SDA2003 Seizmology

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003
2003 ... White Industrial Seismology, Inc.

for the Alpha-Seismite, Mini-Seis and Mini-Graph Seismographs
by Randy Wheeler
Welcome to White Industrial Seismology, Inc.'s Seismograph Data Analysis 2003 software for Microsoft Windows. This program provides the quickest and easiest way to access and analyze vibration data recorded with compatible digital seismographs. The Seismograph Data Analysis 2003 software makes you more productive by providing appropriate tools for the analysis and presentation of your seismograph data. The program's graphical user interface is easy to use and contains many useful analysis features.

All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without the written permission of the publisher. Products that are referred to in this document may be either trademarks and/or registered trademarks of the respective owners. The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document or from the use of programs and source code that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and the author be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this document. Printed: March 2003
Table of Contents
Foreword 0
Part I Introduction
1 Welcome
................................................................................................................................... 8
2 Benefits of Using ................................................................................................................................... this Program 8 3 How to Print this ................................................................................................................................... Help File 8 4 The User Interface ................................................................................................................................... 8
Menus ... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ................ 9 File Menu .. ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ................ 9 Edit Menu ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 10 View Menu ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 11 Analysis Menu ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 12 Regression ... .... Analysis ... .... ... .... Menu .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 13 Automatic... Receive .... ... .... ... Mode .... .... ... Menu .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 13 Help Menu ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 13 Toolbar . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 14
Part II Setting Preferences
17
1 General Tab ................................................................................................................................... 18 2 Communications ................................................................................................................................... Tab 19 3 Velocity/Frequency ................................................................................................................................... Curves Tab 21 4 Colors Tab ................................................................................................................................... 22 5 Logo Tab ................................................................................................................................... 22
Part III Velocity/Frequency Curves
25
1 Edit/Create Velocity ................................................................................................................................... Frequency Curves 25 2 Accessing a ................................................................................................................................... Data Set 26 3 Creating a New ................................................................................................................................... Curve 27 4 Viewing a Curve ................................................................................................................................... 27
Part IV Communications
30
1 Simple Communications ................................................................................................................................... 30

Process . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 31 Downloading . Data ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 31
2 Advanced Communications ................................................................................................................................... 34

Options Menu . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Setup (F2) ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Contact Instrument ... .... ... .... ... (F3) .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Edit Numbers/Dial ... .... ... .... ... Modem .... .... ...(F5) .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Disconnect ... .... Modem ... .... ...(F6) .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Download... On/Off .... ... ....Log ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Download... Instrument .... ... .... ... .... Summary .... ... .... ... .... (F8) ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Upload Setup ... .... ... Parameters .... ... .... .... ... (F9) .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 35 36 37 39 40 41 41 42
2003 .. . Whit e I ndustrial Seismology, Inc.
Contents
II
44 44 45 45 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 48 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 51 52
Screen 1 . .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Screen 2 . .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Screen 3 . .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Manual Trigger ... .... ...Mode .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Reset Unit ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Headings ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Special Functions . ... .... ... Menu .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Set Transducer ... .... ... Gain .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Upload Serial ... .... Number ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Clear On/Off ... .... Log ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Clear Memory ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... View Capture ... .... Buffer ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Clear Capture ... .... ... Buffer .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Automatic Download . ... .... ... .... Menu ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Setup for ... Modem .... ... ....Download ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Activate Automatic ... .... ... .... ... Download .... .... ... .... by ... .... Modem ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Activate Direct ... .... ... Automatic .... ... .... .... ... Download .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Deactivate ...Automatic .... ... .... ... .... Download .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Increment... Oldest .... ... ....Event ... .... .... Counter ... .... ... .... by ...1 .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Reset Oldest ... ....Event ... .... ...Counter .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Automatic Receive . ... .... ...Mode .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Receiving... Data .... ... Through .... ... .... ....a ... Direct .... ... .... Connection ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Receiving... Data .... ... Through .... ... .... ....a ... Modem .... ... .... ... Connection .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Download Options . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ...............
Data Storage .Options ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 53
Part V Displaying Data in the Main Screen
56
1 Setting the Type ................................................................................................................................... of Data to View 56 2 Setting the Location ................................................................................................................................... of Data Files 56 3 Setting the Type ................................................................................................................................... of View 57 4 Setting the Sort ................................................................................................................................... Order 60 5 Saving the File ................................................................................................................................... Review List 62 6 Printing the File ................................................................................................................................... Review List 63 7 Save the File ................................................................................................................................... Review List to Excel 63
Part VI Analyzing a Single Wave Form
66
69 69 70 70 71 71 72 73 73 74 75 75 75
1 Basic Wave Form ................................................................................................................................... Analysis 67

Headings . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Manual Zoom. ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Data Panel . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Channels . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Inverted . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Window Time. ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Acoustic Scale . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Seismic Scale . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Data Locator .Bar ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Wave Form Window . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Calibration Window . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Locator Window . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... Point to Measurement . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ...............
II
III

Filtering . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 76 Particle Motion . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 77 Comparing Wave . ... ....Forms ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 78 Format of Wave . ... .... Form ... .... Text ... .... .... File ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 80 Convert to Acceleration . ... .... ... .... ... or .... .... Displacement ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 81 Acceleration ... .... or ...Displacement .... ... .... .... ... .... Window ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 83 How is Acceleration ... .... ... .... ... Calculated? .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 84 How is Displacement ... .... ... .... ... .... Calculated? .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 86 Coverting... From .... ... .... Velocity ... .... .... to ...Displacement .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 90 Converting ... From .... ... .... Velocity ... .... .... ... to.... Acceleration ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 93 Data Panel ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 94 Acceleration ... .... or ...Displacement .... ... .... .... ... .... Scale ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 94 FFT of Acceleration ... .... ... .... ... or .... Displacement .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 95 Curves Analysis ... .... ... .... of... Acceleration .... .... ... .... ... .... or ... Displacement .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 95 Response Spectra . ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 96 Response ... Window .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 99 What is a... Response .... ... .... ... .... Spectra? .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... ............... 99 Dominant . .... Units ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 100 Frequency . ....Range ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 101 List . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 101 Response Wave .. .... ... Form .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 102 Response . .... Wave ... .... ... Form .... .... ... Window .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 104 Data Panel . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 104 Scale . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 105 Ponderation.. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Ponderation . .... ...Window .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Data Panel . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Ponderation . .... ...Scale .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 105 107 107 108
2 FFT Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 108

FFT Window.. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What is an FFT? .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Analysis Type .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Frequency Axis .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Amplitude Axis .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Frequency Range .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Format of FFT .. .... Text ... ....File ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 110 111 114 115 115 116 116
3 Curves Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 117

Curves Window .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What is a Curves .. .... ... Analysis? .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Analysis Type .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Dominant Units .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Frequency Range .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. List .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Format of Curves .. .... ... .... Text ... .... File .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 120 120 121 121 122 122 123
Part VII Analyzing a Single Bar Graph Record
126
1 Bar Graph Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 127 2 Manual Zoom ................................................................................................................................... 128 3 Data Panel ................................................................................................................................... 129 4 Channels ................................................................................................................................... 129 5 Window Time ................................................................................................................................... 130
Contents
IV
6 Acoustic Scale ................................................................................................................................... 130 7 Seismic Scale ................................................................................................................................... 131 8 Data Locator ................................................................................................................................... Bar 131 9 Bar Graph Window ................................................................................................................................... 132 10 Locator Window ................................................................................................................................... 132 11 Point to Measurement ................................................................................................................................... 133 12 Format of Bar ................................................................................................................................... Graph Text File 133
Part VIII Automatic Processing of Data Files
136
1 Selecting Data ................................................................................................................................... Files in List Only or List and Graph Views 136 2 Selecting Data ................................................................................................................................... Files in Thumbnail View 137 3 Automatic Processing ................................................................................................................................... Form 138 4 Setting Scaling ................................................................................................................................... Factors 141 5 Using Screen ................................................................................................................................... Output 141
Part IX Other Analyses
144
1 Summary Files ................................................................................................................................... 144

Creating a Summary .. .... ... .... ... File .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 144 Summary File .. .... Review ... .... ... .... Form .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 145
2 Transcribing ................................................................................................................................... Wave Forms 146 3 Converting ................................................................................................................................... Wave Form Files to Text Files 147 4 Editing Headings ................................................................................................................................... 148 5 Transfer Function ................................................................................................................................... 149
Get Files .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 149 Transfer Function .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 151
Part X Regression
1 Concept
153
................................................................................................................................... 153
2 Creating a New ................................................................................................................................... Database 155 3 Entering Data ................................................................................................................................... 156

Company Information .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Filtering and .. Sorting .... ... .... ...Records .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Seismic or Airblast .. .... ... ....Graphs ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Predictions .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Find and Replace .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Global Delete .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 157 157 158 161 162 163
4 Open Existing ................................................................................................................................... Database 164 5 Delete Database ................................................................................................................................... 164 6 Merge Databases ................................................................................................................................... 165 7 Adding Selected ................................................................................................................................... Files to a Database 166 8 Final Thoughts ................................................................................................................................... 167
Part XI Seismograph Manuals

169
IV
Seismograph Data Analysis 2003 1 Alpha-Seismite ................................................................................................................................... 169

General Description .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Specifications .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Setup and Operation .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Installing . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Power . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Paper Installation . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Keyboard . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Bar Graph Mode .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Setup Screen . .... ... .... #1 ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Setup Screen . .... ... .... #2 ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Setup Screen . .... ... .... #3 ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Screen #4 . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Screen #5 . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Chart Interpretation . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Wave Form Mode .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Setup Screen . .... ... .... #1 ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Setup Screen . .... ... .... #2 ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Setup Screen . .... ... .... #3 ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Event Screen . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Functions . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Disk Drive . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Format ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Re-Format ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Read ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Directory ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Summary ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Waveform ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Write ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Write Backup ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Chart Interpretation . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Charging .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. General Maintenance .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Calibration .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Troubleshooting .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 169 171 175 175 176 176 177 179 180 181 182 183 183 184 185 185 187 187 189 190 191 192 193 193 193 194 194 194 195 195 197 197 199 199
2 Mini-Seis, Mini-Seis ................................................................................................................................... II and Mini-Graph 201

General Description .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Sample .Rates .... ... .... and ... .... Recording .... ... .... ... .... Ranges ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Recording . ....Durations ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Battery Life . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Other Features . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Specifications . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Setup and Operation .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Keyboard . .... Functions ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Trigger Disarm . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. First Setup . .... Screen ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Second .Setup .... ... .... Screen ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Third Setup . .... ... Screen .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Printer Setup . .... ... .... Screen ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Event Screen . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Field Installation . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Reviewing . ....Data ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Bar Graph Mode .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 201 201 202 202 202 202 205 205 207 207 209 210 211 212 213 214 214
Contents
VI
215 216 217 217 218 218 218
First Setup . .... Screen ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Second .Setup .... ... .... Screen ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Third Setup . .... ... Screen .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Job Screen . .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Charging .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Field Printing .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Calibration .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .............
Part XII Frequently Asked Questions
220
220 220 221 221 222 222 222 225 226 226
1 Communications ................................................................................................................................... 220

What is the difference .. .... ... .... ... .... between .... ... .... ... simple .... ... ....and .... ... advanced .... ... .... ... ....communication? ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. How do I make .. ....direct ... .... ... contact? .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Do I need to.. enter .... ... .... the ... .... Instrument .... ... .... ... .... Serial ... .... .... Number? ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What is the File .. .... ... Code? .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What is the checksum? .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What is the Download .. .... ... .... ... .... All .... Data ... .... ... option? .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. How do I change .. .... ...seismograph .... ... .... .... ... .... ... settings? .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What happens .. .... during ... .... ... .... an .... automatic ... .... ... .... ... download .... .... ... .... ... using .... ... .... a ... direct .... .... connection? ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What happens .. .... during ... .... ... .... an .... automatic ... .... ... .... ... download .... .... ... .... ... using .... ... .... a ... modem? .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. Why can't I communicate .. .... ... .... ... .... .... by ... .... modem? ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .............
2 Analyses
................................................................................................................................... 226
226 229 230 233 237
What is an FFT? .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What is a Response .. .... ... .... ... Spectra? .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. How is acceleration .. .... ... .... ... calculated? .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. How is displacement .. .... ... .... ...calculated? .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What is a Curves .. .... ... Analysis? .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .............
3 Seismograph ................................................................................................................................... Related 238

How does the .. .... seismograph ... .... ... .... .... ...store .... ... .... data? ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. How should .. the .... ... seismic .... ... .... .... sensor ... .... ...be .... ... coupled? .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What seismic .. .... trigger ... .... ...level .... .... ... is.... appropriate? ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. What acoustic .. .... trigger ... .... ... .... level .... ... is .... appropriate? ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. How should .. the .... ... record .... ... ....duration .... ... .... ... be .... ... set? .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... ............. 238 238 239 239 239
Index
240
VI
Part
Introduction
1
1.1
Introduction
Welcome
Welcome to Seismograph Data Analysis 2003 for Microsoft Windows. This program provides the quickest and easiest way to access and analyze vibration data recorded with compatible digital seismographs. The Seismograph Data Analysis 2003 software makes you more productive by providing appropriate tools for the analysis and presentation of your seismograph data. The program's graphical user interface is easy to use and contains many useful analysis features.
1.2
Benefits of Using this Program

Save Time
Seismograph Data Analysis allows you to quickly download and analyze your seismograph data.
Save Money
The software is provided free of charge with any compatible seismograph purchase. In addition, the seismographs that are compatible with this software are more economical than competing brands.
Concentrate on What's Important

Seismograph Data Analysis contains all of the features you should normally need and many features you may never need. Let the software do the work for you.
1.3
How to Print this Help File

An Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the manual will be located in the program folder. We do not recommend that you print directly from the Microsoft help viewer because the quality is poor.
1.4
The User Interface

Seismograph Data Analysis is known for its neat and intuitive user interface. The heart of the program is the Main Screen. Menu and Tool Bar Items
Access to all of the program's features are available through the menu items and tool bar items.
Drive Directory and File Review List

Select the location where the data files you want to view are stored. The files will be accessed and displayed in an easy to understand format in the File Review List. Status Bar Located at the bottom of the Main Screen, the status bar shows relevant information in small panels. Context sensitive help Seismograph Data Analysis has an extensive, context-sensitive help system. Use the F1 key to display Help at any time.
1.4.1
1.4.1.1
Menus
File Menu
Preferences Setup program preferences for general items, communications, velocity/frequency curves and colors.
Introduction
10
Setup Printer Select the printer to use and configure options. Wave Form Displays wave form data in the File Review List. Bar Graph Displays bar graph data in the File Review List. Wave Form and Bar Graph Displays wave form and bar graph data simultaneously data in the File Review List. Save File Review List Saves the data shown in the File Review List. Print File Review List Prints the data shown in the File Review List. Simple Communications Accesses simplified communications with a seismograph. Advanced Communications Accesses advanced communications capabilities. Generate Files From Memory Dump Generates individual wave form data files from a memory dump file. Exit Program Closes the program. 1.4.1.2 Edit Menu
Select All Files Selects all files in the File Review List. Clear All Files Clears (deselects) all files in the File Review List. Select/Clear Highlighted Files If a highlighted file is selected, it becomes cleared. If a highlighted file is not selected, it becomes selected..
11
Copy Selected Files Allows all selected files to be copied to another location. Move Selected Files Allows all selected files to be moved to another location. Delete Selected Files Deletes the selected files from disk. Create New Directory Allows the creation of a new directory under the current directory. Rename Directory Allows the current directory to be renamed. Delete Directory Deletes the current directory and all files within it. Sort Files Allows the data in the File Review List to be sorted. 1.4.1.3 View Menu
List Only Displays just the File Review List. List and Graph Displays the File Review List and a graphic of the highlighted file. Thumbnails Displays graphics thumbnails of the files in the File Review List.
Introduction
12
1.4.1.4
Analysis Menu
Create Summary Summarizes the data in the File Review List and includes more detailed information. Display Wave Form (Display Bar Graph) Displays the wave form (or bar graph) for the highlighted file in the File Review List. FFT Analysis Displays the FFT analysis for the highlighted wave form file in the File Review List. Curves Analysis Displays the curves analysis for the highlighted wave form file in the File Review List. Automatic Processing Allows all selected files in the File Review List to be printed automatically with a variety of analysis options. Transcribe Prints all selected wave form files in the File Review List with up to 15 wave forms per page. Edit Headings Allows headings for all selected files in the File Review List to be added, edited or deleted. Transfer Function Allows a transfer function analysis of a ground vibration and a response vibration. Convert to Text Files Allows all selected files in the File Review List to be saved in a text format. Edit/Create Velocity Frequency Curves Allows velocity/frequency curves to be edited and created.
13
1.4.1.5
Regression Analysis Menu
Create New Database Creates a new regression database. Open Existing Database Opens an existing regression database. Delete Database Deletes an existing regression database. Merge Databases Merges two or more regression databases into a new database. Add Selected Files to Database Adds the files selected in the File Review List to an existing regression database. 1.4.1.6 Automatic Receive Mode Menu
The Automatic Receive Mode is used when a seismograph has been programmed to automatically transmit data when a trigger occurs. Activating this mode allows the software to recognize and process the data. By Modem If the seismograph is on a remote modem, use this selection to setup, activate and deactivate the mode. Direct Connection If the seismograph is directly connected to the computer, use this selection to setup, activate and deactivate the mode. Setting Up a Direct Connection Setting Up a Modem Connection 1.4.1.7 Help Menu
Introduction
14
Contents Loads and displays the help file. Also available by pressing F1. About the Program Displays program information.
Technical Support
1.4.2
Toolbar
Saves the contents of the File Review List to disk.
Prints the contents of the File Review List.
Creates a summary file using selected files in the File Review List.
Selects all files in the File Review List.
Clears all files in the File Review List.

