......... preparation ......... those exams. 53. The lady I've just smiled .;.....,....... , practiced Engtish ......... .., felt sorry ............., and introduced .......,.... you is not the streets here. 54. ............ the desk sat the man lrfio approved ........... the plan we had idecided .:......... 55. It is typical ............ him to be late; so you'll have to pur ..,......... ...........,. him.
45.

familiar

109

ElA0

iriit., i Afrh 'yAil

TT.bi.,;r,i1

-'

i.l.ih r.t.

*, | )fin'A

0l

t-

Lr

1.

2.

3.

4.

tv.
I

t
(
lr 1

lL0

lro GIAO Dl-ic vA. o^r ) l',to Df cHiNH rlf[t

Kt 't lli r{ } r.r'. !..\li t),\l rl(r,

Tbdi gian lam

'-,"

3ai thi ri6r': TIdNG ANH

bii:

180 phul

Chli kY cta c{n bo coi thi 2'

Khu vur du thi (Kv).

Phdng lhi !iti:

Ddi t$ong drl thr: .-....Sti b6o danhi

..-...........

orfu:

I _
l.PH:lO

lctobochamthi Nn:

ki;
n,t til nhbn li
lhbh hop khung Answ.rs

I
I

Crin bO charm

thi2 kt:

____l
cho

CD:lid)'ChQn

n6i chi tdng iong nhilng aeu

sou. Vi6t ch? A, B, C ho.lc D fitdng fitg vdi lirl nh6n IiJ de

chan veo csc 6

fi 1 #n l0 tong

1. ln recenl ygEls, nor and morc people for thing"s vvath crsdil cards. A.pay B. paid C ae paying D. have been paying 2. Wrat people-Benelton slorer is thql lhe quaiity is always hiqh A.like B.like vary m ch C.like aboat D.like alot lh lint6 he is a0 3. , Paoto would like lo
A.

,i4!!@
6

He furned on th6 ry, A. ancl B.e

tuly

- -l C.that -Jnny

thought was rather sumnsing. D.

A wherees
n
g.

car would not stiart,

ts. thougn

Lnvel

B. be

-:-byC. be thvefinq

going Io

l/avel

D. have

lraveled

4.

citjies wbol6 tamiljes c6o only O. if wlwe C. oven when 5 The wodd wor d be a belter Flace if everyone showed
Poveny is a problem in msny aflord to live in ono room B. A. as Jonn. A. as

10.

O,Zffig ne | 6. .. iI 4. yo, a.rk B. you arc asking C. torasking D. loas* 1S.... haE to have an rrdcrcEling story. I 9..... _a mcMd lo be entenainitg, rt rn so fat 8. tn odet tiat c. !n ordet fot o. orher o i n.
A. B. annoyect about C annoy'ng'
Thal was a very slran$e question

Thy stayod

innoyea

lor horrs, -4. which I wa6 v6ry

s slafled immedialely. 1 3.. howaver O. neverhe/ess I n, .

I
U
.

Il v'hich la

-__Loopelarlorl

much

B,

s.

nuch

C.l\o

much

nj!.toh
r,d.o

Lc6c 6 liJ 11 ddn tS trong khung Antwerc.

D. 9e!

ll. (OH:s di6n, CD:N) Ch?a tt co tthdn gech dtldi dftri ptt'l &n kh,tc c'c t:it.:tn 4i. vi6l A, B, C halc D

L cEgI

12 13 14 15
lll.

hCAl

B.

gEgl

A. bhod

A gnlveBiiy
A" dpqse

B. p99l 8. lniqle
B.

cgqd

bq3t beal f99d C. grit C. vlglld

C
C. C.
ho. p

at

D. boak
D. tgg D. gndo 14. ............_. ..............

D. put

IDH:20 di6n; CD: 20d) xec dlrlt di)ng thlch

cta tt cho stn trong ngo6c ( ) ve

i&

cec dEng O it6 vdo cic 6 16 - 25 tong (MANTATN) (RrPE)

c|t

Answort.

16. The dt/ty ot lhe po&co i8 the

'17. Our tomalges

Fre

__

oflew and ode. niclri they'll be ready to eat in about

a waek.

16. Look at lhis Fictlre of Eill and his hther - you c?n see way. 10. Ha 6aid'Good rnornhgf in a fiEdt 20. Playftig lor lh6 nat|onal tsam tor the frGl linrc wrs afl

the

,-

cleaiy, can't you?

e)ipenence lor Hong Son

(uKE)
(FRIEND) (FORGET)

'. 21. 'This is nol s gaod eEsay,' said lhe leckrrer, 'l ind yoor elgumenls 22. lt's a lovely old house, I agree, bui can w afiord to ........ il? h used to live oexl door. 23. George and I have been {rinds since for their anlmals. 24- ln wi,rler'it is important fof faimeF to pfovide food and Ronsld4 lo lake part i,I2002 WDrld Cup 25. Pele

-_

(coNVlNcE)
(MODERN)

_.*-i

(cHrLD)
WARlvl)

(COURAGE) vidt l{i'dd vao /ih{rng Arlswors

lV. Plt:

20

di6n CD: 20O n,n ry!

ttr:thhh hpp cho

nA ch'

trdng

d$c

d'nh sd li! 26 dgn 35

vA

In lhe wodd today, ihere are 5,000 lo 6,000 livirtg languages

(26)_which

English js by lar

fi

riro6t widely used. As a

(27)__tongue, it ,8nks semnd only (28)_Chinese.

(29)_is

.tl.
33.

little used oubide China. Appro\imately 350 million pBoDle speak Enllish as thei. first {30)_. About sle same nrmter use it i31}_ a second language. lt is (32)_English
language that is used es

he lsrEuage (33)_aviation,

iDtemational sport and pop rnusic.

75% of the ,,|orld'8 mail is in English, 60% of the world s radro slatrons

(34)-rn

Engllsh and

{35)-

thgn hslf of the *orld's penodicts are pflnted in Engtisn

Tlang ?

V.@H:10digm:CO:tSd)OpcdoanvendLt6ideyvivi*rceukitoitriliring6hgenchom6icexMiltr36ddnlOveophdn__saunlictuh6i.

;::,;:T:.,'J.J::il

soon after a Hono Konc millionarre moved his bustngss to a new skyscraper, his busrness began immedialaly called in Feng shuiexoeris to do very badly. He They lold hirn thar b;."rr" brock was rounc, rt was trt<e-a truge c,g,aretle. and energv $as bu,nrng otf throush the roof. They arl ."io ttrui-ttt" "m"" 'ne couro oo ro preueni swmmrng poor qn the root rhe mjlionajre fo owed was to buird "nry"ittrni'rie their advife, anu nil iu"ir"r. irr"ciately started to do wer. In lecent yeats' Feng shui has become-lopulaf tn t"nv **ron uih"r" .uch as Bge have started to seek advice from Feng shur e{perls Bfore his stoG "ounti"", was opened,-Brian tngtes. tno manager "orp"ni"" onu or g & o" uiiii,ifr,'.0n"u,,"0 ,"nq _ot or rl"" ipu.J"iounJtnJ,t-oi" e,i"n toro*"d " sto* a year, the ttETiIi:r"J:XT""J:t

shli nici,is cnd !r;:ci,!1d ' lt involvss iii[_x'tr!'f#fJ,tff#:fil"Ti:;T"ffi"i#:il;:#il:ff,lli]:;J:-1. 'h changing the design of your - rrofment wo*ing space to imiru-ve il;;il;;;. tiving or rot tnslance,
Fcns

cl,r::.

