CRIM PRO OUTLINE Meadows, Spring 2005 I. Introduction Two Goals o Cri!inal Pro"ed#re$ a. Prose"#%ing Cri!inals &.

Pro%e"%ing Ci%i'ens ro! #n air %rea%!en% &( %)e s%a%e** pro%e"%ion ro! "on+i"%ing %)e inno"en% Source of Constitutional rights , -$ rig)% o people %o &e se"#re agains% #nreasona&le sear") and sei'#res 5$ rig)% no% %o sel *in"ri!ina%e, no do#&le .eopard(, d#e pro"ess /$ rig)% %o a speed( %rial, assis%an"e o "o#nsel 0$ rig)% %o a .#r( %rial 1$ rig)% no% %o )a+e "r#el or #n#s#al p#nis)!en% in li"%ed 2!end!en%s are in"orpora%ed &( %)e 3-%) %o %)e s%a%es 4#e Pro"ess o 3-%) 2!end!en%$ In"orpora%ion T)eories 52ppl(ing 6ill o Rig)%s %o %)e S%a%es7$ Sele"%i+e In"orpora%ion 5T)e Tes%7$ Is a rig)% pro+ided &( %)e 6ill o Rig)%s #nda!en%al %o %)e 2!eri"an s(s%e! o 8#s%i"e9 To%al In"orpora%ion$ :irs% 1 2!end!en%s s)o#ld &e in"orpora%ed. No In"orpora%ion$ None need &e in"orpora%ed. e.g. :#nda!en%all( (o# )a+e %o pro+ide a .#r( %rial w)ere %)ere is a ris; o p#nis)!en% o+er / !on%)s. The Steps of the Criminal Prosecution: 3. Co!!ission o %)e Cri!e 2. Pre*2rres% in+es%iga%ion <. T)e 2rres% -. 6oo;ing 5. Pos% 2rres% In+es%iga%ion /. 4e"ision %o C)arge*re+iew pro"ess 0. :iling o Co!plain% 1. Magis%ra%e Re+iew o %)e Co!plain% =. 2rraign!en% , 3s% appearan"e &ased on "o!plain% 5&ail se%7 30. Preli!inar( )earing 5"ri%i"al>o&%ain a%%orne( or one is appoin%ed or (o#7 33. Grand .#r( re+iew 5i elon(7 3

32. :iling o In or!a%ion or indi"%!en% 3<. 2nd arraign!en% , &ased on in or!a%ion or indi"%!en% and 4 en%ers plea 3-. Pre*%rial pro"eedings , dis"o+er( 35. Trial 3/. Sen%en"ing 30. 2ppeals 31. Colla%eral ")allenges %o %)e Con+i"%ion 5:ed Cr% or ?ri% o )a&eas "orp#s7 3=. 2d!inis%ra%ion %)e Sen%en"e II. Searches and the 4th Amendment$ %)ere is a sear") and sei'#re w)ere %)ere is a government intrusion of privacy or possessory interest. STRUCTURE FOR ANALYSIS FOR EXAM-4 STEPS, overview 37 ?as %)ere a sear") 5in+asion o a pri+a"( in%eres%7 or sei'#re 5in+asion o a possessor( rig)%7 "ond#"%ed &( a go+% agen%9 a7 Use an o&.e"%i+e %es%, e+al#a%ing %)e %o%ali%( o %)e "ir"#!s%an"es in assessing %)is @#es%ion. 27 I %)ere was a sear") or sei'#re, did %)e go+ern!en% )a+e a +alid warran% &ased on pro&a&le "a#se9 <7 I %)e sear") or sei'#re o""#rred wi%)o#% a warran%, was %)ere an eA"ep%ion %)a% per!i%s s#") a sei'#re9 -7 I no eA"ep%ion %)a% per!i%s a warran%less sear"), does %)e eA"l#sionar( r#le appl(9 2. Was there a Search and Seizure? i. Government activit : Go+% ;new or s)o#ld )a+e ;nown %)e sear") was &eing "ond#"%ed Se"#ri%( g#ards and pri+a%e indi+id#als are no% "o+ered &( %)e -%) I sear") was no% "ond#"%ed &( Go+% O i"ial %)ere is onl( one eA"ep%ion %)a% applies i %)e pri+a%e a"%or )as$ a7 &7 ii. s#&s%an%ial "onne"%ions %o a go+% agen% is a"%ing on &e)al o %)e go+% agen%

Intrusion: %)ere )as %o &e so!e in+asion o %)e in%eres%, i% "an no% &e passi+e, or e.g. i (o# are so!ew)ere (o# )a+e a rig)% %o &e and o+er)ear a "on+ersa%ion %)a% is no% an in%r#sion and will no% &e pro%e"%ed &( %)e -%) or dr#g sni ing dog Su!"ective #$pectation of Privac that is %!"ectivel &easona!le:

iii.

T)e !ore pri+a"( %)e reasona&le person eApe"%s %)e !ore pro%e"%ed %)e rig)% Loo; &o%) a% %)e a"%#al eApe"%a%ion and %)e reasona&le eApe"%a%ion

'(Prong Test to determine )hether Privac Interest #$ists: *+atz, 3. 2 person !#s% )a+e a su!"ective privac e$pectation. 2. T)a% eApe"%a%ion !#s% &e o&.e"%i+el( reasona&le. a. Ba+e (o# eAposed (o#r s%# %o %)e Ca+erage "#rio#s "i%i'enD9 i. Ba+e (o# gi+en i% o+er %o a %)ird par%(9 ii. 2re !eans #sed so sop)is%i"a%ed or spe"iali'ed %)a% %)e( wo#ld &e rare %o "o!!on #sage9 iii. Co#ld a "#rio#s "i%i'en )a+e &een %)ere9 i+. ?as i% +er( e i"ien%9 &. Can (o# easil( pro%e"% (o#rsel ro! %)e in%r#sion9 i. Can ordinar( !eas#res &e %a;en %o pro%e"% pri+a"(, or re@#ire eA%raordinar( !eas#res9 Places: * No reasona&le eApe"%a%ion o pri+a"( w)ere %ras) is pla"ed on "#r& or ano%)er %o "olle"%* Greenwood * Reasona&le eApe"%a%ion +iola%ed w)ere &ags in o+er)ead "o!par%!en% o &#s were sear")ed* Bond * O i"ers w)o %respassed did no% +iola%e -%). No reasona&le eApe"%a%ion o pri+a"( w)ere !ari.#ana "an &e seen wi%) na;ed e(e, &e"a#se o %)is eApe"a%a%ion o pri+a"( no% reasona&le. -%) pro%e"%s people no% pla"es* Oliver * O+ernig)% g#es%s are pro%e"%ed %)e sa!e as o""#pan%s o %)e )o!e* Olsen, )owe+er i (o# are onl( %)ere or &#siness p#rposes %)is is no% pro%e"%ed, Carter 5g#(s &agging "o;e in )o#se7 * I an agen% is so!ew)ere )e )as a legal rig)% %o &e and sees "ri!inal a"%i+i%( %)e 4 "an no% ")allenge %)e sear") &" )e )as no reasona&le eApe"%a%ion o pri+a"( no in+asion o personal in%eres%** Carter * In dis%ing#is)ing Olsen ro! Carter %)e ollowing a"%ors are s%a%ed$ a7 P#rel( "o!!er"ial &7 S)or% s%a( "7 No prior rela%ions)ip d7 Person )ad ne+er &een %)ere &e ore * Eo# )a+e a -%) 2!end rig)% %o pro%e"% (o#r "#r%ilege aro#nd (o#r )o!e 5 lower&eds, por") e%".7 C#r%ilege anal(sis$ a7 proAi!i%( %o %)e )o!e &7 en"los#re "7 #ses o %)e proper%( d7 pro%e"%i+e s%eps (o# %a;e or %)e proper%(