15
Selects or clears highlighted files in the File Review List. If a file is selected, it becomes cleared. If a file is not selected, it becomes selected.
Deletes selected files in the File Review List.
Initiates Simple Communications process.
Loads Advanced Communications form.
Displays the wave form or bar graph for the highlighted file in the File Review List.
Displays an FFT analysis of the wave form highlighted file in the File Review List.
Displays a curves analysis of the wave form highlighted file in the File Review List.
Loads the Automatic Processing form to process selected files in the File Review List.
Prints thumbnails of the selected files in the File Review List. There will be as many as 15 wave forms per page.
Loads English language resource strings.
Loads French language resource strings.
Loads Spanish language resource strings.
Loads Italian language resource strings.
Part
II
17
Setting Preferences
When the program is first run, you should set some initial preferences. To do this go to the File Menu and choose Preferences.
General Tab Communications Tab Velocity/Frequency Curves Tab Colors Tab Logo Tab
Setting Preferences
18
2.1
General Tab
Channel Order By default the program displays wave forms with the acoustic on top, then the radial, vertical and transverse channels. To change the order, use the Up and Down commands to move the highlighted channel name. Show Calibration Values In wave form mode, the seismograph will perform a dynamic calibration test after each recorded record. The numeric dynamic calibration values can be displayed by checking this box. If the box is not checked, the dynamic calibration results are displayed as OK, HI or LO. Show Vector Sum A vector sum trace may or may not be automatically displayed when viewing a wave form. Mark this box to show the vector sum each time a wave form is displayed. Use Hanning Window with FFT Analysis When analyzing wave forms, a Hanning Window can be employed to reduce leakage in the FFT analysis caused by using a box window. The Hanning Window is discussed in the section concerning FFT Analysis. Include Calibration Date on Reports (Where Available) If the seismograph's calibration date is available in the downloaded data file, it can be automatically displayed on reports. Unit is Special 40 in/s (1016 mm/s) Specifies that the seismograph is using a special 40 in/s (1016 mm/s) transducer. If not selected, the displayed values will be one-half of actual. Language The software can operate in English, French, Spanish or Italian. Default Seismic Scale The Default Seismic Scale value sets a minimum initial value used to scale the seismic data on the computer's display. If the wave form to be displayed has a peak amplitude lower than the scale, the
19
scale value is used. If the peak amplitude is greater than the scale, the peak amplitude is used. Default Acoustic Scale The Default Seismic Scale value sets a minimum initial value used to scale the acoustic data on the computer's display. If the wave form to be displayed has a peak acoustic amplitude lower than the scale, the scale value is used. If the peak acoustic amplitude is greater than the scale, the peak amplitude is used. Default FFT Frequency Range The Default FFT Frequency Range sets the default frequency range used to display Fourier FFT results. Default Curves Frequency Range The Default Curves Frequency Range sets the default frequency range used to display particle velocity and frequency results. Communications Tab Velocity/Frequency Curves Tab Colors Tab Logo Tab
2.2
Communications Tab
COM Port The communications port that will be used needs to be specified. For many computer systems, this will be either COM 1 or COM 2. Baud Rate In order for the computer to communicate with the seismograph, the computer and the seismograph must be communicating at the same baud rate. Selecting the Auto option will cause the program to search for a matching baud rate automatically. To select a fixed baud rate, choose one of the available values. A baud rate of 9600 will normally function reliably for both direct and modem communication. Although a baud rate of up to 38400 may be used, it may not be possible to achieve reliable data transfers.
Setting Preferences
20
The Auto baud rate option may be used for direction communications. When communicating by modem, a fixed baud rate must be selected. Communications Timeout This value sets the amount of time the program will wait for a modem connection to be made after a number is dialed. The default is 20 seconds. This value may need to be increased if pauses are placed in the dialing number. Communications Delay A delay is needed between commands as they are sent to the instrument. The default delay is 0.50 seconds. If you experience problems with an instrument responding to commands, try increasing this value in increments of 0.25 seconds. Instrument Type Specify the type of instrument to download. The selection Mini-Seis or Alpha-Seismite applies to the White Seismology Mini-Seis, Mini-Seis I and Alpha-Seismite. It also applies to the Larcor MiniRecorder and Nomis Mini-Graph. The selection Alpha-Seis applies to the older Alpha-Seis instruments. Use Hexadecimal Download Instead of Binary When using cellular or satellite modems, binary data can cause problems with modem control codes. Checking this box instructs the software to download seismograph data as hexadecimal instead of binary to avoid conflicts. At first contact check for When a seismograph is first contacted, the program can detect the listed settings. Each box that is checked will slow down the initial communication somewhat. It will normally be a good idea to at least access the serial number and the last record number. General Tab Velocity/Frequency Curves Tab Colors Tab Logo Tab
21
2.3
Velocity/Frequency Curves Tab
An essentially unlimited number of velocity/frequency curves can be custom designed. As many as three custom curves can be selected for use during a program session. When first installed, the program automatically creates curve data for a number of criteria. If a needed criteria is not listed, it can easily be created. To select or clear a criteria, choose the Velocity/Frequency Curves Tab and double-click in the Selected column next to the criteria. General Tab Communications Tab Colors Tab Logo Tab
Setting Preferences
22
2.4
Colors Tab
Colors can be set for the listed items. To set or change a color, select Change Color. General Tab Communications Tab Velocity/Frequency Curves Tab Logo Tab
2.5
Logo Tab
The program can place a custom logo on reports. To select a logo, access the drive and directory
23
where the logo is stored. Click the name of the logo in the list box. The logo will appear in the picture box. To use the logo, check "Use Logo on Reports". Then, select the position where the logo will appear. General Tab Communications Tab Velocity/Frequency Curves Tab Colors Tab
Part
III
25
Velocity/Frequency Curves
Velocity/Frequency curves are graphs that have a corresponding particle velocity value for a given frequency value. These graphs typically represent a form of criteria for blast-generated vibrations. A good example in the USA is the RI 8507 graph which contains two curves, one for plaster and another for modern dry wall. The first time the program is run, a few common curves are generated. These curves, however, may not apply in your area. Custom designed curves can be created by using Edit/Create Velocity/Frequency Curves from the Analysis Menu.
3.1
Edit/Create Velocity Frequency Curves

Selecting Edit/Create Velocity/Frequency Curves will display the following form:
Criteria The Criteria column contains text that is used to differentiate and identify the criteria.
26
Title The contents of the Title field is used as a heading for the velocity/frequency graph. Start Frequency (Hz) This field contains the lowest integer frequency that applies to the criteria. One (1) hertz is the lowest possible value. End Frequency (Hz) This field contains the highest integer frequency that applies to the criteria. A value of 250 hertz is the highest possible. Curve Data A criteria can have three associated data sets. For example, the criteria USBM RI 8507 has two data sets. Each data set can be accessed for review or editing by clicking the appropriate command, i.e. Access Set 1 Data, Access Set 2 Data or Access Set 3 Data. Creating a New Curve Viewing a Curve
3.2
Accessing a Data Set
Set # Frequency and Amplitude The first column contains frequency values. The next column contains an associated particle velocity level in inches per second. The third column contains the value in millimeters per second. Editing either amplitude value automatically changes the other. Copying Values
27
Many velocity/frequency criteria have the same value for a large frequency range. For example, the USBM RI 8507 criteria uses 2.0 inches per second (50.8 millimeters per second) for frequencies at and above 40 hertz. It would be very tedious to have to enter repetitive values manually. The program provides an easy way to do this. Simply double-click on a frequency that is associated with a velocity value to be repeated. There are two choices. The velocity value can be copied to all cells or limited to those cells that are associated with a range of frequencies. Click Apply to perform the copy or Cancel to abort the copy.
3.3
Creating a New Curve

To create a new curve, first access the Velocity/Frequency Curves form. Then, click the mouse in the empty Criteria column next to the asterisk (*). Type a name for the new curve. Next move to the Title column and type a title for the criteria. Finally, supply the lower and upper frequency values for which the criteria apply. When a new criteria is created, the Set 1, 2 and 3 values are set to zero over the range of applicable frequencies. Access each of these data sets to supply the criteria values. When finished, the new curve can be selected for use from the Preferences form as described in Setting Preferences . Notice that the program automatically generates integer frequencies based on the supplied range. If the criteria uses non-integer frequencies, existing frequencies can be modified or new frequencies can be inserted at the end of the grid. The frequency field is a single precision value. The program automatically sorts a criteria set by frequency. When the criteria is next displayed, any new frequencies entered will be in the proper order.
3.4
Viewing a Curve
The selected curve can be viewed by clicking View Graph from the Velocity/Frequency Curves form.
28
Part
IV
Communications
30
Communications
Downloading data from a compatible digital seismograph is a relatively simple process. As with any form of serial communications, however, there can be problems due to compatibility and incorrect setup parameters. The most important items are the COM Port and Baud Rate. The COM Port can represent a direct serial connection from the seismograph to your computer. It can also be an internal or external modem. Serial communication requires that a matching rate be used for data transfer between your computer and the seismograph. This rate is called the Baud Rate. To access a seismograph, the computer's Baud Rate and the instrument's Baud Rate must match. Communications preferences should be checked before attempting to download data. Seismograph communication is possible through either a direct connection or a modem connection. A direct connection utilizes an RS232 serial cable between the computer and the instrument. This cable is supplied with each purchased seismograph. To communicate via telephone lines, both the computer and seismograph must have access to a compatible modem. The Seismograph Data Analysis software provides for two modes of communication called Simple and Advanced. Simple communication minimizes the amount of effort required by the user to download data using a direct serial connection. It cannot be used to download data through a modem. Advanced communication provides additional features and a terminal mode where the operator can interactively communicate with the seismograph. Simple Communications Advanced Communications
4.1
Simple Communications
Simple communication minimizes the amount of effort required by the user to download data using a direct serial connection. It cannot be used to download data through a modem. Simple communications can be accessed through the File menu or the Simple Communications bitmap item on the tool bar.
The Process Downloading Data
31
4.1.1
Process
First, the software will attempt to find a connected seismograph using the specified COM Port.
Once a connection has been made, the software will attempt to retrieve some important information.
Serial Number
Last Calibration Date
Transducer Type
Last Event Number
EPROM Version
Summary Data In some cases, if the retrieval of a piece of information fails, the program will continue automatically. In other cases, the program will stop and notify the user and the user will be asked if they want to continue.
4.1.2
Downloading Data
After the software has retrieved the summary data, it will be listed in a grid starting with the most recent record and ending with the oldest record. The user can elect to download all of the listed records or only those records that are selected. The records will be stored in the specified drive and directory with a file name determined by the seismograph's serial number, record date and record number. For example, the highlighted record shown below would be stored in C:\Sample Data\ with a file name of sn16720021216020.dtb
Communications
32
Selecting Records
A record is selected for downloading if it has an X in the Selected column. Individual records can be selected by double-clicking in the Selected column for the record. Note: No records have to be selected to use the Download All command. Select Highlighted A sequence of records can be highlighted by clicking on the first record in the sequence and then dragging the mouse to the last record in the sequence. Another method is to highlight the first record in the sequence and then use shift+(down arrow) to highlight subsequent records. Clicking Select Highlighted will then select each of the highlighted records in the sequence. Clear All Clears the grid so that no records are selected. This action does not clear any records from the seismograph. Review Accesses a highlighted record for review as shown below.
33
Data Storage Specifies the drive and directory that will hold the downloaded records. Ignore Checksum The checksum value is the number of bytes for each record. By default, the program will compare the number of bytes downloaded with the checksum. If there is a discrepancy, the user will be notified. For a variety of reasons, there can be a checksum violation even if a record downloads properly. In some cases, it may be necessary to instruct the program to ignore the checksum value. Download All Downloads all records in the grid. They do not have to be selected. Download Selected Only downloads selected records. Advanced Communications Accesses the advanced communications form.
Communications
34
4.2
Advanced Communications
Advanced communication gives the user more control over interacting with the seismograph. However, it requires more effort on the user's part to understand how the various processes function. Use this feature to download data through a modem. Advanced communications can be accessed through the File menu or the Advanced Communications bitmap item on the tool bar.
The Advanced Communications form contains a number of useful features.
35
Options Menu
Setup (F2) Contact Instrument (F3) Edit Numbers/Dial Modem (F5) Disconnect Modem (F6) Download On/Off Log (F7) Download Instrument Summary (F8) Upload Setup Parameters (F9) Manual Trigger Mode Reset Unit Headings Exit - closes the form
Special Functions Menu

Set Transducer Gain Upload Serial Number Clear On/Off Log Clear Memory View Capture Buffer Clear Capture Buffer
Automatic Download Menu