..ii;,d

i,t'".*

ffiil

;;;:rgy

il

.rI;;

36- What kind of relationship does Feng Shui concem? 37. According to Feng Shui, what,s wrong with round buitding? 38. lvhat did the Feng Shui expert advise Brian to do? 39. How did Brian's stor6 benefit from following this advic? ,10, What can be said about the wdter,s attitude towrds

'';

ffi;il'

ilE
I

I-"
l.

Feng Shui?

L16

sin

b6n phdi.

15

41. ll's clmmot kno$,ledge

thll

he has beefl in pd6on sevrat limes.

42.'l hato lo be critcised by non protessionals,' the film starsaid.

41. He

known

,$. Shs crnt get into the h$it ot studying every ewning.
44. I rgrct not pa},tng muct attenlton to the lecture, 45, Perh.p! | dld.|l gst . bctter becguso
Job I dldn,t study hard enough.

,12, The tilm star objected

43- She can't get us6d

{4. I wish
45. I might

46. Phase don,t msntion it agBln. 47, M6. Quyen began tecflng Chines tgn years agD. 48. We 49.

46, I'd rather 47. Ms. Quyen hos ..-.....,,.. ...

aS,This is

ha\nl vlslted the mlroeum bebae.

Petsr missed the bain trcduso h6 woke uF loo ht. 50. Th6 robbor to.c6d tfie caEhisr to hend ovr |he a|ofley.

49. lf Peter
50. The cashior

7. H.

6. Hc

Vll.pH:

S0 dung nhhs ttd cun fl d^srhentuvenhhsbi6na6ic6nht&nnngx:ins;*"i;;i;i;;,;;;;#rff"f;?fr1#ftfi11ff?,ff,r.iilffftf dfus ulen hrve nhhs bi6n,r *iff, i*1ff"f::!'^::#,::_!1^":!: !!lnt:.?c.cju t:o?n .'ltnh.vd nha ven ractt London. An,t/dti.co th6 tS
51.

dgq

9.

or

advnlure

51. Jack Lordon/ lif and ra/ritings/ |rrpresehu American/ love,/

10 lf

52, Jack Londod bom / S.n Frdndscd | 876 53. HE/ $lU.s.hoou foudesd bocomeJ

sailor

It.
16.

54. fle/ travetr good/ dea/ du.ing/ 6hory lif.tlme 55. Ho/ traveu hany/ ptace/ Europel United Slat6/ Far Eest 6. 189?/ Jact London/

t7. N
18. S 19. Tl

2'/ year/ old/ gold/ di+covr/ Alaska

20.

57. He/ anlwer/ calu adventura

21. Al

1r.La

58. He/

take,/ p6ru famous,/'gotd rush,

23.Yt

58,...,.. ...... .......,,..

......

24.n
25.

laier/ slories,/ Fovels

:: :rf*"*o

witd/ nodhern country/ provide/ malriau

many/ 59.,........ ...

tl'

..

lv. Go
60. best--knolvnl novBls/ i^ctud.jt The

Ca

of lha

ltliw

ThE

Sea"Wolf

60.

On Nr Geno;

(28t_

cxri

f:

Cdn b6 coi thi kh6ng gieithtch gi th6m.

Hfi

Briggs lnomb

whel

(33L
lhe da,

a/tco,!.

Bo GIA{) O1.t. r A i).\(J1A() Df, cHiNTI TIiUC

h6i.

Kr*Tl-lI',Ilr!l-. iitiliDAItlQc,cA()l) r, ',i .r'l 2in).!

Bai t'ri rrrdnr TIE'NG ANH 'l'hdi giar' lam bAi: 180 ph0t

t_- ,, '.

Chu iri cLir cir$ b{i (ai lh{

' i:id rg or

Ho vi ien thi sinh:

Ngtry !h,ing narn sinh: ..........1 ........ .l ........

Nam/ Nit: Dan rd::

.
.

,HE
rd nll

,[oa
j,iice -en9

Noi srnh:..,,.,,.:,..,.,........r.................,. . ll0 khdu thndrg tni cila thi l): ........ ..,. . ...

Khu wc du thi(KV),
Phdng

lhi sd:
Erii ili

;to[e

tin

lt2 n

au-T-hi ::nh nhtii

t'i?'i ttic (Liu

tn

liri vio

lirc thi

ut'.v tlinh

the! hnitudill

or6nr:

,rn.u,

f-_l
tn
khlc

Cdn b0 ch{m

thi I kt:

I
I

Crin b0 chAi'n rhi 2 k9:

'

cno

l, (5 66n), Chen A cit phdn gach d!fti dtfrc phitt

c'cti

can tei VidlA, E, C hodc D

C. C.

vdocec6 1l d&t

lrcng khut Answer$.

l.
2.

A. A. A. 'A. A,

Eggnd

B,

lggch
pre9erva

degign

occupalbn cbncrng!
tgqcher

occgsion receivqll B. L clear

cho

C.
C

dqln balic sheke attachg rggson

D. D. D. D. 0.

accglnl
ptrylical miculous cDncoalei
mqqn
O ttldng

ll.flo dr6n). chon mlt tit I nhbm tu thtch ndp ltto d6n 15 hoE Y'hung An.wers'
6.

m'i ch'

ndng

x.ng nhhg cAs sau. Vigt cht A, B, C hc'Ic

hg

v1i

M nhOn It! de chQnveo cbco

| pot that lotler

A. Do

lor you on my way lo lh iJflice'l B. Shal! C WoDl'l

11. He lhinks we'vo ihvited

bo rnany guests. brrl I say the ntdre the,-.

C.
C.

D.W]

A.

nica, up

B. happier

mefiiet

D. grealgl

7. He fell hed realy lel his B. ut

icam

HE'll nevor pas6 his drivino

lest-

whcn he missd the penalty. D. off C. do n he laxes some jessons.

12 John has taken

A,

__
E.

swimnfng as he want! io ke?p fit.

on
have

in
a bath.

D.

oll

13. You smell awful! lt s aboirl time you

A.

udess whiah

B. it only

ptotide.I

D. i(
.

A.havo L tti
A.lo.nntinue B
15. ls she a friend

_
C.

ha,l

D. @ have

Opp$ite our house is a nice park

A.

there a.e trees and fowe6

14. Lack of funds prevented him

B wherc
B. lay

C
C.

,vhose

with his strdres.

D ihal D dace
tlgaic

wilh continuing C. conthue

C.

f)

kom corllnuii
D.

10 lf liou v/anl to help, prh9p6 yoLJ could

the lable for dinner.

- spred
ucno
sdn trcng

A.

yotrs

ot_

? B. you

yout

yau'rc

lll,
1

eO

di4d,

Xec frnh dang htch hqp cha

)revi6tcAcdqngttdbveacacO016

den 25trong cQt

Ahtw.ts
'16.

6.

is one of the quallties required of a social werker.

(FLEXIBLE) OMAG'NE)

'17. Novelisls are mang lhe most

people in the'ilorld

17,
18,

18. Seqondary educatio'] iE

19. Th 6ong has

been selecl6d for the sea Games 22, Vielnam

__ -and frce in meny counldes.

lo *_

(coMPEL)
(oFFrcE)
IENVIRONMENT) {MASTER)

'ls.
20.

20,

doing lheir be{t to naka People aware of the dangei ot air pollulion.

2t. Actua0y, there

22. Leonsrdo Oa Virrde wBs a 23. YourtatlEr is a bit

-ate

-is

no rhod cut

a foreign laFguage

21.

__

8tory of an artlsl and scientisl.

(succEED)
{wErGH}
(DANGER)

_. _

I think hB should go on a diet.

24. The police should impose heavy

fnss on lhose who dnve

21. 25.......,.....-........ .......

25. lie ir OK, but quite

at limcs.

