Schweizerische Eidgenossenssenschaft Confdration suisse Confederazione Svizzera Confederazium svizra

Swiss Cooperating Oficce Kosovo

Republic of Kosovo Government Office of the Prime Minister

_____________________________________________________

Project name:
Hydrological study and construction of WEAP software for Lepenc and Morava of Binca Basin

May 2011, Prishtin _____________________________________________________

Hydrology Draft Report

INDEX

I. I.

IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVEError! Bookmark not defined. TARGETED OBJECTIVE WITH HYDROLOGICAL EVALUATIONS 6 ____________________ 6

HYDROLOGICAL EVALUATIONS ________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.

II. GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF LEPENC AND MORAVA OF BINCA RIVER BASIN ___

A. General caracterictics of the territory of R. Of Kosovo _______ Error! Bookmark not defined. B. Hydro - graphic network .................................................................................................... 10 C. Relief, geology and vegetation cover status ...................................................................... 11

IV.

REVIEW OF HYDROLOGICAL DATA ____________ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendices ____________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Tables
Table 1.Hydrometric Stations for Lepenci and Morava of Binca Basin ..... 13 Table 2. Main sub-basins of Lepenc river basin..... 15 Table 3. Main sub-basins of Morava of Binca river basin 15 Table 4. Geomorphologic parameters of the main sub-basins of Lepenc river basin.. 17 Table 5. Geomorphologic parameters of the main sub-basins of Morava of Binca river basin.... 18 Table 6. Hydrometric stations in the basin of Lepenc and the Morava of Binca River..... 19 Table 7. The data available for daily discharge in the hydrometric stations ..... 21 Table 8. The data available of monthly discharge after correlation.....21 Table 9. The correlation coefficient..... 24 Table 10. The available data of daily precipitation from . Hydrometeorology Institute of Kosovo (KHMI).... 26 Table 11. Rainfall data of some stations ..... 27 Table 12. Main stations for monitoring the temperatures ..... 34

Figures
Fig 1. The position of basins of Lepenc and M. of Binca, hydrographic stations and hydrographic network ....14 Fig 2. Main sub-basins of Lepenc and Morava of Binca river basin.....16 Fig 3. The basin of Lepenc and Morava of Binca and hydrometric monitoring network ..........20 Fig 4. Correlative relation between Konul and Kormirjan Station.....25 Fig 5. Distribution of annual precipitation for the territory of R. of Kosovo.....26 Fig 6 Distribution of annual rainfall (mm) for Lepenc and Morava of Binca river basin.....29 Fig 7. Network distribution of rain-gauge stations in the territory of R.of Kosovo.....31 Fig 8. Network distribution of rain-gauge stations in the basin of the river Lepenc and Morava of Binca..32 Fig 9. Average temperatures for Ferizaj and Gjilan, and their average.....34

ACRONYMS AER AKMM AKM BE DANIDA ESK GTZ IHMK KFOR ZK MMPH NP ZZBK PKVM PSKAM QKMF UA UNMIK ZRRUM QKMF KTA PKVM PKMM PMMM MM European Agency for Reconstruction (EAR) Kosovo Agency for Environment Protection (KEPA) Kosovo Trust Agency (KTA) European Union (EU) Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) Kosovo Statistical Office (SOK) German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Hydrometeorology Institute of Kosovo (KHMI) NATO Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo (KFOR) Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning (MESP) Public Enterprises (PE) Swiss Cooperation Office in Kosovo Kosovo Action Plan on Environment Kosovo Strategic Plan for Waste Management Municipal Center of Family Medicine Administrative Regulation United Nations Mission in Kosovo Office for Water and Waste Regulatory (WWRO) Center Family Medicine Clinic Kosovo Trust Agency Environmental National Action Plan National Plan for Waste Management Waste Management Plan for the Environment Waste Management

Consultative Group contact persons are: Kujtim ZENA

KOSOVO

Hydrological study and construction of WEAP software for Lepenc and Morava of Binca Basin

