Geometry Standards Workbook

Name
Date
California Standards
Geometry 1.0
Students demonstrate understanding by identifying and giving examples of undefined terms, axioms, theorems, and inductive and deductive reasoning.
Undefined Terms and Reasoning

Terms to Know Undefined terms are words that do not have formal definitions, but there is agreement about what they mean. An axiom, or postulate, is a rule that is accepted without proof. A theorem is a rule that can be proven.
Example
;
.d:;
In geometry, the words point, line, and plane are undefined terms.
Postulate 5: Through any two points, there exists exactly one line. Theorem 2:3 (Right Angles Congruence Theorem): All right angles are congruent. The next number in the pattern 7,14,21, is 28. Sam practices the piano every Tuesday and Thursday. Today is Thursday. Therefore, Sam practices the piano today.
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You use inductive reasoning when you find a pattern in specific cases and then write a conjecture for the general case. Deductive reasoning uses facts, definitions, accepted properties, and the laws of logic to form a logical argument.
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Example 1
Identify Undefined Terms

Which of the following represents undefined terms?
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b.
d.
Solution a. A triangle can be described using known words such as polygon and sides. It is not an undefined term. b. A line is an undefined term. c. A plane is an undefined term. d. A ray can be described using known words, such as point and line. It is not an undefined term.
California Standards Review and Practice
Geometry Standards
Name
Example 2
_ Inductive Reasoning
Date
Describe how to sketch the next figure in the pattern. Then sketch the next figure.
Solution Each figure has one more equal-length side and one more equal-measure angle than the figure before it. Answer Sketch the next figure by drawing a figure with six equal-length sides and six equal-m~asure angles.
Example 3
Deductive
Reasoning
Make a valid conclusion in the situation. If it rains or snows today, then the Biology field trip will be canceled. It is raining today. Solution
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Identify the hypothesis and the conclusion of the first statement. The hypothesis is "If it rains or snows today," and the conclusion is "then the Biology field trip will be canceled." "It is raining today" satisfies "the hypothesis of the conditional statement, so you can conclude that the Biology field trip will be canceled. Answer The Biology field trip will be canceled.
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Exercises
1. Look for the pattern in the figures shown below. How many squares will there be in the tenth figure? 2. Ll and L2 are supplementary angles. Which of the following statements can be justified if mLI = 110?
2 3 4 55 36
L2 is acute because measures of supplementary angles have a sum of 90. L2 is acute because measures of supplementary angles have a sum of 180. L2 is obtuse because measures of supplementary angles have a sum of 180. supplementary angles have a sum of 180. California Standards Review and Practice Geometry Standards
66 45
@ L2 is right because m~asures of
Name
3. The list below shows the volumes of cubes as the length of the edges is increased. What is the volume of the eighth cube in the pattern? 1 cm3, 3.375 cm3, 8 cm3, 15.625 cm3,
...
Date
7. Consider the arguments below. L The number pattern 1,4,9, 16,25,36,49, 64, ... continues forever. The number 800 is not in the pattern. II. A quadrilateral's diagonals bisect each other if it is a parallelogram. A rectangle is a parallelogram, therefore a rectangle's diagonals bisect each other. Which one(s), if any, use inductive reasoning?
48.875 cm3 91.125 cm3
79.1 cm3 512 cm3
4. Which statement about the figures below must be true?
0600
The four figures are regular. The four figures are equilateral. The four figures are equiangular. The four figures are similar.
lonly II only both I and II neither I nor II
8. Look for the pattern in the dimensions of the prisms shown below. What will be the volume of the next figure in the pattern?
5. In isosceles trapezoid ABCD, AB = 28 inches and DC = 48 inches. What additional data does not provide sufficient information to find the area of the trapezoid? .
.the perimeter of the trapezoid the length of BC the measure of LAED the length of AE
6. The table shows the dimensions of several rectangles that fit a pattern. What are the dimensions of another rectangle that fits the pattern?
L]2 ,
1
8 units3 128 units3
96 units3 256 units3
9. Which of the following does not represent an
undefined term?
Width
45 50 60 75 90 100 120 ,40 36 30 24 20 18 15
m .x
L'7
80by42 70by68
72 by 25 65 by 58
California Standards Review and Practice Geometry Standards
Name
Date
Geometry 2.0
Students write geometric proofs, including proofs by contradiction.
Geometric Proofs
A proof is a logical argument that shows a statement is true.
STEP 1 STEP 2
Identify the given information and the statement you want to prove. Reason logically from the given information, making one statement at a time, until you reach the conclusion.
STEP 1
Identify the given information and the statement that you want to prove. Assume that this statement is false by assuming that its opposite is true. . Reason logically, making one statement at a time, until you reach a contradiction. State that the desired conclusion must be true because the contradiction proves that the original assumption is false.
STEP 2
STEP 3
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Example 1
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Write a Direct Proof

GIVEN ~ AC PROVE ~ AB
= BD
=
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CD
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Solution Statements 1.AC 2.AB 4.AC= 5. AB 6.AB

= =
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Reasons 1. Given 2. Segment Addition Postulate 3. Segment Addition Postulate 4. Substitute AC for BD. 5. Transitive Property of Equality 6. Subtract BC from both sides. CD CD
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BD
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+ BC=AC
BC+ CD
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3.BD =BC+
+ BC = BC + CD
Name
Example 2
___ Write a Proof by Contradiction

GIVEN ~ PROVE ~ mL.A = 115 L. B is not a right angle.
Date
c
Solution STEP 1 Assume that L.B is a right angle. STEP 2 If L.B is a right angle, then the sum of the measures ofthe other two angles in the triangle must be 90: m L.A + m L. C = 90. Therefore m L.A = 90 - m L. C, so m L.A < 90. But m L. A = 115, which is a contradiction. STEP 3 Therefore, the assumption that L. B is a right angle must be false, which proves that L.B is not a right angle.
Exercises
1. You are asked to prove the following by contradiction.
2. Use the proof to answer the question below.

Given: L.l and L. 3 are vertical angles. Prove: L.2
== L.4
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Statement Given: mL.2 Prove:) ~ k Which theorem or postulate will you use to reach a contradiction?
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Reason 1. Given 2. Definition of linear pair, as shown in the diagram 3. Linear Pair Postulate
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mL.l
1. L.l and L.3 are vertical angles. 2. L. 2 and L. 3 are a linear pair. L. 3 and L. 4 are a linear pair. 3. L.2 and L.3 are supplementary. L. 3 and L. 4 are supplementary. 4. L.2
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@ Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem
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Corresponding Angles Postulate Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem Parallel Postulate
== L.4
4. ?
Which reason can be used to justify Statement 4?
@ Congruent Supplements Theorem

6
Congruent Complements Theorem Symmetric Property of Angle Congruence Transitive Property of Angle Congruence
Name
3. In the figure below, L 1 'i=L2 and DE
_ == EF.
Date

Given: AB Prove: AB B
&
x
F
== CD, CD == EF == EF
- 1. Given
If we assume that DX == XF, and use EX == EX by the Reflexive Property of Segment Congruence, then 6.DEX == 6.FEXby SSS. We can conclude that L 1 == L 2 because corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent. This contradicts the given statement that L 1 'i=L 2. What conclusion can be drawn from this contradiction?
Statement LAB == CD; -CD==EF 2.AB

=
Reason
Ll ==L2 Ll'i=Ll DX'i=XF DE'i=EF
CD;
CD=EF 3.AB 4.AB

-
2. Definition of congruent segments 3.
EF
-
4. Given: s $ t Prove: Lines sand t intersect at exactly one point.
== EF
4. Definition of congruent segments
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Symmetric
Property
Consider the two assumptions.
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Transitive Property Reflexive Property Ruler Postulate
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1. Lines sand t intersect at more than one point. II. Lines sand t do not intersect. Which one(s), if any, would you use to write a proof by contradiction? Ionly lIonly both I and II neither I nor II
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6. Susan wants to prove that the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the longest side. What assumption should she make to write a proof by contradiction?
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PR +RQ>PQ PR+RQ<PQ PR<PQandRQ<PQ
PR>PQorRQ>PQ
Name
Date
Geometry 3.0
Students construct and judge the validity of a logical argument. and give counterexamples to disprove a statement.
Conditional Statements and Counterexamples

