AHS II Vpraanja z rokov zadnjega leta (priblino). Nekatera sem spustil, ker se ponavljajo, druga so si zelo podobna.

Beware may not be correct!

OE declension of adjectives. Declensions of adjectives in OE. OE adjectives agreed in number, gender and case with the following noun. Most of them could take one of two different sets of endings declensions. Syntax mandated which set was used either the strong (indefinite) or weak (definite). god (dober) strong goda (dobri) weak In OE the plural of the noun word was also word, whereas in NE the plural is words. Explain from the historical point of view. Same as below word is neuter, monosyllabic with a long syllable (Vowel + 2 consonants) Origin of the zero plural (fish, sheep). In OE some nouns had the same form for Nominative singular and Accusative plural. Such nouns were of neuter gender, belonging to the a-declension, and were monosyllabic with a long syllable (a syllable is long when it contains a long vowel, or a shor vowel followed by 2 consonants). When the plural endings as and an started being used to denote plurality, some nouns were left out (fish, sheep, deer, historically even swine). It seems that people didn't care about the exact number, so zero plural was accepted. OE weak verbs. What is the main characteristic of weak verbs? Weak verbs were created in the Germanic period (newer formations). They only had one stem the present stem and could be distinguished from the strong verbs by the presence of the dental suffix. Irregular paradigm of the verb send. Send sent sent (explain why the form is as it is?) OE sendan sende ge-send. In the 12/13th century t started replacing d if the stem ended in a sonorant m, n, r, l + d, later also if it ended only in a sonorat. Voicing of final fricatives. Voicing of the final fricative before the plural marker with an example. The voicing of final fricatives + -(e)s (wolf wolves). OE wulf /f/, wulfas /vas/ - ME wulf / wulves (f and v were allophones by then). This change happened to all such nouns that took the es ending in ME. Others (e.g. life) were pluralized in ME in this manner because people wanted to use the same plural marker in this particular environment. Further vs. Farther / Further vs. Farthest In OE, only the comparative form further existed. In ME, furthest appeared through analogy. OE adverb feorr (far) had comparative and superlative forms used as adjectives: fierra and fierrest. These forms disappeared in the ME period. Hard why two adverbial forms? Why is the suffix ly both an adjectival and adverbial ending? Why are there two adverbial forms derived from the adjective hard (i.e. hard/hardly)? OE had two similar suffixes li:c (adjectival simple) and lice (adverbial suffix - complex). In ME, the two forms coalesced. This caused the variety of pairs in NE: close/closely, fatherly/father-like, hard/hardly. These are sometimes synonyms, but can also have specialized meaning.

The suffix th in ''The Iceman Cometh'' Originates in OE 3rd person plural. In ME, people were adressed in plural (French influence). The ending (e)th is still preserved today, mainly for stylistic reasons and because of its connection to the language of the Bible. The origin of the plural marker en. The history of the en plural marker (with an example). The en ending originates in OE n-declension (weak/consonantal declension).It contained nouns of masculine gender ending in a (nama), and some feminine/neuter gender nouns ending in e (sunne). For some time, it competed as a plural marker with s, its use even expanding for a period of time. Nowadays, there is only one true survivor: OE oxan ME oxen oxen (children has double marking for plural, while brethren developed a specific meaning). Why the same form for the 2nd person singular and plural? Why are the forms for the 2nd person singular and plural identical? Because 2nd person singular and the rest of the preterite indicative (all plural forms) used the 0grade or the 0-grade lenghtened paradigm of the perfect stem. What do you know about the 3rd person singular in the present indicative? What do you know about the 3rd person singular present indicative s marker? Historically, the ending (e)s won over (e)th. (e)th was used in ME for adressing people (French influence). In modern English, the agreement between the pronoun and the verb is preserved only in 3rd person singular. Verbs that lack the s in NE are modal verbs.

Why does other in every other day mean second? The meaning of other second vs. additional. How come other in every other Sunday means second when we know the the word other means additional? Second is an ordinal numeral of French origin (seconde), while English at that time originally had other, which sometimes meant second. Modal verbs why is the same form used in 1st and 3rd person singular? Most of modal verbs belonged to a group of verbs characteristic of all Germanic languages preterite present verbs. Here, the past tense form was used for present tense reference. The past tense for the 1st and 3rd person indicative was the same. The lack of es in modal verbs. The old preterite-present forms in OE had no personal ending in 3rd person (singular). One of the commandments in King James' Bible is Thou shalt not kill, nowadays You must not kill. Why is there thou instead of you? Why is there shalt instead of must? Thou was first replaced by ye (under french influence people were formally adressed in plural ye is plural of thou, you is plural of thee) in the 13th century, then eventually by you in the 14th century. However, the translators of the Bible consciously chose the older forms as the text was elevated. Shall is descended from OE sceal, which means to be obliged to do something. Mo:ste (meaning: to be allowed) was not preserved in NE, only preterite must remained. He talks fast. He is a fast runner. Why do the adverb and the adjective have the same form? Some OE adverbs became simple in ME when they lost their (common at that time) adverbial suffix e. OE Fste ME Fast(e) / Fast (-e dropped)