<

Sensor #nhancement: * * * * * No reasona&le eApe"%a%ion o pri+a"( w)ere a dog sni ed l#ggage &" i% %a;es rela%i+el( li%%le %i!e and sni ing is no% in+asi+e, o; %o sni l#ggage &#% i (o# are going %o de%ain i% (o# need p"* Place Re"en% S. C%. "ase eApanded Place, now o; %o "all dogs %o sni %r#n; w)en "ar s%opped or a %ra i" +iola%ion* Illinois v. Caballes No reasona&le eApe"%a%ion o pri+a"( w)ere poli"e lew o+er green)o#se and saw plan%s &" l(ing is "o!!on pla"e* Riley Reasona&le eApe"%a%ion o pri+a"( w)ere poli"e #se a &eeper %o %ra"; %)e !o+e!en% o i%e!s wi%)in (o#r )o!e* Karo I T)er!al I!aging$ wo#ld sa!e in o &e o&%aina&le wi%)o#% in%r#sion in%o )o!e9* Kyllo

-actors to Consider When .etermining if a .evice Can !e /sed in a 0egal Search? 3. General ;nowledge o %)e eAis%en"e o %)e de+i"e$ i so!e%)ing is +iewa&le &( &ino"#lars %)ere !ig)% &e an arg %)a% a person does no% )a+e a reasona&le eApe"%a%ion o pri+a"( 2. Pro&a&ili%( a reasona&l( "#rio#s "i%i'en wo#ld )a+e s#") a de+i"e <. 2&ili%( o %)e a+erage "i%i'en %o pro%e"% agains% s#") an in%r#sion$ (o# "an no% pro%e"% agains% a %)er!al i!aging de+i"e, (o# "an p#% a roo on (o#r s)ed -. Legali%( o In%r#sion> i %)e in%r#sion is o%)erwise legal %)a% is a a"%or %)a% %)e "o#r% !a( "onsider 5Riley )eli"op%er7 no%e$ %)e )o!e )as a )ig)er pri+a"( eApe"%a%ion #nder %)e -%) 1isplaced Trust: #s#all( no% "onsidered a sear") &" (o# are +ol#n%aril( )a+ing %)e "on+ersa%ion * * No Sear")$ No in+asion o pri+a"(F i (o# %ell so!eone in or!a%ion (o# wai+e pri+a"( &e"a#se i %)a% person &e%ra(s (o# , %oo &ad* !offa Sa!e wG %ape re"ordings and wire %aps, %)is was an eA%ension and %)e "o#r% o#nd %)e wire %ap pre era&le %o Bo a si%#a%ion &" o a""#ra"(* "#ite
* * * * HYPOS: Bo a %ells 5in or!an%7 )e is going %o &ri&e .#ror and %)en .#ror goes %o %)e poli"e. Is %)is a sear")9 No &" .#ror is no% go+% in or!an%. :6I re"r#i%s Par%in as in or!er and %ape re"ords Bo a %elling o plans %o &ri&e .#ror. T)is is o;, li;e "#ite. :6I re"r#i%s Par%in and &road"as%s Bo a %elling plans %o &ri&e .#ror, poli"e si!#l%aneo#sl( lis%en. T)is is o;, &" 4 s%ill ")oose %o !ispla"e %r#s% and i% does no% !a%%er w)i") %(pe o de+i"e was #sed. :6I re"r#i%s Par%in and plan%s a %rans!i%%ing de+i"e w)i") is le % in Bo aHs )o#se w)i") %rans!i%s "on+ersa%ions. T)is is a +iola%ion &" %)is is li;e %)e &eeper "ase. T)e di eren"e is %)a% i %)e in or!er plan%s a &#gging de+i"e, %)is is a +iola%ion &" %)ere is a reasona&le eApe"%a%ion o pri+a"( and %)ere is no !ispla"ed %r#s%.

6.

If Search is esta!lished must as2 3Was Search4Seizure &easona!le?5 i. 6alid )arrant

Possi&le ")allenges %o a warran%$ 3. $ffidavit is not true Tes%$ s#&s%an%ial s)owing %)e a ida+i% "on%ains alse in or!a%ion or ;nowingl(Gre";lessl( !ade a ida+i% 2N4 alse in o was !a%erial 2. $ffidavit does not establis# probable cause To gi+e rise %o pro&a&le "a#se an in or!an%Hs %ip !#s% as;$ 2. 6asis o Inowledge a. Personal Inowledge$ in or!an% saw so!e%)ing )appen &. 4e%ails o ;nowledge %)a% "an &e "oro&era%ed 6. Jera"i%( a. Credi&ili%( o %)e in or!an% &. Relia&ili%( o %)e in or!a%ion
S%ill #se %pinelli anal(sis &#% &ased %o%ali%( o %)e "ir"#!s%an"es %es% is done. G#idelines %)e less de%ail %)e !ore &asis o ;nowledge (o# need, %)e !ore de%ail %)e less &asis o ;nowledge (o# need

&. "arrant broader t#an 'ustified by t#e affidavit (. "arrant went stale )usually #ave to be e*ecuted in +( #ours in C$, reasonable amount of time in ,ed.. %earc# e*ceeded t#e scope of t#e warrant I %)e sear") eA"eeded %)e s"ope o %)e warran% as;$ ?as i% reasona&le %)e poli"e did no% ;now %)e( were eA"eeding %)e s"ope o %)e warran%9 I% does no% )a+e %o &e pre"ise and %)e go+% will &e gi+en %)e &ene i% o %)e do#&% 5%)in; a&o#% %)e 2 ap%, 3 loor "ase7 I %)e !is%a;e was reasona&le %)e e+iden"e "an &e #sed Pro%e"%i+e sweeps are reasona&le Sear") !#s% i% %)e warran%, re!e!&er i warran% is %o loo; or #gi%i+es (o# "an no% open drawers /. 0nreasonable means used to conduct searc# did t#e police fail to e*ecute reasonably1 Sei'e i%e!s on less %)an p" * #nreasona&le or"e in %)e eAe"#%ion 2. Ino"; No%i"e re@#ire!en%s will &e e+al#a%ed on a "ase &( "ase &asis, %)ere ore i% is illegal or a s%a%e %o sa( in all o A %(pe "ases %)ere does no% need %o &e ;no"; no%i"e. 2 prong %es%$ a. Ino"; &. No%i"e < %i!es ail#re %o gi+e ;no"; no%i"e wo#ld &e #p)eld$ a. Bo% P#rs#i% o a S#spe"% &. T)rea% o P)(si"al Jiolen"e 5)a+e %o )a+e reasona&le s#spi"ion person is %)ere and )as a weapon7 5

".

Reason %o &elie+e %)ere will &e a des%r#"%ion o e+iden"e

?)en (o# %al; a&o#% eAe"#%ion o a warran% ;eep in !ind$ * %)e s%andard will alwa(s &e reasona&leness * &ased #pon w)a% %)e poli"e ;new a% %)e %i!e ;new * needs %o &e done on a "ase &( "ase &asis 5"o#r% draws no &rig)% lines7

ii.