A conditional statement is a logical statement made up of a hypothesis and a conclusion. It is often written in if-then form: If two angles are both right angles, then they are congruent.
i
hypothesis
i
conclusion
Conditional statements can be either true or false. If you want to show that a conditional statem~nt is true, then you must prove that the conclusion is true whenever the hypothesis is true. If you want to show that a conditional statement is false, you need to give only one counterexample. A counterexample is a specific cas.e for which the hypothesis is true but the conclusion is false. By rearranging or negating the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement, you can form related conditionals.
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Related ConJlitional Conditional statement
Example If two angles are both right angles, then they are congruent. If two angles are congruent, then they are both right angles.
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True or
false? True
Counterexample
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Converse Exchange the hypothesis and the conclusion.
False
Inverse Negate both the hypothesis and the conclusion.
If two angles are not both tight angles, then they are not congruent.
False
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Contrapositive Write the converse, then' negate both the hypothesis and the conclusion.
If two angles are not congruent, then they are not both right angles.
True
A conditional statement and its contrapositive are either both true or both false. Also, the converse and the inverse of a conditional statement are either both true or both false. California Standards Review and Practice Geometry Standards
Name
Example 1
_ Analyze Conditional Statements
Date _-----'-
-----'__
Write the if-then form, the converse, the inverse, and the contrapositive of the conditional statement. Decide whether each statement is true orfalse. Parallelograms are quadrilaterals. Solution If-then form:
If afigure
is a parallelogram, then it is a quadrilateral.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral. The statement is true. Converse:
If afigure
Exchange the hypothesis and the conclusion. is a quadrilateral, then it is a parallelogram.
Counterexample: A trapezoid is a quadrilateral, but it is not a parallelogram. The statement is false. Inverse:
If afigure
Negate both the hypothesis and the conclusion. is not a parallelogram, then it is not a quadrilateral. Counterexample: A trapezoid is not a parallelogram, but it is a quadrilateral. The statement is false.
Contrapositive: . Write the converse. If afigure is a quadrilateral, then it is a parallelogram. Negate both the hypothesis and the conclusion. If afigure is not a quadrilateral, then it is not a parallelogram.
If a figure does not have four sides, it can't be a parallelogram. The

statement is true. Example 2
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Find Counterexamples
Show that the conjecture is false by finding a counterexample.
a. If JK
KL, then K is the midpoint of JL.
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b. If AB = BC = CD = DA, then quadrilateral ABCD is a square.

Solution
a. J, K, and L do not have to be collinear.
b. Quadrilateral ABCD may not have a right angle.

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California Standards Review arid Practice Geometry Standa'rds
Name Exercises
~----------------------------
Date
Identify the statement that has the same meaning as the given statement. 1. The seafood restaurant is closed every Monday.
5. If DEFG is a parallelogram with diagonals DF and EG, which of the following must be true?
If the seafood restaurant is closed, then it is Monday. If.it is Monday, then the seafood restaurant is not closed. If it is Monday, then the seafood restaurant is closed. If it is not Monday, then the seafood restaurant is not closed.
DF=EG DE=DG
DF bisects EG. DEl.DG
6. A conditional statement is shown below .. If L I and L 2 are complementary, then they form a r(ght angle. Which of the following is a counterexample to the statement?
2. You can buy a new CD once you have saved

enough money.
If you have saved enough money, then you , can buy a new CD. If you can't buy a new CD, then you have saved enollgh money. If you have not saved enough money, then you can buy a new CD. If you buy a new CD, then you have not saved enough money.
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3. You are told that a conditional statement is false. Consider the related conditionals. I. Inverse 2 7. Which statement is sufficient to prove that L 1 and L 2 are complementary?
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II. Contrapositive III. Converse Which one(s) is (are) also false?
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II only both I and III
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4. "Through any three points there exists exactly one plane." Which of the following best describes a counterexample to the conjecture above?
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parallel planes perpendicular lines collinear points parallel lines
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Ll and L 6 are supplementary.
L 2 and L 4 are complementary.
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L 1 and L 7 are supplementary. - L 5 and L 8 are complementary.
10
California Standards Review and Practice Ge-emetry Standards
Name
___
Date
Geometry 4.0
Students prove basic theorems involving congruence and similarity.
Congruence and Similarity

Example
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Two line segments are congruent segments if they have the .same length.
B
I
AB=
CD
AB:::=CD
t
"is equal to" mLA
=
t
"is congruent to" LA:::=LB mLB
C Two angles are congruent angles if they have the same measure.
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"is equal to"
t
"is congruent to"
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Two geometric figures are congruent if they have exactly the same size and shape.
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Same size and shape
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Two polygons are similar polygons if corresponding angles are congruent and corresponding side lengths are proportional.
ABCD~EFGH
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Corresponding angles:
.
LA :::= L E, L B :::= L F, LC:::=LG,LD:::=Lf{
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Ratio of corresponding sides: EF
AB
= FG = GH = HE
BC
CD
DA
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Segment and angle congruence are reflexive, symmetric, and transitive . Reflexive Symmetric Transitive For any segment AB, AB :::= AB. For any angle A, LA :::= LA. If AB :::= CD, then CD :::= AB. If LA :::= LB, then LB :::= LA. If AB :::= CD and CD :::= EF, then AB :::= EF. If LA :::= LB and LB:::= LC, then LA:::= LC.
11
Na'me
Date
-..,.-__
Congruent Complements Theorem If two angles are complementary to the same angle (or to congruent angles), then they are congruent. If L 4 and L 5 are complementary and L 6 and L 5 are complementary, then L 4 := L 6. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem Vertical angles are congruent. LI:=L3,L2:=L4
Example 1
Congruence
GIVEN ~
PR bisects
PS bisects
L QPS. L RPT.
PROVE ~
L QPR := L SPT
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Solution Statements 1. Reasons L QPS. L RPT. LRPS LSPT LSPT 2. Dc:finition of Angle Bisector 3. Definition of Angle Bisector 4. Transitive Property of Angle Congruence 1. Given
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2. LQPR:= 3. LRPS:= 4. LQPR:=
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Example 2
Similarity
In the diagram, IiPQR ~ Ii STU. Find the value ofx. Solution The triangles are similar, so the corresponding side lengths are proportional. PR PQ
SU
=
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co
ST
12 x
Write.a proportion. R Substitute. Cross Products Property Solve for x.

15 Q
12~ U
10 T
.18 21 -
18x
252
x =14
12
Name Exercises
~--------------------------
Date
1. De{ermine which pair of triangles is similar.
@ two scalene triangles @ two isosceles triangles
.5. In the figure, LPQR ~ LXYZ. Which statement must be true?

p
two right triangles two equilateral trian~les

Q
[>Y
2. In the diagram, LABC ~ LEDF. What is the

value ofy? A
D
@ The two triangles are isosceles.
@ The two triangles are congruent.
B~
The corresponding sides of the two triangles are congruent. triangles are congruent.
F
C
16
@ The corresponding angles of the two

Given: L WVY and L XVZ are right angles. Prove: L YVZ
@6
@8
9
=
@
90.
12
3. In the figure below, mL CFD
== L WVX
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Which pair of angles cannot be proven congruent?
Statement 1. L WVYand LXVZ are right angles. 2. L WVH and LXVY are complementary. 3. LWVYand LYVZ are complementary. 4. LYVY== LWVX
Reason 1. Given 2. Definition of complementary angles 3. Definition of complementary angles 4. ?
@ LBFC,LEFD
@ LAFB,LEFD @ LAFE,LBFD
LCFD,LCFA
4. Which statement about the figure is not true?
@ L 3 and L 6 are supplementary. @ L 1 and L 5 are supplementary.

L 3 and L 4 are complementary.
@ Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem @ Symmetric Property of Congruent Angles
Congruent Complements Theorem
@ L 2 and L 5 are complementary.
@ Congruent Supplements Theorem
13
Name
__
Date _~------
Geometry 5.0
Students prove that triangles are congruent or similar, and they are able to use the concept of corresponding parts of congruent triangles.
Triangle Congruence and Similarity

In two congruent figures, all the parts of one figure are congruent to the corresponding parts ofthe other figure. Corresponding angles: LA :=LF,LB:= LE,LC:= Corresponding sides: AB :=FE, BC:=ED,AC:=FD
B
LD
A
~~
C 6ABC:=
6FED
When you write a congruence statement for two polygons, always list the corresponding vertices in the same order.
Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Postulate If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. 6ABC:= 6PQR Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Postulate If two sides and the included angle of one .triangle are congruent to two sides and the included angle of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. 6DEF:= 6STU Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Postulate If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and the included side of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. 6DEF:= 6MNO Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Congruence Theorem
66
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If the hypotenuse and a leg of a right triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and a leg of a second right triangle, then the two triangles are ~~ congruent. 6JKL:= 6XYZ IK Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence Theorem If two angles and a non-included side of one I triangle are congruent to two angles and a non~ included side of a second triangle, then t4e two I G triangles are congruent. 6 GHI:= 6 VWX
H
y W
/\
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X
14
Geometry Standards
Name
!'T
_
t
-- ,--
Date
Triangle Similarity.,
ii" --
Example
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Angie-Angie (AA) Similarity Postulate If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar. l1JKL ~ "PQR
J
PL yR
Q
Side-Side-Side (SSS) Similarity Theorem If the corresponding side lengths of two triangles are proportional, then the triangles are similar.
AB JK
~
A C
~
J
L
= BC = AC. l1ABC ~ l1JKL

KL
4'
Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Similarity Theorem If an angie of one triangle is congruent to an angle of a second triangle and the lengths of the sides including these angles are proportional, then the triangles are similar.
SU MO
s~~
U T
ST . l1STU ~ l1MNO MN'
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Example 1
Prove Triangles Are Congruent