What is an Automatic Download? Setup for Modem Download Activate Automatic Download by Modem Activate Direct Automatic Download Deactivate Automatic Download Increment Oldest Event Counter by 1 Reset Oldest Event Counter
Form Options
Download Options Data Storage Options
4.2.1
Options Menu
The Options Menu contains choices that may be used on a regular basis.
Communications
36
Note: In the links shown below, items marked with an * should not be used without a clear understanding of their function. Setup (F2) Contact Instrument (F3) Edit Numbers/Dial Modem (F5) Disconnect Modem (F6) Download On/Off Log (F7) Download Instrument Summary (F8) Upload Setup Parameters (F9) * Manual Trigger Mode Reset Unit Headings Exit - closes the form 4.2.1.1 Setup (F2)
COM Port The communications port that will be used needs to be specified. For many computer systems, this will be either COM 1 or COM 2. Baud Rate In order for the computer to communicate with the seismograph, the computer and the seismograph must be communicating at the same baud rate. Selecting the Auto option will cause the program to search for a matching baud rate automatically. To select a fixed baud rate, choose one of the available values. A baud rate of 9600 will normally function reliably for both direct and modem communication. Although a baud rate of up to 38400 may be used, it may not be possible to achieve reliable data transfers. The Auto baud rate option may be used for direction communications. When communicating by modem, a fixed baud rate must be selected. Communications Timeout This value sets the amount of time the program will wait for a modem connection to be made after a
37
number is dialed. The default is 20 seconds. This value may need to be increased if pauses are placed in the dialing number. Communications Delay A delay is needed between commands as they are sent to the instrument. The default delay is 0.50 seconds. If you experience problems with an instrument responding to commands, try increasing this value in increments of 0.25 seconds. Instrument Type Specify the type of instrument to download. The selection Mini-Seis or Alpha-Seismite applies to the White Seismology Mini-Seis, Mini-Seis I and Alpha-Seismite. It also applies to the Larcor MiniRecorder and Nomis Mini-Graph. The selection Alpha-Seis applies to the older Alpha-Seis instruments. Use Hexadecimal Download Instead of Binary When using cellular or satellite modems, binary data can cause problems with modem control codes. Checking this box instructs the software to download seismograph data as hexadecimal instead of binary to avoid conflicts. At first contact check for When a seismograph is first contacted, the program can detect the listed settings. Each box that is checked will slow down the initial communication somewhat. It will normally be a good idea to at least access the serial number and the last record number. 4.2.1.2 Contact Instrument (F3) Choose this command to initiate communication either when an instrument is connected to the computer with the supplied RS232 cable or when a connection is established with a compatible modem. The instrument must be ON and, if using a fixed baud rate, the instrument's and computer's baud rates must match. In the case of an Alpha-Seis instrument, the instrument's screen should be on the Main Screen. This is the screen used to review records in memory. The following screen shows what you should see in the terminal screen after selecting this option.
Communications
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At this point, communication between the instrument and the computer should be established. There are some keys that can now be used to scroll the seismograph's screens and change setup parameters. Enter Key Scrolls the instrument's screens. Pressing Enter on the computer is like pressing the Enter key on the instrument's keypad. HOME Key Serves the same function as the Select key on an Alpha-Seismite or the Shift+Increment key combination on the Mini-Seis or Mini-Graph. This key combination moves a bracket around fields on the seismograph's display that can be modified by the user. + and - Keys The Plus "+" or minus "-" keys are often used to change field values after they have been selected using the Select Function. Entering Comments
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To enter comments into the seismograph using the computer, follow these instructions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Press the Enter key until you see the screen displayed with the word COMMENTS. The status of the field is shown next to this. The possible values are OFF, ON and ADD. Press the HOME key until the COMMENTS field value is bracketed. Press the "+" or "-" key until the field value is ADD. Press the Enter key.
You can now type the first line of comments. The number "1" at the left side of the row of numbers and letters indicates that this is the first comment screen. After you have entered comments for the first screen, press Enter to access the second screen. After typing those comments, press Enter to access the third screen and so on. There are six comment screens. Note: Standard editing keys like the backspace key do not function here. If you make a mistake, press the "-" key to backspace. There is no cursor displayed, so you will not be able to tell where you are on the display until you type a new letter. A little practice may be necessary.
Entering Comments (Alpha-Seis) Press the Enter key until you see the screen displayed with the word HEADING. You can now type the first line of comments. After you have entered comments for the first screen, press Enter to access the second screen. After typing those comments, press Enter to access the third screen and so on. There are six comment screens. Stop Download Click this command to cancel a download in progress. The text display may show some unusual characters. There is nothing wrong. The program is simply access the remaining characters in the input buffer. Loss of Communication If no communication takes place with the seismograph over at least a two minute interval, the seismograph's display will go blank and communication will be lost. On the screen you will see the word STOPPED and some characters. Communication can be reestablished by pressing F3 again. 4.2.1.3 Edit Numbers/Dial Modem (F5) Select this command to edit and add names and phone numbers of instrument stations with modems.
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Adding a Record To add a record to the list, click the mouse in the next empty row in the grid. Type the station name in the Name box, type the phone number in the Number box and type a file code in the File Code box. Modifying a Record To modify a record, click it in the list to highlight it. Then change the data in the text boxes as needed. Deleting a Record To delete a record, click it in the list to highlight it. Then press the Delete key. Modem String The modem string is a set of programming commands for the computer's modem. You may need to modify this string for compatibility with your modem. After double-clicking an item in the list to select a phone number, the program will dial the number and establish a connection with the modem connected to the seismograph. Assuming that all compatibility issues have been resolved, you can then connect to and control the seismograph as previously described in the section on Contact Instrument .
4.2.1.4
Disconnect Modem (F6) When modem communication is complete, click Options/Disconnect Modem or press F6 to sever the connection. The connection is also removed when the Advanced Communications form is closed.
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4.2.1.5
Download On/Off Log The seismographs maintain a log of the last 64 times they are turned on and off. Click this item to download the log to the specified drive and directory using the entered file code. Any text present in the Headings boxes are also stored with the file. After downloading the log, it can be displayed using the Windows Notepad accessory program.
4.2.1.6
Download Instrument Summary (F8) The Mini-Seis, Alpha-Seismite and Mini-Graph seismographs store and display summary data for the last 341 recorded records. Depending on the seismograph's memory capacity, however, wave form data may or may not be available for all of the records. This feature downloads the summary information into a file, in the specified drive and directory, using the file code and an extension of .sum . Any text present in the Headings boxes are also stored with the file. After downloading the summary, it can be displayed using the Windows Notepad accessory program.
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4.2.1.7
Upload Setup Parameters (F9) A single instrument can be setup by making contact, accessing screens and changing values. However, it is also possible to setup one or more connected instruments with one command.
The above message appears because improper use of the F9 function could cause many problems.
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In general, to make everyday setup changes, use the interactive capabilities as described in How do I change seismograph settings? If you choose to continue, the Upload Setup Parameters form will be displayed.
Screen 1 Screen 2 Screen 3 The Serial Numbers boxes can hold as many as twenty serial numbers. The program will attempt to upload the setup parameters to all serial numbers listed. To do this, the seismographs must be connected together with the appropriate cabling. Click Process or press F2 to upload the setups. Click Cancel or press Esc to cancel the process.
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4.2.1.7.1 Screen 1
The fields in this frame correspond to the first setup screen on the seismograph. Date The instrument date. Time The instrument time. Wrap Off or On. Comments Off or On. Six lines of comments may be entered. Air Show acoustic values in millibars (Mb) or decibels (dB).
4.2.1.7.2 Screen 2
The fields in this frame correspond to the second setup screen on the seismograph. Max Ranges Show vibration data in inches per second (IPS) or millimeters per second (MMPS). Air dB Range Select the 142 or 148 dB acoustic range. Transducer Specify the transducer gain. Make sure that the value is correct or the measured values will be
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incorrect. Range Choose a range based on the selected transducer gain. Seismic Trigger Enter a value for the seismic trigger level. Acoustic Trigger Enter a value for the acoustic trigger level.
4.2.1.7.3 Screen 3
The fields in this frame correspond to the third setup screen on the seismograph. Sample Rate Select a sample rate. Some seismographs will not accept all of the available rates. Timer Set the timer Off or On. If On, you can also set the On and Off times. Record Time Enter the desired record duration. There are limits on the duration based on the instrument type and sample rate. 4.2.1.8 Manual Trigger Mode Instructs the instrument to enter the Manual Trigger Mode of operation. In this mode, a seismograph can only be triggered by pressing a specific key combination or by applying a trigger to pin 9 of the serial connector. 4.2.1.9 Reset Unit Resets the instrument. Functions like pressing the instrument's Reset key. 4.2.1.10 Headings With the Mini-Seis or Mini-Graph units, it can be difficult to supply headings in the field. This feature allows headings to be specified and stored with records as they are downloaded.
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Save with these headings This box must be marked for the headings to be stored with the downloaded records. If the record already has headings, the new headings will still be used. Headings If you analyze data for multiple companies or operations, it will be convenient to be able to maintain a set of standard headings that you can access. The headings are maintained in a Microsoft Access compatible database.
4.2.2
Special Functions Menu
The Special Functions Menu contains choices that will normally not be used, but may be useful in certain situations. Note: None of these items should be used without a clear understanding of their function. Set Transducer Gain Upload Serial Number Clear On/Off Log Clear Memory View Capture Buffer Clear Capture Buffer
4.2.2.1
Set Transducer Gain The gain of the transducer connected to the seismograph cannot be changed. This function is used to program the instrument for the gain of the transducer being used. For example, assume the seismograph was originally equipped with a X2 gain transducer. Suppose a special X4 gain transducer is purchased for a specific purpose. If the X4 gain transducer is used without modifying the instrument's programming, the data values will be wrong by a factor of two. To correct this
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problem, the seismograph would be reprogrammed to use a X4 gain setting. Note: Do not use this feature unless you truly understand its purpose. 4.2.2.2 Upload Serial Number Uploads a serial number to a connected instrument. If a catastrophic event occurs that causes the seismograph to lose its programmed serial number, this feature will allow it to be re-entered. Note: Do not use this feature unless you truly understand its purpose. 4.2.2.3 Clear On/Off Log Clears the seismograph's On/Off log. 4.2.2.4 Clear Memory Clears the seismograph's memory. This action cannot be reversed. 4.2.2.5 View Capture Buffer The capture buffer holds all communications commands and responses. To the casual user, the contents of the buffer will likely be meaningless. However, trained personnel can use the information to help diagnose communications problems. 4.2.2.6 Clear Capture Buffer Clears the capture buffer. The capture buffer is initialized each time the program is run.
4.2.3
Automatic Download Menu
The availability of the Automatic Download feature depends on the seismograph's EPROM version. When the seismograph records an event, it can be made to automatically transmit the data for that recording through the serial interface. The data can be transmitted either through a direct serial connection or by modem. To process the data, the Seismograph Data Analysis software must be running on the computer that receives the data. To use Automatic Download you must: 1. 2. setup and activate the feature on the seismograph from the Advanced Communications form and then setup and activate the feature on the computer from the Main Screen.
Seismograph Setup Options - Advanced Communications Form, Automatic Download Menu

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Setup for Modem Download Activate Automatic Download by Modem Activate Direct Automatic Download Deactivate Automatic Download Increment Oldest Event Counter by 1 Reset Oldest Event Counter Computer Setup Options - Main Screen, Automatic Receive Mode Menu Modem Options Activate Deactivate Setup Direct Connection Options Activate Deactivate Setup 4.2.3.1 Setup for Modem Download The seismograph must be programmed with some important information before an automatic download through a modem can occur.
Telephone Numbers There are three user-defined telephone numbers that the seismograph can be programmed to use when sending data. Marking an option button selects the primary number. Modem Initialization Strings Receiving Data This string of characters represents the modem command string that is used to program the modem connected to the seismograph to receive a call. The command string shown above will work with a US Robotics Sportster external modem. Sending Data This string of characters represents the modem command string that is used to program the modem
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connected to the seismograph to make a call to send data. The command string shown above will work with a US Robotics Sportster external modem. Accept and Configure Accepts the entered phone numbers and modem strings and transmits them to the seismograph. This does not activate the Automatic Download mode. Cancel Cancels the setup and does not transmit any setup data to the seismograph. 4.2.3.2 Activate Automatic Download by Modem Sends the commands to activate the seismograph to automatically download records by modem. 4.2.3.3 Activate Direct Automatic Download Sends the commands to activate the seismograph to automatically download records directly through the serial port. 4.2.3.4 Deactivate Automatic Download Deactivates the automatic download feature both for modem and direct connections. 4.2.3.5 Increment Oldest Event Counter by 1 During an automatic download, the seismograph sends the oldest event number not downloaded and the current event. In this manner, the software has the range of events to be downloaded. Using this feature the user can manually increment the oldest event counter by 1. 4.2.3.6 Reset Oldest Event Counter During an automatic download, the seismograph sends the oldest event number not downloaded and the current event. In this manner, the software has the range of events to be downloaded. Using this feature the user can manually reset the oldest event counter to the current event. A reason for doing this might be that the oldest event counter did not automatically get reset after a previous download.
4.2.4
Automatic Receive Mode

Once a seismograph has been setup to automatically transmit triggered events either by direct connection or modem, the computer has to be enabled to receive the data. On the Main Screen, there are options for receiving data through a direct connection or through a modem. Setting Up a Direct Connection Setting Up a Modem Connection The mode is activated by choosing Activate from the appropriate submenu. Choosing Deactivate will deactivate the mode.
4.2.4.1
Receiving Data Through a Direct Connection The computer must first be setup to receive data. To do this from the Main Screen go to the Automatic Receive Mode Menu and choose Setup under the Direct Connection submenu. This will display the Automatic Data Receive Setup.
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Comm Port The communications port to which the seismograph is connected. Baud Rate The seismograph's baud rate setting. This value must match the setting. Modem Receive Initialization String Not used for a direct connection. Communications Delay This is a communications timing parameter. The default value of 0.50 second should be sufficient. SMS Folder This option is not enabled for a direct connection. Data Storage The drive and directory used to store any received data. File Name The file name to use to save each record. If left blank, the program will assign a file name based on the instrument serial number and current date. Format The data can be acquired in either a binary or hexadecimal format. For a direct connection, either is acceptable. After finishing the setup, the mode has to be activated by clicking the Activate item under the Direct
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Connection submenu. 4.2.4.2 Receiving Data Through a Modem Connection The computer must first be setup to receive data. To do this from the Main Screen go to the Automatic Receive Mode Menu and choose Setup under the By Modem submenu. This will display the Automatic Data Receive Setup.
Comm Port The communications port to which the seismograph is connected. Baud Rate The seismograph's baud rate setting. This value must match the setting. Modem Receive Initialization String The string of modem commands used to program the modem connected to the computer. The string shown above instructs the modem to automatically answer on the first ring and to use a fixed serial port baud rate. Communications Delay This is a communications timing parameter. The default value of 0.50 second should be sufficient, but may need to be increased if the line quality is poor. SMS Folder The drive and directory used to store a text file (.txt) containing summary information concerning a downloaded wave form data file. Using SMS, text files can be transmitted by email to other individuals. The text files will have the same file names as the wave form files.
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Data Storage The drive and directory used to store any received data. File Name The file name to use to save each record. If left blank, the program will assign a file name based on the instrument serial number and current date. Format The data can be acquired in either a binary or hexadecimal format. When the seismograph is connected to a wireless modem, the hexadecimal format should be used. After finishing the setup, the mode has to be activated by clicking the Activate item under the By Modem submenu.
4.2.5
Download Options
Download All Data This command can be used to download all records in the seismograph's memory into a single file. If time is a factor, this option may be the fastest method since the use of communication delay variables is minimized. At 9600 baud, a full 1.0 megabyte memory can be downloaded in approximately 18 minutes. After the download is complete, the program will allow the user to generate individual data files from the memory file. Alternatively, the user can generate the files later from the Main Screen by using File/Generate Files From Memory Dump. This feature requires that the seismograph have an EPROM version that supports the command to do the memory dump. Download Range Used to download a specific record range. First enter a starting and ending record number. Start With Last Recording Choose this command to start with the last record in memory and download records until there are no more records available or 341 records have been downloaded. Unlike Download All Data, this option generates the individual data files as they are downloaded. Instrument Serial Number When communicating with a single instrument, the serial number is not needed. However, if multiple instruments are connected together, this text box can be used to gain access to a single unit.
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4.2.6
Data Storage Options
Drive, Directory and File Code The drive, directory and file code used to store the records. If a file code is not entered, the program can automatically supply the file code by using the current date, and if available, the seismograph serial number. All complete file names are composed of the file code, record number and a three character extension. When downloading wave form data, the file names will look like "[File Code][Record Number].DTB." When downloading bar graph data the file extension is "BAR" instead of "DTB". Data Files This box lists any existing data files in the selected drive and directory. Deleting Files Existing files in the Data Files list can be deleted by highlighting them and pressing Delete. Note: This action deletes the files from disk. Creating a New Directory A new directory can be created by right clicking in the directories list. Simply type the new directory name and click OK.
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Part
Displaying Data in the Main Screen
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5
5.1

Setting the Type of Data to View
The software can display wave form data files, bar graph data files or a combination of both. The selections are available under the File Menu or by right clicking in the Directory box.
5.2
Setting the Location of Data Files

The location of the data files to be reviewed and analyzed is given by the selected drive and directory.
In this example, the software will display any data files located on the C drive in the directory C:\Sample Data. Right click in the directory box to access a pop-up menu.
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Simply type the new directory name and click OK. Rename
Clicking OK would rename the directory c:\Sample Data to c:\Sample Data Files. Delete Will delete the current directory and all files in it. Wave Form Show wave form data files. Bar Graph Show bar graph data files. Wave Form and Bar Graph Shows wave form and bar graph data files together. Information Displays information about the current drive.
5.3
Setting the Type of View

Records in the Main Screen can be viewed in any one of three ways using the View Menu.
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These selections are also available by right clicking in the file list.
List Only This selection presents the data in a simple list. The picture below shows a list of wave form data.
Selected This field is used to mark multiple records for processing. See Automatic Processing of Wave Form Files . File Name The name of the file stored in the selected drive and directory. Number The record number.
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Date The date of the record. Time The time of the record. PPV (in/s) The peak particle velocity (PPV) measurement in inches per second. PPV (mm/s) The peak particle velocity (PPV) measurement in millimeters per second. Air (dB) The peak acoustic overpressure measurement in decibels. Comments Contains any pertinent remarks about the record such as Calibration, Bad Record, Data Overwritten, etc. List and Graph This selections displays a simple data list and the wave form or bar graph for the currently highlighted record in the list.
Thumbnails
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This selection displays the data as small graphs.
5.4
Setting the Sort Order

By default, data files are listed sorted by the File Name in ascending order. Records Sorted by File Name
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To change the sort order go to Edit/Sort Files or right click in the file list and choose Sort Files.
The following shows records sorted by PPV in ascending order. Sorted by Date and Time
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5.5
Saving the File Review List
The File Review List can be saved as a text file by selecting File/Save File Review List or by clicking the Save List bitmap.
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5.6
Printing the File Review List
The File Review List can be printed by selecting File/Print File Review List or by clicking the Print List command.
5.7
Save the File Review List to Excel
The File Review List can be saved as an Excel Worksheet by clicking the Excel bitmap.
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Part
VI
Analyzing a Single Wave Form
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The Seismograph Data Analysis software contains many powerful analysis tools. An analysis can be as basic as a simple wave form report or it can contain more complex information such as an FFT or response spectra. Each choice is virtually a click away. First make sure that the software is setup to display wave form data files. To do this, from the Main Screen, go to the File Menu and ensure that either Wave Form or Wave Form and Bar Graph is marked.
Next, simply specify the drive and directory to use to display any wave form files.
Last, click the data file to be analyzed in the File Review List to highlight it.
Basic Wave Form Analysis FFT Analysis Curves Analysis

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6.1
Basic Wave Form Analysis
After highlighting a data file in the File Review List, click Analysis/Display Wave Form or click the Display Wave Form bitmap on the toolbar. This action will display the Wave Form Analysis form.
Commands Redraw Reset Zoom In