-.
danh sa

{RELY)

lV. GA di6d.nn dt ld lhich hqp cho n,t .he tdng datc

ti 26

dCn 35 v,)

vii!

F!

d6 via khung Ansv.f,rt.

Answers

(261-

in 1861 n Canada lefl New York for On Novcmber 5$, 1872. the Mary Oelesle, a $niF (26) Captaio Brigss. hi5 wife, his daughte. and a Genoa, ltaly. There we elevn people on (27) oteaht.

-,

Mary Celslo was seen by another ship, the Dei Gratia aboul half way between Ute Azores and the Portuguese coast. The captaii of ths Dei Grada, a lrbnd of Caplaih Briggs, (30) _that the ship was sarling shangBly . He sent a boal lo investigate. When these c.ew on lhe f/sry Cleste. Whal mighl have haPPened, and members came lhey did not se (31) whal musl hav6 happened (32) lhese people? Some think lhat a soa monlor might hav (33)_ the Mary Celesle. (34) bcliev that a giant wave must ha\ knocked lhem all (35)

A nonlh (29)

th;

27. ..
26.
29.
30,

........

i 32. ............... ........

33.
................ ....... . ....

3,1, ...........,.......

......

_ _

the deck.

't kooS

torour ope.as. His ri,st ope'as. ri"t operd , Mittidate, Mittidate pe di ;.;["J:T:t;"1"-Y1t:1f::1'.:"1'\e-continued dipanto, pii*",,"0

ffi:il;'ffi:.i#ilii

tot naen l,on choafrt cAu h6itLt 36d6n40vaoph;n .......... .. sdu .h5i ciiu trdr: MoTart, whc was born on January ?? 1756 rn the Austriai .rty of SAhbLrro was naithai th: ,^" ,:- ,__,--:,.' rne rrrsi first nD' rast ihild prodigy, hot csrtainlfthe csrtainlrthe greatest. H hLrt he i{as iqas He lr,ias '1" ".", -^. the last ;;; bom ;1" moderatptv nrdihrr^,," r.-ir- -,;^l^ :,:tu'nnarcneo ::tT: mr$|car mrrsrcat Oenius mado itseif " senius;ai; itserr known r<nowr extremely exrremery ptay to the n"tp."i oio ""'.rrl. ::ll,f..?1,b"s:".l"aming wor^ was comp'osed in n 1761 when he was rive, at which he a'so first app"ar"o which-he'so five, rhe app"rLoil the ag; piruri.. From h; "im-"i" agi ii piuric. lheaoeof sir wh.n hiarar6d,,^:yT.:"Ii3-PPsid ,q" ;;,"j;, hlm.on the llrsl foreign tour, Mozad toursd musical centres ot mustcat o, Austria, Austria. Germany, the couds and Germanv. France, Fran.e Ensrand, Fndr.hd r-ioriand, ri^r6n, switzerrand c-,r--r-_r andrarv --ik

V, (lOdf64.

Dec dof,n vdn du6i dey ve vit ceu hd

into r'io.",ti"g;L;il;id'il'il: ^ f,"Lf;:l!,:ft"J"::lfJXTy,::::""*-T:3,:11 ""j#Ur'bfi; F;; il#;iffi il""'

:,:'

"::

lfflx?r;if*e,

,",

aho$r a rhird a;s;;;"ift. "efnr abo wmre a tor of , iji;; -il;;#*',;,";"ilT#ir:,}:.i:ffi|jft ;;;d [:1?t$:i.",fjir1j1":

lt has

be;;

cil"",.il;;ffi;il

36. How dch was Mozart.s family?

37. \^/hen did he take lhe tiret slep Into the wortd of music as a cornposer? 38. vvltat did he do on his llr6t low lo some ma,or Europesn countries? 39. lryhy is it possibl to nam Moaart

ll

travclting composef?
40,

40 Wh6l expression in the passBge meeni .an exceptionally clover ahitd.?

Q0 dtn) vtdt lqt cac ceu u 4 ddn go sao d@ nghla cta ch'ng kh6hg thay d6i. M6i ceu i6r taiduec b|t ddu benghhblg) 'fhe 41. rsmerk wts so unexpp,cbd lhal she didn,l knolr what to

vl

ti

cho srn d ben phdi.

6ay,

4.r. ,l was ....... ...

.,

43. lt was a wasle of ftrr| witing that

tefter.

''

...-,'

'.' '.'''

,' '.. .. .' '.' ' ' '

- ''...

44..Let'scheckevryth|ngonbemor6,'saidlhemaninchlef.
45,

43. I needn,l ..._......

'' . ,.

.,.. '

'..

'

Altholth the fish appears to be harml66r, it is qrite dangerous. 45. Contrary .......... dA Thr 46. The cft,.ia.h.--rstudents really apFeclate th teachs/s senBe ol ,t6. Wlrt ..,. 47. lt is ackno\^,ledged lhat\rtelnern haal a complete controlover 47. Vietham is....... SARS from a vs4.drly rd0 dl the epidhrc.

hu&or

48. H6 didn I lsmemb.. anything aboui

49. We coudn't h6ve m6naged lt if

il

and neilher did

6he_

48. H lorgol

orfather

hadn.t encolraged

us.

49. lt

il.

50. I wi8h I had

eppH

tor thar Fb,

uu'11,!fki'*ffi,i!tr1i,",1;#y;21g1r;ig;i;:#W:f
#?;i?;1,#z:::;**.n**ototn!&ins,,y6nlht
51. Coflservatim / b6 r|eutat resourcs.

nnhi6n Anhd,t6k6

sateguarding 6nd presorvatbn

St.

52. the pasl / most people / believ / wodd,s rcsources /

can / never/ u6e up

52.

53. Today / ws / know / this / bo / not / lrue 54. There / be / serious wssle / foG6ts, soil, witdlife and
mtneta|5

..''''.''.'''.'.'.','','.''.,'..'.'
54.

r lll
I

(p

16.

55 Thejetlre./
56. tght

preventi{n / wasle / be / imponant pad / .nnseruaton

t7.
18.

pollulion

/ our envjronmsnt /

be

also

/ great

lre
s6.

?9

2't.

57. pedicular / vr ,, have to / fight / dirly and pclson / air 58. Conservation / be / concem ,r |Ecleiming / land
59. This 44.
P5.

do

Dad( lhe sa

tfiigste deserk, drsin syvamps or

push

WG
59.

60. Conservalion / includc / search / aliefliative luels

ensrgy / whd or sun

/ 60.

...,

i
l

she
hom

her

geti
isne

Cdn bd coi thi kh6ng gi6i thfch gi rhem.

isto
lcoul'
lD.eer

Peet I.

",!/1001

BQ GrAo DUc vA

oAo rao

De rHr TUYEN Srl,lH OAI HQC, CAO OAI{G l'lAM 2004

N4ON:

oe cHlilH THUC
xtremgly
the age

'fhoi gian

lin

TIENGANH KHOID

bdi: !80 phtit, khAnE ke lhdi gian phat

tli

Can b0 coi

th

1 ky;

C6n b0 coi ihr 2

ki'

, rurts and st a lhrrd sd phbeh

iralgtof

, theatre.

, .a........