Office of the Prime Minister and Swiss Cooperating Oficce of Kosovo

N - 1

Hydrology Draft Report

Compiler: Kujtim ZENA

Address Street "Vllezrit Grvalla" Block V, Login, II, No. 13, Sunny Hill Pristina - Kosovo Telephone (mob): +377 - (0) 44-2698219 Fax: XXXXXX E-Mail: proing2005@gmail.com kujtimzena@gmail.com

Project name: Hydrological study and construction of WEAP software for Lepenc and Morava of Binca Basin Project proc: State: 1 KOSOVO Beneficiary Name: Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning (MMPH); K.K Hani i Elezit Palace of Press - Renaissance 10 000 Pristina KOSOVO Tel. number: +381-38-211 804 +381(0) 38 225 286 Consultant Kujtim ZENA

Address:

Street"VllezritGrvalla" Sunny Hill Pristina - Kosovo +377 (0) 44 - 269219

Fax number: E-mail: Contact person:

+xxxx kujtimzena@gmail.com

Mr. Baton Begolli from the Office of the Prime Minister Consultant for Water and Environment Signatures: _____________________
Report Date: 09/05/2011 Reporting period: December 2010 - May 2011 The compiler of the report:

Consultant Mr. Kujtim Zena ______________________

. Kujtim ZENA, Ing. dip. Construc.

[name & surname]

_______________
[signature]

_____________
[date]

IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE HYDROLOGICAL EVALUATIONS

May 2011, Kosovo

I.

TARGETED OBJECTIVE WITH HYDROLOGICAL EVALUATIONS

Hydrological characteristics (hydrometric and meteorological) are among the most important parameters for environmental management, and planning and distribution of water. Recalling the procedure for the preparation of river basin management plan described in WFD (Water Framework Directive, Article 13 and Annex VII), there are five basic stages for each plan: STAGE 1 - Assessment Of The Current Phase STAGE 2 - Assessment Of Environmental Objectives STAGE 3 - Definition Of Monitoring Software STAGE 4 - analysis of gaps and identification of important issues of water management and STAGE 5 - Implementation Measures Program, Assessment And Reporting.

Most environmental parameters are related to discharge - the amount of water. It is not possible to assess the environment without safe information, which are taken from the field, monitored and completed as a continuous series of data string. The target of this study is to conduct basic hydrological analysis of the basin of Lepenc and the Morava of Binca River. This document will give a characterization of the regions of river basins in accordance with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Another objective will be to support the evaluation and planning of water resources in the watershed level. The outcome will contribute to determining water resource planning in the future, referring always to the guideline of the WFD (Water Framework Directive) for:

Strategy for management of capture - extracting water from the basin. Strategy for flood risk management in catchments Adjustment of quantities of extraction Adjusting the quantities discharged Protection of minimum allowable flow standard etc.. Planning or strategy for managing flood risk will not be part of this study. The confirmed and validated hydrological data will include modeling of water resources.

The main tasks are defined as follows: Review of available reports and documentation associated with the hydrology of

Lepenc and Morava of Binca river basin in the territory of the Republic of Kosovo and the surface of basins or other data in basins that should be studied for this purpose. As far as possible, the identification of current land use by type and extent using satellite imagery, and vegetation cover (Land Cover) from different satellites. Assessing the quality and compatibility of available hydrological data considering the status of the existing monitoring network status, which focuses on the hydrological, technical importance and operational effectiveness and suitability. Calculation of long-term water balance throughout the basin based on reports of rainfall / flow and potential vaporization - transpiration in basins and sub-basins. Perform possible analysis of hydrological statistics of the river basin that focuses on the compliance of the indicators and the annual and seasonal samples.

The main references used for this study are:

Studies used by the Institute Jaroslav erni Vodoprivredna Osnova sap Kosova (Water Master Plan for Kosovo) Part I, Book 1, Volume (1) Climate Data, Volume (2) Hydrological data of rivers, 1982. Hydrological yearbooks. Hydrologic studies conducted for dams built or planned in river basins. And other important documents which are prepared by external donors Glavni Projekt (Knjiga II), Koriscenja vode iz Perlepnicke reke kod Gnjilana za navodnjavanje i snabdevanje vode Gnjilana.