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Zoom Out Preview Print Headings Basic Analysis FFT Curves Filter Save List Word Excel Options Menu Redraw Reset Print Preview Zoom In Zoom Out Save as Text Document Save as Word Document Save as Excel Worksheet Analyses FFT Frequency Velocity/Frequency Curves Filter Wave Form Compare Wave Forms Particle Motion Convert to Acceleration Convert to Displacement Response Spectra Response Wave Form Ponderation Graphics Parameters Data Panel Channels Inverted Window Time Acoustic Scale Seismic Scale Data Locator Bar Wave Form Window Calibration Window
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Locator Window Manual Zoom Point to Measurement
6.1.1
Headings
If you analyze data for multiple companies or operations, it will be convenient to be able to access a set of standard headings. The headings are maintained in a Microsoft Access compatible database. New records are added on the blank record line next to the asterisk.
Code Used to sort the records. Heading 1 through 6 The six lines of headings for each record.
6.1.2
Manual Zoom
To manually zoom in on the wave form, simply click the mouse to the left of the area you want to view and drag the mouse to the right of the area to be viewed. When the mouse button is released, the window will be drawn using the new time limits. The number of channels shown is not affected.
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6.1.3
Data Panel
The Data Panel shows information about the wave form being analyzed.
The contents of the panel will change depending on the type of analysis currently in use.
6.1.4
Channels
Determines which channels are displayed. The following shows the wave form with the acoustic removed.
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6.1.5
Inverted
Changes the polarity of the channel. The following shows the acoustic channel inverted.
6.1.6
Window Time
Determines the extent of the time window. Although the zoom functions Zoom In, Zoom Out and Manual Zoom, are easier to use, the Window Time boxes can be used to specify an exact time window. The following shows a time window from 0.4000 seconds to 1.7500 seconds.
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6.1.7
Acoustic Scale
Determines the scale used to display the acoustic channel. The following illustrates changing the acoustic scale from 125 to 136 dB.
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6.1.8
Seismic Scale
Determines the scale used to display the seismic channels. The following illustrates setting the seismic scale at 1.0 in/s (25.4 mm/s).
6.1.9
Data Locator Bar

The Data Locator Bar is used to view amplitudes at a particular place in the wave form. Clicking in the Wave Form Window , or changing the Data Locator Bar value, displays a vertical line on the graph representing the location of the Data Locator Bar value. The numbers below the Wave Form Window indicate the amplitudes of the displayed channels at the location of the line. The Data Locator Bar can also be moved by pressing the arrow keys while the Wave Form Window has the focus. The following shows the Data Locator Bar at a value of 0.80 seconds.
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6.1.10 Wave Form Window

The graphics window used to display the vibration.
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6.1.11 Calibration Window

Displays the dynamic calibration test associated with the recording.
The Alpha-Seismite, Mini-Seis and Mini-Graph seismographs will typically have calibration values of 1.00 for the acoustic channel and 0.50 for the seismic channels.
6.1.12 Locator Window

Displays the channel values at the location of the Data Locator Bar. The following shows the Locator Window at a value of 0.80 seconds.
6.1.13 Point to Measurement

If the mouse is hovered near a channel, a pop-up window will appear showing the measurement at that point.
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6.1.14 Filtering
A band pass filter can be used to limit the airblast and ground vibrations in the wave form to a particular frequency range.
The above values would filter the seismic channels to frequencies from 5 to 20 hertz and the acoustic channel to frequencies from 1 to 5 hertz. After clicking Accept, a warning message will be displayed.
If Yes is selected, the filter will be applied and the result would look as follows.
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Note:
Applying a filter will change the wave form amplitudes. All reports showing the wave form will note that the record has been filtered.
6.1.15 Particle Motion

Displays a particle motion graphic in the upper area of the form. The number of axes shown depends on the number of marked channels.
Go Begins the particle motion animation. Exit

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Closes the graphic Slider Sets the animation speed.
6.1.16 Comparing Wave Forms

Two wave forms can be displayed and compared on the same form. This feature can be used as a means of evaluating vibration differences between two shots. Getting the Second Wave Form To access the second record, choose Compare Wave Forms from the Analyses Menu. This action displays the Wave Form Selection form.
To select the second wave form simply double-click a listed file. The following shows the results of selecting record 012.
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Functions like Zoom In, Zoom Out, Manual Zoom, Redraw, Reset, etc. work on both wave forms. We can also compare FFT frequencies by selecting the FFT command or Analyses/FFT Frequency.
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The FFT parameters are described in FFT Analysis.
6.1.17 Format of Wave Form Text File

The format of a basic wave form text file is similar to the following
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6.1.18 Convert to Acceleration or Displacement

In addition to particle velocity, particle acceleration and displacement can also be useful in evaluating vibration effects. An acceleration record is determined from a velocity record by numerical differentiation. A displacement record is obtained from a velocity record by numerical integration. Performing the Analysis A displacement or acceleration conversion of a velocity data file can be performed from the Wave Form Analysis form. To choose the analysis, select Convert to Acceleration or Convert to Displacement from the Analyses Menu. After selecting the analysis, a message will be displayed. This message will indicate the progression of the calculations.
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Commands Redraw Reset Zoom In Zoom Out Preview Print Headings FFT Curves Filter Save List
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Word Excel Options Menu Redraw Reset Print Preview Zoom In Zoom Out Save as Text Document Save as Word Document Save as Excel Worksheet Analyses FFT Frequency Velocity/Frequency Curves Filter Wave Form Compare Wave Forms Particle Motion Convert to Acceleration Convert to Displacement Response Spectra Response Wave Form Ponderation Graphics Parameters Data Panel Channels Inverted Window Time Seismic Scale Acceleration or Displacement Scale Wave Form Window Calibration Window Manual Zoom Point to Measurement 6.1.18.1 Acceleration or Displacement Window Shows the acceleration or displacement wave form.
Acceleration values are given in g's or gravities. One gravity is 386.4 inches per second squared or
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9,814.6 millimeters per second squared. 6.1.18.2 How is Acceleration Calculated? The determination of the acceleration time history is accomplished by numerical differentiation. When we differentiate a digital signal, we are finding the derivative at each of the sample points. Calculating a derivative means finding the slope of the line tangent to the point on the curve where the derivative is being taken. Determining a derivative by numerical methods is really not very difficult. Before discussing derivatives, we should first talk about limits. Consider the following equation:
The term f(x) is called a function. The definition2of a function is that there is only one value of the function for each value of x. For example, y = x is a function, where f(x) = x 2. However, x2 + y2 = 4 is not a function because for any x value, there are two values of y. We don't have to worry about this because seismograph records always behave like functions. That is, at any time t, there is only one value f(t) per channel of data.. The equation simply says that as the value of x approaches a, the value of the function f(x) approaches b. Consider the function f(x) = 2x. As the value of x approaches 2, the value of the function approaches 4. Once again, calculating a derivative means finding the slope of the line tangent to the point on the curve where the derivative is being taken. The slope of the line between any two points (x 1, y1 ) and (x 2, y2 ) is (y2 y1 )/(x2 x1 ). If we replace x 2 x1 with the letter h, the equation can be written as:
Where y2 becomes the value of the line at f(x + h) and y1 becomes the value at f(x). A derivative is a limit. To find the derivative, we find the limit of the function. If we have a function f(x), the derivative is written as f(x). Therefore, the derivative is written as the following limit
In the following figure, notice that there are two lines identified as (2.1) and (2.2). These lines represent the results of using two different numerical methods of finding the derivative at the point x. The variable h is the spacing between two adjacent sample points.
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For the purposes of illustration, the curve is the first half of a sine wave. It is a known relationship that:
The following proof is presented:
The equation tells us that the derivative of any point on a sine wave is the corresponding value of the same point on a cosine wave. Therefore, at any point x on the curve, we can calculate the actual derivative. To illustrate finding a derivative, we will assume that x = 0.22. To find the sine value at x = 0.22 we first have to multiply the value by 2 p in order to get a radian number. Before we do this, it is necessary to introduce another form of Equation 4.
Where k is a constant. In our case, k is the circular constant 2p. So, when the x value is 0.22, the derivative of sin(2 p x 0.22) = 2p x cos(2p x 0.22) = 1.177.
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Now that we know the actual derivative value, we can use numerical methods and compare the results. It is best whenever h is as small as possible.
Using Equation 2 and an h value of 0.06 yields a derivative value of 0.000. This is obviously not a very good result. The reason that the value is so bad is because the value of h is too large. Notice that as we decrease h, the numerical derivative improves. A better method for finding the derivative at x can be found by replacing f(x) by f(x h). In this case, the spacing between the points is 2h.
Now we repeat the previous process using Equation 6.
Notice that we approach the correct value for the derivative at much larger values of h. Therefore, when performing numerical differentiation, Equation 6 can be expected to yield a more accurate result than Equation 2. Both of these methods will work best when the spacing between data points is small compared to the curve being analyzed. This is an important reason for choosing an appropriate sample rate.
6.1.18.3 How is Displacement Calculated? Another important numerical method is called integration. Whereas differentiation is the process of finding tangents, integration is the process of finding areas. Mathematically, an integral of a function f(x) can be written as:
Where F is any function such that F(x) = f(x) for all values of x contained within the interval a to b. An integral is an anti-derivative. Therefore, there is an integral relationship for every derivative
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relationship. In particular, we have the following:
since the derivative of cos(x) = sin(x).
Consider the half sine wave. What is the area under the curve from a to b, given that a = 0 and b = 0.25? From Equation 8, we know that the following applies:
The value 0.1592 is the true area under the curve. We could find this value directly because there is a known integral for the underlying sine function. Blast vibrations, however, are not mathematically described by known functions. So, how do we find the integral numerically? Four methods will be discussed. Method 1 Rectangle Rule How is the area of a rectangle determined? By multiplying the lengths of the two sides. Therefore, the rectangle rule for integration is:
We estimate the area under f(x) from a to b by multiplying the length from a to b by the value of the function at a. We will now use Equation 10 to numerically estimate the area from a to b using the first half of a sine wave with a equaling zero and b equaling 0.25. Using Equation 10, and the values for a and b, yields a value of zero. This is obviously incorrect. The problem is that a and b are too far apart. What we can do is further subdivide the interval into a number of smaller intervals. For the purposes of illustration, we will use five equal intervals of 0 to
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0.05, 0.05 to 0.10, 0.10 to 0.15, 0.15 to 0.20 and 0.20 to 0.25. The following table lists the intervals, the value of the function at the beginning of the interval, and the calculated value for the area:
A graphical representation of this method is shown below. Notice that the total area that will be determined by summing the areas of the rectangles is smaller than the actual area under the curve. This happens because the rectangles do not fully cover the area under the curve. We can show the results of the calculation by adding the areas represented by the individual rectangles.
Area = 0.00000+0.01545+0.029390+0.04045+0.04755 = 0.13284. Although we might be able to improve the results from this method by increasing the number of intervals, the total calculated area from 0 to 0.25 will always be too low. Method 2 Midpoint Rule The midpoint rule for integration is:
We will now use Equation 11 to numerically estimate the area from a to b as before. Without further subdividing the interval, the result is 0.1768. This result is better than with Method 1. What happens when we subdivide the interval as before?
A graphical representation of this method is shown. Notice now that the total area that will be determined by summing the areas of the rectangles is larger than the actual area under the curve. This happens because the rectangles extend beyond the area under the curve. We can show the results of the calculation by adding the areas represented by the individual rectangles. The midpoint rule gives a better result than the rectangle rule.
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Area = 0.00782+0.02770+0.03536+0.04455+0.04938 = 0.16481 Method 3 Trapezoidal Rule Given a trapezoid the area is h(a+b).
The trapezoidal rule for integration is:
As before, we will now use Equation 12 to numerically estimate the area after subdividing the interval. The following table summarizes the data values:
Adding the last row of numbers yields a very good value of 0.15785. Below is a graphical representation of the use of the trapezoidal rule.
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Method 4 Simpson's Rule Simpson's rule is generated from a combination of the midpoint and trapezoidal rules. Simpson's rule for integration is:
Using Equation 13 yields the following table of data:
Adding up these data values gives an excellent result of 0.15916. Obviously, Simpson's rule would be a preferred method of numerical integration. Integration is much more stable than differentiation. Adding a small background noise to the original signal will not have as dramatic an effect. However, there are other concerns that can arise with integration.
6.1.18.4 Coverting From Velocity to Displacement Particle velocity data can be converted to displacement by numerical integration . Recall that numerical integration is the process of finding the area under a curve.
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Assume that a car is being driven at a constant velocity of 70 miles per hour for 30 minutes. How far will it have been driven? The answer of course is 35 miles. What does this have to do with integration? Consider the following figure:
The curve is a rectangle. The area of a rectangle is found by multiplying the lengths of the two sides. One side of the rectangle is given by a constant velocity of 70 miles per hour. The other side of the rectangle is given by a time of 0.5 hour. Multiplying the two yields a value of 35 miles. Blast related particle velocity records are much more complex than a simple rectangle. In fact, we illustrated how we could use rectangles (Rectangle Rule) to approximate the area under a curve. It was also illustrated that there was a more accurate method called Simpson's Rule. The following figure shows a particle velocity record that has been converted to a displacement record through the process of numerical integration by Simpson's Rule. Notice that integration has a tendency to smooth out high frequencies. This is to be expected given the fact that for a given particle velocity, the higher the frequency, the smaller the displacement.
There is a significant problem that may occur after integrating a particle velocity record. Every particle velocity record contains numerous low level noise values that fluctuate around zero. These
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values have no significant affect on the original record. When the record is integrated, however, these values can cause significant distortion and shifting of the zero line in the integrated record. The problem can be handled in the majority of cases by filtering the integrated record. The program does this filtering automatically. Sinusoidal Estimation Assume that we have a velocity record that is a sine wave. That is, the record can be described by the equation
where A is the maximum value of the sine wave, t is time, w is 2 pf where f is the frequency and n(t) is the velocity at time t. We know the following from integral calculus
where x(t) is the displacement at time t. Considering only maximum values and ignoring the negative sign in Equation 15 yields
thus,
This means that if we know a peak particle velocity and its associated frequency, we can determine a simple approximation for the maximum displacement, if we can make the assumption that the velocity record is sinusoidal in nature. The peak particle velocity is 0.57 in/s (14.48 mm/s). The frequency at this peak is 39.3 hertz. Therefore, the estimated displacement would be
Numerical integration also resulted in a peak displacement of 0.00230. At this point, the reader may be asking the following questions Question: Answer: Does the sinusoidal approximation always yield a greater value than true integration? No. It may be less or more.
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Question: Answer:
Does the peak displacement occur at the same time and on the same trace as the peak particle velocity? It can, but probably not most of the time. Notice that the equation to do the approximation includes not only the peak particle velocity, but the frequency as well. For a given velocity value, the higher the frequency the lower the calculated displacement and vice-versa. A vibration record can easily have its peak particle velocity in higher frequency body waves while the peak displacement occurs in lower frequency surface waves. When should the sinusoidal approximation be used? When the velocity record is very single frequency sinusoidal or when the determination of the maximum displacement is not crucial or does not have to be very accurate.
Question: Answer:
6.1.18.5 Converting From Velocity to Acceleration Particle velocity records can be converted to acceleration by numerical differentiation. We know that numerical differentiation is the process of finding the slope of a line tangent to a point on a curve. Whereas displacement is enhanced by low frequency particle velocities, acceleration is enhanced by high frequency particle velocities. Sinusoidal Estimation Once again, assume that we have a velocity record that is a sine wave. That is, the record can be described by the equation
Where A is the maximum value of the sine wave, t is time, w is 2p f where f is the frequency and n(t) is the velocity at time t. We know the following from calculus
where a(t) is the acceleration at time t. Once again, only considering maximum values we have
thus,
The unit of acceleration for ground vibration may be in/sec 2 or mm/sec 2 . However, it is common to
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see acceleration expressed in g's where one g is 386.4 in/sec2 or 9814.6 mm/sec 2. Expressing acceleration in g's changes Equation 24 to
when the units of velocity are in inches per second. As with displacement, if we know a peak particle velocity and its associated frequency, we can determine a simple approximation for the maximum acceleration. Once again, we assume that the velocity record is approximately sinusoidal. The peak particle velocity is 0.57 in/s (14.48 mm/s). The frequency at this peak is 39.3 hertz. Therefore, the estimated acceleration would be
Numerical differentiation, however, yields a maximum transverse acceleration of 0.411 g. In this case, the acceleration approximation is not as good as the displacement approximation. Once again, a sinusoidal approximation should only be used when the velocity record is very single frequency sinusoidal or when the determination of the maximum acceleration is not crucial or does not have to be very accurate.
6.1.18.6 Data Panel The Data Panel shows information about the wave form being analyzed and the conversion results. The following shows an acceleration result.
6.1.18.7 Acceleration or Displacement Scale
The scroll bar is used to increase or decrease the scale used to display the acceleration or displacement wave form.
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6.1.18.8 FFT of Acceleration or Displacement An FFT analysis of an acceleration or displacement can be performed when a calculated acceleration or displacement wave form is displayed by choosing the FFT analysis from the Analyses Menu or the toolbar.
See Also FFT Analysis 6.1.18.9 Curves Analysis of Acceleration or Displacement A curves analysis of an acceleration or displacement can be performed when a calculated acceleration or displacement wave form is displayed by choosing the curves analysis from the Analyses Menu or the toolbar.
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In this analysis, the selected criteria is displayed as a function of acceleration or displacement instead of particle velocity. The analysis can be previewed, printed and saved to disk. See Also Curves Analysis
6.1.19 Response Spectra