Oidm:

Berc sd:

Bilhg

ctli

Cen bO cnAm thi

I ki: Wg rn gbltlnh{n veo en tult 6 vitti 16&

B. nc'6nt B. t"asdy B. welthy B. pollution

Cdn

b0.fiAm thi 2 k9: nti ch| 4 g Cl,f,lcD 'rngv,i

D. annual
O. goveanmeot

ohdJ,

| (Oi

dad. l"

Chen tb cn

c^c

fr

c:dn

lli

vA vtet

l!

vao 0 h/r'tg

tng tong l(tten

Ans\'rcrs

Anr,w!.

l2. 3. 4. 5.

advance

C. caa.

A tEory
A. inlpirc A. slmpli.ity

c. iovnt
C. ptotect
C. eleclncity

FF::-:
tthJn ti
aB dta,l. veo 6 htstlg

D. e)di.rd
O. acrivily

mathe,rnatics

B. statis{c8 tO thlah

c. academy
bong nhh@ cAu sau vA

D. med|anic

ll (O 4dnt. Ch$ nil drdln

lrorg thung Answers.
Rernqnber to go

tW

cfto

nli chi tiry

vi t dtf

B, C ho& D Ong vdi

FF-:tr-r_
ing

8|d spglling misbkes.

B. ovet We havc lo slan early 8. so A.

your test Fapsr to chck tor g|amnar

7.

c, off

D hto

orarse

_ wr'll be late for school. thdl C. akhough D. that _

_ to wail br lhe mouse to q)me out. y B. sopatbnt C. er'c.ug'h D. pal/nt patieil stough enough V6nice, _ wa$ built on wster, b a city in ltaly. A. whele B. ltat C. who D. whbh
The cat was
A.

patlan

'chi

e thi
I

Uncmploymnt is a sedo!-c prcblgm in the area; there arc

_,obs 2.
a

the paode there. C.few D little A. a B. a lt was imposgibh br hef to tel! th lruth, so she had to

lifilo

br

lew

$ofy.

14.
lll
16.

A.

@t'tbfie

B.

l'm not acaatonred A. togalting

_ up so eaiy A.bget C. by gelting

m'i aeu
sau

manage C. invent

13. t/Ve have lo _ allowance i A. do 8. nak6

It wa6 rally kind

Don't let this oppodunity go B. otr A.

by

CW
c. wol*
C.

D ovar
D.

thiS

diffd,il cirqJmstance.

ed

D. lie

D get

A.

fmtn

_
B.

on

yorj to help poor pople

ot ft

D. in

(20

dd||y'.: Hoen thanh

\Oi dqng thtch

hw cia tt lnng

ngo|,c

()

bdng cech vi# deng

tt

thtah hap

vdo 6 tvotlg

rirg trong

Arrung Arcwors.

_
"

Charlss Darwin dijn't intGnd to publioh his book On the Origif, ot

gpeek loutbr thsn

Speoes.

(ORlGlN) (ACT) (HOSPtTAtsLE)

17.
18. 19.

word9.'

Visitors sld hat the

20. 21.

- explanatbn otthe Eccldediswry the . One of the ...:- of English is thd il is becorning simpler and simpler, -A righl amount ot calcium

of ths people in Vietnam was most untorgcttable.

{coNFusE)
(STRONG)
(8Or"rD)

addd to our

food will help to

.

oof weak bones.

In arc,enl Greeq:, the ortl ,vas a symbol of

_
the surrounding ores

(wsE)

Lasef beams can kill cancer

lls whiie leaving

_.

.(HARM)

24.

Fmdom of

is one of lhe fundameotal righb.

(sPE Kl
{LONELY)

VJhat old popl6 f6er

host i6

_.

tv

GD

dd,tlt nn n't tt th'cl hw

aho n6i chd t,6ng (lvqc ddnh E6 tit 26 d6n 35 va viql tl,

&

veo 6

afftg frg

?o/,g khung An3wrs

rising up She sbod by the window for a fw minutes, looking at the kails of (26) from hs chimnoys Inlo the grey moming (27) . A bus stopped on the road batwean her house and the villag in lh valley below. Watching tha (28) of pa$engers getting on one (29) 6ne, she fult envious of tham. They could go to wotk, (30) she was always laft at home to look (31) th6 baby and do tiE house$rork, Sho went back into Ole sitting roqn. She had not even begufl to tidy (32) bot she couldn't find lhe energy it this morning. She had had a tGrribl night and had been tfloken up by lhe beby Eo mrny (34) _r_ that all she wanted to do was go back to el6oD. Bul she kn',y ftat it would not b (35)

(33)_

_,

4m+

V (15dtn,

9rc tlca,t vdn

sau

i,Ay ve

vet

ceu

te bi ngdn oo!

vaoF;tAn . .

saumit,:itrJ:
is epprox,marery n,qe mirfton. and rh c6prrardv- isAthns .

s:TTJ#,llj: i:l::^"",:1,l

in. n,,r', illilrl::TiffilJlJJ:[,]:l,H]TX,ny,""i.y,"*::::j,:T:"t9"""u Ihe largest island is c;ei;. "o,rr,ui;

Hundreds ot islands surround the mainland.

'l::l':::yl-l.lj.-]1.lllr.rion

;;;; ;*"ff;:,. ,ni.;;;""""","

Inro rhe tons coasiline Greece

They had a great civitjzation, one of lhe gte;test that the wesFrn worH has ever seen Greek architectu;e, thinkin;, arid art inttuencea otn", irJi*i. 11,o Grek langusge inlluenced other languages, including Enolisn. ror exampte, ttre!"'giirh "" aith,ratic come from ';oli u,pltu,r"a democrccy, and Greek. Today Grece is one of lhe most popular nations with the tourists who visit Europe. Thousands of peopt are attracted to the country becaus of ils beautifut scenery, magnificent encient buildings, and is excelieni summer weaher.

carved 0eep bavs and surh |"""t""i,"J,'l::,l""tlT,:t"llltli:lY,1i"t;]1"^i".1:: nation ror centuries, and creece ,:::^.:fi:.fg-"an-s.ea ts very wetr-rno,ti;i;r. tG .i;"ii;'g id[il. ::-en :.yfarino tllg" .ti'.o,sand years ago the. Greek people dveloped a very sophisticated society 19T-q".1

ias

iu*

36. \/\/t}ich p6d ol Greece is good for q.o(r,ing crops?

\alt37. t4'lat have the geas done to the coastJine?

I I

t-;

|
38In what filds has Greece influencd other civilizalions?

(05

t.
39.

\ rhy doos Grecs atract

rrcny toufists?

40. Whn did flg Greek civifllat/'en begin?

vt 05 ae4 viit tai ck

41. 42, 43.

ll (ro tt
cau

&u day

6ao cho nqhla

a)a ching

khong thay ddi.

Hty

bijf dau n6i ceu bgng tthunht che

sr'l

bdn

ofiri

What parlkrula.ly irnpreg8ed me was her kno\r,tcdge gf vr{dd

history.

41. ltrsher.......

'

Shall I carry the suitcase

br you, pauline?.6aid

John.

42

John offerod
.

7.
8.

I'm sorry now that I rlidn't telt you thg truth.

I

43. llrish

44.
45.

uncomfuatable to be.n a room wheB everyt ody is shouting.

44

lcn t stand

Man @ntnues to ljake /ll qerals from the earth in imolense

quan

ies

45. Minerats.....

46. She never seems to luccerd even tholth she work hard.

46.

Horvever

47.

The Plgso paintin! vJes so expensiw that nobody could buy it

10. 48,
The custgmer insieted.....

48.

'Wl6iG

ie

f|e head waited I mud spesk

br made to chanoe

to htm..

49
50.

Tho6e old men can't

lll e(

Itrhen she heerd the n$,s, 6he broke do$m.

Ytl @

a*

r'orc

na

ceu tu 51 i!4n

55

seu 6ay

cd

MQT

ii

17.

Gqch chen Ei dd vd vi6t tn/cun

tb

dung veo6 uong

5t.
52. 53,

uv
51.

trong khungben ph6i.

lE.