II.

GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF LEPENC AND MORAVA OF BINCA RIVER BASIN

A. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TERRITORY OF R. OF

KOSOVO

The territory of the Republic of Kosovo covers the surface of 10,904 km2 of basins and has a highly developed hydrographic network. Kosovo Water flows in three directions, it means that they belong to the basins of three seas. In the Black Sea flows Ibar with Sitnica and Morava of Binca with a total area of 5676. km2. The White Drin and Plava River belong to the Adriatic Sea basin with a basin surface of 4578 km2, while in the Aegean Sea streams Lepenc with 650 km2 of the territory of Kosovo. These mass flow drainage in very high mountains that surround Kosovo. Due to certain specificities of climatic and meteorological characteristics, which are a reflection of geographical and relief features of the territory, the regime of the discharge of these basins are quite specific, and therefore require special treatment and processing. Basins differ greatly according to specific flows, average precipitation, annual temperature, snow, etc..

B.

HYDRO - GRAPHIC NETWORK

Hydrographic network of Lepenc and Morava of Binca Basin is very dense, and other necessary elements which are used for this study are:

1. Map of the administrative boundaries of the Republic of Kosovo and municipalities, 2. The boundaries of the basins. Watershed flows with smaller ponds that come into the so-called "direct pond" or "intermediate" of water flows of the highest order. 3. Meteorological stations 4. Hydrometric stations. 5. Maps of the division of territory for water supply companies, 6. Map of working land surfaces, etc.

C.

RELIEF, GEOLOGY AND LAND COVER STATUS

Morphological construction of the territory of Kosovo is characterized by three basic units as specific geo-morphological wholes. Special features in bold stripes of the relief mountain have the mountain massifs which are distributed mainly in the outskirts of the territory. The second morphological unit presents flattened broad lowlands, steep hills and easily inclined, and the third morphological unit presents river valleys with their terraces, river waves etc. The relief of the region of Kosovo is the brainchild of long-term labor of internal forces on the external surface of the earth's crust, that has happened before and at the time of neogyne and has effected it in its circular parts, as well as in the "bulk" . In forming the relief of the mountainous region has played a key role tectonics, as it can be clearly seen even under the zonal appearance of the of the same lito-stratigraphic series and formations. It is also known that these countries are in the area of intensive influence of variable and multiple geological tectonic systems. With its mountainous ridges, peaks and crowns in north, north-west and west, this area relies on internal slaty Dinaric belt, which tectonic forms are oriented toward NW - SE. Kosovo's mountainous southern parts represent the northern part of the Vardar zone in which the main thrust of the tectonic lines is NNW - SSE. Essential features of the rocks in the Vardar zone valley (which to some extent represents a separate tectonic unit of the highest order) is the greatest urbanization of all Paleozoic and Mezozoic formations toward NNW - SSE, which are printed in the direction of SW - and with frequent interruptions and transmission old formations on the new ones. For that reason today the formations are seen in the form of parallel zone with members often repeatedly, and the boundaries between them are almost linear (linear). Besides numerous smaller lowlands, as far as Kosovo is concerned there are four characteristic lowlands: Dukagjini, Kosovo, Podujevo and Binca.
Lowlands of Fush Kosova includes a surface area of 1.164 km2 and extends from Mitrovica in the north and Kacanik in the south. From the eastern part of Field Kosovo it is surrounded by branches of Kopaonik and mountains: Prugovc, Black and Zhegovci Khan; from the southern slope, the slopes of Black Mountain of Skopje and the Sar Mountains, from western side Cicavica, Golesh and Lipovica. The Field Kosovo in most skewes from the north, while from Ferizaj to Kacanik narrows and skewes towards the south.

III. HYDROLOGICAL REVIEW OF BASINS

III.1 The network of hydrological stations

In Kosovo flows there were about 45 hydrometric monitoring points, in which were conducted observations of surface water flows. All hydrological stations are not equipped with the same measuring instruments, and therefore observations are of different quality. For our study we have summarized the data for 4 monitoring stations for Morava of Binca and 3 stations for Lepenc.