Eo# "an no% #se deadl( or"e %o de%ain or arres% a s#spe"%, "o#r% "o!es %o %)is "on"l#sion &ased on a &alan"ing %es% , #se #lness %o so"ie%( +. %)rea% o dea%) Warrantless Search and Seizure 789 a. Arrest in pu!lic arres%s in p#&li" do no% re@#ire a warran% i arres%ing or !isde!eanor +iola%ion, +iola%ion )ad %o )a+e o""#rred in %)e presen"e o an o i"er, i arres%ing or elon( (o# onl( )a+e %o )a+e pro&a&le "a#se* "atson Pro&a&le "a#se )earing )as %o &e )eld wi%)in -1 )o#rs i sig res%rain%s on li&er%( 5i.e. %)e( are in "#s%od(7* Gierstein Pro&a&le "a#se )as %o )a+e eAis%ed a% %)e %i!e o %)e arres%, i poli"e %r( %o .#s%i ( arres% wi%) e+iden"e %)e( sei'ed d#ring %)e arres% (o# "an s#ppress s#") e+iden"e* 2cGlaug#lin I p" %o arres% i% does no% !a%%er i %)e !o%i+e o poli"e was or ano%)er reason 2n illegal arres% will no% a e"% %)e +alidi%( o "on+i"%ion* Powell T)e s#&.e"%i+e in%en% o %)e o i"erHs is irrele+an%, i %)e( )a+e pG" %o arres% %)e( "an sear") Poli"e "an p#ll o+er and arres% an(one or a +iola%ion o law wi%)o#% a warran% as long as %)e( )ad pro&a&le "a#se %o &elie+e %)a% +iola%ion o""#rred. 2n( %i!e a s#spe"% is arres%ed in p#&li" %)e poli"e )a+e a#%)ori'a%ion %o sear") %)e i!!edia%e area s#rro#nding %)e s#spe"% and %o do a &od( sear") in"iden% %o law #l arres%, &ased on %)e ollowing reasons$ pre+en% %)e des%r#"%ion o e+iden"e pre+en% a""ess %o weapons Poli"e "an in+en%or( all ar%i"les "on%rolled &( 4 w)en !a;ing an arres%, %)is is &ased on ollowing reasons$ G#aran%ees agains% %)e % &( poli"e :alse "lai!s &( arres%ees ;eeping alse "lai!s o#% o %)e .ails Generall( sear")es prior %o !a;e an arres% will no% &e san"%ioned )owe+er %)e "o#r%s will !a;e an eA"ep%ion w)ere e+iden"e "an &e +er( easil( des%ro(ed, or e.g. ga%)er &lood s"rapings ro! #nder s#spe"%s nails Arrest in home /

&.

".

2rres%s in )o!e re@#ire an arres% warran% and pro&a&le "a#se %o &elie+e %)e person is )o!e a% %)e %i!e (o# are going %o sear") #nless %)ere are eAigen% "ir"#!s%an"es. Possi&le eA"ep%ions$ )o% p#rs#i% i!!edia%e danger %o %)e p#&li" pG" e+iden"e will &e des%ro(ed Co!!on law res%ri"%ions$ Pro&a&le Ca#se 5no% reasona&le s#spi"ion7 Bas %o &e a elon( 5as opposed %o a !isde!eanor7 Ino"; No%i"e 4one in %)e 4a(%i!e Sear") ?arran% and arres% warran% are re@#ired i poli"e wan% %o arres% in )o!e o a <d par%(Hs )o!e. 2rres% warran% !#s% spe"i ( 4 will &e in <d par%(Hs )o!e. %teagald Search Incident to Arrest ?i%) an arres% warran% &#% no sear") warran% sear") is li!i%ed %o$ i!!edia%e area o %)e person &eing arres%ed, 5de .7$ an( area ro! w)i") s#spe"% "o#ld ge% a weapon or des%ro( "on%ra&and arres%eeHs person 2 pro%e"%i+e sweep o area ro! w)i") an a%%a"; "o#ld &e i!!edia%el( la#n")ed %o loo; or o%)ers is a""ep%a&le, (o# !#s% )a+e reasona&le s#spi"ion or %)is. Buie I !edi"al pro"ed#re 5&lood #rine e%"7 (o# "an onl( sear") &ased on p", and i i% is o+erl( &road 5p#!p s%o!a")7 (o# "an no% "o!ple%e pro"ed#re, %)is is &" o 3-%) I% is a""ep%a&le %o C ree'e a s"eneD %)a% is, pla"e o i"ers inside or o#side o a )o!e %o !a;e s#re %)a% e+iden"e is no% des%ro(ed w)ile %)e( o&%ain a warran%. Reasoning %)is is a""ep%a&le, loo; or %)ese a"%ors w)en e+al#a%ing$ poli"e )a+e pG" %o &elie+e %)e )o!e "on%ains e+iden"e o a "ri!e good reason %o &elie+e %)e e+inden"e will &e des%ro(ed i le % #nse"#red w)ile %)e( o&%ain a warran% i!posing a less res%ri"%i+e res%rain %)en warran%less sear") o )o#se res%rain% i!posed or a li!i%ed a!o#n% o %i!e 6ehicle Search

d.

Eo# donH% need a warran% i (o# )a+e pro&a&le "a#se as long as i% is no% o&.e"%i+el( &eing #sed as a )o!e$ )as %o do wi%) lessened eApe"%a%ion o pri+a"(. %)e +e)i"le is readil( !o&ile in i%s presen% se%%ing i% "an &e #sed or %ranspor%a%ion pG" goes %o %)e "ar generall( , %)e( "an sear") %)e w)ole "ar. 6UT I: %)e pro&a&le "a#se goes onl( %o a "on%ainer in %)e "ar, %)en %)a% is all %)e( "an sear"). 4oes no% !a%%er w)o owns %)e "ar i %)ere is pro&a&le "a#se. ?)ere %)e dri+er "onsen%s %o a warran%less sear"), Poli"e "an arres% e+er(one in a "ar, no% %)e "ase i (o# are spea;ing o larger area> %a+ern, "lassroo! e%", &#% o; in "ase o "ar Pringle RJ R#le* 2n( +e)i"le %)a% is readil( !o&ile and s#&.e"% %o %)e per+asi+e laws go+erning !o%or +e)i"les !a( &e sear")ed wi%)o#% a warran% so long as %)ere is pG" s#ppor%ing %)e sear") Carney i: SITA need to have p4c to ma2e arrest; do not have to thin2 there is an thing in the car ?)en 4 is o#%side )is a#%o!o&ile (o# "an sear") en%ire passenger area in"l#ding "losed "on%ainers wi%)in area so long as "ar was re"en%l( o""#pied, %)e( "an no% sear") %)e %r#n;, loo; %o$ Belton34#orton 3. %e!poral 2. proAi!i%( I (o# poli"e )as op%ion o "i%ing or arres%ing and de"ides %o "i%e (o# "an no% do a Belton34#orton sear") ii: P4C to thin2 there is something in the car not SITA; do not have to have p4c to arrest ?)ere (o# sear") &" o pG" 5no% SIT27, poli"e !a( sear") an( w)ere in"l#ding "losed "on%ainers in an a#%o!o&ile 5in"l#ding %r#n; and en%ire "ar7 #nless pG" onl( goes %o %)e "on%ainer and %)en %)e sear") is li!i%ed %o %)e "on%ainer $cevedo T)e go+% "an sear") an( "on%ainers in %)e "ar i %)e( )a+e p", e+en i %)e( are %)e proper%( o %)e passenger !oug#ton 5di"%a$ !ig)% &e di i passenger was wearing p#rse7 Li!i%>"an no% sear") glo+e &oA i loo;ing or an illegal alien Go+% "an sear") "ar i %)e( )a+e reason %o &elie+e %)ere are weapons in %)e "ar %)e( "an sear") i% e+en i %)e( %o no% )a+e p" %o arres%, no% Belton34#orton 5awn Eo# "an no% sear") a lo";ed glo+e "o!par%!en% #nless (o# )a+e p" or an i%e! &eing in %)e glo+e e. Administrative4 Inventor 2n in+en%or( o a !o%or +e)i"le and %)e "on%ainers %)erein p#rs#an% %o es%a&lis)ed poli"e dep% ad!in poli"( does no% +iola%e %)e -%) a!end pro)i&i%ion o #nreasona&le sear")es and sei'#res Bertine

 Sear")es o %)e arres%ees in %)e s%a%ion )o#se are o;a( as ad!inis%ra%i+e sear")es %)a% ser+e %o pro%e"% %)e 4Ks possessions ro! %)e % or loss. 5afayette . Terry Stop: detention of persons *seizure, no%e$ poli"e "anno%
#se !ere a"% (o# ran awa( as s# i"ien% %o or! reasona&le s#spi"ion

