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Phase Changes

Characteristics of Phase changes:


phase change is a reversible physical change between states of matter - melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition, with characteristics related to energy and temperatured >Temperature and Phase Changes-temperature of substance doesn't change during a phase change naphthalene = mothball compound - solid->liquid = up to 8 C, then stops until change is complete - l->s = temp drops to 8 C and stays until freezing is complete - l->g = temp rises to !"8 C until boiling is complete >#nergy and Phase Changes phase change = energy transferred btwn substance and surrounding, w/ direction deperding on type of change - energy is absorbed$released during phase change endothermic changes = system absorbs energy; melting, etc heat of fusion = !oules "##$ for water% water releases ##$ ! during freezing and absorbs ame amount during freezing - so, farmers spray water over cold crops b/c water gives of heat during freezing - another e&ample = ice ring with different layers of insulation, etc e%othermic change = releases energy, including freezing

&elting and 'reezing(


- water molecule arrangements become less orderly during melting and more orderly during freezing) >&eltingice/solids = attractions btwn molecules 'eep them fi&ed more heat = more average 'inetic energy of motion

at melting point "( ) for water%, particles have enough energy to brea' bonds and move, and melting is complete any energy gain later = more temp and ave 'inetic energy >'reezing cools down so the ave 'inetic energy decreases and the particles move slowly enough so the bonds have an effect and the molecules are in an organized bond isn*t always cold "eg silicon%

*aporization and Condensation(


vaporization = change from liquid to gas "endothermic, must absorb energy% heat of vaporization +varies, = energy a liquid substance must gain to become a gas water = +,+,- !oules gained per gram at vaporization at .(( ) ! types of vaporization( evaporation at surface, below the boiling point >#vaporation( evaporation is vaporization at surface, w/ temp below boiling point molecules at surface gain energy and become vapor in a closed container, vapor collects above the liquid and causes vapor pressure between walls and collisions of vapor pressure increases with temp - higher temps = more particles that are free to overcome attractions >-oiling( heating water: temp increases and vapor pressure increases to atmospheric pressure, when it boils: the boiling point of water is " C / boiling point, molecules below surface have enough energy to overcome bonds, so they become bubbles, float to surface, and are realeased into the air depends on atmostpheric pressure - water / sea level = .(( ) - higher elevations = lower >Condensation( condensation = gas/vapor -> liquid "e&othermic%

.ublimation and /eposition(

sublimation = solid to gas directly without liquid state, endothermic process - dry ice = condensed )0+ which causes clouds during sublimation deposition = opposite of sublimation, from gas + solid, causes frost and is e&othermic

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