Review Table of hydrological stations such as: the watershed areas, the name of the station, zero quota of water meters and year of observation of the station. Table 1.Hydro-metric stations for Lepenc and Morava of Binca Basin

Taking in consideration the given findings on the scale of coverage of flows measured with data and change of the bed, it can be concluded that the calculated data of the average daily flows may be charged with certain errors (basic data errors). In relation with this, it should be noted that the results of statistical analysis, which will be performed in this study may not have a greater rank of accuracy than is the accuracy of basic data (bases).

III.2 Watershed basins

The Lepenc river basin, is located in the south of the territory of R. of Kosovo, passing even over the center of the country. Lepec River derives from the Sar Mountains and has over 54.00 km of length on the territory of Kosovo, from the source to the exit on the border with Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. It dreigns over 663 km2 of catchment basin which all lie in the territory of R. of Kosovo. The Morava of Binca river basin, is located in the south and south-east of R. of Kosovo, passing even over the center of the country. Lepenc River derives from the Shar mountains in the south - eastern area of Kosovo, has over 73.00 km of length from the source to the exit on the border with Serbia, it dreigns over 1610 km2 catchment which all lie in the territory of R. of Kosovo and abroad.

Kosova Border Border of Morava e Bis Basin Border of Lepenc Basin Main River Main river Branches Hydrometric Statrion

Fig1. The position of Lepenc and M. of Binca basins, hydro-graphic stations and hydro-graphic network.

III.3 Main Sub-basins The main sub-basins for both river basins are given in tabular form and are

separated as left and right branches of the basin, along with their catchment surface.
Table 2. Main Sub-basins of Lepenc river basin

Table 3. Main Sub-basins of Morava e Bines river basin

Fig 2. Main Sub-basins of Lepenc and Morava of Binca river basin The total surface of Lepenc basin is controlled by the hydrometric station located in Gjen. Jankovic, near the border of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, that dreigns an area with 660 km2. While the total surface of Morava of Binca basin is controlled by the hydrometric station in Kormirjan, near the border with Serbia that dreigns an area of 1610 km2.

III.4

Geomorphology Ibar river basin is surrounded by relatively high mountains except for the central part which is less stressed. Table 4. Geomorphologic parameters of the main sub-basins of Lepenc

Table 5. Geomorphologic parameters of the main sub-basins of Morava of Bina

III.5 General climatic conditions Precipitations are very heterogeneous in the territory of Kosovo. In the monotone region of north-east, they reach 1500 mm per year. In flat areas, it is near 800 mm and can be reduced extraordinarly to 650 mm per year. This heterogeneity is one of the difficulties in hydrological analysis, especially when the data concerning the rainfall are very scarce. Average temperatures range from 9 C to 11 C.

IV. REVIEW OF HYDROLOGICAL DATA

IV.1 Hydrometric network in the basin of the river Ibar and Morava of Binca
Hydrometric stations are listed in the following table and are shown in the map (next page).

Table 6. Hydrometric stations in Lepenc and Morava of Binca river basin

Nr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 Basin Station Konul D. Kormirjan Bina Mosill Vladov Viti Domorovc Brod KisellaVoda G, Jankovi Kaanik Lumi M. E Bins M. E Bins L. Gomems Letnica Zhegra Golem Lumi Lepenc Lepenc Pelepnc Nerodime Surface 1st year Elevation (km) 1632 1961 420.70 1018 1923 1958 1958 1958 1953 1960 1954 1923 1963 423.33

Morava e Binces

609 241 374 582 214

424.26 636.55 377.25 357.82 741.89

Among these stations, the one in Koncul and G. Jankovic are the main stations of international importance. These stations are rehabilitated in 2007 by the Kosovo government budget and in 2003 by the Europian Agency for Reconstruction (EAR). The surfaces of the sub-basins are calculated with digital data available in GIS database, so by comparing with existing data about catchment surfaces such as water master plan, and Hydro Meteorological yearbooks. The measured streams - flows (range of series) of rivers in other stations are relatively natural flows, because we do not have any user with great potential who, in different seasons of the year can alter the water regime of these rivers.