4e%en%ion on %)e s%ree% is "ons%i%#%ional as long as o i"ers )a+e spe"i i" and ar%i"#la%a&le a"%s &ased on indi+id#ali'ed s#spi"ion %)a% wo#ld "a#se a reasona&le poli"e o i"er %o &elie+e %)ere was "ri!inal "ond#"%. I o i"er )as reasona&le s#spi"ion %o &elie+e person ar!ed and dangero#s, "ond#"% li!i%ed %o ris; or weapons is also "ons%i%#%ional. 3. 4e%en%ion$ Bas a sei'#re 5de%en%ion or s%op7 %a;en pla"e OR is %)is a "onsens#al en"o#n%er9 I a reasona&le person wo#ld eel %)e( are ree %o de"line %)e en"o#n%er %)en i% is a "onsens#al sear"), no% a de%en%ion. Royer Loo; %o words, #ni or!s, sei'#re o o&.e"%s Sei'#re 5de .7$ a go+% %er!ina%ion o reedo! o !o+e!en% %)ro#g) !eans in%en%ionall( appliedD !adari a. Ini%ia%ion$ ?as ini%ial sei'#re reasona&le or .#s%i ied9 ?as %)ere reasona&le s#spi"ion o "ri!inal a"%i+i%(9 I sei'#re is &ased on in or!an%Hs %ip, %ip !#s% &e "orro&ora%ed a% leas% %o %)e s%age o reasona&le s#spi"ion. 6.5. 4erry s%ops "an &e &ased #pon s#spe"%sH presen"e in an area o )ea+( "ri!e i %)ere is #npro+o;ed lig)% #pon no%i"ing %)e poli"e. "ardlow I s#spe"% "onsen%s %)en i% is .#s%i ied. Royer 4e%en%ion !a( &e %o in+es%iga%e presen% or pas% "ri!e &#% generall( (o# need indi+id#ali'ed s#spi"ion, )owe+er, %)ere are %i!es %)ese "an &e "ond#"%ed !ore &roadl( or e.g. w)en (o# are a dri+er or passenger an (o# are ordered o#% o %)e "ar. &. S"ope$ ?as %)e li!i%ed sei'#re eA%ended %oo long9 4 "an no% eel as i )e is #nder arres% 5s#") as &( p#%%ing )i! in a roo!7 Royer =0 !in#%e de%en%ion is %oo long esp i %)ere is no indi"a%ion as %o )ow long %)e de%en%ion will las%, s)o#ld onl( las% long eno#g) %o rid o i"er o original "on"erns Place :a"%ors$ o leng%) o lo"a%ion 5p#&li" +. pri+a%e7 o a!o#n% o or"e #sed o na%#re o %)e "ri!e 5dr#g s#spi"ion !a( no% &e eno#g), &#% ro&&er( wo#ld &e7 2. :ris;$ Eo# "anno% ris; #nless (o# )a+e$ =

 indi+id#ali'ed reasona&le s#spi"ion weapons are presen% 5 i%%ing a pro ile is no% eno#g)7 "onsen% a. Ini%ia%ion$ ?as %)ere reasona&le s#spi"ion %)e 4 )ad a weapon9 anon(!o#s %ip is no% eno#g) or indi+id#ali'ed s#spi"ion #nless "orro&ora%ion, eA"ep%ions$ i!!ense %)rea% o )a!r 5e.g. &o!&7 or areas o lesser pri+a"( 5e.g. s")ool7 65 &. S"ope$ ?as %)e ris; li!i%ed %o %)e o#%side o %)e "lo%)ing, and did %)e ris; loo; or weapons onl(9 eA"eeded s"ope o ris; w)en poli"e rea")ed in%o 4Hs po";e% a %er )e )ad &een )anging o#% wG;nown dr#g addi"%s or 1 )o#rs
no%e$ i %)e( ind a weapon, poli"e "an !a;e an arres% and do a !ore eA%ensi+e sear")

g.

Inspections4 &egulator 5de .7$ sear") or sei'#re done wGo#% warran%, done &" .#s%i ied go+% p#rpose dis%in"% ro! general "ri!e pre+en%ion, !#s% &e a s")e!e in pla"e %o "#r& o i"er dis"re%ion

2d!inis%ra%i+e Sear")es are an eA"ep%ion %o pro&a&le "a#se$ a. Two Iinds o Cases$ i. In%r#sion on general p#&li" a""ording %o s%andardi'ed r#le ii. :a"% spe"i i" 5e.g. s")ool "ases7 Two L#es%ions %o 2s;$ i. Is a warran% re@#ired or is %)e dis"re%ion o %)e poli"e li!i%ed in o%)er wa(s9

ii. Is %)e sear") reasona&le9 6alan"ing %es%$ p#&li" in%eres% +. in%r#sion on %)e indi+id#al Lo"a%ion o Sear")es$ i. 6#ilding Sear")es$ a. Generall( need a warran% %o sear") a )o!e or &#siness &. 6#sinesses %)a% are "losel( reg#la%ed 5in e"%ed wi%) "ri!inali%(7 "an &e sear")ed wi%)o#% a warran% &" s%a%e s%a%#%e s#&s%i%#%es or .#dge dis"re%ion 5e.g. a .#n; (ard or s%olen "ars )owe+er %)ese sear")es will &e "losel( reg#la%ed7 ". Go+% "an en%er &#ilding w)en %)ere is a ire &#rning %o p#% i% o#% &#% on"e i% )as s%opped and %)e( are "o!ing in %o loo; or %)e "a#se o %)e ire %)e( need a warran% ii. 2#%o!o&ile Sear")$

30

iii.

No warran% re@ as long as (o# )a+e a "onsis%en% s")e!e. Canno% &e le % %o %)e dis"re%ion o %)e poli"e. 5e.g. s%op e+er( "ar, s%op e+er( 5%) "ar, "an no% &e &ased on pro ile7 &. S")e!e is reasona&le i go+ern!en% in%eres% is )ig), in%r#sion is low, and %)ere is a reasona&le s#""ess ra%e. ". S")e!e is no% reasona&le i %)e onl( goal is general "ri!e "on%rol. d. Eo# "an onl( do an ad!inis%ra%i+e ")e";poin% sear") i %)e go+H% in%eres% is spe"ial and no% .#s% "ri!e pre+en%ion$ * 6order pa%rol is o; * 4r#n; dri+ing is o; * NOT dr#gs 5&e"a#se no go+ern!en% in%eres% &e(ond "ri!e "on%rol and no i!!edia%e danger7 Sear")es o People$ 3. Tes% is reasona&leness, &#% no% reasona&le i onl( goal is general "ri!e "on%rol. 2. Pool !#s% &e li!i%ed %o people par%i"ipa%ing in "er%ain a"%i+i%ies>de&a%e "l#&, a%)le%i"s <. Reasona&leness will "onsider a"%ors s#") as$ a. ?)e%)er a warran% is appropria%e in %)e se%%ing i. No% re@#ired in a s")ool &. Prin"iple )as )ig) in%eres% in pre+en%ing s%#den% dr#g #se, no% in pre+en%ing "ri!e. ". S%#den%s )a+e lesser pri+a"( eApe"%a%ion , so &alan"e o reasona&leness %il%s %owards go+ern!en%Gs")ool in%eres%. d. Urine Sa!ples are o; i reasona&le or a %er s")ool a"%i+i%ies e. More reasona&le i a"%i+i%ies in"l#de "o!!#nal dress 5less pri+a"( eApe"%a%ion7. . Tes%ing pregnan% wo!en or dr#g #se alls o#%side reasona&leness eA"ep%ion. g. Can %es% %rain wor;ers or dr#gs, p#&li" in%eres%$ war on dr#gs and a+oidan"e o %rain wre";s ). No real in%eres% in ")e";ing people w)o r#n or o i"e or dr#gs

a.

h: Consent: an eA"ep%ion %o warran% re@#ire!en% &ased on reasona&leness I. ?as %)e Consen% +ol#n%ar(9 a. loo; a% %o%ali%( o %)e "ir"#!s%an"es, a"%ors %o de%er!ine i +ol#n%ar($ i. Considers %)e in%elligen"e o %)e par%( gi+ing "onsen%, la";ing o s")ooling, age, ;nowledge o rig)%s, responses %o o i"ers @#es%ions, n#!&er o "ops and la"; o e e"%i+e warnings. ii. Li!i%ed &( w)a% poli"e ;new o %)ose "ir"#!s%an"es 5 o"#s on poli"e posi%ion7