Write a proof. GIVEN ~ M is the midpoint of AC. M is the midpoint of BD. l1AMB =: l1CMD A B
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Solution Statements 1. M is the midpoint ~f AC.
M is the midpoint of BD.
-Reasons 1. Given
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2.AM=:MC
--
--
2. Definition of Segment Midpoint

3. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem 4. SAS Congruence Postulate
BM=:MD 3. LAMB =: L CMD 4. l1AMB =: l1 CMD
15
Name
Example 2
Date
Determine Information to Show Congruence

State the third congruence that must be given to prove that LABC == LPQR using the indicated postulate or theorem. B Q a. LB == LQ, LC == LR Use the ASA Congruence Postulate. b.BC == QR, LB == LQ Use the SAS Congruence Postulate. Solution
a. Two angles in the first triangle are congruent to two angles in the second triangle. To use the ASA Congruence Postulate, we need to know that the included side in the first triangle is congruent to the included side in the second triangle, or BC == QR.
c. One side and one angle in the first triangle are congruent to one side and one angle
in the second triangle. To use the SAS Congruence Postulate, we need to know that another side of the first triangle is congruent to the corresponding side of the second triangle, such that the congruent angles are the included angles. So, AB == PQ. Example 3
Determine Whether Triangles Are Congruent

Decide whether the congruence statement is true. Explain your reasoning. a. LWYZ== LYWX
A
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. b. L VXY == L zxw
V
z
c. LJKL
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a. Yes, by the HL Congruence Theorem. L WYZ is a right angle by the Corresponding . Angles Postulate. WY == WYby the Reflexive Property of Congrent Segments, and ZW == XY is given. b. Yes, by the AAS Congruence Theorem. LX== LXby the Reflexive Property of Congruent Angles and L V == L Z is given. ZW = ZT + TWand VY = VT + TY by the Segment Addition Postulate. ZW = VYby the Transitive Property of Equality, and ZW == VY by the Definition of Congruent Segments. c. No; SSA is not one of the triangle congruence postulates or theorems. California Standards Review and Practice Geometry Standards'
16
Name
Example 4
~ Parts
__
Date
Use Corresponding
Write a congruence statement for the triangles. Identify an pairs of congruent corresponding parts.
Solution The diagram indicates that 6.ABC Corresponding Corresponding Example 5 angles sides
== 6.RPQ.
LA
== LR, LB == LP, L C == L Q == RP, BC == PQ, CA == QR
AB
ShowTriangles
Are Similar
Show that the triangles are similar and write a similarity statement. Explain your reasomng.
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SQlution Since we know the lengths of the sides, calculate the ratios of corresponding sides.
QS PT 8 4 QR PR 12 12 12 4 SR 16 16 4 TR - 4 + 16 - 20 - '5
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10 - '5
15 - '5
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= ~~. = ~, thus the triangles are similar by the SSS Similarity Theorem.
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Answer Example.6
6. TPR ~ 6.SQR by the SSS Similarity Theorem.
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Prove Triangles Are Similar

GIVEN ~ KP==LP,JL = 21,KM= LQ = 24,NK= 16 6.JQL ~ 6.MNK 14,
<
L
J
<;
PROVE ~ Solution L QLJ
== L NKM by the Base Angles Theorem.

. Q 24_1. 16 2
JL _ ~ -1. KM 14 2 LQ NK
The measures of the corresponding sides that include angles QLJ and NKM are proportional, so the triangles are similar by the SAS Similarity Theorem.
CaliforniaStandardsReview and Practice Geometry Standards
17
Name Exercises
1. /:"IKL and /:"PQR are two triangles such that L K := L Q. Which of the following is sufficient
__
Date
5. In the figure below, HI bisects L KHI and L KII.

H
to prove the triangles are similar?
@ JK=PQ
LJ is right.
2. In the figure below,

V
wz II XY.
Which theorem or postulate can be used to prove /:"HKI:= /:"HIJ?
@ ASA
I . X ". Z y
AAS SSS
SAS
6. In the figure below, L P := LX .

X P
Which theorem or postulate can be used to prove

/:,.VWZ~ /:"VXY?
@ ASA
AAS
SAS
SSS R~
Q
3. In the figure below, /:,.ABE:= !iDCE.

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Which of the following would be sufficient to prove the triangles are similar?
Which theorem or postulate can be used to prove /:"CDB:= /:"BAC?
RP ZX RP ZX
PQ
XY
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@ ASA
SSS
II SR.
SAS
AAS
RQ
ZY
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4. In the figure below, PQ
7. In the, figure below, ED ..1 DF, HG..l GF, F is the midpoint of DG.
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Which additional information to prove /:"PQS:= /:,.RSQ?
would be enough SR:=QR PS:=QR
@ PQ:=PS
PQ:=SR
Which theorem or postulate can be used to prove /:"DEF:= /:,.GHF?
@ ASA
SSS
SAS
HL
18
Name
.".---
Date
Geometry 6.0
Students know and are able to use the triangle inequality theorem.
Triangle Inequality Theorem
The sum of the lengths of any two . sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
AB +BC>AC AC+BC>AB AB +AC>BC A
Example 1
Use the Triangle Inequality Theorem

Is it possible to construct a triangle with the given side lengths? Ifnot, explain why not. . a.3,5,7
b. 4,6,12
c. 19,26,35
>c
0..
co
Solution a. 3 + 5 ; 7 3 + 7; 5 5 + 7; 3 8>7,/ 10>5./ 12>3./ Yes, it is possible to construct a triangle with these side lengths. b.4
E a u
~ ~
..c::
.8
0)
+ 6; 12
:::r: . 2
en
-0
::>
a c
10 < 12 X 4 + 6 is not greater than 12. No, it is not possible to construct a triangle with these side lengths . c.19+26;35 19+35;26 26+35;19 45> 35./ 54> 26./ 61 > 19./ Yes, it is possible to construct a triangle with these side lengths.
:~
co
co
0)
::>
::?: ; <9 .....,

..c:: 0) .~ a u
0..
19
Name
Example 2
~---------Use the Triangle Inequality Theorem
Date
A triangle has one side of length 17 and another of length 11. Describe the possible lengths ofthe third side. Solution Let x represent the length of the third side. Draw diagrams to help you visualize the possible lengths ofthe third side. " Small values of 17
Large values of x
~
x+ll>17 x> Answer
11+17>x 28 > x, or x < 28
The length of the third side must be greater than 6 and less than 28.
Example 3

Describe the possible values of x.
7x-17 Solution Check all three possible side length relationships. (x
+ 6) + (2x + 7) > 7x - 17
3x+ 13>7x-17 30>4x 7->x
1 2
(2x
+ 7) + (7x - 17) > x + 6

9x - 10 > x 8x>16 x>2
(x
+ 6) + (7x - 17) > 2x + 7

8x - 11 > 2x 6x>18 x>3
+6
+7
Answer
3 <x < 72
Example 4

The triangle below is isosceles. If s is a whole number, what is its smallest possible value?
23
Solution Use the Triangle Inequality Theorem to write and solve an inequality. s + s > 23 2s> 23 s> 112
1
The smallest whole number that is greater"than 11k is 12. Answer The smallest possible value for sis 12.
20
Name Exercises
1. Two sides of a triangle measure 14 and 9. Which.
Date
5. The triangle below is isosceles.
of the following cannot be the perimeter of the triangle?
@ 28
37 46 If t is a whole number, what is its largest possible value?
42
2. The lengths of two sides of the triangle are known.
@ 35
36
37
38
6. A triangle has one side of length 12 and another of length 19. Which of the following best describes the possible lengths of the third side?
@ 7<x<31
7

24 38
12<x<31'
Which of the following could be the perimeter of the triangle?
7<x<19
@ 19
12<x<19
31
7. Which of the following sets of numbers could not
represent the lengths of the sides of a triangle? 3. The figure shows the route Daniel took while riding his bicycle after schooL
3,4,6 5,5,8
2,4,7 4,7,10
:>. c co
C>-
8. Which of the following figures could represent a real triangle? 5 mi Which of the following is not a possible measure for the third side of the triangle?
o u c
~ ~
.c
:::>
B
CO)
@ 4mi
:r:
..... o
c o co
6mi
5mi 7mi
'ii)
:~ <=>
4. The figure shows the outline of a nower garden.
CO)
co
LJ3
12 4
o
Cl
:::>
Which of the following is a possible measure for the third side of the garden?
.D
>-
9 E
C>-
.~
o u
>-
@ 4ft
8ft 24ft
~2
20ft
21
Name
__
Date
Geometry 7.0
Students prove and use theorems involving the properties of parallel lines cut by a transversal, the properties of quadrilaterals, and the properties of circles.
Parallel Lines, Quadrilaterals,