Lepenc

Monitoring stations that have been and that still exist

Fig3. Lepenc and Morava of Binca river basin and hydrometric

monitoring network

IV.2 The data regarding the discharge Level On the basis of data that has the Hydrometereologic Institute of Kosovo (HMIK) there are some digital serial data. Apparently they are transferred from books printed from the Hydrological Yearbooks held in the HMIK Pristina. In the table belowwe are presenting the state of the record of daily data regarding the discharge. There are records dating before 1952 and earlier, but in the table entries there are displayed only the records in the period 1954-1984.

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Table 7. The data available for daily discharge in the hydrometric stations.

Serial Discharge - Water flow, although incomplete and conducted in 1986, constitute a fascinating basis for hydro-statistical analysis. We are presenting in the table below the data of monthly discharge where is clearly seen that there is a large number of entries which are missing. Mainly the daily records for the territory of Kosovo have been part of the management and completion of data in the Hydro -metereologic Institute of Belgrade, up to '90, when the institute of Pristina has been indipendent, so all data base is missing in HMIK, during the war period (1998-1999), especially as it seems the data base of daily discharge. During the year 2002, the Europian Commission for Reconstruction, has financed the rehabilitation of the hydrometric network in 25 hydrometric stations, and also it was engaged with the digitalization of hydrometric data, but the situation of the completion of these notes is this statement table presented above. During the analysis and validation of data, some errors have been corrected that may have been press errors, or other errors which have been noticed during the completion of the entries. The range of records concerning the daily discharge has turned into monthly inflows, and then with the discharge that have been in disposal, through correlative relations between the stations, it has been tried to obtain a more complete database for our purposes.. Table 8. The data available regarding monthly inflows after correlation

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IV.3 Correlative relationship between the stations With the combination of data from the aforementioned sources (Master Plan, Annual Hydrological Books), there have been created some monthly serial data for the period 1952-1985. This set of data, significantly longer than the daily serial data (see table above) is more suitable to achieve good statistical estimates of the reliability of water resources.

Good case of the diagram of discharge with the diagram of levels.

The red line represents the levels, the blue line represents the discharge.

The equation of the relation between the level and the discharge, regarding the same station (good case).

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The equation of the relation between the level and the discharge, regarding the same station (not good case). The good case of the relation between the levels and the flows, appears mostly in the beds of rivers who have stable bed, so to speak the eroziv process of the bed of the river has had no impact, and the river bed for many years has remained unturned which means the solution is good and stable. For the second case of no good correlative connection between the flow and the levels, it is obvious that the river bed is played by erosion, for various years the river bed has moved from a few cm up or down, which in many cases obstacles the completion of the data series.

Control of discharge after the completion of the range. As it can be clearly seen from the chart above, the correlative relation

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between discharge from hydrometric yearbooks, and discharge drawn from the correlative relation level - discharge, are very good. After possible completition of the series between levels and flow, it is drawn the matrix of the correlative relation of the discharge between hydrometric stations. In the following section of this document it is given the correlative matrix between hydrometric stations, and a good example of the correlation of the discharge between Kunqul and Kormirjan station. The following table is the interconnection matrix which represents the correlation coefficient between some stations. Table 9. The correlation coefficient data regarding the flow (R)

While there is reasonable correlation (R> 0.80 or R > 0.7) between two stations, the regression equation can be used to fill the missing data to complete the range of the series of flows for some stations.

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Correlative relation between Konul dhe Kormirjan station.

Fig 4. Correlative relation between Konul dhe Kormirjan station.

