History of Toothbrushes and Toothpastes

History of Toothbrushes Toothbrushing tools date back to 3500-3000 BC when the Babylonians and the Egyptians made a brush by fraying the end of a twig. Tombs of the ancient Egyptians have been found containing toothsticks alongside their owners. Around 1600BC, the Chinese developed "chewing sticks" which were made from aromatic tree twigs to freshen breath. The Chinese are believed to have invented the first natural bristle toothbrush made from the bristles from pigs' necks in the 15th century, with the bristles attached to a bone or bamboo handle. When it was brought from China to Europe, this design was adapted and often used softer horsehairs which many Europeans preferred. Other designs in Europe used feathers. The first toothbrush of a more modern design was made by William Addis in England around 1780 the handle was carved from cattle bone and the brush portion was still made from swine bristles. In 1844, the first 3-row bristle brush was designed. Natural bristles were the only source of bristles until Du Pont invented nylon. The invention of nylon started the development of the truly modern toothbrush in 1938, and by the 1950s softer nylon bristles were being made, as people preferred these. The first electric toothbrush was made in 1939 and the first electric toothbrush in the US was the Broxodent in 1960. Today, both manual and electric toothbrushes come in many shapes and sizes and are typically made of plastic molded handles and nylon bristles. The most recent toothbrush models include handles that are straight, angled, curved, and contoured with grips and soft rubber areas to make them easier to hold and use. Toothbrush bristles are usually synthetic and range from very soft to soft in texture, although harder bristle versions are available. Toothbrush heads range from very small for young children to larger sizes for older children and adults and come in a variety of shapes such as rectangular, oblong, oval and almost round. The basic fundamentals have not changed since the times of the Egyptians and Babylonians a handle to grip, and a bristle-like feature with which to clean the teeth. Over its long history, the toothbrush has evolved to become a scientifically designed tool using modern ergonomic designs and safe and hygienic materials that benefit us all. History of Toothpastes Egyptians are believed to have started using a paste to clean their teeth around 5000BC, before toothbrushes were invented. Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have used toothpastes, and people in China and India first used toothpaste around 500BC. Ancient toothpastes were used to treat some of the same concerns that we have today keeping teeth and gums clean, whitening teeth and freshening breath. The ingredients of ancient toothpastes were however very different and varied. Ingredients used included a powder of ox hooves' ashes and burnt eggshells, that was combined with pumice. The Greeks and Romans favored more abrasiveness and their toothpaste ingredients included crushed bones and oyster shells. The Romans added more flavoring to help with bad breath, as well as

powdered charcoal and bark. The Chinese used a wide variety of substances in toothpastes over time that have included ginseng, herbal mints and salt. The development of toothpastes in more modern times started in the 1800s. Early versions contained soap and in the 1850s chalk was included. Betel nut was included in toothpaste in England in the 1800s, and in the 1860s a home encyclopedia described a home-made toothpaste that used ground charcoal. Prior to the 1850s, 'toothpastes' were usually powders. During the 1850s, a new toothpaste in a jar called a Crme Dentifrice was developed and in 1873 Colgate started the mass production of toothpaste in jars. Colgate introduced its toothpaste in a tube similar to modern-day toothpaste tubes in the 1890s. Until after 1945, toothpastes contained soap. After that time, soap was replaced by other ingredients to make the paste into a smooth paste or emulsion - such as sodium lauryl sulphate, a common ingredient in present-day toothpaste. In the second half of the twentieth century modern toothpastes were developed to help prevent or treat specific diseases and conditions such as tooth sensitivity. Fluoride toothpastes to help prevent decay were introduced in 1914. Toothpastes with very low abrasiveness were also developed and helped prevent the problems caused by overzealous brushing. The most recent advances in toothpastes have included the development of whitening toothpastes, and toothpaste containing Triclosan which provides extra protection against caries, gum disease, plaque, calculus and bad breath. Toothpastes today typically contain fluoride, coloring, flavoring, sweetener, as well as ingredients that make the toothpaste a smooth paste, foam and stay moist. Individual toothpastes also may contain special ingredients, such as triclosan in Colgate Total. Toothpaste in tubes is used throughout the world and has been a very successful invention.