Why are past participles of the verb break (or some other irregular verb) and love different? Past participle of written and loved why different? Written is a strong verb that belongs to the 0-grade perfect stem. It means that there waas a change within the stem. Loved is a weak verb and belongs to the e-grade present stem. The tense was formed by the addition of a dental suffix. What do you know about the history of the pronoun for the 2nd person singular? Thou / ye / thee The original form was thou in ME. Thou was used for formal singular and you for formal plural by the natives, while the French used you for 2nd person singular, and ye for plural. Eventually you took over ye (distinction remained up until the 17th century. But was lost in speech before that) as it lost its markedness for respect. Thou is preserved in the language of the Bible (elevated by the use of the old form on purpose). Today, you is used for both singular and plural. Discuss the double comparative and superlative forms of the adjective last. OE lt / lat ME latr(e) - NE last. Latter and last are older versions (historical forms), while later and latest appeared in late ME period. What was the status of the indefinite article in OE? In OE, the indefinite article was not obligatory, and the numeral one was used with the same meaning. OE a:n ME on / won / wun NE one OE a:n ME a(n) n disappeared because the article was unstressed / a: NE an, a What was the main feature of the preterite-present verbs? The past tense form was used for present reference, and they lacked the es ending.

1 Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote When April with its sweet-smelling showers 2 The droghte of March hath perced to the roote, Has pierced the drought of March to the root, 3 And bathed every veyne in swich licour And bathed every vein (of the plants) in such liquid 4 Of which vertu engendred is the flour; By the power of which the flower is created; 5 Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth When the West Wind also with its sweet breath, 6 Inspired hath in every holt and heeth In every holt and heath, has breathed life into 7 The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne The tender crops, and the young sun 8 Hath in the Ram his half cours yronne, Has run its half course in Aries, 9 And smale foweles maken melodye, And small fowls make melody, 10 That slepen al the nyght with open ye Those that sleep all the night with open eyes 11 (So priketh hem Nature in hir corages), (So Nature incites them in their hearts), 12 Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages, Then folk long to go on pilgrimages, 13 And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes, And professional pilgrims (long) to seek foreign shores, 14 To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes; To (go to) distant shrines, known in various lands; 15 And specially from every shires ende And specially from every shire's end 16 Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende, Of England to Canterbury they travel, 17 The hooly blisful martir for to seke, To seek the holy blessed martyr, 18 That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke. Who helped them when they were sick.

1. The history of Saxon Genitive (its origin and use). 2. The history of the personal pronoun you (its origin, which other pronominal forms it replaced). 3. Explain the double adverbial forms derived from the adjective hard (hard and hardly). 4. Some modern English irregular verbs have evolved from Old English weak verbs. Give one example of such a verb and explain its anomaly. 5. And on m seofoan dge he geendode his weorc... - Translate into Modern English. - Define constituent part of the prepositional phrase on m seofoan dge. - Why are all three elements of the nominative phrase m seofoan dge in the Dative? - The suffix -an ( in seofoan) was typical of which Old English adjectival declension?

1. development of the possessive marking 2. why can adjectives asleep, alive etc. only be used predicatively 3. explain the history of the particle 'to' in the to-infinitive 4. explain why modal verbs have no inflections for third person singular 5. '... and the yonge sonne hath in the Ram his halve cours yronne...' - translate into English, explain 'yronne' and 'y-', explain the spelling of 'halve' A - to infinitive - mutation plural - the definite article - why difference between five & fifth - translate 'soqlice hit waes ofer stan gitimbrod' (OE); analyse verbal structure B - why 'the' is pronounced '?i' pred apple - why no -s with modals in 3rd p sg - why the difference in tell/told/told - history of infinitive - translate '>so pricks them nature in their hearts<' (ME); analyse (something?) Nekaj vpraanj iz prejnjih rokov... 1. explain the irregular paradigm tell-told told 2. history of the infinitive 3. why the modal verbs dont have (e)s in the 3rd person 4. why is the pronounced thi before the word apple? 5. translate a passage from Chaucer: so priketh hem nature in hir corages a) define the morphemes of prikhet b) define the sentence elements c) define the word class of hem,hir 1. i- mutation plural endings 2. the difference btw five vs. fifth 3. Origin of English infinitive 4. Origin of article 5. analyse and translate SoPlice, hit... into sent. elements 1. difference btw strong and weak declensions in ME adjectives 2. child vs. children (explain) 3. Whats the diference btw. hard/hardly? 4. explain the paradigm meet-met-met 5. translate: Whan that Aprille with his shoures....in sweet licour.