The response of a single-degree-of-freedom, mass-spring system, to an external transient vibration source can be used in some instances as a model for the response of structural components to vibration effects. In general, since a residential structure can have many modes of vibration, the structure as a whole may not lend itself to this kind of analysis. Particular structural components such as individual walls however, can sometimes be modeled with this method. Selecting the Damping Value A response spectra analysis can be performed from the Wave Form Analysis form. To choose the analysis, select Response Spectra from the Analyses Menu.
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After clicking the Response Spectra item, the Response Spectra Values frame will be displayed.
The Natural Frequency value is not used here and is not available. The damping represents the resistive force exhibited by the structure through friction. Typical damping values for residential structures vary from three to 15 percent. Click on the scroll bar to vary the damping value. Click the Accept Command to accept the value and continue. Click the Cancel Command to close the form and cancel the analysis.
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Commands Redraw Reset Zoom In Zoom Out Preview Print Headings FFT Curves Filter Save List Word Excel Options Menu Redraw Reset Print Preview Zoom In Zoom Out Save as Text Document Save as Word Document Save as Excel Worksheet
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Analyses FFT Frequency Velocity/Frequency Curves Filter Wave Form Compare Wave Forms Particle Motion Convert to Acceleration Convert to Displacement Response Spectra Response Wave Form Ponderation Graphics Parameters Data Panel Channels Inverted Wave Form Window Calibration Window Dominant Units Frequency Range Manual Zoom Point to Measurement
6.1.19.1 Response Window Shows the response spectrum.
6.1.19.2 What is a Response Spectra? The concept of structural response is behind the creation of the USBM and OSM particle velocity versus frequency criteria used in the U.S.. All free standing structures have one or more modes of response. Each of these response modes is characterized by a natural frequency and damping factor. When blast vibration effects occur at or near the response frequencies of structures, additional internal responses can occur which may increase the probabilities of threshold damage. Thus, there is a need for lower limiting criteria at these potential responsive frequencies. A structure will not typically have a single specific natural frequency or damping factor. Individual structural components must be evaluated independently. For example, in RI 8507 the USBM found mid wall natural frequencies ranging from approximately 11 to 25 hertz and structure corner natural frequencies from approximately 3 to 11 hertz. Similarly, damping values varied from approximately 1
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to 7 percent of critical for mid walls and from approximately 1 to 11 percent of critical for structure corners. The modeling of the response of a structure to a blast vibration time history is done with a singledegree-of-freedom (SDF), mass-spring system. Although it can be argued that an SDF model is not always applicable, the information that is yielded can still be useful in determining response potential. The equation of motion for the SDF system is:
are relative acceleration, velocity and displacement are absolute acceleration, velocity and displacement of the ground is the circular natural frequency and is the damping ratio as a percentage of critical damping.
The solution of the preceding equation for the relative displacement at any time can be accomplished through Laplace transform equivalents. The solution is:
The above equation is evaluated for various values of the circular natural frequency using a fixed damping ratio. For each frequency evaluated, a maximum value of u(t) will be obtained. When this maximum value is multiplied by the circular natural frequency, a pseudo velocity is obtained. This pseudo velocity is plotted as a function of the evaluated frequency. The resulting plots represent the pseudo velocity response spectrum. 6.1.19.3 Dominant Units The graphs show both U.S. and metric units. However, the graph will scale differently depending on which units dominate. U.S. Units
Metric Units
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6.1.19.4 Frequency Range The frequency range defaults are set in the Preferences form. A value of one is the lowest frequency that will be displayed for the curves frequency scale. The highest frequency that can be displayed is one-half the sample rate used to record the time history data. Note: The analysis is limited to frequencies encompassed by the lower and upper frequency limits. When these limits are changed, the analysis is reevaluated based on the new limits. 6.1.19.5 List The results of the response spectra analysis can be numerically listed by clicking on the List Command.
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6.1.20 Response Wave Form

Unlike the response spectra analysis, which calculates response amplitudes for a fixed damping value and multiple natural frequencies, a response wave form is a time history representation of response based on a fixed damping value and natural frequency. Selecting the Damping & Natural Frequency Values A response wave form analysis can be performed from the Wave Form Analysis form. To choose the analysis, select Response Wave Form from the Analyses Menu.
After clicking the Response Wave Form item, the Response Spectra Values frame will appear. The damping and natural frequency values must be specified. The damping represents the resistive force exhibited by the structure through friction. The natural frequency is the frequency at which the structure continues to vibrate just after the external vibration has ceased. Typical damping values for residential structures vary from three to 15 percent. Natural frequencies also vary widely. Typical values would be from four to 12 hertz. Click on the scroll bars to select the damping and natural frequency values.
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Commands Redraw Reset Zoom In Zoom Out Preview Print Headings FFT Curves Filter Save List Word Excel Options Menu Redraw Reset Print Preview Zoom In Zoom Out Save as Text Document Save as Word Document Save as Excel Worksheet
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Analyses FFT Frequency Velocity/Frequency Curves Filter Wave Form Compare Wave Forms Particle Motion Convert to Acceleration Convert to Displacement Response Spectra Response Wave Form Ponderation Graphics Parameters Data Panel Channels Inverted Wave Form Window Calibration Window Window Time Seismic Scale Scale Manual Zoom Point to Measurement
6.1.20.1 Response Wave Form Window Shows the response wave form.
6.1.20.2 Data Panel The Data Panel shows information about the wave form being analyzed and the response wave form results.
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6.1.20.3 Scale The vertical scroll bar is used to increase or decrease the scale used to display the response wave form.
6.1.21 Ponderation
The Ponderation function is a French-based analysis available from the Analyses menu of the Wave Form Analysis form. The function results in a modified vibration time history. First, an FFT of the original vibration record is produced. Next, the function modifies certain frequency components by the following rules: Frequencies 5 hertz and lower: FFT = FFT x 5/F, where F = frequency Frequencies greater than 5 hertz and lower than 30 hertz: FFT = FFT Frequencies 30 hertz and higher: FFT = FFT x 30/F, Where F = frequency Then, an inverse FFT is calculated to produce the ponderated time history. The effect of the Ponderation is to enhance frequencies at 5 hertz and lower. There are two vibration graphics windows displayed. The top window represents the original waveform. The bottom window contains the ponderated waveform.
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Commands Redraw Reset Zoom In Zoom Out Preview Print Headings FFT Curves Filter Save List Word Options Menu Redraw Reset Print Preview Zoom In Zoom Out Save as Text Document Save as Word Document Exit - Closes the form or the active analysis
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Analyses FFT Frequency Velocity/Frequency Curves Filter Wave Form Compare Wave Forms Particle Motion Convert to Acceleration Convert to Displacement Response Spectra Response Wave Form Ponderation Graphics Parameters Data Panel Channels Inverted Wave Form Window Calibration Window Ponderation Window Window Time Seismic Scale Scale Manual Zoom Point to Measurement 6.1.21.1 Ponderation Window Shows the ponderated wave form.
6.1.21.2 Data Panel The Data Panel shows information about the wave form being analyzed and the Ponderation results.
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6.1.21.3 Ponderation Scale The vertical scroll bar is used to increase or decrease the scale used to display the ponderated wave form.
6.2
FFT Analysis
From the Main Screen The FFT analysis of a highlighted record can be conducted from the Main Screen by selecting Analysis/FFT Analysis or by clicking the FFT command.
From the Wave Form Analysis Form Select Analyses/FFT Frequency or the FFT command.
An FFT analysis will look like the following.
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Commands Redraw Reset Zoom In Zoom Out Preview Print Headings Basic Analysis FFT Curves Filter Save List
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Word Excel Options Menu Redraw Reset Print Preview Zoom In Zoom Out Save as Text Document Save as Word Document Save as Excel Worksheet Analyses FFT Frequency Velocity/Frequency Curves Filter Wave Form Compare Wave Forms Particle Motion Convert to Acceleration Convert to Displacement Response Spectra Response Wave Form Ponderation Graphics Parameters Data Panel Channels Inverted Wave Form Window Calibration Window FFT Window Analysis Type Frequency Axis Amplitude Axis Frequency Range Manual Zoom Point to Measurement
6.2.1
FFT Window
The FFT Window shows the results of the FFT analysis.
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Interpretation The interpretation of an FFT analysis is relatively straightforward. For a detailed discussion of the analysis go to What is an FFT? Unlike a curves analysis which consists of discrete amplitude and frequency values, the FFT shows a relative distribution of frequencies contained in the entire wave form. In the above graph, a frequency of 1.88 hertz is noted for the acoustic channel. This frequency is the most dominant in the acoustic channel. The graph shows that the acoustic frequency content is contained within a band of approximately 1 to 6 hertz. The graphs for the seismic channels are interpreted in a similar manner. Note: Do not confuse the peak FFT frequency with the frequency at the peak particle velocity amplitude. The peak FFT frequency is the most dominant frequency for the entire vibration. The frequency at the peak particle velocity does not necessarily apply to the entire wave form. These two values may or may not be similar.
6.2.2
What is an FFT?
Introduction Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was a French mathematician educated at the monastery of Saint-Benoitsur-Loire. The title Baron was bestowed on Fourier by Napoleon in 1808. He is most famous for his work in mathematics and mathematical physics, particularly in the area of heat conduction. In his treatise The Analytical Theory of Heat (1822), he employed what is known as Fourier series. The theorem associated with Fourier series states that any periodic function, f(t), may be expressed as the sum of an infinite number of sinusoidal terms. A periodic function, f(t), may be defined as
for all t. The constant T is called the period of the function f(t). The function f(t) can be expressed by the Fourier series
where w0 = 2p/T. The term w0 is called the radian frequency. By providing some mathematical proof, and satisfying certain existence conditions, the Fourier integral and subsequently the Fourier transform can be developed from the Fourier series. The Fourier transform is defined as
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F( f) = f ( t ) e- i 2 pft dt
where f is frequency in hertz. The function is in general complex and can be expressed as
where R(f) is an even function representing the real part of F(f) and I(f) is an odd function representing the imaginary part of F(f). The amplitude spectrum, the analysis typically generated by this program, is given by
For the analysis of blast vibration effects, the Fourier transform compares the vibration characteristics with sine and cosine functions of various frequencies. Given a particular frequency, the results of the transform indicate the relative dominance of that frequency to other frequencies being evaluated. The Fourier transform is not strictly amplitude dependent. That is, the dominance of a frequency is essentially independent of the peak amplitude it exhibits in a wave form. Mathematically, blast vibration wave forms exhibit an infinite number of frequencies. A variety of wave types caused by differences in geology, reflected and refracted energy often results in very complex time histories. In general, low frequency effects can easily dominate a Fourier analysis because of their greater distribution relative to higher frequencies. It is not unusual for a Fourier transform to indicate that a low frequency dominates even though the peak amplitude occurred at a higher frequency. The Hanning Window The effect is commonly called "Leakage." Leakage occurs when the truncation of a periodic function occurs at some point other than a multiple of the period. The result is a discontinuity in the time domain which appears as side-lobes in the frequency domain. Here we have an approximate 50 hertz sinusoid where the truncation interval is not a multiple of the period. The spectrum shows a 50 hertz peak, but there is some leakage around the spectra. If this were a continuous Fourier transform instead of a discrete Fourier transform, the spectra would consist of a single spike at 50 hertz. The leakage occurs because we are using a rectangular box window to truncate the waveform.
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Since a window must be used, some distortion in the spectra is unavoidable. The question is, how significant is the distortion? The spectral equivalent of a box window contains a sinc function. The Fourier equivalent of a sinc function has large side-lobes, which is undesirable. In general, we would like the spectral window to have the following properties: 1. 2. A broad time window and Small or insignificant side-lobes.
The rectangular window satisfies property 1, but fails on property 2. A popular way to reduce the side-lobes is to taper the time window. One of the most common is the Hanning Window (also called Tukey or Cosine Window). The Hanning Window is expressed as:
w ( t) =
2p t 1 1 - cos 2 2 Tc
0 t Tc
or
w( f ) =
sin( p Tc f ) p f
The transform of the Hanning Window can be expanded into the sum of three, relatively displaced sinc functions. The side-lobes to some extent cancel, which is a good result. If we apply the Hanning Window to our previous sinusoidal waveform we get the following figure.
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Notice that the side-lobes in the spectra are reduced. However, by tapering the time window with the Hanning function, we significantly change the original waveform. Altering the original waveform would be a special concern if a Hanning Window was applied to a spectrum and then inverse transformed to the time domain. For a transient, non-periodic waveform, if we use the box window, do the FFT and then inverse FFT, we get essentially the same time function. If we use the Hanning Window, an inverse FFT will result in an entirely different time history. The Hanning Window can be used when conducting an FFT analysis. There is a check box for it when setting general preferences. However, due to its alteration of the original wave form, the program will not use the Hanning Window whenever an inverse FFT is calculated.
6.2.3
Analysis Type
The Amplitude Spectrum is one of the most common means of representing the results of an FFT analysis. However, a Power Spectrum may be shown instead of the Amplitude Spectrum. To change formats, click the mouse on the button to the left of the option. The FFT graphics window is automatically redrawn when a change is made. A Power Spectrum is essentially a squaring of the Amplitude Spectrum values. This makes the dominant frequencies appear even more dominant.
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6.2.4
Frequency Axis
By default, the frequency axis is shown using a logarithmic scale. A linear scale may be preferred. To change scales, click the mouse on the button to the left of the option. The FFT window is automatically redrawn when the Frequency Axis is changed.
6.2.5
Amplitude Axis
The FFT amplitudes can be scaled relatively (Relative) or to a unit value (Scaled). The FFT graphics window is automatically redrawn when the Amplitude Axis is changed. Relative Scaling
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Scaled
6.2.6
Frequency Range
The frequency range defaults are set in the Preferences form. A value of zero is the lowest frequency that will be displayed for a linear frequency scale. A value of one is the lowest frequency that will be displayed for a logarithmic frequency scale. The highest frequency that can be displayed is one-half the sample rate used to record the time history data. Note: The analysis results indicate the distribution of frequencies for each of the displayed channels. The analysis is limited to frequencies encompassed by the lower and upper frequency limits. When these limits are changed, the FFT is reevaluated based on the new limits.
6.2.7
Format of FFT Text File

The format of an FFT text file is similar to the following
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6.3
Curves Analysis
From the Main Screen The curves analysis of a highlighted record can be conducted from the Main Screen by selecting Analysis/Curves Analysis or by clicking the Curves command.
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From the Wave Form Analysis Form Select Analyses/Velocity/Frequency Curves or the Curves command.
A curves analysis will look like the following.
Commands Redraw Reset Zoom In
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Zoom Out Preview Print Headings Basic Analysis FFT Curves Filter Save List Word Excel Options Menu Redraw Reset Print Preview Zoom In Zoom Out Save as Text Document Save as Word Document Save as Excel Document Analyses FFT Frequency Velocity/Frequency Curves Filter Wave Form Compare Wave Forms Particle Motion Convert to Acceleration Convert to Displacement Response Spectra Response Wave Form Ponderation Graphics Parameters Data Panel Channels Inverted Wave Form Window Calibration Window Curves Window Analysis Type Dominant Units
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Frequency Range Manual Zoom Point to Measurement
6.3.1
Curves Window
The curves window shows the results of the curves analysis.
Interpretation The interpretation of a curves analysis is straightforward. For a detailed discussion of the analysis go to What is a Curves Analysis? Unlike an FFT analysis which shows a relative distribution of frequencies contained in the entire wave form, the curves analysis consists of discrete amplitude and frequency values. Each amplitude in the vibration has an associated frequency. The frequency is often calculated using a method called zero crossings. The frequency and amplitude points can be plotted and compared to a frequency dependent velocity criteria as is shown above.
6.3.2
What is a Curves Analysis?