Pa~anel'Llhe; andTransver~al$,
Corresponding Angles Postulate If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of corresponding angles are congruent. The converse is also true,
and Circles
m n
L2=L6
Alternate Interior Angles Theorem If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of alternate interior angles are congruent. The converse is also true. m 1.
n L4= L5
Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of alternate exterior angles are congruent. The converse is also true. m
>c co
E u
o c
Cl.
~ ~
.8 ~
:::r::
c
OJ ::J
n L1
Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of consecutive interior angles are supple~entary. The converse is also true. 1.
'<-
= L8
a c o '00
'>
'6 co
--
.m
n L 3 and L 5 are supplementary.
22
Name
,Date
Example
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its opposite sides are congruent. The converse is also true.
p
Q,
II
,R
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its opposite angles are congruent. The converse is also true.
p
Q, }
\I,R
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its consecutive angles are supplementary. If PQRS is a parallelogram, then XO
Qj 180.
1
Xo
jR
+ yO
/ Vo
Xo
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its diagonals bisect each other. The converse is also true.
p
QK
>IR
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Q,
,R
I
>c
D-
co
E a c
$pe~ial Parall~to9rams-"
:)i;>.,,}
;c
~ ~
8 ..c
0) ::0
:c
a 'u;
co
a c
'>
'6
A quadrilateral is a rhombus if and only if it has four congruent sides.
AUe
Example .. -
Special I Parallelograms
A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only ifits diagonals are perpendicular.
..
Example
A quadrilateral is a rectangle if and only if it has four right angles. , A quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is a rhombus and a re<;tangle.
:0:
ADB
D C
A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if each diagonal bisects a pair of opposite angles.
A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if its diagonals are congruent.
A~ A~ AkSJB
D D D
23
Name
~ T'ildpe~p.!ds,and' 7, t.+.. it/,i!, !EXilmpfe I<ites 'i}'f ii"}';'

',:' ...
'x .... , >F
I
__
Date
If a trapezoid is isosceles, then each pair of base angles is congruent.
AnD
A
",.
The midsegment of a trapezoid is parallel to each base, and its length is one half the sum of the lengths of the bases. If a quadrilateral is a kite, then its diagonals are perpendicular.
,;cbN' ML-i
A MN= ~(AD
+ BC)
If a trapezoid has a pair of congruent base angles, then it is an isosceles trapezoid. A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if its diagonals are congruent.
W
};Ei
AC=BD
If a quadrilateral is a kite, then exactly one pair of opposite angles are congruent.
Ci.rcles A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a given point called the center of the circle. A radius is a segment whose endpoints are the center and any point on the circle. A chord is a segment whose endpoints are on a circle. A diameter is a chord that contains the center of the circle. A central angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle. In the diagram, LACB is a central angle of circle C. If mLACB < 180, then the points on circle C that lie in the interior of LACB form a minor arc with endpoints A and B. The points on circle C that do not lie on minor arc major arc with endpoints A and B.
>c
co
D-
U c
E a
A (bminorarCAa o~B majorarc
Ali
form a
ADB
A semicircle is an arc with endpoints that are the endpoints of a diameter. The measure of a minor arc is the measure of its central ~ angle. The expression mAB is read as "the measure of arc AB."
,
mAB= 60 B
The measure of the entire circle is 360. The measure of a major arc is the difference between 360 and the measure of the related minor arc. The measure of a semicircle is 180.
24
Name
Example 1
__
Date
.Parallel Lines and Transversals

Find mL 1 and mL 2. Explain your reasoning. Solution L 2 and the given angle are alternate exterior angles. So, L 2 is congruent to the given angle by the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem. Therefore, mL2 = 110. Since L 1 and L 2 form a linear pair, they are supplementary angles. So, mL 1 = 180 - mL2 = 180 - 110 = 70.
Example 2
Prove That Figures Are Congruent

Write a proof. GIVEN ~ PROVE ~ Solution Because FGHI is a kite" FG kite FGHI with diagonal GI 6.IFG
== 6.IHG == HG and FI == HI. == GI.

F
By the Reflexive Property, GI So, 6.IFG Example 3
== 6.IHG by the SSS Congruence Postulate.
Find Measures of Arcs
AC is a diameter
>c
co
C>.
of circle E. Identify the given arc as a major arc, minor arc, or semicircle, and find the measure of the arc. a.AD
b.DBC
E a c
c.ABC
d.BC
.~
Solution
a. mAD
= = =
mADe
mOC
b.
mDBC
~
=
=
360 -
mOC
180 - 80 100
360 - 80
= 280
mDBC is more than 180. It is a major arc. d.
mAD is less than 180. It is a minor arc.

-'=
~
OJ
c. AC is a ,diameter. mABC is 180. It is semicircle.
mBC
mABC - mAE
180 - 45 135
.~
U
mBC is less than 180. It is a minor arc.
.~
25
Name Exercises
~--------
Dat~
1. Identify the postulate or theorem that justifies the statement aboutthe diagram.
4. Quadrilateral lKLM is a parallelogram. If its diagonals are perpendicular, which statement must be true?
00
Quadrilateral JKLM is a rectangle. Quadrilateral lKLM is a rhombus. Quadrilateral JKLM is an isosceles trapezoid. Quadrilateral JKLM is a square.
C. If

mHK
5. GH of circle ~ and lK are diameters .------....

=
35, what is mG1K?
L2=L7
00
Corresponding Angles Postulate Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem Alternate Interior Angles Theorem Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem 6. In the figure below, PQRS is a parallelogram.
r
110
2. What is the value of x in the diagram?

(4a+b)" p
What are the values of a and b?
00
= 70, b = 110
2x
a = 30, b = 20 ~
= 110, b = 70
>c
co
U 0.
a = 20, b = 30
E a
c
7. In the figure below, circle M has a diameter of 8 and mPQ

=
90.
-,(
3. Quadrilateral WXYZ is a trapezoid. XY WZ = 10. What is MN?
=
>P
6 and
What is the length of PQ? 'W