a) how was whan pronounced? b) define the morphemes of hath 1. How do you explain the irregular plural of nouns which involves the voicing of voiceless fricatives? 2. Why is the suffix ly both an adjectival and an adverbial ending in ModE (e.g. friendly advice vs. poorly dressed)? 3. The history of the possessive pronoun its. 4. Explain the difference between the vowels in the cardinal and correspondingordinal numeral four vs. fourth? 5. thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages and palmers for to seeken straunge strondes a. translate into NE b. explain the two infinitival forms (to goon and for seeken) c. why is the word pilgrimages stressed on the last and not on the first root syllable? 1. The history of Saxon Genitive (its origin and use). 2. The history of the personal pronoun you (its origin, which other pronominal forms it replaced). 3. Explain the double adverbial forms derived from the adjective hard (hard and hardly). 4. Some modern English irregular verbs have evolved from Old English weak verbs. Give one example of such a verb and explain its anomaly. 5. And on m seofoan dge he geendode his weorc... - Translate into Modern English. - Define constituent part of the prepositional phrase on m seofoan dge. - Why are all three elements of the nominative phrase m seofoan dge in the Dative? - The suffix -an ( in seofoan) was typical of which Old English adjectival declension? 1. explain the irregular paradigm tell-told told 2. history of the infinitive 3. why the modal verbs dont have (e)s in the 3rd person 4. why is the pronounced thi before the word apple? 5. translate a passage from Chaucer: so priketh hem nature in hir corages a) define the morphemes of prikhet b) define the sentence elements c) define the word class of hem,hir 1. i- mutation plural endings 2. the difference btw five vs. fifth 3. Origin of English infinitive 4. Origin of article 5. analyse and translate SoPlice, hit... into sent. elements

1. difference btw strong and weak declensions in ME adjectives 2. child vs. children (explain) 3. Whats the diference btw. hard/hardly? 4. explain the paradigm meet-met-met 5. translate: Whan that Aprille with his shoures....in sweet licour. a) how was whan pronounced? b) define the morphemes of hath 1. How do you explain the irregular plural of nouns which involves the voicing of voiceless fricatives? 2. Why is the suffix ly both an adjectival and an adverbial ending in ModE (e.g. friendly advice vs. poorly dressed)? 3. The history of the possessive pronoun its. 4. Explain the difference between the vowels in the cardinal and correspondingordinal numeral four vs. fourth? 5. thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages and palmers for to seeken straunge strondes a. translate into NE b. explain the two infinitival forms (to goon and for seeken) c. why is the word pilgrimages stressed on the last and not on the first root syllable? 1. The history of Saxon Genitive (its origin and use). 2. The history of the personal pronoun you (its origin, which other pronominal forms it replaced). 3. Explain the double adverbial forms derived from the adjective hard (hard and hardly). 4. Some modern English irregular verbs have evolved from Old English weak verbs. Give one example of such a verb and explain its anomaly. 5. And on m seofoan dge he geendode his weorc... - Translate into Modern English. - Define constituent part of the prepositional phrase on m seofoan dge. - Why are all three elements of the nominative phrase m seofoan dge in the Dative? - The suffix -an ( in seofoan) was typical of which Old English adjectival declension? 1. explain the irregular paradigm tell-told told 2. history of the infinitive 3. why the modal verbs dont have (e)s in the 3rd person 4. why is the pronounced thi before the word apple? 5. translate a passage from Chaucer: so priketh hem nature in hir corages a) define the morphemes of prikhet b) define the sentence elements c) define the word class of hem,hir

1. i- mutation plural endings 2. the difference btw five vs. fifth 3. Origin of English infinitive 4. Origin of article 5. analyse and translate SoPlice, hit... into sent. elements

1. difference btw strong and weak declensions in ME adjectives 2. child vs. children (explain) 3. Whats the diference btw. hard/hardly? 4. explain the paradigm meet-met-met 5. translate: Whan that Aprille with his shoures....in sweet licour. a) how was whan pronounced? b) define the morphemes of hath

1. How do you explain the irregular plural of nouns which involves the voicing of voiceless fricatives? 2. Why is the suffix ly both an adjectival and an adverbial ending in ModE (e.g. friendly advice vs. poorly dressed)? 3. The history of the possessive pronoun its. 4. Explain the difference between the vowels in the cardinal and correspondingordinal numeral four vs. fourth? 5. thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages and palmers for to seeken straunge strondes a. translate into NE b. explain the two infinitival forms (to goon and for seeken) c. why is the word pilgrimages stressed on the last and not on the first root syllable?

1. The history of Saxon Genitive (its origin and use). 2. The history of the personal pronoun you (its origin, which other pronominal forms it replaced). 3. Explain the double adverbial forms derived from the adjective hard (hard and hardly). 4. Some modern English irregular verbs have evolved from Old English weak verbs. Give one example of such a verb and explain its anomaly. 5. And on m seofoan dge he geendode his weorc... - Translate into Modern English. - Define constituent part of the prepositional phrase on m seofoan dge. - Why are all three elements of the nominative phrase m seofoan dge in the Dative? - The suffix -an ( in seofoan) was typical of which Old English adjectival declension?