33

iii. Poli"e do no% )a+e %o %ell s#spe"% %)a% "onsen% is +ol#n%ar( &#% i %)e( do %)en %)ere will &e no arg or %)e s#spe"% %o !a;e II. 4id %)e person w)o ga+e "onsen% )a+e %)e a#%)ori%( or apparen% a#%)ori%( %o "onsen%9 a. I i% is reasona&le %o ass#!e %)a% %)e person )ad a#%)ori%( %o "onsen% i% is o; , e+en i %)a% person didnH% )a+e %)e a#%)ori%( 5Girl riend "onsen%ed %o sear") o &o( riendHs )o!e, no% reasona&le %o &elie+e )o%el "ler; "o#ld "onsen% %o )o%el roo! sear")7 &. I %)ere is a "o*o""#pan%, poli"e "an no% sear") o+er %)e o&.e"%ion o %)e "o*o""#pan% &. #$clusionar &ule i. -ruit of Poisonous Tree$ i +iola%ion o %)e -%) %)ere is a re!ed( o eA"l#sion o %)e e+iden"e T)e EA"l#sionar( R#le now 2pplies %o s%a%es , a.Reason$ de%er poli"e !is"ond#"% &. 8#di"iall( "rea%ed re!ed( EA"l#sionar( R#le 2pplies w)en$ a. Tes%$ S)o#ld %ain%ed e+iden"e &e ad!i%%ed9 Loo; %o ollowing a"%ors %o de%er!ine i %)ere )as &een s# i"ien% a%%en#a%ion$ 3. Te!poral proAi!i%( &e%ween %)e illegali%( and %)e e+iden"e 2. In%er+ening "ir"#!s%an"es so!e%i!es will in%er+ene %o !a;e illegali%ies ad!issi&le, or e.g. 2iranda warnings 5)owe+er, 2iranda does no% ne"essaril( a%%en#a%e %)e %ain%7 <. P#rpose and lagran"( o %)e !is"ond#"% EA"l#sionar( r#le does NOT appl($ a. Grand 8#r( Pro"eedings &. Parole and Pro&a%ion Pro"eedings ". 4epor%a%ion Pro"eedings d. ?)en li+ing wi%nesses "o!e orward #$ceptions 3. Police &eliance: E+iden"e o&%ained in sear")es &ased on apparen%l( +alid warran% or s%a%#%e need no% &e eA"l#ded. Considered in good ai%) i %)e poli"e are a"%ing on a warran% %)e( &elie+e %o &e +alid 5Good ai%)7 i. No% o; i ei%)er is CLE2RE in+alid ii. S%andard is good ai%) EA"l#de e+iden"e o&%ained in &ad ai%). 3. No% good ai%) i a ian% ga+e alse in o on p#rpose 2. No% good ai%) i warran% was no% spe"i i" eno#g). <. No% good ai%) i %)e !agis%ra%e was no% ne#%ral. 2. Inevita!le .iscover : e+iden"e %)a% wo#ld ine+i%a&l( &e dis"o+ered &( legal !eans is no% s#&.e"% %o %)e r#i%s do"%rine

ii.

". Interrogation and Confessions <th: 4 "an see; %o eA"l#de s%a%e!en% on < addi%ional gro#nds
=ote: Co#r%s +er( rel#"%an% %o eA"l#de "on essions, %)is is %)e s%ronges% e+iden"e %)e( "an ge%.

32

i. >4th and <th 6oluntar : a "lai! %)a% a s%a%e!en% or "on ession was o&%ained as a res#l% o "oer"ion !#s% &e eA"l#ded &e"a#se s%a%e!en% was in+ol#n%ar(. 3. Jol#n%ariness Tes%$ a. O#%rageo#s poli"e &e)a+ior #sed %o o+er"o!e %)e will o %)e de endan% &. P)(si"al +iolen"e ". T)rea%s, leng%) o %i!e. d. In%erroga%ion "an &e so se+ere i% is pres#!p%i+el( "oer"i+e. 3. $s#craft$ G#( #nder %)e lig)%s or </ )o#rs is pres#!p%i+el( "oer"i+e. 2. "atts7 4 ;ep% in soli%ar( or 2 da(s wGo#% preli! e. Poli"e %a"%i"s "an &e "oer"i+e &( %#gging inappropria%el( on 4Hs )ear% s%rings. 2. S. C%. )as no% said w)e%)er MR andGor in%oAi"a%ion s)o#ld &e "onsidered. Le % #p %o %)e s%a%es. I %)is is "ase, raise iss#e, s%a%e will arg in%oAi"a%ion was +ol. 2rgs$ a. 4id no% #nders%and rig)%s &. 4id no% #nders%and w)a% was going on ii. ?th &ight to Counsel 3. Rig)% onl( a %er ad+ersarial pro"ess )as &eg#n 5(o# )a+e &een indi"%ed$ or!al wri%%en a""#sa%ion o a "ri!e7 2. Tes% is w)e%)er in"ri!ina%ing s%a%e!en% was 4eli&era%el( Eli"i%ed$ a. Poli"e "anno% sa( or do an(%)ing %o eli"i% in"ri!ina%ing response wi%)o#% law(er presen%. Nor!al "on+ersa%ion is o;. &. Eo# "an @#es%ion 4 a&o#% a separa%e "ri!e )e )as no% &een ")arged wi%). T)e /%) onl( applies %o "ri!es 4 )as &een ")arged wi%) 5and lesser in"l#ded "ri!es7. ". Poli"e "an @#es%ion 4 in a&sen"e o a law(er i 4 reini%ia%es %)e "on+ersa%ion. d. 8ail)o#se In or!an%s also "anno% deli&era%el( eli"i% in"ri!ina%ing e+iden"e$ 3. I in or!an% ini%ia%es or en"o#rages "on+ersa%ion a&o#% %)e "ri!e, s%a%e!en% o&%ained is inad!issi&le. 2. I (o# .#s% lis%en %o 4, no /%) a!end!en% +iola%ion <. ?ai+er o "o#nsel )as %o &e +ol#n%ar( and ;nowing 5C)ris%ian 6#rial Spee") was "oer"i+e7 a. I go+ern!en% in%erroga%es 4 a %er )is /%) 2!end. rig)%s &e"o!e appli"a&le, %)e &#rden o proo is on %)e go+ern!en% %o pro+e ;nowing and in%elligen% wai+er. &. Inowing does no% in"l#de o#%side in or!a%ion>poli"e donH% )a+e %o %ell (o# a+ora&le in o 5li;e a law(er is wai%ing or (o#7 -. No eA"ep%ion &ased on e!ergen"( or spe"ial "onsidera%ions$ poli"e alwa(s )a+e %o le% (o# )a+e a%%orne( a&sen% +alid wai+er. 5. Mo%i+e o poli"e doesnH% a e"% 4Hs rig)% %o "o#nsel

3<

iii. <th Privilege against Self(Incrimination: No person s)all &e "o!pelled in an( "ri!inal "ase %o &e a wi%ness agains% )i!sel 3. Eo# ge% Miranda i (o# are &o%)$ a. In "#s%od( &. In%erroga%ed i. ?as 4 in C#s%od(9 3. ?o#ld reasona&le person %)in; %)e(Hre in "#s%od(9 a. I 4 +ol#n%aril( goes %o poli"e s%a%ion, )e isnH% in "#s%od(. &. Poli"e do!ina%ed a%!osp)ere, no% "#s%od( i $ o In %)e p#&li" or in (o#r )o!e wGo#% arres% o I &eing @#es%ioned in )o!e and (o# are no% #nder arres%, %)is is no% "#s%od( &" (o# "an %ell poli"e %o lea+e ". Terr( S%opG Te!porar( de%en%ion is no% "#s%od( , no Miranda. d. 4oesnH% in"l#de +isi% %o pro&a%ion o i"er 2. :a"%ors %o Consider$ a. Ti!e &. ?)ere i% %a;es pla"e ". N#!&er o o i"ers d. ?)e%)er or no% poli"e were ar!ed ii. ?as %)e 4 in%erroga%ed9 3. I i% is reasona&l( oreseea&le %)a% poli"e s%a%e!en% or a"%ion %)a% wo#ld eli"i% in"ri!ina%ing response %)en %)is is in%erroga%ion. a. EAa!$ arg#e ")i%*")a% +. "o!!en% li;el( %o eli"i% response o O i"ers in%en% o S#s"ep%i&ili%( o S#spe"% o Nei%)er are de%er!ina%i+e &. Miranda warnings are no% re@#ired w)en %)e s#spe"% is #naware )e is spea;ing %o law en or"e!en% and gi+es a +ol#n%ar( s%a%e!en% &e"a#se "oer"ion is de%er!ined ro! perspe"%i+e o %)e s#spe"%. ". Tal;ing %o pro&a%ion o i"ers isnH% in)eren%l( "oer"i+e , %)e( )a+e di eren% !o%i+es %)an "ops , so no in%erroga%ion d. No% in%erroga%ion w)ere (o# are p#lled o+er and as;ed %)ings li;e (o#r &*da(, las% %i!e (o# dran;, %)ese are ad!inis%ra%i+e, no% %es%i!onial iii. P#&li" Sa e%( EA"ep%ion$ 3. I poli"e o i"ers as; @#es%ions reasona&l( pro!p%ed &( a "on"ern or p#&li" sa e%(, Miranda warnings are no% re@#ired.