Z
003 8
6 10
004 8
4Y2 8Y2
26
Name
Date
__
Geometry
8.0
Students know, derive, and solve problems involving perimeter, circumference, area, volume, lateral area, and surface area of cominon geometric figures.
Perimeter, Area, and Volume
The perimeter of a figure is the distance around it.
0
s P
=
0, A
w
f---b----j P=a+b+c
4s
2 + 2w
Circumference is the distance around a circle. C Area is the amount of surface covered by a figure.
,
Eij
=
1Td = 21Tr
I
I
I
i
II
!
>c
0..
0, A
w
f---b----j A
=
Eij
A
=
co
E a c
A =w The volume of a solid is the number of cubic units contained in its interior.
1bh 2
I
Ih
1T?
I I I
~ ~ c .s .s:::
:::r::
Ol :::J
..... a
'Cij
II
I
c a
s
co
'6
CD
I
,
V= Bh
wh
I I,
~ co
a
:::0
Ol :::J
0 u
2
.0
>-
9 ....,
a
A face of a solid that is not a base is I. a lateral face. The lateral area of a solid is the sum of the areas of its I lateral faces .
fjOlI\!$ 'lill~Et~r;:~ h
2M + 2hw
.s::: OJ .~
0..
The surface area of a solid is the sum of the areas of all of its faces.
~~~~I<'~h
'C~!#*T'"
2h1
+ 2hw + 21w
27
Name
Example 1
~ Find the Unknown Length
Date
The perimeter of the triangle is 17.25 feet. Find the length ofb. Solution P=a+b+c 17.25 17.25 5.75
= = =
+ 6.5 + b +
b b
11.5 b
Answer Example 2
The length of b is 5.75 feet.
Find the Circumference

A circular stained-glass window has a diameter of 80 centimeters. Find the approximate circumference of the window. Use 3.14 for 7r. Solution C C
= =
7rd 3.l4(80)
=
251.2
Answer Example 3
The circumference ofthe window is approximately 251.2 centimeters.
Find the Area

In the diagram, the diameter of the large circle is three times the diameter of the small circle. What fraction of the large circle is covered by the shaded region? Solution Small circle: Large circle: Shaded region:
A = 7r?- = 7r(3x)2 = 97rx2

A
=
:>c co
Cl-
97rx2 - 7rX2
87TX2 _
87r~
Area of shaded region Area oflarge circle
8 9
E o u c
- 97T~
~ ~
Answer
The shaded region 'covers ~ of the large circle.
.c
B
OJ ::J
:::r:
'+-
o o
C
o 'u;
-0
:~
co
Example 4
Find the Lateral Area

The lateral area of the cylinder is 376.8 square inches. Find the height of the cylinder. Use 3.14 for 7r. (The lateral area of a right cylinder is 27rrh, where h is the height of the cylinder.) Solution L 376.8 376.8 h
= = = =
--
27rrh 2(3.l4)(4)h (25.12)h 15 The height of the cylinder is 15 inches.
:h
,,..._-7'r r r r
Answer
...
28
Name
Example 5
_ Find the Surface Area
Date
Krista is making a cardboard box for a science project. How many square centimeters of cardboard does she need? Solution A
= = = =
2h2
+ 2hw + 22w 2(8)(10) + 2(8)(20) + 2(10)(20)

160 880 Krista will need 880 cm2 of cardboard.
!
, , ,
+ 320 + 400
8cm
,/--------------~----li
I
/
10cm
Answer Example 6
20em
Find the Volume

Find the volume of the solid in the diagram. Solution
V = volume of outer prism - volume of hole
= =
;t
I /
30mm
40(40)(15) - 20(30)(15) 24,000 - 9000 15,000

,
15mm
, I I I I 10
I I I " ..1
I I I
'1
,
I
Answer The volume of the solid is 15,000 mm3.
40mm.
Exercises
>c:
m
D-
1. What is the perimeter of quadrilateral RSTU shown below?
3. A farmer has planted corn and akra on the piece of land shown below.
E o u c
T 3cm U 30cm 37cm

40yd
~
R
12 em
o c .'2
U)
@ 20cm
:~
-0
32cm
--
2.. Mrs. Taylor wants to paint the walls of her ,rectangular office. She knows the width w, length 2, and height h of the office, and the cost per square foot of paint. Which of the following expressions should she use to determine the area she must paint?
50yd
What is the area of the sectionylanted
with corn?
@ 2000
yd2 yd2
-<=
.9'
DU
@ (22 + 2w)h
>-
"2(2
+ w)h
2(2 2wh
h)
4100
4000 yd
4600 yd2
4. A 10-ounce rectangular box of cereal has
dimensions 10.5 inches by 7.5 inches by 2.5 inches. What is the approximate volume?
@ 123.8 in.3
247.4 in.3
196.9 in.3 393.8 in.3
Geometry Standards
29
Name
5. Justine is painting rectangular panels in a restaurant. She is using a can of enamel that covers at most 200 square feet. She has painted a panel that is S feet by S feet and a second panel that is 3 feet by 10 feet. She just manages to paint one of the remaining four panels before she has to open another can. What are the most reasonable dimensions of the third panel?
___
Date
8. Ava made a pencil holder in the shape of an open square prism that has a volume of 96 cubic inches. If the sides of the base are 4 inches long, what is the height?
4 in.
Sin.
6 in. 24 in.
@ lOft by 13 ft
lOftbySft
10 ftby 10 ft 9ftbySft
6. A company makes a cylindrical cardboard container with the dimensions shown below. 20 in.
9. Joshua has tied his horse's rope to a post in a pasture so that the horse can eat some grass. The portion of the rope between the horse and the post is 12 feet long. To the nearest whole number, what is the area of the circular region of the pasture where the horse will be able to graze?
@ 452 ft2
75 ft2
10. Eli has roped off a square inside his circular pool so that he and his friends can playa game.
What is the approximate lateral area?
@ 1257 in.2
5027 in.2
2513 in.2 12,566 in.2 To the nearest tenth, what is the area of the pool's surface that is not contained within the roped-off square region?
7. An architect designed a window with the dimensions shown below.
.
f--28 in.---j
T .1
@ 1S.S yd2
21 in.
10.3yd2
14.3 yd2 9.0yd2
11. What is the volume of this solid?
What is the area of the window to the nearest square inch? Use~3.14 for 7T.
--
@ 3050in.2
1203 in.2
1S19 in.2 S96 in.2
@ l4yd3
169 yd3
51 yd3 270yd3
30
Name
__
Date
Geometry 9.0
Students compute the volumes and surface areas of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, and spheres; and students commit to memory the formulas for prisms, pyramids, and cylinders.
Volume and Surface Area
A prism is a polyhedron with two bases that are congruent polygons in parallel planes. In a right prism, each lateral edge is perpendicular to both bases. A prism with lateral edges that are not perpendicular to the bases is an oblique prism. A pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygon for its base. All of the other faces intersect at one vertex. A regular py.ramid has a regular polygon for a base, and the segment joining the vertex and the center of the base is perpendicular to the base.
c
ro
S-apothem triangular prism pentagonal prism
heig~t
, triangular pyramid
, ,,..---
slant height
rectangular pyramid
>-
Cl.
E o u
A cylinder is a solid with congruent circular bases that lie in parallel planes. In a right cylinder, the segment joining the centers of the bases is perpendicular to the bases . In an oblique cylinder, the segment joining the centers of the bases is not perpendicular to the bases. A cone has a circular base and a vertex that is not in the same plane as the base. In a right cone, the segment joining the vertex and the center of the base is perpendicular to the base. cylinder right cylinder
~ ~
..c
.8
OJ :::l
o :r: '<o
C
en
ro
.>
'6
G
cone
/~
he;g~nt
- -; \
he;ght
right cone
A sphere is the set of all points in space equIdistant from a given point, called the center.
sphere
31
Name_
. 1.
y
__
,i;;
"'1\1' '/'
Date
!il
'{
_
,; ..' :;",~
""
.
'",
,.~
c',
Solid.,
prism
~:,
'''...
Volume' ;~,~ ''''
" '<
.Surface
.'"
1:4iea
'
B is the area of a base, h is the height, a is the apothem of a base, and P is the perimeter of a base.pyramid B is the area of the base, h is the height, P is the perimeter of the base, and . is the slant height. cylinder B is the area of a base, h is the height, r is the radius of a base, C is the circuinference of a base, and h is the height. cone B is the area of the base, h is the height, r is the radius of the base, C is the circumference of the base, and . is the slant height. sphere r is the radius.
V=Bh
S = 2B + Ph
aP + Ph
(right prism)
V= lBh
3
S = B + ~P' (regular pyramid)
V= Bh
7T?h
S = 2B + Ch
27T? + 27Trh
V= lBh
3
17T?h
3'
S = B + ~ CL
7T? + 7Tr.
(right cone)
= ~ 7T,3
s = 47T?'
Example 1
Find the Volume of a Prism

Find the volume of the right prism. Solution Find the ~rea ofthe base. B
= ~ h(bi
>c co 11 ft
E o u
c
D-
+ b2)
~(6)(4
11)
45 ~2ft
4ft
[Note: h in this area formula is the height of the trapezoid, not the height of the prism.] Find the volume. Answer. Example 2 V
=
Bh
(45)(2)
90
The volume of the prism is 90 ft3~
Find the Volume of a Pyramid

Find the volume of the pyramid. Solution Find the area of the base. B
= ~ bh =
~(9)(7)
31.5
..c
[Note: h in this area formula is the height of the triangle, not the height of the pyramid.] Find the volume. Answer V = i Bh
=
.~
0)
i(31.5)(8)
84
DU
The volume of the pyramid is 84 m3.
32
Name
Example 3
~-----Find the Volume of a Sphere

Find the volume of the sphere. Use 3.14 for 1T. Solution The diameter is given. Find the radius. r V=
= ~ = 124 =
Date
~ 1Tr3 = ~ (3.14)(73)
= 1436
Answer
The volume of the sphere is approximately 1436 cm3.
Example 4
Find the Surface Area of a Cylinder

Find the surface area of the cylinder. Use 3.14 for 1T. Solution The diameter is given. Find the radius. r Find the surface area.