The curves analysis uses a discrete method called zero crossings to calculate a frequency for each amplitude in a vibration. This method, although not perfect, will most often produce reasonable results. Mathematically, the frequency of a vibration is the inverse of the time it takes to complete a cycle. For a pure sine or cosine wave this calculation is straightforward.
Common Sine Wave - Frequency = 2 Hz. 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 Amplitude -1 -1.5 ----- 0.5 Sec ----Begin Cycle Time End Cycle | | One Second
----- 0.5 Sec -----
For a sine wave, the time for a cycle can be determined by the beginning and end of the cycle. It can also be determined by the time between two successive peaks or troughs. In this example, the cycle time is 0.5 second. The frequency is the inverse of the cycle time. Thus, the frequency is 1/.5 = 2
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hertz. The Zero Crossings Method

Vibration Time History 0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 Time Amplitude
Unfortunately, blast vibration effects are rarely so simple. Whatever its limitations, the method used most often to estimate discrete frequencies is the zero crossings method. The zero crossings method assumes that successive zero crossings of data, i.e. from positive to negative or the reverse, represent one-half cycle of an equivalent sinusoidal wave. In the example shown above, the frequencies associated with many of the amplitudes can be realistically determined in this fashion. In other cases, where the data cross zero only briefly, a higher frequency calculation than is actual will be obtained. If the data approach zero but do not cross, a lower frequency than actual will be calculated. Another method using successive peaks and troughs can be used. However, this method is also subject to the determination of zero crossings. A scaled Fourier analysis can be used. This method is somewhat more complex and requires a thorough understanding of Fourier analysis and the selection of analysis windows. However, since the zero crossings method is generally accepted, there is no reason to employ significantly more complex analysis techniques.
6.3.3
Analysis Type
In the Preferences form, the user can specify as many as three velocity/frequency criteria. These criteria will be listed in the Analysis Type frame. To use a criteria, simply click the associated option button.
6.3.4
Dominant Units
The graphs show both U.S. and metric units. However, the graph will scale differently depending on which units dominate. U.S. Units
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Metric Units
6.3.5
Frequency Range
The frequency range defaults are set in the Preferences form. A value of one is the lowest frequency that will be displayed for the curves frequency scale. The highest frequency that can be displayed is one-half the sample rate used to record the time history data. Note: The analysis is limited to frequencies encompassed by the lower and upper frequency limits. When these limits are changed, the analysis is reevaluated based on the new limits.
6.3.6
List
The results of the curves analysis can be numerically listed by clicking on the List Command. If a criteria is used, the list will include percentages of the limits for each of the values.
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Sort List by The listed data can be sorted by frequency or amplitude. Channel Each channel must be viewed individually. Print Prints the numeric list. The contents of the report are based on the channels marked to be displayed in the Curves Window, not the single marked channel in the list. For example, if the radial, vertical and transverse channels are displayed in the Curves Window, the data from all three channels will be printed in the report even though only the radial channel may be displayed in the list.
6.3.7
Format of Curves Text File

The format of a curves text file is similar to the following
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Part
VII
Analyzing a Single Bar Graph Record
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First make sure that the software is setup to display bar graph data files. To do this, from the Main Screen, go to the File Menu and ensure that either Bar Graph or Wave Form and Bar Graph is marked.
Next, simply specify the drive and directory to use to display any bar graph files.
Last, click the data file to be analyzed in the File Review List to highlight it.
The record can be analyzed by going to Analysis/Display Bar Graph or by clicking the Display Bar Graph icon on the toolbar.
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Bar Graph Analysis
7.1
Bar Graph Analysis
Commands Redraw Reset
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Zoom In Zoom Out Preview Print Headings Save Word Excel Graphics Parameters Data Panel Channels Window Time Acoustic Scale Seismic Scale Data Locator Bar Bar Graph Window Locator Window Manual Zoom Point to Measurement
7.2
Manual Zoom
To manually zoom in on the bar graph, simply click the mouse to the left of the area you want to view and drag the mouse to the right of the area to be viewed. When the mouse button is released, the window will be drawn using the new time limits. The number of channels shown is not affected.
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7.3
Data Panel
The Data Panel shows information about the bar graph being analyzed.
7.4
Channels
Determines which channels are displayed. The following shows the bar graph with the acoustic removed.
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7.5
Window Time
Determines the extent of the time window. Although the zoom functions Zoom In, Zoom Out and Manual Zoom, are easier to use, the Window Time boxes can be used to specify an exact time window. The following shows a time window from 29 to 82 samples.
7.6
Acoustic Scale
Determines the scale used to display the acoustic channel. The following illustrates changing the acoustic scale from 126 to 136 dB.
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7.7
Seismic Scale
Determines the scale used to display the seismic channels. The following illustrates changing the seismic scale from 0.40 in/s (10.1 mm/s) to 0.30 in/s (7.62 mm/s).
7.8
Data Locator Bar

The Data Locator Bar is used to view amplitudes at a particular place in the wave form. Clicking in the Bar Graph Window , or changing the Data Locator Bar value, displays a vertical line on the graph representing the location of the Data Locator Bar value. The numbers below the Bar Graph Window indicate the amplitudes of the displayed channels at the location of the line. The Data Locator Bar can also be moved by pressing the arrow keys while the Bar Graph Window has the focus. The following shows the Data Locator Bar at a value of 45 samples.
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7.9
Bar Graph Window

The graphics window used to display the data.
7.10
Locator Window
Displays the channel values at the location of the Data Locator Bar. The following shows the Locator Window at a value of 45 samples.
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7.11
Point to Measurement
If the mouse is hovered near a channel, a pop-up window will appear showing the measurement at that point.
7.12
Format of Bar Graph Text File

The format of a bar graph text file is similar to the following.
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Part
VIII
Automatic Processing of Data Files
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A popular feature of this software package involves the ability to automatically analyze wave form and/or bar graph data files without needing an operator to oversee the procedure. With automatic processing, the computer handles the data, keeps track of problems, and produces printed reports in a variety of formats. Before Automatic Processing can be used, one or more data files must be selected. Selecting Files in List Only or List and Graph Views Selecting Files in Thumbnail View
8.1
Selecting Data Files in List Only or List and Graph Views
A file is selected when there is an "X" in the Selected column.
Selecting All Files All listed files can easily be selected by using Select All Files under the Edit Menu, or by clicking the Select All Files command on the toolbar or by right clicking the list and choosing Select All Files. Selecting a Single File To select a single file, double click on it in the list or simply press Enter. Selecting a Group of Files To select a group of files, they must first be highlighted. Using the Mouse Click on the first file in the group and drag the mouse to the last file in the group. Using the Keyboard Click on the first file in the group. The hold down Shift while using the Down Arrow key to highlight the remaining files. The highlighted files can then be selected by using Select/Clear Highlighted Files under the Edit
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Menu, or by clicking the Select/Clear Highlighted Files command on the toolbar or by right clicking the list and choosing Select/Clear Highlighted Files.
8.2
Selecting Data Files in Thumbnail View
A file is selected when the word "Selected" appears on the Thumbnail.
Selecting All Files All listed files can easily be selected by using Select All Files under the Edit Menu or by clicking the Select All Files command on the toolbar. Selecting a Single File or Group of Files To select a single file or group of files, double click on each thumbnail.
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8.3
Automatic Processing Form
Commands Begin Processing. Starts Automatic Processing using the form parameters.
Set Scaling Factors . Establishes rules for scaling the processed data. Headings . Accesses the Headings database.
Cancel Processing. Prematurely cancels the processing after it has been started. Wave Form Analyses There are a number of analysis options that can be selected. There will be a printed page for each analysis for each selected file. Bar Graph Analyses There are two analysis options that can be selected, Graphics and List. Graphics produces a bar graph, List produces a numerical list of bar graph data. There will be a printed page for each analysis for each selected file.
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Wave Form Channels Each data file contains information for one acoustic channel and three seismic channels of data. As a default, all of the channels are marked for processing. To process only the seismic channels, click the mouse pointer in the Acoustic check box to remove the check mark. The calculated vector sum trace can also be included in the analyses. Note: Only the Standard Presentation and FFT analyses use the acoustic channel for processing. If it is marked for use, the other analysis options will display the acoustic time history, but it will not be used in the specified analysis.
Bar Graph Channels Each data file contains information for the acoustic channel seismic channel and vector sum. As a default, all of the channels are marked for processing.
Error Handling When sending the output to the printer, if an error occurs during processing, the program will handle it based on the settings in this field. Beep, Display Error, Wait for User Mark this option if you want the program to beep, display an error message, and wait for the user to choose a response whenever an error occurs. To mark this option, click the mouse pointer in the option's button area. Log Error and Continue (selected for use by default) Mark this option if you want the program to log the error and continue without stopping the program. To mark this option, click the mouse pointer in the option's button area. Print Status Report When Done Whenever an error occurs, the program notes the error in a log. If this option is marked, the program will produce a printed report showing the final processing status of each file that was analyzed. To mark this option, click the mouse pointer in the option's check box area. Note: When an error occurs, the data file is not analyzed. If you choose the Log Error and Continue option, the printed status report will be your only indicator of problems that occurred during processing.
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Output The analyses can be sent to the printer, to the screen or to a Microsoft Word document. If sent to the printer, the processing is essentially automatic, depending on the settings for Error Handling. If the output is sent to the screen, the operator will be able to control what records are displayed and/or printed. FFT Parameters The selections in this form item are only valid if the FFT analysis option is selected. Frequency Range By default, the frequency range to be used in an FFT analysis is from 1 to 100 Hz. The range can be modified by clicking on the spin buttons to the right of the frequency values. Analysis Type As a default, the results of the FFT analysis will be presented as an amplitude spectrum. This will normally be the proper selection. If desired, the results can be presented as a power spectrum. Curves The selections in this form item are only valid if one or more of the Velocity/Frequency criteria are selected. Frequency Range By default, the frequency range to be used in presenting the results of the analysis is from 1 to 100 Hz. The range can be modified by clicking on the spin buttons to the right of the frequency values. Response Spectra The selections in this form item are only valid if the Response Spectra option is available and marked. Damping The default damping value is 5 (percent). It can be modified by clicking on the spin button to the right of the value. Frequency Range By default, the frequency range to be used in presenting the results of the analysis is from 1 to 25 Hz. These values can be modified by clicking on the spin buttons to the right of the frequency values.
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8.4
Setting Scaling Factors
Fixed Amplitude Scale The user can choose to apply a fixed or variable amplitude scale. A fixed scale means that all records will be printed using the full scale values entered. This will occur even if the actual peak values are much higher or much lower than the scale numbers. Variable Amplitude Scale To use a variable scale, click the Scaled to Peak Amplitude option. This option can be used to set minimum allowed scale values. For example, setting a minimum seismic scale of 0.40 in/s (10.16 mm/s) means that the program automatically scales any amplitudes below 0.40 in/s (10.16 mm/s) to 0.40 in/s (10.16 mm/s). Amplitudes above the minimum are scaled to their value. The Scale Factor provides an additional multiplier for variable scale values. For example, suppose that the scale factor is set to two (2). If the peak amplitude of a record is 1.0 in/s (25.4 mm/s), the record will be scaled to 2.0 in/s (50.8 mm/s). The Scale Factor can vary from 1 to 9. Reason to Scale When the peak amplitude of a record is very close to the background noise, scaling the record to the peak amplitude will often result in a very noisy looking printout. Forcing the program to scale the record to a higher level can result in better looking reports. Event Time Window (Wave Form Data Only) When these two field values are left blank, the program automatically uses the entire wave form. Enter time values to limit the analyses to a desired time window. If the time window of a record is shorter than the entered window, the entire record is used.
8.5
Using Screen Output

The screen output option provides a simple method for reviewing the analysis of multiple data files before printing. When processing is started, the Preview form appears. Click Show Grid to view the list of analyses available for previewing.
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To view an analysis, double click the file name associated with the desired analysis. To print the analysis, click the Print Command. To choose another file name and analysis click the Show Grid Command to display the grid. Use Zoom Out or Zoom In to change the size of the display.
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9
9.1
9.1.1
Other Analyses
Summary Files
Creating a Summary File
Summary files provide a convenient method for reviewing information concerning multiple wave form and/or bar graph records without having to access each file individually. The information presented by a summary file for each record includes: Wave Forms the number, date and time the peak particle velocity for each seismic channel the peak vector sum the frequency at the peak particle velocity for each seismic channel the peak airblast overpressure the frequency at the peak airblast overpressure the seismic and acoustic trigger levels the battery voltage the instrument serial number the sensor gain Bar Graphs the number, starting and ending dates and starting and ending times the peak seismic measurement for the job the peak vector sum the peak airblast overpressure the battery voltage the instrument serial number the sensor gain Before creating a summary file, one or more data files must be selected. Selecting Files in List Only or List and Graph Views Selecting Files in Thumbnail View After selecting one or more files, go to Create Summary under the Analysis Menu or click the Create Summary icon on the toolbar or right click in the File Review List and choose Create Summary.
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Commands Accesses the Headings database.
Creates the summary file. Generates an excel spreadsheet. Summary Headings Six lines of headings can be supplied. Either type the headings or use the Headings command to access a database of stored headings.
9.1.2
Summary File Review Form

The Summary File Review Form is used to review a created summary file. The data can be sorted and reports can be printed or previewed.
Print the summary report. Preview the summary report.
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Accesses the Headings database. Send the report to a Microsoft Word document. Send the report to a Microsoft Excel document. Sort by Select an option to sort the summary data.
9.2
Transcribing Wave Forms

It is often helpful to be able to review the wave form time histories of multiple records on a single page. The Transcribe Wave Forms function provides this capability. First, select one or more files from the File Review List. Then click Transcribe under the Analysis Menu or click the Transcribe icon on the toolbar or right click in the File Review List and choose Transcribe.
Prints the transcription. Previews the transcription. Accesses the Headings database.
Cancels a transcription in process. Sends the transcription report to a Microsoft Word document. Headings Six lines of headings can be typed or accessed using the Headings Command. These headings will appear on each page of the transcription. Scaling Since multiple wave forms will be presented on the same page, a type of amplitude scaling needs to be specified.
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Fixed Amplitude Fixed scaling indicates that each wave form will be presented using the same acoustic and seismic amplitude scales. If fixed scaling is to be used, care should be taken so that the selected scales do not overly attenuate or amplify the presentation. The scales can be changed by clicking on the spin arrows to the right of the text boxes or by typing new values in the text boxes. Variable Amplitude Using variable scaling (default), the program will choose the best scale to present each individual wave form.
9.3
Converting Wave Form Files to Text Files