My llephone has been out of work tor a few days. lf yq.r move quiet you cn sE6

srna wild animals in this area.

Thirty hou6 a vreek are a heavy wgrk schedule. You mustn't teave so seon. Ihe show doosn,tstart

54
55.

til ighl.

54.

1s: I 20. I 21. " ."r 23. I

21.

Competitive qyciists must rea6t calm during toumamenb.

vlll ('o ditt

56.

si, dutY nh}ng ritcum ti| dlo stn rrcng c6c ceu sau dc vt6r thenh nhaiq cau hoen chtnh nhirng bitn 6i cAn ai& nht'|/g kh6t.g b6 blt kt tu ;eo d6 ctto.
Jack London / lih ard witjngs / think / by many / represent / Arnedcsn

25.

ori*i;r*;r;r*r;;;n*

,d"

lV (2r
ll yd
Ftollu
l^y'e

56.

love / adve.ltu.e

//
./

57. 58.

Thy / no / intgntion / put

end , crhjB / those d6yE

// // // //

i7
58
59.
60_

lm
cites
tood,

Jame6 Watt / Scittish scjentist / invenr / sfeam engine You / not pa$s / mming ex8m / udess

59
60.

/wo*

ha.d

beco

Our beeutitul foregs / destroy /

il

Sodt

/ we / do I nothtno / preserve them

(33L

atl g' cilia

8o
nesus.

GrAO DUc vA oAo

OE CHIIIH THOC

rAo

oE THr ruYtN SINH DAt HqcJ cAo DAN6 r{AM 2005 TIENG ANH, Kh6i O Cen bO col lhr I ri vi gli lAm bai: 180 Phul Thoigian 'l|ON:

rO ha

lan

Hovddthisinh:.............. ... ....

.....'
ca||
bid,

ce has

cor

th

2 ky

v, th

ro n9

dn.

ol the
:19uge

Phdng thi s0: Bri lhi gdm 02 trang - Thi sinh phii vi6t
cAu

s6 b6o danh:

. . : .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . ,. . . , . .

llountfy

bi

lgi vdo

fing drd quv dinh thlo httng dln

Dilfi: shs

16: ... ...... .. ...........

Can
.

bi d'6m li'l I ld:

C&

b0

rnlm lhl

ki:

Blng dto: ....... ....-...

..

tfifficrr"rr" r-nfr lieg?i an tilt et viu nE trong tlulg Amwers

vao

vdi vi

M tnng tn

c'rt

d ba

lt

con

vd vat dro

A s, c noic o .nts vti nli w it

cho.. veo vi nt usng

Ong

1. 2, 3. {. 5.

A clcllgtgr A ddcnge
A.shnishd
A. ad./rdir6r A. dhmeltvg

B, language

C. cgmprohend

0. instibte
D"

8. (|'unt6r B. o!tade
B.

C. guardian
C. C-

xddn

dispolal

D. rpFarcnt

hintry

dlffioity

D. gdv$turous
D. dividsnd
8e,/

g. itllFcrus

C. snce8lry

tl (f0 4Am). Ch9i nrot tii/qrnr frarE ldxJ.R Answ66

tt

thldIt

ttol dro n'i &6 tdng ttdtg t*tlhg aA)

v, edl chf A

B, C no{c D

tng v'i ituUn D

de

dw vbvitl

tu@g o'tg

6. 7. 6. 9,
10.

thc bcButjftI villgg is $rltered

m9unt8h.
A. fror|r B. bv

th weather by bhe

11.

he wB good it in qrade 12.

l physiG in lo/cr grsde6, he {!ae terdbi at

c. in -

o. of

A. Vlhcn -

ll E bdtcr to try

wod(

Abr

S,wfi-B. in

ther than agairtsl Natur D. along e.

12.

bY on
in

They wsrted us to IrBy A.

ch4ue

for
athousth

C.

O. bY

futdrow came to the pariy A,

B-

he hadn't ber invited.

despite nii c

case

D evcn

PO box stands

"Post Ofica' bDx

as
vdo{lo

-B. like
thenh

lfl e0 di6m). Hoe,

seo

C.for w dang tht(ji tvp cta t(! trong agplc

D. bY

historic D. historian hl$gry teachers i*--.*' tcachers teachcrs tesdters -13. unle+s we ry to thes pmbtems, many $pedos of animals iE' j13' will become extincl. I D. get C. face B, tum A looh L.-]--i9 1to do you go to the mo\ri$?' "Once e modth." 14. 'A !-low far B. vlhEttime C. How ofien O. Xow lucn i;, __"_+*_ , 15, The entrance e)m i9 .- fat mort diffrcdt than the end-ol- i10 i15' I tnn o|re. D. from ! --j-C. in B. by A, at
i i
I

g. Vvhle The clnlr.nce vras org4li:d fof all of the 8. historicsl C. A

in he city '

brnl

cach

vill dlng nt thHt hW i!6

veo vi trl hrong

.hg trcflg i'ung Ans"e's

16. 1?. 18. 19. 20.

ceniury. arsa. in disas!:r toad lhe a Berious of lhre's - hardly enioystle's tlc only drild in his femily and explanatims thev gave to. the farlurE' tlobody b happy with their men by foer loone. In nursing, women tend b-. This is deadi ithas brn

f'rr mor than a

r--.1-.--,*---,j4gEg (ACT} il.8.f--"*"* (sHoRT) -lz.f-.--- --* ---

GRoTHER)

(CONVINCE)

i--1-8.-i-----

''------'

(NUMBER) i-2!:]---

i-19,-i--- -..------- -

-" '-"---: --:-- -."

thw h6n
lf you live In n city, you probably r many pople, hear thc polMio'r (27)- cars and h@rie6.
!,re arc cntering a ncty timc in

(26)-

ot

traffq and smdl lhe

31.

wete hi$ory of tho tvodd. Eefo,re this, rnost the hnns and movrl'tg into Ihe farmers. They livcd in $o country. Ns{ many peopte are cilhs. Ihay are lod(ng 6r bettrr io!6. The cities aie gtowing very quickly. Most cities aru wry moIe water. eatng mgre dorvd6d. Pod are driving morE car8, buming mgre fuel, bfote' Lib is focd, md(tng more garbage, and prqd'lcing morc lhings in fEctories than becoming dlficr,lt

(28)-

(30)-

(29)-

n.
28.
33.

(31)-

(3?)-

34.

$ffi;gry:*ffiifr l,*ffi*##flfr [:'ff,'#lffi

il,if

Vlhat is the basic goel of education thst m5sr plopte agree on?
l^|I'lat do ths conservatjrcs emphasize?

36.

Vlhat do Ul6 libelals coosider most importsnt aboul schooling?

H(}l|l do thc lib.a16 generelly sxpect the child to dev6lop? 40. Holv do the {15 di6rn).

38.
3S.

libsals beat educatimQl content?

40,

Vl

4l_ , rhe horher to her son: Arhe to Susan:

43,

^'H,iffi',fil,*H,W;ffIh'f'ffi,iiffi#,t1$.filil?r,jj',1##ffi#mfl":'^ffi,H,fiffl#trHlffiSlgffi adntt advt.e comptineir erptrin invire ofiet lo]''lphin sudda.t persuade :*ftl" prom|6e ranind threaten
,,o*r

t*",

,t

"

o*"

,J."'"-L"

*ffi],:

.*::":l

wa.n

,buld you |jke to siay for dinne, with us?,

45.

46.

.t I

u""a

"

o|ort

tor;

ot ur**r",

i;,rH

have rsKen much jong.r.

doht belie,ra anyftru .e-,that he ,re says. . Ee. (wh.tev.r) t'rr.Ey!r,

.,D

46.
A7

*t
.... I

*o *o

nghra

cia

:u,

chung kh6hg thay d6i.