3-

a. EAa!$ 6alan"e %)rea% %o so"ie%( +s. de endan%Hs rig)% or Miranda. &. L#es%ions !#s% &e li!i%ed %o "on"erns or p#&li" sa e%($ o In p#&li" o ?eapon in+ol+ed 5!os% li;el(7 i+. I!pea")!en% EA"ep%ion$ 3. I s%a%e!en% no% ad!issi&le &" 2iranda +iola%ion and 4 %es%i ies "on%rar( %o s%a%e!en%, s#ppressed s%a%e!en% "an &e #sed or i!pea")!en% p#rposes i+. 2sser%ion o Rig)%s$ 3. Two wa(s o asser%ing rig)%s$ a. Rig)% %o silen"e &. 2s; #na!&ig#o#sl( or a%%orne( 2. On"e (o# asser% (o#r rig)% %o silen"e, poli"e "anno% res#!e @#es%ioning la%er or sa!e ")arge. <. Poli"e "an "o!e &a"; and @#es%ion 4 or a di eren% ")arge , &#% !#s% gi+e %)e Miranda rig)%s again. -. Edwards 4o"%rine$ On"e (o# asser% rig)% %o "o#nsel, poli"e !#s% s%op @#es%ioning #n%il "o#nsel arri+es. a. 2sser%ion o rig)% !#s% &e "lear. &. Poli"e "anH% re@#es%ion e+en i or a di eren% ")arge. ". On"e 4 )as re@#es%ed "o#nsel, in%erroga%ion !a( no% &e reini%ia%ed wi%)o#% "o#nsel &eing presen%ed. d. I (o# donH% asser% (o#r rig)%s poli"e "an re@#es%ion i %)e( dis"#ss a di eren% ")arge 5. Eo# "an wai+e (o#r rig)% a %er asser%ing i% &( +ol#n%aril( ini%ia%ing dis"#ssion. a. EAa!$ ini%ia%ing +. .#s% as;ing @#es%ion , "o#r% )eld Cw)a% will )appen %o !eD is ini%ia%ion dis"#ssion 5Brads#aw7 /. ?ai+er )as %o &e +ol#n%ar( and in%elligen% , a. T)is is #s#all( !e% w)en Miranda is gi+en. 0. Eo# do no% need "o#nsel presen% %o wai+e (o#r rig)% "o#nsel 5Miranda warnings !a;e (o#r wai+er +ol#n%ar( and in%elligen%7 1. I (o# asser% rig)% %o "o#nsel in 8A 2 and %)en %al; %o an a%%n(, 8A 6 "an no% %)en re*@#es%ion (o# wi%)o#% (o#r "o#nsel presen% +. :ail#re %o ?arn, S%a%e!en% Made, 2d+ise!en% o Rig)%s, S%a%e!en% Repea%ed$ **************************************************************************** ST2TEMENTS$ 3. S%a%e!en%s !ade as par% o 2nd in%erroga%ion 5a %er 2iranda warnings7 will &e inad!issi&le i reasona&le s#spe"% wo#ld +iew 2nd in%erroga%ion as !erel( a "on%in#a%ion o %)e irs% @#es%ioning.

35

a. 8lstad7 2nd s%a%e!en%s ad!i%%ed w)ere 4 as;ed 3 @#es%ion in %)e li+ing roo!, %)en re*@#es%ioned la%er a %er rig)%s gi+en, a% s%a%ion )o#se &. %eibert7 Poli"e pra"%i"e %o ge% eA%ensi+e "on ession pre* 2iranda, %)en %o &rea; and "o!e &a"; 2Irandi9e and ge% s#spe"% %o repea% s%or(. T)is will &e inad!issi&le. ". :a"%ors$ o "o!ple%eness and de%ail o 3s% ro#nd o o+erlapping "on%en% o 2 s%a%e!en%s o %i!ing and lo"a%ion 5!ore dis%an"e see!s li;e sa!e in%erroga%ion7 o "on%in#i%( o poli"e personnel 5sa!e person doing %)e @#es%ioning7 o degree %o w)i") 2nd ro#nd %rea%ed as "on%in#a%ion o 3s% PBESIC2L EJI4ENCEGOTBER ?ITNESSES$ No% s#&.e"% %o :r#i%s do"%rine Ade@uac of &epresentation: -our possi!le challenges: I. Go+ern!en% In%er eren"e wi%) %)e a%%orne( "lien% rela%ions)ip. a. Indigen% 4 )as no rig)% %o ")oose "o#nsel or re%ain par%i"#lar "o#nsel i %)ere is a s%a%e in%eres% in appoin%ing a di eren% "o#nsel. &. Go+ern!en% +iola%es %)e rig)% %o e e"%i+e assis%an"e w)en i% in%er eres in "er%ain wa(s wi%) %)e a&ili%( "o#nsel %o !a;e independen% de"isions a&o#% )ow %o "ond#"% %)e de ense. ". Co#r% "anno% den( 4 rig)% %o !ee% wi%) "o#nsel d#ring o+ernig)% re"ess in %)e !iddle o %es%i!on( II. Pres#!ed ine e"%i+eness a. T)e "o#r% "an in er ine e"%i+eness or o&.e"%i+e a"%ors in an eA%re!e "ase. i. Law(er dr#n;Gsleeping a% %rial. ii. Co#r% appoin%ing #nprepared, o#% o s%a%e "o#nsel. iii. La%e appoin%!en% o ineAperien"ed "o#nsel in a "o!pleA "ase 4OES NOT gi+e rise %o a pres#!p%ion o ine e"%i+eness. III. 2"%#al Ine e"%i+eness a. Co#nsel !ade errors so serio#s 4 was no% re"ei+ing /%) 2!. rig)% %o "o#nsel, i. Bea+( pres#!p%ion in a+or o %)e reasona&leness o a%%orne( "ond#"%. 2N4 &. Reasona&le pro&a&ili%( de i"ien"( res#l%ed in pre.#di"e %o 4 5Less %)an preponderan"eGs# i"ien% %o #nder!ine o#r "on iden"e in %)e o#%"o!e7 i. I (o# )a+enH% los% an(%)ing (o# were en%i%led %o, %)ere is no pre.#di"e. 3. No en%i%le!en% i a%%orne( ails %o arg#e a %)en +alid poin% o law %)a% is o+er%#rned &( %i!e o appeal.