In addition to the toothbrush history , the following toothpaste history will be something interesting for your child as well. This will give them more insight into the origin of brushing teeth. Toothpaste History The development of toothpaste began as long ago as 300/500BC in China and India. According to Chinese history, a learned man, Huang-Ti, studied the care of teeth and claimed different types of pain felt in the mouth could be cured by sticking gold and silver needles into different parts of the jaw and gum. It was theories such as these that led to the development of dental cream. First attempts at tooth cleaning included using abrasives such as crushed bone, crushed egg and oyster shells, which were used to clean debris from teeth. Tooth powders were the first noticeable advance and were made up of elements like powdered charcoal, powdered bark and some flavouring agents. This would be applied to teeth using a simple stick. Toothpowder or dentifrice was first available in Britain in the late eighteenth century. It came in a ceramic pot and was available either as a powder or paste. The rich applied it with brushes and the poor with their fingers. Modern toothpastes were developed in the 1800s. A dentist called Peabody was the first to add soap to toothpaste in 1824. Chalk was first added to toothpaste by John Harris in the 1850s. In 1873, toothpaste was first mass-produced into nice smelling toothpaste in a jar. In 1892, Dr. Washington Sheffield of Connecticut was the first to put toothpaste into a collapsible tube. Sheffield's toothpaste was called Dr. Sheffield's Creme Dentifrice. Advancements in synthetic detergents (after World War II) replaced the soap used in toothpaste with emulsifying agents such as Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and Sodium Ricinoleate. The 1960's saw the introduction of fluoride into toothpaste. This development was followed in the 1980's with the addition of soluble calcium fluoride to fluoride toothpastes. It is therefore within the last thirty years that toothpastes contains the two ingredients - calcium and fluoride. Nowadays, there are controversial views on the effectiveness and safety of fluoride toothpaste. For those who are safety concious, the use of natural toothpaste might be a better choice. How toothpaste work Our mouth contains one or more of 500 types of microorganisms. Some of these, mainly streptococcus mutans, create sticky plaque from food residue in your mouth. Microorganisms in our mouth feed on left over food to create acid and particles called volatile sulfur molecules. The acid eats into tooth enamel to produce cavities while volatile sulfur molecules give breath its foul odor. Toothpaste works with toothbrush to clean teeth and fight plaque bacteria. Toothpaste contains abrasives which physically scrub away plaque. In addition, toothpaste abrasives help remove food stains from teeth and polish tooth surfaces. Some toothpastes contain ingredients which chemically hinder the growth of plaque bacteria. These include ingredients like natural Xylitol and artificial triclosan.

Toothpaste History
How was toothpaste invented? Who made toothpaste?
Toothpaste most likely originated in China, Egypt, and India more than 6,000 years ago. In China, twigs and bones were mashed and mixed with water, salt, and flower petals to form a thick paste. This paste was then put on the end of a sharp bamboo leaf and applied to the teeth. This proved to be a very effective treatment for gingivitis. In Egypt, manuscripts from the 400s describe a recipe for the best toothpaste. It includes a mixture of mashed salt, crushed pepper, wet mint leaves, and dried iris flowers. Some evidence also points to a form of urine-based toothpaste that was mainly popular in Rome. Indias toothpaste tradition is based on its strong background of Ayurvedic medicine. Special twigs were used for brushing and each twig was naturally filled with a sweet nectar. By chewing the twig and rubbing it against the teeth, India became renowned for its white teeth, fresh breath, and clean mouths. Modern day toothpaste consists of baking soda and hydrogen peroxide, and is infused with fluoride to protect teeth from decay. Cavity protection provided by the best toothpastes has dramatically decreased the number of dentures needed in America.

CONSUMER PREFERENCE

All marketing starts with the consumer. So consumer is a very important person to a marketer. Consumer decides what to purchase, for whom to purchase, why to purchase, from where to purchase, and how much to purchase. In order to become a successful marketer, he must know the likes or dislikes of the customers. He must also know the time and the quantity of goods and services, a consumer may purchase, so that he may store the goods or provide the services according to the likes of the consumers. Gone are the days when the concept of market was let the buyers beware or when the market was mainly the sellers market. Now the whole concept of consumers sovereignty prevails. The manufacturers produce and the sellers sell whatever the consumer likes. In this sense, consumer is the supreme in the market. As consumers, we play a very vital role in the health of the economy local, national or international. The decision we make concerning our consumption behavior affect the demand for the basic raw materials, for the transportation, for the banking, for the production; they

effect the employment of workers and deployment of resources and success of some industries and failures of others. Thus marketer must understand this. Preference (or "taste") is a concept, used in the social sciences, particularly economics. It assumes a real or imagined "choice" between alternatives and the possibility of rank ordering of these alternatives, based on happiness, satisfaction, gratification, enjoyment, utility they provide. More generally, it can be seen as a source of motivation. In cognitive sciences, individual preferences enable choice of objectives/goals.

QUESTIONNAIRE

PROJECT REPORT ON CONSUMER PREFERENCETOWARDS CADBURY CHOCOLATES

Que1. Do you eat chocolate?

Yes

No

Que2. Which brand of chocolate do you prefer?