48.

He prefers plain water to cofiee.

(rrthr)

49.
50.

48. 49.
SO.

(av6D She not only p6ssed fie exam ht also gc{ 6 pnzc. (Not ohly)
{05

l've nevBr read aJch a ssrcastic e6s9y berore,

Vll

6ifm). Cea

cea

tt 51 d6n SS
iB

sau dlry c6

tdi. vi6t 6Ay

arn

ceu arttng vdovj

51.
52.

t
....

tvong?ng 0 ben

Dhi.i.

SirEing, insomeway, a srytg

similar to the rcciting o, a

poem. 51.

Yesteday
54.

Revising a papcr w{ll b much eeier uCng 9 worq pairclasor h6 went to 9 tuir salon to qI htg
hdir.

The-re.is a penel disdrssion ih

eddiction.

lhe sfudent loungB aux]t d4lg

54.

Afthough salrnons live m salt w6ter. bu{ they lsy tneir eggs and dic ih fesh waiaf.

Vffl go_ojil,;

DIen d6r aAn

r* *-.0 nhons tt lcum h! cho.stn lMt nhung kh,ng

bd b{t ki w
'/ tull

dulri dey

viet thinh

neo dA cho.

nr^:i

";i ii, )i^i Anh/Chi c6 thd dnng th6m ItthUn tD ve th& hi6n nhlng

;lio$rd""
lf you /

excitcmerr

/ t

,/ o'ousht
lejt

/ iheir

comins

kk!

this oxan / stu dy I be

I tikety t

tt

te$s / dependent / thejr parents / tnd devebp / independe thinkino // Ths climate t Bntain / Eame,/;al / norihwestem EuroDe /,/ ,

Yofig prople / less and

58. 59,

S"g":i,"#t:

rnek

overclm

lansuase barder

titde

60

.... ............,..

-..,.,................,.......,

Jl$

B0
.tgreement ; I. 35 Iney
' Iunng the inlng of

crAo DVc vA DAo rAo

DE cHiNH THUC (Di thi ci 01 trung)

Dt THI TUYtN SINH DAI HQC, CAO DANG NAM 2006 , MON thi: TIENG ANH, Khiii D
Thdi gian ldm bdi: 90 phtit

e child lor

PHAII cHUitG cHo tAT cA THi slNH ttu Chen phut'rg en 1

ciu 1 itrin ciu

'eng

60)

tal human ,#ortenng

Su l:
CAU

taP

cbn ldl llrc,ng mdi ceu:

A equality
2;
A. Ienant
B. common B, difiiculty

hoic B, C, D) ng vai tit cb

em chinh nhdn veo 6m ll6t cO v!

tti

khec voi ba

simpliclty

D. discovery D. madrine D. pyramid

C. rubbish
C. habitst

CrlJ 3:
A. animal
CAU
I

B bacteria

4:
A, writer

teacher

C. builder
C. cusiomer

ll

career

Cas 5:
A. C4mpany
B. atmosplEre D. employnenl

Chen ph.rcrrg
di
s!./

tn

dtirrg (A hodc B, c, D) ild hoan

mdl

writing-

Cau 6: Wlat besulitul e14s ''/enh C. has she B. she has A. does ihe har Cau 7 : Make e)Grds6 a parl ot your daily C. rouline A. Gguladu B. chore C{u 8: $e storm, lhe ship cluldn't reach its destination on [me. A. ln cag of A. In spite of C. BecauE ot CAU 9: Ho completely wilh what I said.

_l

ctu sau:
D
she doesnt have

D. frequency

But for

A,

accspled sinoe _
t/vas

B. crmplained
B.

C. agrsEd

0. argued

CAU

l0: I fnished
A.

my hom6r4ork a lew days ahead

A. of Ceu t 1: He huoied

__

to

fte deadline.
c. by
C. unless C. has been
C. to inteMer/v

Dat
D. so that D. were D. to have inte.vie$/ed D. knocked D. grounds D. loo patient D. have been loaving

h wouldn't b late for class,

B. as B. is

if

Cau 12: lf she Cdu '13: Mary

rldr, shg wouH travol around the wodd.

A. would be

ien nhing

A. beat B. scored C, won 15:.There shoqld be no discriminalion on of sex, rae or religion. A. fields B. places C. areas Ceu 16: The ct was to wait tor ths mouse to come out ot its hole. A patierd enough B. so patient C. enough paliot C{u 17: lcan'tllnd my purse anywhere; I must it al the cinema. A. B, have C. be leavino CAU 18: of the wo ers has iis own v/alk. A. B. Each C. Othar CSU 19i The numbrs add to 70. B. up C. in Cdu 20: The equipment in our office noeds A. B. modernizina C. modemized Can 11 : He fe when he failed the exams the second time. A. discguraged 9: annoyed C. undeldod Cgu 22: I have boughl a nlegent lor nry mother, and now I need A. paperv{appr B. wrap paper C. wappd papef Ceu 23: Computer;s one of the most important of the 20h century. P,. invenlingg e. inventories C. inventiong Ceu 24: It they are not careful with their accounts, lheir businEs |vitl go

_ A, to 6e iniervie$Ed TIIE interviewing C6u l4i Afgntina _ Mexico by one goalt0 nil ln the match,
the laSl applicant

ffiu

lea\,/ Eve.y

__ lett

0. All
D. oul

moderner -_

_--_.

D. modemization
D. determined

sons_. _.

___

D wrappino paper
D. inventoG
O. broken D. to

A, CAU 25: li lrras rEally A. by

paor

klnd__you

B.

bankrupt

C. Dnniless

g. ot

to help those poor people. C. at

Ceu 26: Do you know

A.

Cau 17; lf

A, what's wrong with it C. what wroflg was with hed taken my advice, you in suctr diffiqrttias. A. won't B, hadn'l C. vvoddn't be

wiat wrong v/at it

..-? with

tw

ba

it

D. $ir8t wro0g

is it wilh

bcen

D. wouldn't have bn

,l ti?

/4

ar"

,U;

tt:

:tll:

lne

0f

_
ou,u"

. ctla acreristics ro b used in idenliiy,ns pcon,r.

g if known c had she known ceu rt:r-ishriadii.i,oir. oo",r,;i],ilY.*""* ' g. ruml6;;i;i A. turn th ctock round cowrr c rurn the ciock oacr c5u 32: the
A
if she ha$

."o", "'"'ni,Iifillll"oTll -__t#iT,':Tin,o" " *",,"";;Lfi,lLi.ll* .r,

ro]ni, *l'Ji"Tono, n"""

il oiiliii;;i"'*o

the most obvious

lnJTl,H;

D. if you kept

i, she knew

ceu

13 ;

oruproron'nuiei-Joi;;il;;:'M""ff#frff::Ji,i$|:A]ffi,fj31,f-*T:gl",l"h",i"i,"r,i.r,airo"ii'ft|-(40L ih;i;;'[,i,#;1il;,iffrf*ffif"T$:9l",fattedes, venicii.::: /11r '"" Tj-i"-"j i:Plger ;itisi'utJliirilii "Jiii,j[]1""n*xffillT,ffil,?,:-*3.#T,'_i#fif;a$|J:il";dif#ffi""t31i: CAU 36: A'untcsg L vyhen C. wfiile D. whether CAU 37: A. make B give C. lake D. do Ca{ 3B: A. In addilion B. Because C As s resull D. Altnough Ctu 39; A. ti te B. some C fev/ D.lot$ CAU 40: A. amount B. account C. aclivily D. average CAU 41: A rely L cfeEte C. carry D. insiEl Cau 42: A. wave B. leter C. speech D speed CAU 43: A. mosfly U. hardly C. most D. aimost Ceu 44: A. on with B. into c up with O. in to C{u 45: A. used 8. have

or-up-ro0 m,nure;';0"""6aG" i,il;id, which brow;; uv n' a vnrc do nol (4 req-uire require an extemal extemat aelat 0n separate UatteriiiTfr[ aerjat on ttre the vehjcte. I mE can mean a stmnner ri^h,r _".,, sbnat wth clearr pour capabititv nd pour.capabi{ity (4i) ^,^^0,:oj.L1,1)_Transpo.tables hav6 a hioh and can be bc used.(43). ,,rc.r