= ~=
~o = 20
16ft
s = 21Tr'2
Answer Example 5
+ 21Trh
2(3.14)(202)
+ 2(3.14)(20)(16) = 4522
The surface area of the cylinder is approximately 4522 ft2.
Find the Surface Area of a Cone

Find the surface area of the cone. Use 3.14 for 1T. 4 in.
>c
co
0..
Solution Find the slant height.
E 0 u c
J!2=
S 1Tr'2
42
+ 32
3.14(32)
3 in.
~ :2
J!=V!6+9=V25=5
Find the surface area. Answer Example 6
=
.s ..c
:r:
OJ ::J 0
+ 1TrJ!
+ 3.14(3)(5) = 75
3
The surface area of the cone is approximately 75 in.2.
'0
.:; '"
'6 co
c 2
Find the Surface Area of a Sphere

Find the surface area of the sphere. Use 3.14 for 1T. Solution S
=
a;
:.::J
::0
::::
OJ 0 u
co
0
41Tr'2
4(3.14)(122)
= 1809
Answer
:::2:
The surface area of the sphere is approximately 1809 mm2.
..0.
>-
....,
..c .~
0> 0.. 0
I'
I
I
Ii
I
t
California Standards Rev.iew and Practice Geometry Standards
33
Name Exercises
~--------
Date
1. Jose wants to calculate the volume of air in a building, shown below, so that he can decide on the size of a new furnace. What is the volume of the building?
4. Which of the following is the approximate volume of a ball that has a diameter of 9 inches? Use 3.14 for 1T.
@ 85 in.3
286 in.3 382 in.3
339 in.3
5. The manufacturer of a concentrated floor

cleaning solution recommends that it be diluted so that the final mixture is 1 part cleaning solution to 8 parts water. Mia pours 120 cubic inches of water into the cylindrical bucket shown below and then adds the correct amount of cleaning solution.
@ 8280 ft3
72,000ft3
82,800 ft3 93,600 ft3
2. A triangular prism is shown below. Its volume is 672 cubic inches. What is {he height x of the prism?
/--10 in.---1 Which expression represents how many more cubic inches of liquid the bucket can hold?
@ 7 in.
12 in.
lOin. 17.l in.
1T. 1T.
52 12 - (120 52 12
i 120)
i . 120)
>c
co
D.
120
+ 120
+
E a u
,c
3. The diagram represents a sculpture in an art museum. What is the surface area of the sculpture? Round your answer to the nearest tenth. Use 3.l4 for 1T.
1T. 1T.
102 12 - ( 120
~ ~
102 12 - 8 120
..c
.8
OJ :0
:r::
6. What is the approximate volume of the paper water cup shown below? Use 3.14 for 1T. 3 in ..
c a 'u;
'0
-'
..... a :2:
co
W t=
6 in.
co a
OJ :0
Cl u
::::?
.0
>-
..c OJ .~ a u
D.
...,
1-3 fH @ 113.8 ft2
@ 56.5 in.3
241.7 ft2
127.9 ft2 30l.8 ft2
113.1 in.3
108 in.3 226.2 in.3
34
Name
7. The top of the grain silo shown below is a hemisphere. What is the approximate volume of the silo? Use 3.14 for 7T.
1-16ft-j
Date
11. A cylindrical salt shaker has a radius of 20 millimeters and a height of 90 millimeters. What is the volume of the salt shaker? Round your answer to the nearest cubic millimeter. Use 3.14 for
n.
30 ft
@ 113,040 mm3
28,274mm3
62,424mm3 13,823 mm3
@ 1910 ft3
23.12 ft
2111 ft3 7101 ft3
12. The dome of a building is a hemisphere with a diameter of 50 feet. What is the surface area of the dome, rounded to the nearest square foot? Use 3.14 for 7T.
@ 1571 ft2
7854 ft2
3925 ft2 32,725 ft2
8. A basketball with circumference 78 centimeters touches all six sides of its cubical shipping box. Approximately what percent of the space inside the box is not occupied by the basketball? Use 3.14 for 7T.
13. The pyramid below is a representation of a trellis for Marla's flowering vine. The base is a regular hexagon. What is the surface area of the pyramid, including the base? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
>c co
CL
@ 15%
a u
c
48%
25% 75%
@ 23.38 ft2
..c
.8
OJ ::J
.:r::
a
c
9. Naomi has built part of a sandcastle in the shape. of a cone with the dimensions shown. To the nearest cubic inch, what is the volume of this cone? Use 3.14 for 7T. \
95.38 ft2
72.00 ft2 167.38 ft2
o in .~
-0
14. Archie built a ramp using one rectangular piece of wood for the top and two triangular pieces for the sides, as shown below. To the nearest tenth of a square foot, what is the total surface area of the plywood Archie used to build the ramp?
@ 1407 in.3
938 in.3
8.25 ft 1081 in.3 299 in.3
@ 44.9 ft2
52.7 ft2 . 77.4 ft2
65.0ft2
cID
10. A three-quarter circle with radius 8 inches is made into a hat by attaching the edges of the cutout. What is the best estimate for the height of the hat if the diameter of the base is 12 inches?
@ 5.3 in.
8 in.
8.9 in.
lain.
California Standards Review and Practice' . Geometry Standards
35
Name
~----
Date
GeometrY 10.0
Students compute areas of polygons, including rectangles, scalene triangles, equilateral triangles, rhombi, .parallelograms, and trapezoids.
Area
Rectangle
bh h
b is the base. h is the height. b Triangle A

=
lbh
2
b is the base. h is the height.
Equilateral Triangle
A=-
V3S2
4 >c
ro
Cl..
s is a side.
Rhombus
Zdld2
E o u c
d1
d I and d2 are the diagonals.
~ ~
.<=
E
en
c => o
I
Parallelogram A
=
-.o
o .c;; ro c
:~ u
bh
b is the base. h is the height.
.~
-D
ro en => o
>-
9 ....,
.<=
Trapezoid
zh(bl
+ b2)
.~
en
Cl..
bl and b2 are the bases. h is the height.
36
Name
Example 1
__ Area of a Rectangle
Date
The area of a rectangular field is 4675 square feet. The field is 55 feet wide. Find the length of/the field. Solution Let b be the length and h be the width of the field. A 4675 b
= = =
bh b(55) 85
Formula for area of a rectangle Substitute 4675 for A and 55 for h. Simplify.
Answer The length of the field is 85 feet. Example 2
Area of a Triangle
The base of a triangle is three times its height. The area of the triangle is 96 square / meters. Find the base and height of the triangle. Solution Let h represent the height of the triangle. Then the base is 3h. A 96
= =
lbh
2
Formula for area of a triangle Substitute 96 for A and 3h for b. Simplify. Multiply ~ach side by ~.
3h
~(3h)(h)
2
96 = lh2 64
= h2
8=h
c
co
Find the positive square root of each side.
>-
Answer The height of the triangle is 8 meters, and the base is 24 meters. Example 3
D-
o u c
Area of an Equilateral Triangle

An equilateral triangle has a side length of 12 centimeters. What is the area of the triangle? Solution A
~ ~
L OJ
8
=> o o
c
:c
o
7=
'/-;3 2
V3(12)2 --4-
= 36\13 = 62.4
'" :~
-0
Answer The area of the triangle is about 62.4 square centimeters.
co
Area of a Rhombus
Rhombus ABCD has an area of 98 square meters. Find AC if BD
=
7 meters.
:c .'2' >DU
Formula for area of a rhombus Substitute 49 for A and 7 for d1 Simplify. Answer AC equals 28 meters.
A~
California Standards Review and Practice .Geometry Standards
37
Name
Example 5
_ Area of a Parallelogram
Date
A cornfield is shaped like a parallelogram. Find the area of the field in acres. There are 4840 square yards in one acre. Solution Find the area of the field in square yards.
A
250 yd
bh
= (250)(150) = 37,500 yd2

"~ 1 acre
Change the units to acres. .J7,500 J'U 4840ft = 7.75 acres

~
150 yd
Use uni't analysis.
Answer The area of the field is about 7.75 acres. Example 6
Area of a Trapezoid
.
32 ft
The Art Club needs to buy primer paint so that members can prime one wall of the school before painting a new mural. A gallon of primer paint covers 300 square feet. How many gallons of primer paint should the club buy? Solution Find the area of the wall.
A = ~h(bl
=
+ b2)
1 gal
~(28)(32
+ 40)
~(28)(72)
40 ft
1008 ft2
'
Determine how many gallons of primer paint are needed. 1008~' 300,ff
3.36 gal
Use unit analysis.

;>.
Answer Round up so there is enough primer paint. The Art Club should buy 4 gallons of primer paint.
c co
Cl.
Exercises
1. Dan and Marie built a deck behind their house. A sketch of the deck's floor is shown below. They are planning to waterproof the top of the deck and need to find its area so they know how many gallons of water sealant to buy. If one gallon of water sealant covers 150 square feet, how many gallons of water sealant are required for the deck? Round your answer to the nearest tenth. 16 ft 2. In isosceles trapezoid ABCD, AB = 28 inches and DC = 48 inches. What additional data does not provide sufficient information to find the area of the trapezoid?
E o c
~ ~
..c en
.8
:r:
..... o
c
'"Cl
5'
DEC
L[\
o .c;; co
:~
@ the perimeter of the trapezoid
22 ft

2.9 gal 4.0gal
the length of BC the measure of LAED the length of AE
..c en .~
U
@ 2.7 gal
3.7 gal
38
Name
3. Chase has a clock in his room with a clock face in the shape of an equilateral triangle. The area of the clock face is 16'13 square inches. What is the length of a side"of the clock face?
___
Date
8. What is the area of the parallelogram shown. below?
4 in.
@ 6 in.
8 in.
lOin.
It
, (7,3)
4. Brett is using wallpaper to decorate two walls of his bedroom. Each wall is 14 feet by 18 feet. If one roll covers about 27 square feet, how many rolls will Brett need to cover both walls?
9 rolls 18rolls
@ 10 rolls
19 rolls
10 units2 20 units2
@ 10.5 units2
21 units2
5. What is the area of the triangle below?
I
~
17
9. The height of a triangle is 1.5 times the length of its base. The area of the 'triangle is 75 square feet. What is the height of the triangle?
10ft 5Y2ft
@ 15 ft
1OY2ft
35 units2 70 units2
@ 42.5 units2
10. The quadrilateral shown below is a rhombus. What is the area of L QRS?