In their raw form, the wave form data files are in a compressed hexadecimal or binary format. These files cannot be accessed and used with other analysis software. The files can, however, be converted to a text format that can be used by other programs. First, select one or more files from the File Review List. Then click Convert to Text Files under the Analysis Menu.
Begins the conversion process.
Stops a conversion in process.
Launches the Windows Notepad program to display the data for a highlighted file in the File List. Drives The Drives box is used to select the drive to store the text files. To change the drive, click on the arrow at the right side of the box. A list of available drives will appear. Click on the drive to be used. Directories
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The Directories box is used to select the directory to store the text data files. To change the directory, double click in the box on the desired directory. File List This list displays all converted files already present in the specified drive and path. The contents of this list will change whenever a new drive or directory is selected.
9.4
Editing Headings
The Edit Headings function is used to change existing headings, add new headings or remove headings in a group of selected wave form files. Select one or more files in the File Review List and then choose Edit Headings from under the Analysis Menu.
Replaces the current headings in all highlighted files with the listed Replacement Headings. If the Replacement Headings are blank, the headings in the highlighted files are cleared.
Replaces the current headings in all files with the listed Replacement Headings. If the Replacement Headings are blank, the headings in the files are cleared. Accesses the Headings database. The headings selected from the database will be placed in the Replacement Headings text boxes.
Clears the Replacement Headings text boxes. When a file is clicked in the Files list, if it has headings they are displayed in the Current Headings text boxes.
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9.5
Transfer Function
A transfer function is used to determine the transfer of frequencies between a ground motion source vibration and the corresponding vibration response of a structure. Two vibration recordings are needed for the analysis. One recording represents the ground response outside and near a structure. The other recording represents the structure response and is obtained within the structure on the floor, mid wall, corner or other structural component. A Fourier frequency analysis power spectrum is performed on both the ground and structure vibrations. The program then determines the ratio between the two spectra on a point by point basis. The resulting transfer spectrum should closely indicate the natural frequency of the component being monitored. Background noise can cause spikes in the spectrum not related to the response of the structure. The program uses a threshold level for calculating the transfer spectrum which should eliminate most noise spikes. However, keep this occurrence in mind when evaluating the spectrum. To use the analysis, go to Transfer Function under the Analysis Menu. Starting the Analysis Evaluating the Results
9.5.1
Get Files
The Transfer Function Files form is used to select the ground motion and structure response waveform files to use in determining a transfer spectrum. Drives Click the arrow to the right of the Drives box to display a list of available drives. To change drives, click on the desired drive letter. Directories Double click in the directories box to change directories. Files
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The Files list shows all available data files in the specified drive and directory. Response Wave Form You must select a wave form representing the response of a structural component. When the Response Wave Form option button is marked, the file you select will be the structure response data file. Also notice that a channel must be marked. The vibrations on the marked channel represent the motion of the structural component being monitored. Ground Wave Form You must select a wave form representing a ground motion recording. When the Ground Wave Form option button is marked, the file you select will be the ground motion data file. Also notice that once again a channel must be marked. Selecting Files Files can be selected for processing by either double clicking in the Files list box or by highlighting a file and then clicking the Select Highlighted File icon. Analyze Click the Analyze icon to activate the transfer function analysis.
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9.5.2
Transfer Function
After the processing of the selected data files is complete, the Transfer Function Form will appear. The form contains the selected waveforms and FFT power spectral analyses. The transfer spectrum shown at the bottom of the form represents the ratio between the power spectra for the marked channels of the two waveforms. Lower and Upper Frequency Limits By default, the lower and upper frequency limits are set at 0 and 40 hertz, respectively. The lower value can be changed to any positive integer value less than the upper value. The upper value can be changed to any positive integer value less than 100 and greater than the lower value. Click the Redraw icon to redraw the form after changing the frequency limits. Previews the report. Prints the report. Accesses the Headings database. Saves the transfer function values to disk as a text file.
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10
10.1
Regression
Concept
A common procedure in blast vibration analysis involves regression. In blasting, regression analysis is used to determine predictive equations for estimating particle velocity and airblast overpressure values based on scaled distances. Regression analysis begins with pairs of data (x,y) where x is called the independent variable and y is the dependent variable. That is, the value of y tends to depend on what the value of x is. For example, assume we have pairs of data concerning ages of boys from eight to 12 (independent variable) and their respective weights (dependent variable). Our data might look like (8,64), (10,71), (6,53), (11,67), etc. We should expect to be able to find a relationship between age and weight. A similar relationship exists between the concepts of scaled distance, particle velocity and airblast overpressure. For seismic effects, scaled distance (the independent variable) is defined as the distance to a recording point divided by the square root of the maximum charge weight per delay. Typically, a delay is determined to be any separation of at least eight milliseconds. The dependent variable is particle velocity. The relationship between particle velocity and scaled distance is that generally as scaled distance decreases, particle velocity can be expected to increase. Likewise, as scaled distance increases, particle velocity can be expected to decrease. For airblast overpressure effects, the scaled distance is calculated as the distance divided by the cube root of the maximum weight per delay. The relationship between scaled distance and ground vibration (or airblast) is not exact. Therefore, the data pairs that are plotted tend to exhibit some amount of scatter. For example, if we detonated 30 blasts, each with a maximum charge weight per delay of 100 pounds, and we kept a seismograph at a constant distance of 600 feet, each blast would have a scaled distance of 60 in regard to the seismograph. We could not, however, reasonably expect each shot to produce the exact same peak measurements. The scatter is determined by the range of measurements obtained. Since there is scatter, we can use statistical techniques to analyze the amount of scatter. The analysis can also be used to allow us to develop equations for predictive purposes. At least 30 data points are normally recommended for a valid statistical analysis. An important item in statistical analysis is the term mean. A mean is an average. In our example above, the mean scaled distance is 60. The mean particle velocity would be the sum of the individual values divided by 30. These mean values are used in conjunction with the data points to determine what is called the standard deviation, or standard error of estimate. A standard deviation is a number. When the number is added and subtracted from the mean, roughly 68 percent of the data points fall within that range. From the standard deviation, we can determine confidence intervals. For example, a 95 percent confidence is a range of two values between which 95 percent of the data points fall. Other confidence intervals, i.e. 80 percent, 90 percent, 99 percent can also be determined from the standard deviation. Using our example of 30 blasts, each at a scaled distance of 60, the 95 percent confidence interval (or range) would indicate that we could be 95 percent confident that the next blast fired at a scaled distance of 60 would produce a particle velocity within the interval. Up to this point, we have only discussed data obtained from a fixed scaled distance. What happens if we have measurements from many scaled distances? In this case, we use the same techniques, except our means, standard deviation and confidence intervals are now based on a range of scaled distances. In addition, we will use regression to determine how the measurements behave as scaled distance changes. Regression is the process of estimating the dependent variable (particle velocity) from the
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independent variable (scaled distance). This is accomplished by curve fitting, which is the general problem of finding an equation which fits a given set of data. Particle velocity data tend to decrease in a geometric fashion with increasing scaled distance. This means that plotting the data on a rectangular graph would result in a curve. Thus, the data are plotted on a log-log graph which results in the appearance of a linear relationship. The best fit (or mean) equation that can be developed from the data is of the form
where I and S are constants determined by the regression analysis. The constant I is called the intercept. It represents the value of the line when it intercepts the particle velocity axis at a scaled distance value of one. The constant S is called the slope. It represents the rate of decrease of particle velocity as scaled distance increases. The slope should always be negative. The variable Ds represents scaled distance. The variable V is particle velocity. The mean equation determines a line which minimizes the distances of the data points from the line. This does not mean that 50 percent of the data are above the line and 50 percent are below it. If you use the mean equation for predictive purposes, there is a 50 percent chance that an actual measurement would be lower than your prediction. Likewise, there is a 50 percent chance that an actual measurement would be higher than your prediction. A 50-50 chance is not very good odds for a safe maximum prediction. For this purpose, we use confidence intervals to increase the likelihood of making an ultra-safe prediction. In particular, a 95 percent confidence interval is widely used. A 95 percent confidence interval is represented by the equations of two lines parallel to the mean line. One line is above the mean and the other is below. Using the 95 percent confidence interval for predictive purposes means that we can be 95 percent confident that our prediction will fall within the limits of the lines. An additional benefit of the confidence interval is that we can be 97.5 percent confident that our prediction using the upper line will not be exceeded. The use of a regression for predicting probable maximum effects should be limited to the range of scaled distances exhibited by the data set. Extrapolating beyond known values is not recommended. The regression data files are represented as a relational database. The database format uses the Microsoft Jet engine. Using this database type provides a number of advantages. The data are simple to access and modify. SQL (Structured Query Language) statements make filtering, sorting and searching the records quick and easy. Users of Microsoft Access can also edit the database files. A regression data file is composed of a number of fields. The fields are: Distance (linear distance from blast to monitoring point) Total Weight (total load in the shot) Charge Size (maximum weight per delay) Peak Measurement (the peak seismic measurement) Airblast Overpressure (the peak airblast measurement) Shot Number Shot Date Shot Time Instrument Location Radial or Longitudinal Measurement Vertical Measurement Transverse Measurement Vector Sum Comments
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10.2
Creating a New Database

A database should be created for each independent regression project. To create a new database, click the Create New Database item under the Regression Analysis Menu. This will display the Create Regression Database form.
Database Name Type a valid file name for the database in this text box. Do not include an extension. Create Creates a regression database using the name you supply. You will be able to place the database in any directory. After the database is created, a data entry form will appear.
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10.3
Entering Data
The regression data are entered in a spreadsheet as shown above. It is not necessary to enter information for every field although some field values are necessary. File Menu Company Information Filter and Sort Preview Print Word Document Excel Spreadsheet Graphs Menu Seismic Graph Airblast Graph Actions Menu Find and Replace Delete
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10.3.1 Company Information

Displays a frame containing six lines of comments to use on regression reports.
10.3.2 Filtering and Sorting Records
A field is selected for sorting by double clicking it in the Available Fields list or by clicking the field to highlight it and then clicking the ">" button. This places the field in the Selected Fields list. If multiple sort fields are selected, the sort order is determined by the order in the Selected Fields list. Items can be removed from the Selected Fields list by highlighting them and clicking the "<" button. The sort can also be specified as ascending or descending. There can be a maximum of three fields used for filtering. The Operator control determines the type of comparison. Selectable operators are "=" (equal to), "<" (less than), ">" (greater than), "<=" (less than or equal to), ">=" (greater than or equal to) and "<>" (not equal to).
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Click Accept to sort and filter the records. Click Cancel to close the form without sorting or filtering the records. Using the above, the records would be sorted by distance and filtered to include only records where the Charge Weight is equal to 60.
10.3.3 Seismic or Airblast Graphs
There are six possible Seismic Graph choices. There is just one airblast graph choice. For illustration, the help file will use the Peak Measurements selection under Seismic Graphs. After choosing a selection, it will be necessary to establish some Graph Parameters.
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Graph Type Select either logarithmic or linear. The default axis limits will change depending on the type. X Axis With a logarithmic graph type the lower and upper X Axis limits can be set. With a linear graph type, the location of major and minor tic marks can also be set. Label and Units Specifies the X Axis label. The label will change automatically with a change in the X Axis Formula. Y Axis With a logarithmic graph type the lower and upper Y Axis limits can be set. With a linear graph type, the location of major and minor tic marks can also be set. Units Specify the Y Axis units. X Axis Formula The X Axis values can be determined by any of six formulas. Most of these are self explanatory. The last option, Custom Scaled Distance, allows flexibility in the choice of the X Axis scaling. The numbers above the letters represent power values. For example, if you wanted the X Axis to represent Distance divided by the Total Weight multiplied by the Charge Weight, you would type a value of one in each of the power boxes. After choosing the parameters, click Accept to draw the graph.
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The graph contains the data points and shows the mean regression line and 95 percent confidence interval lines. The upper right corner of the graph lists the intercept and slope of the mean line, the intercepts of the confidence lines and the correlation coefficient. The mean line is determined by finding the line for which the deviations of the data points above and below the line are essentially equal. The lower and upper 95% confidence lines are so named because 95% of the data points are between them. The equation for the upper 95% line is often used as the basis for predicting maximum probable values. The value for the correlation coefficient will range from 0 to 100 percent. A value of 100 percent means that the data correlation is excellent. The higher the number, the more the data points obey the mean equation. The more scatter the data exhibit, that is the farther the deviations are from the mean line, the lower the correlation coefficient will be. Print graph. Preview graph. Accesses the Headings database.
Change regression parameters.
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Regression predictions . Send to Word Document.
10.3.4 Predictions
Selecting the Predictions icon from the regression graph displays the form shown below. The values in the grid are calculated from the regression equations for the database. All that is needed to perform the calculations is a range of X Axis data. The grid can be scrolled with the vertical scroll bar.
Calculates the grid contents after specifying the X Axis values. Prints the report. Previews the report. Send to Word Document.
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10.3.5 Find and Replace
Find and Replace can be used for the Shot Number, Shot Date, Shot Time, Station Location, Total Weight, Charge Size and Distance fields. The Find field must match the record field before a replacement will be made. For example, if you type "station 1" in the Station Location field, a record with the value "Station 1" will not be replaced. If more than one field is used, all values must match before a replacement will be made. Confirm Before Replacing If this field is marked, a message will appear before any replacements are made. Select Yes to replace and move to the next match. Select No to move to the next record without replacing. Select Cancel to cancel any further search. If Confirm Before Replacing is not marked, the replacements will occur automatically. For this reason, make sure that the field values are correct before proceeding.
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10.3.6 Global Delete
Global Delete can be used for the Shot Number, Shot Date, Shot Time, Station Location, Total Weight, Charge Size and Distance fields. The Find field must match the record field before a record will be deleted. For example, if you type "station 1" in the Station Location field, a record with the value "Station 1" will not be deleted. If more than one field is used, all values must match before a record will be deleted. Confirm Before Deleting If this field is marked, a message will appear before any records are deleted. Select Yes to delete and move to the next match. Select No to move to the next record without deleting. Select Cancel to cancel any further search. If Confirm Before Deleting is not marked, the deletions will occur automatically. For this reason, make sure that the field values are correct before proceeding.
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10.4
Open Existing Database
Use this dialog box to select an existing regression database to open.
10.5
Delete Database
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Use this dialog box to delete an existing regression database.
10.6
Merge Databases
Add a database to the list. Clicking this icon displays a dialog box to use to select the database.
Removes a database from the list.
Merges the listed database into one database.
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10.7
Adding Selected Files to a Database
A message will be displayed requesting what units to use.
Choose Yes to use U.S. units (in/s), No to use metric units (mm/s). Choose Cancel to abort. After selecting Yes or No, choose the database to use to add the selected files. If a database does not already exist, you have to first create it.
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10.8
Final Thoughts
There are a number of considerations that should be given when regressing vibration data. Although we can't cover all potential situations, we can review some common ones. 1. Do not use the data to try to make determinations for situations that the data do not represent. For example, if all of the data points are obtained to the east of a blasting area, it is not advisable to use the information to predict levels in other directions. Make sure that you have enough data to obtain useful results. In general, a valid statistical analysis requires at least 30 data points. Making calculations outside the range of the data is inadvisable. If your data is represented by a scaled distance range of 40 to 140, you should not be confident of a calculation based on a scaled distance of 20 or 400. Watch for data points that appear to be isolated well outside of the other data. These may often represent data entry errors. Regardless of the number of data points, do not base your analysis on a single blast. In general, it is preferable to have a small number of monitoring points and many blasts than a large number of monitoring points for just one blast. Obtain data for each type of blast in each unique location. One hundred measurements of a bench echelon blast design may not form any indication of levels to be expected from a box cut. Compare predicted values with real data. If you are using regression to determine maximum probable levels, check to see that the calculated numbers are consistently greater than actual recorded levels. If they are not, you may need to review the analysis.
2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
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11
11.1
Seismograph Manuals
Alpha-Seismite
11.1.1 General Description