"#;# ;#;i'f"[! i!|f#ff-o en i3 tttins (A holc B, G, D) cho mdt chd t6ns t i ceu 16 n6n ceu 15: d'eaoY nrqnlv complelely changeiom untcations inltrt ''-- Hllt"ilHffi.r',",",Jll#:,rll"T"",JH{ll}'#lilli",^X(,,,,1";m_li"#*[J:"#,iiii[il"11:#"",:1,11 compared with a decsde aoo. will are 'dvanced_ peopletoow peoprerniu (3e)of pi"[r. ot o"oo'u usrns moblle phonei. 1rs;l___;;i'#'ili'J'rjf*f,l',,l",jji;l1f]'*--fiere e rooire t"i'*rrui,i[r];,ll ji.;W"f iii i,liffi;" "irij',i'Jor'Jirf"J3."i"*t "uout rnese are hand pottable$, Poc*et-sizei-hand ,''*lXTi,if"l["?gi:ti|I#f"||ffi;jffij*,H1ff*tjii:if,llil*g ,rar""t po,tabres and transporrabte', portabres .ni ro"ipop#fiLilHf;"iji:9"" transporrabre', Thc
rt

..Bwas _- 3s: Many peopte c.is ciu tike the stow of tife in the countryside. A. slep eJace C speed -* Ogc lg tto?n vin sau ve chqn phnt}rrg -'"
A 1l1,yl-o.t Mutdbe
-days
it lhe r,,reather

atu ,0,

;il ;";n,i--*rh-a A.ondurance Gln"uranco

He

c ntrt"rg;

No matter
s
a

!*rat he tried hard

resulls eouldn,t be beter

D tum lhe ctock lorward

-,

";rv vi mi

h.i;J;.i,i".i"

B' Nc marter how hard he raf r wouro

ed

r h is

rhere tor sorne

ff }fi ""r*1ril", tn-e

?.T"tjJ,; C

1"'*.

D. onsu ranse
D. will be

D spac

mlrrions

mosr

C. tend

D. are

oooy flgr'laOe signals all the time ]tr" tt may. seem. For instance. peopte qive out vou hord nolJ,.,i. ::,"T'"i.as bodv head and vour ;;"^,.':"j: anns peopre abour yow mooo. lr Iisdity it yo'uriid;;.li ""v vou rrdrd your your ch!a, ,iiiinliiirl;;"-rers "tmi oe.it neao ,o one side ghowe i'r","sr in th" rther, whire an easv - .lT_o.s lvay you

iji3,"ffru_fi,i":,li,t*itr{ffii""1$"1fff,{irilf,.i,fild3*"'fri{f;ii"t"":f,#f"*;0,**0,","", lnar you don't trust lhem. But pertraos

I

f;;i*; reer abour somaone.

ttv

b;";;;i,il';il"iEri:"r'h:l"J"fl,iT"tiJifl,$?tffl,li;::"j*HirT

p3j

suchasrhar,you,hayne*,,"ari."irl"ff#li;l;;;;ffi;#';ri;'ifiHX%:ti:liiJTlfl:""1Xff#i"m*;

smerl in th

wirh someone. rhi6 may be because or somerhins as simpr. as rh6 racr rhar ;r-J:?#ffS:li,"filr:il:ig :IYns *o "iit ;rihai vou well or badlv. Your fep #r;; ;; ;;"-#;;* 'reated word ,,opsn,,in rhe.passalte mosr ctosety,nedn? e

ga, +s'

fi;.,lJlluo o* wi"io* t""r, o ,ronlf ilJ"#1n0,"n""0 "e, "o,3,rll1*:.* a;"":13:Tjj,"'H:,ff:lojj:T*"'-- i'-i"Jl;;"m"'spas,rrearmenl

H11;$L, ** ,,"**i"X?il*
"nou,"
oon ,ou .""",,nu o,
ran

*"

"r,

oO;

A. Hl_g_1"..:]le

.r;

unrcslratned.

D unrim(ed
Feerins

", A. Manmgs oJ signals onc impl;es towards a stranger

o*.inJr*o"o olr"?on

0,"*"",

D points to one's childhood

;;:fi"'[Jl"rlT"%iili:il;;i:";J;:"1$"ooutistianse,
uau ^!..
u..FadorE that caus peopte to act dirfer;ntty. 50: lDluition descdbed in lhe pas$ge cn be explained

A.

slyles

by means v, rrr;-of g "Icd ! paGfiF L"."""".'"'_..anguages c.

'rww

D. behaviours

2/4

1l---*.-

Doc *'

"irt would be enf4/htened was tni'rdeet that lts citizcns btongs to the people' lhe commilmenl lo iif,i"""In"nt anA education. lt was betieved hal in a {ree nalion v./here the poi./r plograSS. Tiris core Value has not only stood ihe educdtion defioes the progress ot fnat Oemocracy drd is the calalyst {Cr future Inteinalional economy. education Is-:1].Tr",::iSly test ol time but h's also g.o'xn in rmponance, In ihis new lnformation Era and torcE lt i3 impo,nqil of chaogedriving polentrai and a success War commoOrty, a ptecu-rror of L: l".f:9?1i9t lhe kin{t ol Dasrc tooay difierently than in the past, parry because the kinds ofjobs people had didn'l require app1o"an of percent 20 "a"d"fiori ,no speciatizei training thal i; ;fte; ;eqJi;d in the worKorce -today. in ttr3 tssos, for instance, only changed' hai world prcent Today' ouf 6C as unskilled' p;rcent and protessionat, ai skilled. 20 "il.tion AnErican obs were classilieo as percent of lhe worldorce r"t"-nrt rrrr"" to z0 percnt. while.skilled iobs noM,i accqunt for at least 60 practical skills lhat mcre impoatant, arr"* *ary po ,ooiy iniieasingty requires a combination of academic knowledge and

an iti.ng (A hoic B, C, D) cho mdi ceu t 51 il6n 55: It doan vit 5 au ve ch}n phtuttg iii,iJsr"e -.ne ot tne-core con'cepts on whrch the.hopes lot tE T:-d-"-T:1-::y.T':i,.,:,""d i;;I; ;;;," individutls with clearly anrarla'd righF and the opportunity lor Indrvr0lar

*T::1 ]fl

il;;;;;;'ft;;ir'"AliiiJ
Cru 5l

Even require |e8frxng lhlodqhod

Itletirne

l.
:

cau

:15:
tn

'itl sl
1

t
ln ld

B has changed dtamatically has rcmained the D. has chaflged slightty C. has been .eve " 6Au 53: The phrase "en$ghtuned i\dividualC' in the first senlence most likely means "people !iho lighl to rve&xpoced B have of'en been in n. alwiys appear 0iittient-looking D. bring nght to srm/vfiere ihey go C. lavo ac<iuireA rn adequaie level of point of viev{, any individual must suthol3 today, in lho good citizen Amencan Cau 54: h orde. to become a A. know t/rll all hiJher ;ght$ snd be ready to grasp his/her opporlunity of succass In lile B. study carefully lhe hisao.y ot American educationai and vocational systems even since lhef creation C. uno6rstand tliotoughly the combination ol ec6dernic knMedge and practical skills . D. move gctlvely fonttd in the new lnformallon Era and intemataonal conorny wlh a prstlgrous olploma Cgu 55: !4riich of Ole folowing titlE$ would b besttor the passage? A. Eduaalion and Jobs in the Past and at Prsssnt in lhe Uniled Stat8g B, The Signlncant Role of Education in American Cili:en8' Care8rs C , Acadsmic Knor,ledge and Pracrical Skills in AmerirEn Profegsions D. Recenl Changs of Eductional and Vocational SFtms ln America