Cadbury

Other

Que3. How much importance do you give to the following factors when you purchase a chocolate? (Tick in the desired column)

Factors

Very Important

Important

Normal

Least Important

None

Flavor/taste Price Quality Packaging Form Brand Image

Color Shape Quantity

Que4. How much are you satisfied with the following factors in your preferred chocolate? (Tick in the desired column)

Factors

Very Satisfied

Satisfied

Normal

Least Satisfied

Cant Say

Flavor/taste Price Quality Packaging Form Brand Image Color Shape Quantity

Que5. Which form of a chocolate do you like?

Hard
Crunchy

Nutties
Chew

Que6. What pack do you purchase?

Small

Big

Family Pack

Que7. Which promotional offers attract you most?

Free gifts

Price Offer

Any other

Que8.Which of these factors affect your purchase?

Advertisement Suggestion from friends and relatives Attractive Display Doctors Advice Brand Ambassadors Ingredients

Que9. Which media of advertisement influence your purchase?

Television

Newspapers

Brochures

Hoarding

Display

Que10. How frequently do you purchase chocolates?

Once in a fortnight Weekly Quarterly

Daily Monthly

Que11. What according to you is the reasonable price of chocolate?

Below5

5-10

10-20

20-30

Above 30

Que12. If your preferred brand is not available for repeat purchases then what will you do?

Postpone your purchase Switch over to other brand Go to the other shop to search for your preferred brand

Que13. If another brand of the same product appears in the market, will you prefer to stop buying this brand and buy the new brand?

No, not at all

I may consider

No, I shall not

cant say

Que14. If you dont like to change to the new brand, then what are the reasons for continuing to purchase the old brand?

15. A sale promotion scheme like Rs. 2/- off, 10 gms extra, a candy free, etc. would affect your purchase decision. YES NO

16. If you want to buy a wafer chocolate, say KitKat and if it is not available you would settle for a Bar chocolate, say 5 Star or Cadburys Dairy Milk.
YES NO

17. An ideal chocolate would taste as follows:Bitter Caramels, Nuts inside High on Sweet content Any others (Please specify) Wafer enrobed

18. On an occasion I would like to gift a chocolate to a loved one.

YES NO

19. Most of my chocolate purchases are pre-planned. YES NO 20. What size of a chocolate do you normally buy?
5 gms. 25 gms./30gms. 200 gms. 80 gms.

Super Saver Packs (105 gms.)

21. Are you happy with the kind of chocolate brands available in India, today?
YES NO

22. If No, then Why not?

23. The price of your favourite brand or preferred brand of chocolate is:
High & Expensive77 Cheap Reasonably OK

24. If the price of your favourite brand is reduced, you will buy more of it?
YES NO

PERSONAL DETAILS Name:

Address:

Age:

Between 0-10 Between 20-30

Between10-20 Above 30

Gender:

Phone Number:

Marital status:

Education:

Profession:

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This project is based on the comparative study consumer behavior towards Cadbury chocolates. Objectives of the study are: The other objective is to know about the customer satisfaction level associated with the product and the customer preference level. To increase customer satisfaction and recapture the market share by fulfilling the customer needs. To study the factors affecting the consumption pattern.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

In attempt to make this project authentic and reliable, every possible aspect of the topic was kept in mind. Nevertheless, despite of fact constraints were at play during the formulation of this project. The main limitations are as follows:

Due to limitation of time only few people were selected for the study. So the sample of consumers was not enough to generalize the findings of the study. The main source of data for the study was primary data with the help of self-administered questionnaires. Hence, the chances of unbiased information are less. People were hesitant to disclose the true facts. The chance of biased response cant be eliminated though all necessary steps were taken to avoid the same

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the methodology of the study. This project is based on information collected from primary sources. After the detailed study, an attempt has been made to present comprehensive analysis of consumption of Pepsodent Toothpaste consumed by the people. The data had been used to cover various aspects like consumption, consumers preference and customers satisfaction regarding Cadbury chocolates. In collecting requisite data and information regarding the topic selected, I went to the residents of Kurnool and collected the data.

Survey design: The study is a cross sectional study because the data were collected at a single point of time. For the purpose of present study a related sample of population was selected on the basis of convenience.

Sample Size and Design: A sample of 100 people was taken on the basis of convenience. The actual consumers were contacted on the basis of random sampling.

Research Period: Research work is only carried for 2 or 3 weeks.

Research Instrument: This work is carried out through self-administered questionnaires. The questions included were open ended, and offered multiple choices.

Data Collection: The data, which is collected for the purpose of study, is divided into 2 bases: Primary Source: The primary data comprises information survey of A Study on Consumer Preference towards Pepsodent Toothpaste. The data has been collected directly from respondent with the help of structured questionnaires. Secondary Source: The secondary data was collected from internet, References from Library.