3/

2. No en%i%le!en% %o per.#re (o#rsel . ii. Pres#!p%ion o a reasona&le .#r(, no allowan"e or irra%ional, e!o%ionall( ")arged de"isions. IJ. Con li"% o In%eres%$ a. I Co#nsel !ade a %i!el( o&.e"%ion a&o#% "on li"% o in%eres%$ i. and "o#r% denied !o%ion, %)ere s)o#ld &e an a#%o!a%i" re+ersal &. I Co#nsel did no% !a;e an o&.e"%ion a% %rial, 4 !#s% s)ow$ i. "on li"% o in%eres% ii. a"%#all( a e"%ed "o#nselHs per or!an"e ". Bow is %)e o&.e"%ion raised9 i. 4Hs "o#nsel "an !a;e !o%ion ii. Co#r% s)o#ld &ring #p o&.e"%ion on own i %)e( are aware o pro&le! iii. :ail#re o "o#r% %o raise %)e "on li"% o in%eres% o&.e"%ion on %)eir own is no% s# i"ien% or an a#%o re+ersal III: TA# P&%S#C/T%& The e!i"io# $o Pro"e!%$e I. Generall(, prose"#%or )as "o!ple%e dis"re%ion as %o w)e%)er %o prose"#%e. II. Canno% Sele"%i+el( Prose"#%e on &asis o ra"e, seA, religion, e%" 5>4th #@ual Protection, III. Jer( di i"#l% %o &ring %)ese "lai!s, e+en !ore di i"#l% %o win a. To ge% dis"o+er( or sele"%i+e prose"#%ion, (o# !#s% !a;e a s)owing o e+er( !a%erial ele!en% o (o#r "lai!. i. M#s% s)ow$ 4is"ri!ina%or( e e"% %)a% si!ilarl( si%#a%ed !e!&ers o ano%)er gro#p "o#ld )a+e &een prose"#%ed &#% were no% 5+er( di %o I4 %)ose no% prose"#%ed7 ii. ?ill no% &e a&le %o #se s%a%is%i"s as proo , need %o pro+e dis"ri! also in pla( in 4Hs "ase IJ. Jindi"%i+e Prose"#%ion 5<th B >4th .ue Process Claim7$ a. .uring or Post(trial: i. CanH% )a+e e+en %)e appearan"e o +indi"%i+eness i %)is appearan"e is %)ere, we pres#!e +indi"%i+eness. 3. I pres#!p%ion !ade, &#rden s)i %s %o P %o gi+e o&.e"%i+e a"%s %)a% re&#% pres#!p%ion. 5New in o, person (o# s)o% died, )ad &een #sing an alias and was a"%#all( a )a&i%#al o ender e%".7 ii. Prose"#%or "anno% &ring grea%er ")arges &ased on 4Hs eAer"ise o rig)%s. iii. M#s% "i%e reasons in %)e re"ord i (o# gi+e )ig)er sen%en"e. &. Pretrial: i. T)e prose"#%or )as no% "o!!i%%ed )i!sel , so %)ere is no presumption o +indi"%i+eness. ii. M#s% pro+e a"%#al +indi"%i+eness. The Ri&h$ $o S'ee(y Tri)*

30

MMMMMMM3-%)MMMMM 5

MMMMMMMMMMMMMM/%)MMMMMMMMMMMMMM

75 7 N************************NO************************NO**********************O Cri!e 2rres% Indi"%!en% Trial I. /%) 2!end!en% Speed( Trial Clai!s$ a. T#rn on - a"%ors 56alan"ing Tes%7 i. Leng%) o 4ela( 3. Leng%) o %i!e %#rns on serio#sness or "o!pleAi%( o "ri!e. ii. Reason or 4ela( 3. S)eri ge%%ing si"; +. %o )a!per de ense. iii. 4Hs asser%ion o rig)% i+. Pre.#di"e %o 4 3. Pre+en% #nd#e leng%)( in"ar"era%ion 2. 2nAie%( a&o#% &eing #nder %)e "lo#d o s#spi"ion <. Pre.#di"e %o )is de ense v: -actors are !alanced; so one strong one can out)eigh all others: 3. :a"% %)a% (o# "anH% s)ow pre.#di"e will no% de ea% "lai! w)ere %)ere is 1 P (ear dela( wi%) onl( reason &eing go+% negligen"e 2. I "ase is dis!issed and re iled or appealed and re+ersed, %)e %i!e w)en i% is no% pending does no% "o#n% or speed( %rial "lai!. II. 3-%) 2!end!en% 4#e Pro"ess Speed( Trial Clai!$ a. Ti!e period$ Cri!e %o arres% i. Bere (o# are "lai!ing i% was so long ro! %)e a"%#al "ri!e %o (o#r arres% %)a% (o#r de ense was pre.#di"ed. &. Tes%$ 54 )as %o win &o%) o %)e ollowing %o s#""eed7 i. 4e endan% !#s% s)ow %)e prose"#%ion a"%ed deli&era%el( or so!e i!per!issi&le reason in dela(ing %)e "ase. 5Mali"io#s or a% leas% re";less.7 ii. 2N4, %)e de endan% a"%#all( s# ered pre.#di"e. 55ovasco* 2 ;e( wi%nesses died and %)is was no% eno#g) %o s)ow d#e pro"ess +iola%ion7 %$y $o i"!*o"e +<th B >4th .ue Process, I. S%a%e !#s% dis"lose e+iden"e %)a% is a+ora&le %o %)e a""#sed and !a%erial ei%)er %o g#il% or p#nis)!en%. II. T)ree Con%eA%s$ a: If state uses per"ured testimon ; conviction must !e set aside unless state can sho) it is harmless error !e ond a reasona!le dou!t: *per"ured testC diff std, &. I s%a%e ails %o dis"lose e+iden"e, "on+i"%ion !#s% &e o+er%#rned i e+iden"e is !a%erial$ %)a% is, i %)ere is a reasona!le pro!a!ilit %)a% )ad %)e e+iden"e &een dis"losed, %)e res#l% wo#ld )a+e &een di eren%.

31

". d. e. .

i. 4oes no% )a+e %o ne"essaril( !ean a"@#i%%al, onl( &e reasona&l( pro&a&le$ as;, does %)is e+iden"e #nder!ine !( "on iden"e in %)e s%a%eHs "ase ii. On"e o#nd %o &e !a%ieral, no reason %o e+al#a%e i i% was )ar!less error iii. I %)ere are se+eral %)ings %)a% are s#ppressed, (o# loo; a% %)e "olle"%i+e res#l% o %)eir s#ppression, no% a% ea") indi+id#all(. i+. Prose"#%ors are )eld %o %)e ;nowledge %)a% %)e poli"e )a+e. :ail#re %o %#rn o+er e+iden"e will no% &e eA"#sed &" ail#re was !ade in good ai%) ?)ere %)e prose"#%ion asser%s %)a% in or!a%ion was no% %#rned o+er is "on iden%ial, d#e pro"ess will re@#ire dis"los#re. 6UT, .#dge will e+al e+iden"e in camera %o de%er!ine !a%eriali%(. I go+ern!en% looses or des%ro(s e+iden"e, 4 !#s% s)ow &ad ai%) on %)e par% o s%a%e and !a;e a s)owing %)a% e+iden"e was !a%erial. I 4 indi+id#all( inds so!e%)ing %)a% s%a%e ne+er )ad, 4 !#s% s)ow$ i. :ail#re %o dis"o+er was no% d#e %o la"; o diligen"e, 2N4 ii. E+iden"e wo#ld more li2el than not )a+e ")anged %)e res#l% o %)e %rial.