IV.4 Precipitation Data According to the Director of HMIK, most of the rainfall data are in Belgrade or destroyed, some of them may eventually be found in Montenegro. However, for this project is not possible to acquire data regarding serial historical rainfall in Kosovo. Since 2004 several rain-gauge stations are gradually put into service and started to gather data on the following stations:

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Table 10. The available data of daily precipitation from HMIK

Compared with 105 (130) rain-gauge stations that existed in Kosovo before the war that took place in years 1990, there is not sufficient density of current network to monitor precipitation. Groups of data which cover at most 3 years can not be used for long-term assessment of water resources. But they can be interesting for analysis of some specific events (floods). There are two other sources of rainfall data that can be used: 1) The izohite of the annual rainfall covering the entire basin of the Morava of Binca and Lepenc river from the master plan. The izohits seem to have been created from data measured during the same period as the flow data (1952-1981). Then they are suitable for assessment of water balance in the basin.

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We have digitized these izohite to estimate annual average rainfall in every major sub-basin (see map below). 2) Average monthly rainfall in the main stations We have also received some basic monthly data by the Master Plan in several key stations (1948-1978), as presented in the following table. Table 11. Rainfall data of some stations (1948-1978).
Rainfall Kaanik Jazhinc Ferizaj Dardan Gjilan Korbuliq Domorovc Mean Regime Jan Feb Mar 80 66 69 87 72 81 49 45 49 44 40 40 39 36 36 71 73 58 43 44 52 59 54 55 Snow Period Apr May 68 94 85 114 52 80 39 58 45 73 81 117 46 67 59 86 Snowmelt Jun 70 93 71 61 63 86 63 72 Jul Aug Sep 63 43 59 81 53 75 62 49 51 49 38 43 47 41 43 59 50 69 49 33 49 59 44 56 Irrigation Season Oct Nov Dec Total 77 90 79 858 78 97 91 1007 60 68 55 691 51 58 49 570 55 64 51 593 79 83 80 906 51 63 57 617 64 75 66 749 Rainfall Recharge

It can be seen that the average rainfall in the Lepenc and Morava of Binca river basin, calculated at these stations, are above 740 mm per year. In fact, annual rainfall range from about 570 mm in the north east part and over 1000 mm in the mountainous regions. Spatial changes are significant, as seen in the distribution of rainfall, it also appears in the following figure.

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Legend:

Fig 5. Distribution of annual rainfall (mm) for the territory of R.of Kosovo Map of the Rep.of Kosovo increased for catchment areas which dreign waters and direct them to Kosovo. (Border with the color red represents the Morava of Binca catchment basin, while the border in the blue colour represents the border and the basin of the Lepenc river, points within the basins represent rain-gauge stations which have been distrubuted in these basins).

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Legend:

Fig 6. Distribution of annual rainfall (mm) for Lepenc and Morava of Binca river basin. The distribution of rainfall for many years for the Morava of Binca and Lepenc river basin, hydrographic network, and points inside havebeen raingauge stations.

IV.5 The other climatic data Climate is a set of atmospheric processes which describe the physical state of the atmosphere over any territory. The study of climatic factors and climatic elements in any area or region is very important to many branches of the economy. Ibar river basin, respectively of the river Sitnica is divided by small mountains (hills), with the White Drini river basin, and respectively, Lab and Sitnica basin from the basin in the south of Morava. According to its geographical position, Kosovo is situated on the border between the medium and sub-tropical Europian climatic belt. More precisely it is located between European - continental and Mediterranean continental

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climate area. For this reason it is under the influence of these two climates. Continental Mediterranean climatic zone is known about the fact that the cyclonic activities which cause large amounts of rainfall in this area appear in the winter period, and during the summer this area is under the influence of the azuric storm, so in it prevail the air masses of tropical origin. As a result of this, summers are hot and dry. In the first case (winter) polar air front is on the Mediterranean Sea, and in the second (summer) it moves from the north. Throughout the year in the Euro-continental zone prevail continental air masses or air masses of arctic origin. During summer this region is under the influence of cyclonic activities and during winter under the influence of anti cyclonic activities, setting more precipitation in spring and summer months than in winter ones. This is reflected also in the movement of global air temperatures. Mostly the natural factors have determined that this area is to be characterized by the fact that the weather is changeable in spring and autumn, while autumn is warmer than spring. During summer weather is quite stable due to the impact of the azuric anti - cyclone, while in winter it is under the influence of the Atlantic cyclone activity and sibiresk anti cyclone activity.