_I<"--------;OA
85 units2
Q
6 .. The figure below is a square with four congruent
rhombi inside.
11 em >-
co
D-
E a u
c
Sem
6 units2 24units2
@ 12 units2
48 units2
11. In isosceles triangle lKL, lK = 8 centimeters. What additional data does not provide sufficient information to find the area of the triangle? What is the area of the shaded portion?
K
25
cm2
@ 48
cm2
73 cm2
109 cm2
7. What is the area of the quadrilateral below?
25
300 units2
the perimeter of the triangle
150 units2 250 units2
@ 200units2
@ the length of KM
the measure of LJKL the length of KL
39
Name'
Date
California Standard
Geometry 11.0
Students determine how changes in dimensions affect the perimeter, area, and volume of common geometric figures and solids.
Changing Dimensions
Perimeters of Similar Polygons If two polygons are similar, then the ratio of their perimeters is equal to the ratios of their corresponding side lengths. Areas of Similar Polygons If two polygons are similar with the lengths of corresponding sides in the ratio of a: b, then the ratio of their areas is a2: b2. Surface Areas of Similar Solids If two similar solids have a scale factor of a: b, then corresponding areas have a ratio of a2: b2
Volumes of Similar Solids If two similar solids have a scale factor of a: b, then corresponding volumes have a ratio of a3 :b3. Example 1
Change Perimeter
A school plans to install a synthetic-turf field to replace a grass one. The rectangular grass field is 95 yards long and 57 yards wide. The synthetic-turf field will be similar in shape, but it will be 60 yards wide. a. Find the scale factor of the old field to the new field.
>c
U c
C'O Cl.
E a
::E
b. Find the petimeter of the new field.

Solution a. The scale factor of the old field to the new field is the ratio of the widths, of similar polygons theorem to find the perimeter x of't.he new field. X-20 x
=
.c
B
OJ ::::l
~6
= ~~.
a :::c a c a
'0 C'O
.....
'0;
b. The perimeter of the original field is 2(57) + 2(95) = 304 yards. Use the perimeter
304 19
:~
Write a proportion. Cross multiply and simplify.
320
Answer The perimeter of the new field is 320 yards.
40
California Standards Review and Practice Geometry Standards .
Name
Example 2
__
Date
Change Area
A large rectangular tabletop is 64 inches long by 36 inches wide. A smaller tabletop is similar to the large tabletop. The area of the smaller tabletop is 1296 square inches. ~ind the width of the smaller tabletop. Solution If the area ratio is a2 : b2, then the length ratio is a : b.
Area of smaller tabletop Area of larger tabletop Length of smaller tabletop Length of larger tabletop 1296 2304 9 16 3 4
I..J I..J
L
64 in.
h
36 in.
A = 1296 in.2
Write the ratio of known areas. Then simplify. Find the square root of the area ratio.
V9 ill
Any length in the smaller tabletop is~, or 0.75, of the corresponding le'ngth in the larger tabletop. So, the width ofthe smaller tabletop is 0.75(36 inches) = 27 inches. Answer The width of the smaller tabletop is 27 inches. Example 3
Change Surface Area

The coffee filters shown are similar with a scale factor of 77 : 100. Find the surface area of the larger coffee filter. Solution Write a proportion.
Surface area ofI Surface area of II -- ...
---------
...
------a2
.......
,,
=P =
772 1002
co a.. E o u c
>c
47.12 Surface area of II
Surface area of II
= 79.47
5=47.12 in.2
~ ~
.c
.8
OJ ::::l
Answer The surface area of the larger coffee filter is about 79.47 square inches. Example 4
o ::c: o .c;; . ;:; '0 co

CD
o c
Change Volume
The prisms shown are similar with a scale factor of2 : 3. Find the volume of the larger prism . Solution If the two similar solids have a scale factor of a : b, then the corresponding volumes have a ratio of a3 : b3.
Volume of smaller prism Volume of larger prism
co
o
.0
to :.:J
OJ ::::l
2 9
>-
a3
b3
.c OJ .~ a.. o
U
16 23 Volume oflarger prism = 33
V= 16 in.3
Volume of larger prism = 54 Answer The volume ofthe larger prism is 54 cubic inches.
41
Name Exercises
1. What is the affect on the area of a circle when the radius is tripled?
Date
@ The area is ~ the original area.

.J
The area is 3 times the original area. The area is unchanged.
5. A square-shaped office has a side length of 90 feet. The owners want to double the dimensions of the space. If the area of the existing space is 8100 square feet, what will be the area of the new office space?
@ 48,600
ft2 ft2 ft2 ft2
@ The area is 9 times the original area.

2. A square has a side length of 5 meters. What is the affect on the perimeter of the square when the side length is ~ripled?
32,400 24,300
@ 16,200
@ The perimeter is 1.5 times the original

perimeter.
6. The dimensions of a sphere are increased by a
The perimeter is 3 times the original perimeter. The perimeter is 6 times the original perimeter. perimeter.
scale factor of 4. The surface area of the original sphere is about 314 em 2. What is the surface atea of the larger sphere?
@ 1256 cm2
2512 cm2 3768 cm2
@ The perimeter is 9 times the original

3. Jessica cans tomatoes in two sizes of jars. The smaller jar has half the dimensions of the larger jar. If the larger jar has a volume of 430 cubic inches, what is the volume of the smaller jar?
@ 5024cm2
7. Mr. Gonzalez needs to increase the space he rents at a boat yard. He currently rents a rectangular storage space of 6000 cubic feet. If he increases the dimensions of the storage space 1.5 times, what will be the volume of the new storage space?
@ 53 ~ in.3
@ 9000
ft3
>c co
U
Cl.
107 ~in.3 215 in.3
13,500 ft3 20,250

ft3
E a
.'=
~ ~
@ 860 in.3
4. Refer to the rectangle below. What is the area of the rectangle after all side lengths are doubled? j6cm 16 em
@ 27,000ft3
8. Two spheres are similar with a scale factor of 1 : 3. The volume of the smaller sphere is 34 cubic inches. What is the volume of the larger sphere?
..c
:::>
.8
en
:c
'0
.",
""D
c a
:~
co ill t:: co
:::>
@ 68 in.3
:::J
102 in.3 306 in.3 in.3
en 0 u
96cm2 192 cm2
2::
..0
@ 918
>-
(9 ..c en .~
Cl.
+-'
384cm2 9. The dimensions of a cone are doubled. If the approximate volume of the cone is 150 cubic meters, what is the volume of the larger cone?
@ 576cm2
@ 300m3
600m3
900m3
.@ 1200m3
42
Name
Date
Geometry 12.0
Students find and .use measures of sides and of interior and exterior angles of triangles and polygons to classify figures and solve problems.
Classifying Triangles and Polygons
Triangle Sum Theorem The sum of the measures of the interior arigles of a triangle is 180. Exterior AngleTheorem The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent interior angles .. Bas~ Angles Theorem If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite them are. congruent. Converse of the Base Angles Theorem If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite them are congruent. Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem If the square of the length of the lo~gest side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides, then the triangle is a right triangle.
:>c co
D..
Acute Triangle Theorem If the square of the length of the longest side of a triangle is less than the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides, then the triangle is an acute triangle. Obtuse Triangle Theorem If the square of the length of the longest side of a triangle is greater than the sum of the squares of the lengths ofthe other two sides, then the triangle is an obtuse triangle . Equilateral Triangle Theorem (Corollary to the Base Angles Theorem) If a triangle is equilateral, then it is equiangular. The converse is also true .
u
c
E o
~ c .s
:0
.<= Ol
:c
o c
:.0
co
o .c;; .:;
Polygon Interior Angles Theorem The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a convex n-gon is (n - 2) 180.
Polygon Exterior Angles Theorem The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a convex polygon, one angle at each vertex, is 360.
43
Name
Example 1
~~
~-------
Date
Find Interior Angle Measures in a Triangle

Find the measures of the angles of the triangle shown. Solution Use the Triangle Sum Theorem to set up and solve an equation. 80 + 3x + 2x + 15 5x x
=
180 85 17
=
=
Substitute the value of x into the angle expressions. mLB mL C Example 2

= =
3x 2x
3(17)
=
51
+ 15
2(17)
+ 15
49
Find Exterior Angle Measures in a Triangle

FindmLQRS. Solution Use the Exterior Angle Theorem to set up and solve an equation. 3x
Q
+ 50
48 24
= =
5x 2x
+2
(5x+ 2)
=x
5(24)
s
+2
=
Substitute the value of x into the expression for the exterior angle. 5x Example 3
+2
122, so mL QRS
180 - 122
58
>c
co
Cl.
Find Side Length

Find the values of x and y in the diagram. Solution From the diagram we know that 3y - 1 = 3x2 + 2. Using the Converse of the Base Angles Theorem we know that 3x2 + 2 = y + 9. So 3x - 1 = y + 9 by the Transitive Property of Equality. Solve for y. 3y - 1 2y
= =
E o u
c
'0;;
o c o
3V~
:~
-0
Use the value ofy to findx. 3x2 + 2 3x2

= =
co
y + 9 10
y + 9 5
y+9
co
:::>
0)
+2
+9
y = 5
3x2 =
x2 =
12
4
~
Find the positive square root.