P*e) ,)r&)i#" I. 2 T(pes$ a. C)arge 6argaining$ 4o no% ge% %o &argain a&o#% sen%en"e, onl( a&o#% ")arge, so or ins%an"e, (o# &argain so (o# are ")arged wi%) %)e % ins%ead o grand %)e % &. Sen%en"e 6argaining$ 6argain !ade as %o %)e leng%) o sen%en"e ")arged II. Gro#nds on w)i") (o# "an ")allenge a plea &argain$ a. T)e plea was no% +ol#n%ar( or in%elligen% 5.ue Process7$ i. 4 !#s% &e ad+ised on %)e re"ord$ * na%#re or %)e ")arges * ele!en%s o %)e "ri!e 54Hs plea no% +ol &" )e did no% #nders%and ele!en%s o M27 * rig)%s )e is gi+ing #p * "onse@#en"es o pleading g#il%( * pro+e "o!pe%en"( o 4 * Plea is +ol#n%ar( ii. Plea &argains are pres#!ed +ol#n%ar( &e"a#se %)e( are generall( %)e end o a &argaining pro"ess. 3. :a"% go+ern!en% pro!ised a &ene i% or !ade a %)rea% i %)e 4 does no% %a;e a plea 4OES NOT !a;e %)e plea in+ol#n%ar( so long as s%a%e )as %)e rig)% %o do w)a% )e %)rea%ens %o do. iii. T)e plea is in+ol#n%ar( i s%a%e does no% ;eep %)e &argain. 3. ?)e%)er a &argain is ;ep% or no% is de%er!ined &( I anal(sis. i+. Li!i%a%ions o Prose"#%orial Cond#"% in Plea 6argaining$

3=

3. s%a%e "anH% %)rea%en (o# wi%) %)ings %)e( "anH% per!issi&l( do. 2. s%a%e "anH% #se i!per!issi&le !en%al "oer"ion. <. s%a%e "anH% ")oose wi%) w)o! %o plead &ased on ra"e, religion e%". -. s%a%e "anH% %)rea%en <d par%ies 5. s%a%e "anH% #se !isrepresen%a%ion /. s%a%e "anH% #se i!proper pro!ises 5%)ings %)a% are par% o %)e nego%ia%ion &#siness7 0. s%a%e "anH% #se %)rea% o p)(si"al or ps(")o )ar! 1. CanH% o+er ")arge %o ind#"e a par%i"#lar 4 %o plea +. 2 plea is no% in+ol#n%ar( i $ 3. 4 asser%s s)e is inno"en% w)ile !a;ing %)e plea. +i. 4 "an po%en%iall( ")allenge on %)e gro#nds %)a% %)ere is so!e%)ing %)a% wo#ld no% "o!e #p in %)e re"ord, &#% re+eals %)a% 4 did no% #nders%and %)e deal )e was !a;ing. +ii. 4 plead g#il%( &" )e did no% wan% .#r( %rial 5wa( %o a+oid 4P7, law o#nd #n"ons%i%#%ional = (rs la%er, so 4 "a!e &a"; and said, I onl( plead %o a+oid 4P, C% said e+en i 4P was %)e &#% or "a#se o (o#r plea, i% does no% !ean plea was in+ol +iii. S%a%e )as rig)% %o wi%)draw Plea o er &e ore deal or!ali'ed &. Ine e"%i+e 2ssis%an"e o Co#nsel 5/%) 2!.7 5see %tric:land a&o+e7$ i. Tes%$ 6#% or a%%orne(Hs ine e"%i+e assis%an"e wo#ld reasona&le 4 )a+e plead g#il%(9 ". ?)en (o# plead g#il%( a lo% o rig)%s are wai+ed$ * rig)% %o a %rial * rig)% %o "on ron% wi%ness * sel in"ri!ina%ion * "o!p#lsor( pro"ess$ rig)% %o s#&peona wi%nesses, )a+e %)e! %es%i ( on (o#r &e)al I6: T&IA0 DE F/&E Ri&h$ $o -%ry Tri)*: Eo# )a+e a rig)% %o .#r( %rial in all elon( and serio#s "ases. Serio#s$ "an &e p#nis)ed &( !ore %)an / !os in .ail -%ry Se*e!$io# I. - Possi&le Cons%i%#%ional C)allenges$ a. 8#r( Jenire i. 8#rors )a+e a >4th #@ual Protection rig)% %o ")allenge dis"ri!ina%ion in %)e +enire. ii. 4 )as ?th Amendment rig)% %o ")allenge +enire on %)e &asis %)a% %)ere was no% a air "ross se"%ion. Tes%$ 3. S#&s%an%ial and dis%in"%i+e gro#p is #nderrepresen%ed in %)e .#r( pool, 2N4 2. T)is res#l%s ro! s(s%e!a%i" appli"a%ion o sele"%ion pro"ess. &. Joir 4ire 5.ue Process7

20

i. ?)en ra"ial iss#es are going %o &e par% o %rial, (o# ge% %o as; po%en%ial .#rors @#es%ions a&o#% ra"e pre.#di"e. ii. T)ere is a Cons%i%#%ional Rig)% %o +oir dire on ra"ial pre.#di"e or capital de endan%s %ried or interracial crimes. ". C)allenges or Ca#se 5?th &ight to Impartial Fur 7 i. T)e 4 is en%i%led %o a re+ersal i prose"#%orial ")allenge or "a#se is i!properl( gran%ed. ii. Rig)% %o i!par%ial .#r( loo;s onl( a% indi+id#al .#rors. iii. Eli!ina%ing or "a#se all .#rors w)o )a+e s"r#ples a&o#% %)e dea%) penal%( +iola%es Cons%i%#%ion as %o penal%( p)ase, o; a% g#il% p)ase 3. Eo# "an ;i"; o %)ose w)o are ada!an%l( opposed or wo#ld i!pose i% in an( !#rder "ase. 2. Eo# "an dea%) @#ali ( a .#r( &e ore g#il% p)ase. <. I (o# are in s%a%e %)a% does no% &i #r"a%e %)e %rial %)en i% is o; %o dea%) @#ali ( or en%ire %rial i+. :air "ross*se"%ion does no% appl( %o pe%i% .#r(, .#s% o+erall +enire. d. Pere!p%or( C)allenges i. 4 "an !a;e a pri!a a"ie "ase o p#rpose #l ra"ial dis"ri!ina%ion #nder %)e E@#al Pro%e"%ion "la#se &( rel(ing on a"%s o )is own "ase. 3. 4e endan% !#s% s)ow$ a. s%a%e )as eAer"ised pere!p%or( ")allenges %o re!o+e ro! %)e +enire !e!&ers o a "er%ain ra"e. i. Can eAer"ise +enire!enHs 3-%) rig)%s. &. Be "an rel( on %)e a"% %)a% pere!p%or( ")allenges "ons%i%#%e a .#r( pra"%i"e %)a% per!i%s %)ose %o dis"ri!ina%e w)o wan% %o dis"ri!ina%e. ". M#s% s)ow %)a% a"%s o )is "ase and an( o%)er rele+an% "ir"#!s%an"es raise an in eren"e %)a% %)e prose"#%or #sed pere!p%or( ")allenges %o eA"l#de %)e +enire!en on a""o#n% o %)eir ra"e. ii. T)en, &#rden s)i %s %o s%a%e %o gi+e ne#%ral reason or dis!issals. iii. T)en, &#rden %o 4 %o s)ow ne#%ral reason is a pre%eA%. 3. So!e%i!es ne#%ral reason is no% reall( ne#%ral. a. 6iling#al .#rors do no% @#ali (. 2. O%)er %i!es, reason is si!pl( a lie. i+. I no% allowed %o eA"#se .#ror or "a#se, "an no% %)en #se pree!p%or( 6: .%/D0# F#%PA&.E I. 4o#&le 8eopard( "la#se$ &ars prose"#%ion o a 4 %wi"e on %)e sa!e ")arges. a. in de%er!ining w)e%)er %)ere is 48 pro&le!, appl( Bloc:burger %es%$ i. Co!pare ele!en%s o %)e 2 "ri!es

23

ii. L#es%ion$ w)e%)er %)e pre+io#s o ense and %)e presen% o ense ea") "on%ain a% leas% one ele!en%s %)a% is no% o#nd in %)e o%)er &. ?)ere a 4 )as alread( &een %ried and o#nd g#il%( o "ri!inal "on%e!p% o "o#r% or selling "o;e w)ile released on &ail and awai%ing %rial, 4 "o#ld no% %)en &e %ried ro selling "o;e. ". CE applied in "ri! and "i+ "ases. 2 %er an iss#e o #l%i!a%e a"% )as &een inall( de%er!ine, %)e sa!e iss#e "an no% &e reli%iga%ed &%w %)e sa!e par%ies in an( #%#re pro"eeding. i. T)#s, w)ere 4 was a"@#i%%ed o %)e ar!ed ro&&er( o one !an in a )o#se, )e "an no% la%er &e "on+i"%ed o ro&&ing ano%)er !an in %)e sa!e in"iden%.

22