Education ts dellEd |n this passage as a d.iving lorce ofchange because A. without educatiqn, no changes could have happened in tunelican societ-v so far B. the government of the Uniled Siates want to diive socrai changeE in their own ways C edu-calion has tElped to bring about and onent mQst cflanges in the American t'lgrkfotce D any Amencan cltizen who want8 to change his driving licence muot bG very ltll+ducBted betlleen the 1950s and now. 52: The passage shows the prcentage ofJobs that require higher t|aintng in the us

same ed

--

public education

_-

,-*-

Cau 58;

tt c6 ggch chln ctn phii sh F ho?c B, c, D) mg voi a.dcqm such as badminton or tennis? on a sDort lqlElg .ABCD dog Olgq, she Eiglvery !gd]I lor !gl!a!-bgu. Cau 57: V\,hen her -ABCD
Chen phtn't g en
tf

lrong clc c6u sau:

you need lghggg fit, then why

Ceu SB: Mo&m hanspodatiog can speed a doctor !g lhe side ot a sick psrcon, g!gg[ the patient liws on an isolatll|o larm

ABCD

Ceu 59: Tom'3 very good aEgieleq when hts brother ig absolutelY hopel3s

,A8CD

Cau 60: Daisy has !!gh msny things

ABCD
cic

lqlb

that she [ag no llme

lqiq

out

PHAtrl

Tf

GHQltt: Tlrl sinh chgn cac cau 61-70

holc 71-80

of
ut

Luu }i: l,l6u ohen lim

Chgn

ceu 7140 thi thi sinh b6 tr6ng cac ceu 61-70 trn phi6u

tii

ldi tric nghifm.

uf

ut
dt

phuvg

6n (A holc B, c, D) ttng voi ceu c6 nghla

gin nhit

v&l mdi

ctu cho sdn sau ildy:

Ceri Of : "Leave my rrouse now or l1l callthe policel" shouted trrF lady to the man A. The lady throalsned to cullthe police if lhe man didn'l leave her house B. The hdi said that she would cadthe police if lhe man didnl leave her housc, C. The lady lold the man thai she would callthe police ifhe didn't leave her holse. D. The ladv infotmed the man {hat she woulC catl the poiice if he didrfl leave her hoilse

'

CAU 62: He last had hi8 eyes tesied ten months aqo. b. He had not tested his eye6 for len months lhen A. He had lesled his eyes ten months befofe. D. He didn't have any test on his eyes in ten monlns. l_ae hsfi't had his evoS lestc'lfo'ten month: CAu 6i: "You slJulo hare finishel lhe ieporl by nov', ".ioilx told his secfelary A. John teproached his sefielaty fcr rct having fini$hed the repori. B John said that his scretary hacl not inished th1 rePoti C. John remirdd hi$ secretary otlln;shlng ihe iEport on lime. D. Joln scolded his $ectelary for not having iinished the report.

tl

Cdu 64: "lf I wre you, I wuld take the iob," 6aid my room-m8le. A. My room-mate war lhinking about taking lhe lob. B. iry room-rnate advised m6lo lake thejob.
C. My moflFmale iniroduced the idea of taking the job to rn6. D. iry room{lalo insisled on taking the job tor me. 65; "lfs too shrffy an fis room, isnt it?" sald lhe gtEst. A. Th guast sqg8sted that the room should be alrd. 8. The gust rwE|ted t|8t lhe roon should be alr6d. C. Th6 gueEt said that the room was too crowded. D. The guest said thai there was too much stufi in ttE room.

eeu

3t4

Cau 66; ,,Cjgarelte?'ho asked. "No, thanks., I said.

ff :*?1rH:""STli,-"19]jtt"dlatetv rerused. B He menr,oned r ciearerre- so I rhanked hin. cauerirr,ioo"-io{; 'ffili;llll,ffiTij#i'li,1*r" ,.i,f,:"*"oi'*i"'"'''oi'"'ir'i;J';:illiJxi;"* A. Jasmine.s doctor insisle(
3.

u.

rn;a;;r"i,di!.iii;:I"J"*"::il',ffi:lf:i[:ll:I:
rr |5

tne dodor's recommendatjon that Jasmine reste.d shoruv

., .,?;l,fr
"
'ca,

lllilll?lj5il:"S j::Tii ji}:; ;ffi #

uorcjof;l.rolgol*ine n"'

;,]:i

L lJil itrii,lffl" og, r" iiiri,""

A.,The children were nol cai Fr r,ne sea w?s ioush c . TfE sea was too rough the d,itd;n D The ses was too rough io thc chitdre", to _ ,Woutd you like to come to .Cau 70:

*ffi;*il|;ffiiffi:l

'o*t
,nu

ii

h/an orered ro pay Groria rhe money back.

"", e."rfi?J,",fJJi,;[T#jl";:f f; g;r;il;;. -"

,u"

,oo';|ljl

t'ss"ut"'j piv'^s brii:,'i"iii'";'iillc'.*

ilil;;;.

A Fredeic nvled sarsr

d .

Frederft asked if Sarah'" w

rilllllffi3ffi'

sarah?" asked Frederic

s
A

l;i:ff

8llifffii:Hl!;fc

a.*:",;:'g}:,tr ,'"#H.,"?Ttr#il:ff If B, c, D) tims vui ceu .6t nhdt thtei eo

lhe^election.

"'

bins nhhtg

tir

cho

sdi:

Mv opinion wes fair aboul

"." ',:;;ffJiil?ffl}'lJl;ii,?i5iil,,X'" ,:iifi

..,,
*"rry arre

"*

..

; ;;;i

B. In my oprnur,

lpinion, rhe e,ecrion wa6 rair 'h;nk

the erection was fair.

:i:,,?J'#ffi (, yil : rou s:!,i4l,ii::i nave rea y be6n able of dressino voursFli r," *i_
IliJji|i'#iilli.'#i![1]'Jtsi?tu'

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inagirte lu!t whc nappened lo run i.rO us yesterdy! Have ycr, Jusr rmagined who happened lo run into mu yesterOau?
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his serious illness Jad( w-as rccoveld very quickly fom his sorjous illness 15. Jaq( na-s recovered quile quickly ,rom hls se|'iou" ifi"era. u Jac& wil .ecover quile qui&ly afrer nis ieno-u;il;;;... recovered more quickly over his serious illness. -^u:Jlct( ro: oef dea/ lvhay expecl/ you

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,or enlries for the final lest. Ar Ine students must remembe, rJ,/ell the deaoli, foi"ntri*. ioi rlt u.i,li, ,"rr. u. Ar htudents shourd remember dearty the 0""-air" ijl litii"J.ilJti"e Rnar resr. rr Al ol th sludenlgcan censil ,..rV ,"."rber the deadtne for enrrie3 fcr rhe finat tesi Cau Zr, Inr" n rhe man wlr set a s"^,""* ,TffiJJ,?li1B!'!Yo p.i"on in r r," o.or", B. The man was senrencsd eui t, abour rs_years in pi.on

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4/4