IV.6 The network of meteorological stations Regarding the horizontal distribution of rain-gauge stations in the basin of the river Ibar, it can be said that it is done in a very good way. For example, in the basin of Ibar namely Sitnica, we have about 96 km2 for a station that means that they have been provided with about 48 rain-gauge stations. We can say that at worst has been covered the Ibar river basin. However, when viewed the vertical distribution of stations across the watershed, we can say that it is not done so properly. Now in Kosovo there are no existing historical climate data, rain-fall, except the main stations which render permanent monitoring.

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Fig 7. Network of the distribution of rain-gauge stations in the territory of R. Kosovo (1948-1975).

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Fig 8. Network of the distribution of rain-gauge stations in the basin of lepenc and Morava of Binca river (1948-1975).

IV.7 The snow The appearance of snow, the snow cover duration and its height in the territory of SAP of Kosovo are presented through elaboration of observing data in the stations of Pec, Prizren, Pristina, Ferizaj and Dragash. These are not the only stations where the observation of these meteorological phenomena has been conducted, but they are the ones which have more complete data and longer periods of observation. Despite this number of presented stations, data regarding the snow that has been collected in them can give a review of the number of days with snow, height and duration of snow coverage throughout the territory of Kosovo. Taking basis from the data regarding the number of days with snow, it can be concluded that the average annual snowfall is 28 in Ferizaj, 38 in Pristina. Obviously, this phenomenon is quite uneven in these localities, but they do not pose any powerful dependence with the above sea level height terrain, but are related to the features of the local micro-climate of the region. However, despite of the previous findings based on all observations, it can be estimated that the number of days with snow varies with altitude. Variations are different across regions and would be: the basin of Sitnica 4 days in any 100 m, the basin of the Ibar 2 days in any 100 m of altitude up the sea level.

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If we take a look at the lowest and highest location where snow is observed, then the number of days would increase with the appearance of snow on average for 3 days in any 100 m altitude up the sea level.Oscillations from year to year are very large, the annual amplitudes are as follows: 45 days in Pristina, 33 in Ferizaj.

January is the most represented at all measurement sites, after it comes February. From the survey data it can be concluded that the period when there may be snow during the year is quite long. IV.8 Evaporation The process of evaporation of water in nature is very complex, which occurs on the water surface, in soil and plant world. For this reason, the size most often is determined indirectly by using different ways (methods) because it is very difficult to make measurements. Evaporation from the water surface can be measured, but it can be made in very few stations, at least in our country. Problems concerning the territory of SAP of Kosovo regarding this issue are the same as for the whole country, and these are the lack of data or nonexistence at all of data, so we encounter huge difficulties in calculating the evaporation, regardless of the approach in solving of this component of water balance for any region. Though despite all circumstances, in this study the evaporation for the Region of Kosovo has been explained. Even before, this problem has been solved (in other studies that have been made for the territory), but then there was much less data on meteorological phenomena that are addressed.

IV.9 The temperature Temperature also is a very important element for water balance regime. Temperatures in our country are very flexible in different seasons of the year. The network of stations that have addressed this meteorological phenomenon has been very rare. Movement of global air temperatures, cause that throughout the year in the Euro-continental zone dominate continental air masses or air masses with arctic origin. During summer this region is under the influence of cyclonic activities and in winter it is under the influence of anti - cyclonic activities, setting more precipitation in spring and summer months than in winter.

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Table 12. Main stations for temperature monitoring

Fig 9.Average temperatures for Ferizaj and Gjilan, and also their average

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APPENDICES
(Annexes)

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Lepenc river basin and hydro-graphic network

Legend:

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Legend:

Distribution of average rain-fall for Lepenc river basin

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Legend:

Runoff for Lepenc river basin

Legend:

Inclination of Lepenc river basin

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