.D
>-
@
..c
<-'
0)
x=2
.~ o u
Cl.
44
Name
Example 4
_ Classify Triangles
Date
Can segments with lengths of 9 meters, 10 meters, and 15 meters form a triangle? If so, would the triangle be acute, right, or obtuse? Solution STEP 1 Use theTriangle InequalityTheorem to checkthat the segments can make a triangle. 9
10
19
15'= 24 24> 10
10
+ 15
25
19> 15
25> 9
STEP 2 Classify the triangle by comparing the square of the length of the longest side with the sum of squares of the lengths of the shorter sides. c2~a2+b2 152 ~ 92 225 ~ 81 225> 181 Compare c2 with a2 + b2. Substitute. Simplify. c2.is greater than a2 + b2.
+ 102
100
Answer The side lengths 9 meters, 10 meters, and 15 meters form an obtuse triangle. Example 5
Find Interior Angle Measures in a Polygon

Find the value of x i~ the diagram. Solution The polygon is a pentagon. Use the Polygon Interior Angles Theorem with n = 5 to write an equation involving x. Then solve the equation.
c co
>-
D-
mL 1
~ ~
E o u .S
+ mL 2 + mL 3 + mL 4 + mL 5 = XO + 107 + 90 + 145 + 76 =
x
(5 - 2) 180 540 540 122
+ 418 =
x
=
..c
:::>
B
en
o :::c
Answer;r'hevalue ofx is 122. Example 6'
'0
c 't;;
-0
-"
:~
co
Find Exterior Angle Measures in a Polygon

Find the value of x in the diagram. Solution Use the Polygon Exterior Angles Theorem to write an equation involving x. Then solve the equation. mL1
+ mL2 + mL3 + mL4

x
360
..c en .~
D-
~
o
+ 280
x
= =
360 80
Answer The value of x is 80.
45.
Name Exercises
1. An exterior angle of a regular polygon measures 90. What type of figure is the polygon?
__
Date
5. In the figure below, BC B
II AD.
C
@ triangle
square pentagon hexagon A What is mLBCD?
2. In the figure below, an exterior angle of the triangle measures 125. B
@ 55
120
60 165
6. What type of triangle has side lengths 5 feet, 13 feet, and 16 feet?
@ acute
A Which of the following could not be the measures of interior angles A and B?
right
isosceles obtuse
7. The measures of the interior angles of a quadrilateral are xO,3xo, 5xo, and 6xo. What is the measure of the largest interior angle?
@ 50 and 75
@ 24
40 and 85 65 and 60 45 and 70
72 144 180
;>. e'
3. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is twice the sum of its exterior angles. What type of figure is the polygon?
E 0 u
e
'"
Cl.
8. The side lengths of a triangle are 5, x, and 13. What are the values of x that make the triangle an acute triangle?
~ ~
e
0 D'l ::J 0 0
@ quadrilateral
E
::r::
4-
@ x<12
hexagon octagon nonagon
x>12 x<8 x>8
e
'",
:~ '"
'D
4. What is the value of x in the figure below?
9. In triangle PQR, mLP = (4x - 5t, mL Q = (8x - 50), and mLR = (3x Which of the following best describes triangle PQR?
:=i
co
0)
lOt
a
0
::J
2:
..D
>-
@ right triangle @3
@ .~
..c en
Cl. U
~
a
4
6 8
equilateral triangle isosceles triangle scalene triangle
46
Geometry Standards
Name
Date __ ,..--
Geometry 13.0
Students prove relationships between angles in polygons by using properties of complementary, supplementary, vertical, and exterior angles.
Angles and Polygons
Two angles are complementary angles if the sum of their measures is 90. Each angle is the complement of the other. Two angles are supplementary angles if the sum of their measures is 180. Each angle is the supplement of the other. Two adjacent angles are a linear pair if their noncommon sides are opposite rays. L 1 and L 2 are a linear pair.
Two angles are vertical angles if their sides form two pairs of opposite rays. In the figure, L 1 and L 3 are vertical angles. L 2 and L 4 are vertical angles.
Linear Pair Postulate

c: co
:>-
If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem Vertical angles are congruent.
CL
E o c:
~ ~
..c:
.8
o
c:
Ol ::J
Example 1
Find Angle Measures

Find the values of x and y in the diagram. Solution By the Exterior Angle Theorem: mLAEB
=
:::c
"iii
a c:
o
:~
""Cl
B A
co
mLDAE
+ mLADE
144
By the Exterior Angle Theorem: mLAEB

=
mLBCE
+ mLEBC
1440 = yO y
=
+ 48
96
Answer The value of x is 144 and the value of yis 96.
47
Name
Example 2
__ Find an Angle Measure

Find the value of x in the diagram. Solution By the Base Angles Theorem: mL TRS
=
Date
mL TSR
50
By the Triangle S~m Theorem: mLSTR
+ mLTSR + mLTRS = 180

mLSTR
+ 50 + 50
mLSTR
= =
180 80
By the Vertical Angles. Congruence Theorem: mL PTQ

=
mL STR
80
By the Triangle Sum Theorem: mLPTQ
+ mLPQT + mLQPT
80
= =
180 180 58
+ 42 + mL QPT
mLQPT='
By the Linear Pair Postulate:

XO
+ mLQPT = 180 x<J + 58 = 180

x
=
122
Answer The value of x is 122. Example 3
Prove Angles are Complementary

GIVEN ~ PROVE ~ AB II CDLADC is an equilateral triangle. LADC is complementary to LABC. B
>c:
ro
D-
E 0 u c:
~ ~
..c:
.8
0)
c:
:::>
Solution Statements LAB
o
Reasons 1. Given 2. Corollary to the Converse of Base Angles Theorem 3. Definition of equiangular triangle 4. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem 5. Transitive Property of Angle Congruence 6. Definition of congruent angles
7. The acute angles of a right triangle are
:::r:
0
a c:
"0;
II CD
";> 'D
ro
LADC is an equilateral triangle. 2. LADC is an equiangular triangle. 3. LADC ~LACD
ill
:.:J
:::::
0)
co
0
:::> 0 u
-D
== LCAB 5. LADC == L CAB

4. LACD 6. mLADC
=
:2
>-
9
..c:
mL CAB
0)
">::
7. L CAB is complementary to LABC.
Ei: 0-
complementary.
+ mLABC 9. mLADC + mLABC

8. mL CAB
= =
90 90
8. Definition of complementary 9. Substitute mLADC
angles
for mL CAB.
10. LADC is complementary to LABC.
10. Definition of complementary angles
48
Name Exercises
1. What is th\! " measure of an exterior angle of a
__
Date
regular pentagon?
4. For the figure below, which expression gives the correct value of x in terms of y?
36 45 72 90
2. The figure below shows a tower that was built to

support high-voltage power lines. It was designed as an isosceles triangle. If the side of the tower meets the ground at a 98 angle, what is the measure of the angle at the top of the tower?
x=3y x=~
3 180 ---':y 3
x=
x=y+90 3
98
>c
D..
co
8 16 36 41
E o
c
~ ~
-C OJ ::J
.8
25 30 45 50
o :r:
-:::::;
:j:j
CO OJ ::J OJ
~
+-'
..Cl
>-
@
-C
.~
en
D..
28
38
48
58
9 27 54 . 81
49

Geometry Standards Workbook

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Name

Undefined Terms and Reasoning

Identify Undefined Terms

California Standards Review and Practice

@ L2 is right because m~asures of

48.875 cm3 91.125 cm3

79.1 cm3 512 cm3

4. Which statement about the figures below must be true?

lonly II only both I and II neither I nor II

8 units3 128 units3

96 units3 256 units3

9. Which of the following does not represent an

California Standards Review and Practice Geometry Standards

Write a Direct Proof

Solution Statements 1.AC 2.AB 4.AC= 5. AB 6.AB

California Standards Review and Practice Geometry Standards

___ Write a Proof by Contradiction

2. Use the proof to answer the question below.

@ Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem

Corresponding Angles Postulate Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem Parallel Postulate

Which reason can be used to justify Statement 4?

@ Congruent Supplements Theorem

5. Use the proof to answer the question below.

Statement LAB == CD; -CD==EF 2.AB

Ll ==L2 Ll'i=Ll DX'i=XF DE'i=EF

CD=EF 3.AB 4.AB

2. Definition of congruent segments 3.

4. Given: s $ t Prove: Lines sand t intersect at exactly one point.

4. Definition of congruent segments

Which reason can be used to justify Statement 3?

Consider the two assumptions.

Transitive Property Reflexive Property Ruler Postulate

PR +RQ>PQ PR+RQ<PQ PR<PQandRQ<PQ

California Standards Review and Practice Geometry Standards

Conditional Statements and Counterexamples

Related ConJlitional Conditional statement

Converse Exchange the hypothesis and the conclusion.

Inverse Negate both the hypothesis and the conclusion.

_ Analyze Conditional Statements

is a parallelogram, then it is a quadrilateral.

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral. The statement is true. Converse:

Exchange the hypothesis and the conclusion. is a quadrilateral, then it is a parallelogram.

If a figure does not have four sides, it can't be a parallelogram. The

KL, then K is the midpoint of JL.

b. If AB = BC = CD = DA, then quadrilateral ABCD is a square.

a. J, K, and L do not have to be collinear.

b. Quadrilateral ABCD may not have a right angle.

California Standards Review arid Practice Geometry Standa'rds

DF bisects EG. DEl.DG

2. You can buy a new CD once you have saved

II. Contrapositive III. Converse Which one(s) is (are) also false?

Ionly III only

II only both I and III

parallel planes perpendicular lines collinear points parallel lines

Ll and L 6 are supplementary.

L 2 and L 4 are complementary.

L 1 and L 7 are supplementary. - L 5 and L 8 are complementary.

California Standards Review and Practice Ge-emetry Standards

Congruence and Similarity

Same size and shape

LA :::= L E, L B :::= L F, LC:::=LG,LD:::=Lf{

Ratio of corresponding sides: EF

S~gril~h(S ~nd Angles

California Standards Review and Practice Geometry Standards