The Alpha-Seismite digital seismograph is a versatile, "easy to use" monitor for recording vibration effects from blasting and other shock or transient vibration sources. It is lightweight and portable for ease of use on-site. The monitor may be operated unattended for two months or more on its internal, rechargeable battery. Longer operating times may be obtained by using a small solar cell or an automobile battery. The Alpha-Seismite has four channels of data comprised of three ground motion channels and one acoustic channel. Measurements can be displayed or printed in either English (U.S.) or metric units, based upon the specifications of the user. Several models are available with varying levels of memory from 10 to 20 records up to 341 records. All models feature a 40 character, two line display for ease of setup and quick viewing of summarized data, automatic and/or on demand printing of a record and six lines of user comments. The Alpha-Seismite is sealed against dust and moisture to increase its operating life and reliability. Major components such as the sensors, printer, printed circuit boards and optional disk drive are often interchangeable between units. This feature can help to reduce down time if repairs are required. The BARGRAPH MODE displays seismic and airblast overpressure data in a bargraph format that represents the peak values recorded within a specified time interval. The data are stored in memory and can be reprinted at a later date. Summary data can be viewed on the display after monitoring has ceased. Additionally, the bargraph job in progress can be viewed at any time without waiting for a printout. The Alpha-Seismite is available in several memory configurations for storing wave form data. The following table summarizes the available memory and approximate wave form storage capability of each model: Instrument Model Alpha-Seismite 3 Alpha-Seismite 4 Alpha-Seismite 5 Alpha-Seismite 6 Available Memory 1/8M (128K) 1/4M (256K) 1/2M (512K) 1.0M (1024K) Approximate Storage Capability 10 to 20 records 50 to 100 records 150 to 250 records up to 341 records
Wave form data are compressed before being stored in memory. Thus, the storage capabilities are approximate, based on the amount of data compression obtained for each record. As long as a wave form record is stored in memory, it can be printed as many times as needed. This feature allows an operator to review a recording in considerable detail as often as needed. Another outstanding feature of the Alpha-Seismite is its ability to continue to monitor and record even while it is printing a previously recorded event. This capability, coupled with the unit's ability to record multiple records, significantly reduces the possibility of missing a vibration recording. All Alpha-Seismite models include an RS-232 interface for downloading data to a computer directly or with a modem. Modems are available which allow the recorded data to be accessed worldwide. An efficient data compression routine allows data to be transmitted by modem several times faster than competing instruments. This feature can help to save time and reduce telephone expenses. In addition to the extended memory options, an optional disk drive can be purchased for permanent
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data storage. This disk drive can be used in two configurations. It can be permanently connected so that records are saved to disk as they are obtained. It can also be used portably to download records from any number of Alpha-Seismite instruments. Each of the Alpha-Seismite instruments can print "Particle Velocity Versus Frequency" charts for the recorded data. These charts utilize the Office of Surface Mining (OSM) regulatory criteria from CFR 30 (1987) and the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) recommended criteria from Appendix B, of RI 8507 (1980).
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11.1.2 Specifications
Data Recorded Frequency Response Transducer Microphone Memory One (1) acoustic and three (3) seismic channels. Two (2) to 250 Hz. (-3 dB points). Three (3) component velocity output. All units are interchangeable with accuracy within two percent. Ceramic element rated to at least 160 dB. Solid state with all summary, setup and recorded data retained with power off. A lithium backup battery retains data if the primary power source fails. A 24 hour clock maintains the date and time accurate to within one (1) minute per month even if the primary power fails. Allows an instrument to be active only during selected hours on a daily basis. Wide temperature LCD has two (2) lines, of 40 characters each, which help make setup easy and allow the operator to view operating parameters and summary data. 36 keys for power on and off, entering setup data, user comments and operating commands. A log of the last 64 on/off cycles is kept in memory to indicate the active monitoring periods. If the timer is used, the log is updated each time it activates. Thermal printer with 24 columns for text plus graphics capability. Paper take-up or tear-off operation is standard. The stationary print head and rugged mechanism require very little maintenance. The printer prints both text and graphics at high speed. 2.28 inches (5.8 centimeters). 82 feet (25 meters). Internal 12 volt rechargeable. With a fully charged battery all models will operate from two to four months at 1024 samples/sec. Longer times may be obtained using the Timer Mode or external power from a small solar cell or automobile battery. A standard automobile battery will keep the internal battery at full charge for several months at moderate temperatures. If the external battery fails, the unit will continue to operate on its internal battery. An internal charging circuit allows charging with the supplied plug and wall mount charger or any 10 to 16 volt AC or DC supply. Power supplies for international use are available.
Clock Timer Mode Display
Keyboard Power On Log
Printer
Chart Width Chart Length Battery Operating Time
External Battery Life
Charging
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Operating Temperature Case Size Weight Bargraph Mode
0 to 130 degrees F (-18 to 54 degrees C). Heavy gauge aluminum for effective electrical shielding and rugged protection. Approximately 16 in. X 11 in. X 6.5 in. (40.6 cm. X 27.9 cm. X 16.5 cm.). Approximately 23 pounds (10.5 kg.) with all accessories.
Header - The header prints when monitoring starts and contains the unit serial no., battery voltage, calibration status, start date and time, job number and recording ranges. Comments - Up to six (6) lines of user comments may be entered from the keyboard for printing. These comments are also stored with each job in the event that printing is done later from memory. Bargraph - Two sets of black bars representing the peak or resultant seismic and the peak acoustic level in dB are printed across the chart. Summary - At user selected intervals, a summary of the seismic and acoustic activity is printed. Ending Summary - When a job is ended by entering the inactive mode, an ending summary will print showing the highest peaks recorded for the job, the ending time and the ending battery voltage. Power On Log - When the monitor is in the Inactive Mode, the power on log may be printed showing the times of the last 64 monitoring periods. Sample Period - The highest peaks for the selected sample period are saved and printed as bars on the chart. Stored Data - The highest peaks occurring in each period are stored in memory along with the summary and comments for the current job. The last 80 jobs are held in memory for printing any time the unit is in the inactive mode. Printer Ranges - User selected at the start of a job or prior to printing from memory from the inactive mode. Seismic - Peak or Resultant 0.01 to 1.25 IPS 0.02 to 2.50 IPS 0.04 to 5.0 IPS 0.08 to 10 IPS Acoustic Waveform Mode Waveform Data - Each wave form record is stored in solid state memory for up to 341 records, depending on the instrument model.
0.25 to 32 MMPS 0.5 to 64 MMPS 1.0 to 127 MMPS 2.0 to 254 MMPS
106 - 138 dB, 110 - 142 dB, 116 - 148 dB.
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Summary Data - Summarized data include the record time, date, battery voltage, peak measurements, unit serial number and frequencies. The summarized data are stored in solid state memory for the last 341 records. Sample Rate - 1024 samples per second, per channel, including while printing. Options of 512, 256, 128, 64 and 32 samples per second, per channel, are available. Recording Units - English (U.S.) or metric. Recording Ranges Seismic 0.01 IPS to 5.12 IPS (130 MMPS). 0.02 IPS to 10.0 IPS (254 MMPS). Acoustic 0.02 to 2.56 millibars (100 to 142 decibels). 0.04 to 5.12 millibars (106 to 148 decibels).
Trigger Levels Seismic 0.02 to 1.14 IPS (0.05 to 29 MMPS). Acoustic 106 to 142 dB or 112 to 148 dB.
Frequency Response - 2 to 250 hertz (-3 dB points). Record Duration - From one (1) to 12 seconds, at a sample rate of 1024 samples per second. At lower sample rates, the duration is automatically increased proportional to the amount of decrease in the sample rate. Records Stored - From 20 to 341 typical coal mine or quarry records depending on the instrument model. Calibration Test (Seismic) - A dynamic transducer test is performed automatically after each record or manually on command. The test results are stored in the summarized data and may be printed as a record. Calibration Test (Acoustic) - An electronic test of the microphone is performed with the seismic test and is stored in memory along with the seismic test. 84 Hour Cal Test - In a remote installation, an automatic calibration test occurs if no record has been recorded for 84 hours. RS232 Serial Port - Data may be downloaded and setup commands may be uploaded directly by computer or remotely by modem. All components of an instrument, including the disk drive and printer, may be remotely controlled. Baud Rate - From 300 to 9600. Automatic Print - One or two copies may be printed immediately after a record is stored. (P) PRINT Key - Allows the printing of any record in memory as many times as required.
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OSM/USBM Graph - Setup allows charts to be printed with or without this feature. The graph may be printed automatically with each record or manually for any record in memory or on disk. Effective Chart Length - 6 selections from 0.31 to 10.0 IPS (8 to 254 MMPS). Print Time - Varies with record duration, chart speed and print options. Approximately five (5) to 10 seconds for a typical record. Chart Length - Varies with the record time, chart speed and print options. Approximately 12 inches (30.5 centimeters) for a three (3) second record, without an OSM/USBM graph, at a medium chart speed. No. of Records - Approximately 100 records per roll of paper at medium print speed. Chart Ranges - Two (2) range options are available on the setup screen for acoustic and seismic to allow a wider range of recorded data. Seismic Low Range 5.0 IPS Printer: 0.32, 0.64, 1.28, 2.56 and 5.12 IPS. 127 MMPS Printer: 8, 16, 32, 65 and 130 MMPS.
Seismic High Range 10.0 IPS Printer: 0.64, 1.28, 2.56, 5.12, and 9.99 IPS. 254 MMPS Printer: 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256 MMPS.
Acoustic Range 142 dB Range Printer: 0.64, 1.28, or 2.56 millibars. Auto ranged. 148 dB Range Printer: 1.28, 2.56, or 5.12 millibars. Auto ranged. Disk Drive General - The 3.5" high-density disk drive is available as an option to all Alpha-Seismite models. The disk drive may be connected to an instrument for automatic storage of recorded events or it can be used portably to download and store records from multiple instruments. Disk Type - 3.5", 1.44 megabyte, high-density floppy. Compatibility - Each disk must be formatted or reformatted on an Alpha-Seismite but is DOS compatible thereafter. Storage Format - Records are stored using a proprietary compression routine to increase the number of records and allow faster reading, writing and downloading of records. A primary file is placed on side 1 of the disk and a backup file is saved on side 2 for greater reliability in retrieving data. Number of Disk Records - As many as 158, three (3) to five (5) second records (each record stored twice on the disk).
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Format - The disk is formatted specifically to setup a primary directory (EVENT.DAT) on one side and a backup directory (EVENT.BAK) on the other. Write - Events may be written to disk automatically or all full waveform records in memory may be selected for downloading to disk. Read - A disk directory, summary data for the records on disk and any full waveform record on disk may be accessed from disk and printed. Cycle Time - A single record requires about five (5) seconds to read from or write to disk. Multiple event storage is faster, but varies with record duration. Temperature - Operation temperature is typically from 40 degrees F to 110 degrees F (4 degrees C to 43 degrees C). A wider operating range is possible, but not as reliable. Humidity - 85 percent non-condensing. Power Requirements All operating power is derived from the instrument and has little effect on the operating life of the instrument in the automatic record mode.
11.1.3 Setup and Operation

The easy to use Alpha-Seismite has many features that give its operator a variety of monitoring capabilities. After initial setup, operation can be as simple as connecting the sensors and pressing the ON Key. Installing the Microphone and Transducer 11.1.3.1 Installing Open the latches on the handle-side of the case and lay back the cover. The accessories compartment is located along the left side of the case. This compartment contains the seismic sensor, microphone and other items. Lift the disk drive mounting plate to fully expose the compartment. If a disk drive is installed, handle it carefully to reduce any chance of damage. Remove the microphone holder, microphone, transducer, and peripheral items. Installing the Microphone Flip out the hinged microphone holder mount on the left side of the case. Screw the holder into the 1/2 inch, threaded hole. The holder will be free to move until the case lid is closed. The holder may be secured to the case with a short 6-32 screw if desired. If windy conditions are present, a windscreen should be placed over the mike. If rain is a possibility, use a windscreen and a loose plastic bag to protect the microphone from moisture. These accessory items are included in the compartment. Connect the microphone plug to one of the two connectors located in the interior of the compartment. Either connector will work. Installing the Transducer Connect the plug for the seismic sensor to the remaining connector. When coupled to the ground or other surface, the arrow on top of the sensor case should point in the direction of the blast area. Completed installation may consist of burial, surface spiking and sandbagging, or mounting on a buried spike. The recommended installation is to bury the transducer wherever possible. Eyeball leveling is adequate for proper operation.
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Note:
Mounting tape or grouting material may be used for installation on a hard flat surface such as a concrete slab.
11.1.3.2 Power If an external battery or AC power is to be used, connect the plug from one of these sources to the nine pin connector on the inside of the accessories compartment. It is recommended that the plug be installed before connecting the auxiliary battery or plugging in the AC charger. Where permanent installations use external power, more reliable operation may be obtained by connecting the battery using a type of battery clamp which tightens with a bolt. Coating the terminals with grease may also help to control corrosion. Note: Voltage fluctuations while using the AC charger during operation may cause false triggering or high readings under some circumstances. Tests should be made before this type of installation is used in critical applications.
11.1.3.3 Paper Installation If possible, before installing the paper, use a vacuum cleaner to clean the dust and dirt out of the instrument, especially away from the chart door. Dust particles in the printer can cause the thermal head to lose contact with the paper and may also result in excessive head wear. Note: The best print results will be obtained if the chart paper is stored on end to prevent flattening. Spare rolls can be kept in the accessories pocket in their original plastic packages, but care should be taken to make certain that the paper will not be under any pressure which might deform it.
The following instructions should be followed to properly install printer paper. The paper can be installed whether or not the instrument has been setup to operate. A. Open the printer cover by turning the knob at the right end of the cover. Raise the printer head by pushing the head lift lever forward. The head lift lever is located near the upper right corner of the printer. Remove the paper from its package and unroll a small amount. Insert the end of the paper under the printer platen. The paper must roll off the spool from the bottom, not the top. Using light pressure, push the paper around the platen until the end shows at the top. The paper roll may be rotated with the fingers of the left hand to move the paper around the platen. Remove the paper roll holder from the slots in the center of the printer. Insert the slotted holder into the center of the roll and carefully slide the paper roll into the support mechanism for the slotted holder. If the paper has been installed accurately, the slotted holder should fit firmly inside the holding mechanism. The printer can be used in either take-up or tear-off mode. To use the take-up mode, install the take-up roller spool by gently lifting the take-up assembly at the back of the printer and then sliding the spool over the bar. Then, gently lower the take-up assembly. Grasp the end of the paper and gently pull it until there is sufficient slack to install the paper on the take-up roller. It is important that the paper be essentially square with the spool axis. Tape the end of the paper to the take-up spool. To use the tear-off mode, reverse the metal cover on top of the printer cover. Do this by removing the two screws, reversing the direction of the cover and then replacing the screws. At this point, it is only necessary to guide the paper through the slot in the front of the printer cover while closing the cover. The paper can be torn off by pulling it to the right across the paper slot cover. If this feature is used regularly, power can be conserved by uncoupling the
B. C.
D.
E.
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take-up motor connector located beside the take-up mechanism. Note: F. If the tear-off mode is not used, the cover should be rotated to cover the slot and prevent the entry of water and dust. Before closing the printer cover for either the take-up or tear-off mode, remember to move the printer head lift lever back toward the paper roll. Make certain that the head is all the way down for proper printing. The paper can be advanced by gently pulling on the paper or by pressing the PAPER FEED Key while the Setup Screens are visible on the display.
G.
11.1.3.4 Keyboard The keyboard has 36 keys. Many of these have several functions to allow entry of user comments and to simplify instrument setup and operation. Basic keyboard operation is the same in either the BARGRAPH MODE or WAVEFORM MODE. Some of the special function keys, however, are dedicated to the WAVEFORM MODE of operation. The SHIFT Key is used to toggle the keyboard between the ALPHA and NUMERIC MODES. In the ALPHA MODE, the black characters are active. In the NUMERIC MODE, the red characters are active. The SHIFT Key is primarily useful for entering user comments. All setup functions may be accessed independently of the keyboard mode. Note: If the instrument is on, but no keyboard entries are made for one or two minutes, the display will blank to conserve power. When the screen is blank, only the POWER, RESET AND ENTER Keys remain active. If ENTER is pressed, or a trigger is received, the screen will reactivate.
ON Key The ON Key is used to turn on the instrument after the mike and transducer have been connected. If at least one sensor is not installed, the unit will only turn on as long as the ON Key is depressed. This feature was included as a safety feature to insure that the unit will be off when it is not in use. If only instrument setup or data acquisition is required, just connecting the microphone will minimize the possibility of unwanted triggers. OFF Key The OFF Key is used to turn off power. There is a difference between the instrument being off and its being in the LOW POWER MODE where the unit is monitoring, but the display is blank. In the LOW POWER MODE, the Main Screen appears if the ENTER Key is pressed. When the instrument is turned off, the screen will remain blank when the ENTER Key is pressed. To help prevent accidentally turning the instrument off, the OFF Key must be held down for about two seconds before it takes effect. If the instrument is in the LOW POWER MODE, the operator should first press the ENTER Key to activate the screen. The OFF Key should subsequently be pressed until the screen blanks. This will help the operator to confirm that the instrument is turned off. RESET Key The RESET Key is used in combination with other keys to perform special functions. Pressing the RESET Key by itself results in the same effect as turning the instrument off and back on. No data is lost by this action. If the Timer is set to ON, and the unit is in a non-active period, pressing the RESET Key will activate the instrument. The seismograph will remain active until the next scheduled off hour. CLEAR-RESET Keys There is a remote chance that an instrument could experience problems while trying to analyze a
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corrupted record. Holding down the CLEAR Key and pressing the RESET Key will clear the working memory of the corrupted record and reset the instrument setup options to the default values. The CLEAR Key should be held down several seconds after the RESET Key is released. Refer to the BARGRAPH and WAVEFORM sections of this manual for information on their specific default values. ENTER Key When the screen is active, the ENTER Key can be pressed with the cursor at any location on the display. All visible options will be accepted as they currently appear on the screen and the next screen will appear for inspection. When the instrument is monitoring in the LOW POWER MODE, the ENTER Key can be used to activate the screen. SELECT Key The SELECT Key is used to control cursor movement in a screen. Each time the SELECT Key is pressed while a screen is active, the cursor will move to the next field available for modification. On the Main Screen, the SELECT Key is used to toggle between the summary and frequency display. SHIFT Key The SHIFT Key toggles the keyboard between the ALPHA and NUMERIC MODES. A single character at the lower left corner of the display indicates which mode is currently active. An "A" character represents the ALPHA MODE and an "N" character the NUMERIC MODE. In ALPHA MODE, the black letters are active. In NUMERIC MODE, the S or SPACE Key, and the red numbers are available for the entry of comments. CLEAR (Help) Key With the exception of the Comment Screens, the CLEAR (Help) Key, when used without the RESET Key, displays help information about the current screen. LEFT-ARROW or Decrement Key, RIGHT-ARROW or Increment Key In most cases, changes to the setup fields can be made by simply decrementing or incrementing current values. The LEFT-ARROW Key is used to decrement values and the RIGHT-ARROW Key is used to increment values. Holding down an ARROW Key will cause a continuous update. F or PRINT LOG Key The F or PRINT LOG Key is used to print a log of the last 64 times the instrument power was turned on and off. The log may be initialized to zero by holding down the F Key when the instrument is turned on. To do this the F Key should be held for several seconds after power on. O or PAPER FEED Key The O or PAPER FEED Key is used to advance the paper. This key will function when the Main Screen or any Setup Screen is active. P or PRINT Key The P or PRINT Key is used to print a record or bargraph job from memory. When this key is pressed while on the Main Screen, the record being displayed will be printed. All records in memory can be previewed on the display prior to printing. On units with a disk drive, the PRINT Key can also be used to print summary or waveform data that are read from disk. G or PRINT GRAPH Key The G or PRINT GRAPH Key is only available in the WAVEFORM MODE. This key is used to print an OSM/USBM graph of the full waveform record currently displayed on the screen. Note: A valid printout can only be produced if the full waveform for a record is still in memory. An "A" (analog waveform) character at the lower right corner of the Main Screen indicates that a record is in memory. An "S" character indicates that only summary data are available.
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Q or QUIT PRINT Key The Q or QUIT PRINT Key can only be used in the WAVEFORM MODE. The key is used to prematurely stop the printing of a record after the graphics portion of the record is reached. Q-RESET Keys The Q-RESET Key combination can only be used in the WAVEFORM MODE. This key combination resets the seismic and acoustic trigger levels to their maximum values. This function would be useful in the event that background noise would be causing continuous triggering. Holding down the Q Key and pressing the RESET Key will set the seismic trigger to 1.14 IPS and the acoustic trigger to OFF. R or DISK MENU Key Pressing the R or DISK MENU Key, activates a screen for the setup and use of the optional disk drive. To use the R Key, the disk drive must be set to ON in the Setup Screens and a formatted disk must be installed in the drive. T or CAL TEST Key The T or CAL TEST Key is available only in the WAVEFORM MODE. This key is used to conduct an internal calibration test on the seismic and acoustic sensors. The results of the calibration test will be printed automatically if the instrument is setup to print copies of each record. U or TRIG Key The U or TRIG Key is available only in the WAVEFORM MODE. The purpose of this key is to place the instrument in a MANUAL TRIGGER MODE. The MANUAL TRIGGER MODE can be entered in two ways. If the instrument is off, holding down the TRIG Key while simultaneously turning on the power will place the instrument in the MANUAL TRIGGER MODE. If the screen is active, holding down the TRIG Key and then pressing the RESET Key will also activate this mode. The U Key should be held down until the display indicates MANUAL MODE. In the MANUAL MODE, the instrument will only trigger when the TRIG Key is pressed. The duration of the recording will be determined by the current setup value for the record duration. B Key The B Key is used to toggle an instrument between the WAVEFORM and BARGRAPH MODES of operation. This key will not function in an Alpha-Seismite Model 1, which has no full waveform capability. In an instrument with full waveform capability, the BARGRAPH MODE is entered by holding down the B Key while turning the power on. This mode can also be activated when the screen is active by holding down the B Key and pressing the RESET Key. The B Key should be held down until the display indicates the OPERATING MODE. Each time power is cycled, the instrument will default to the mode which was last used. Note: Switching between the WAVEFORM and BARGRAPH MODES will clear an instrument's memory of all stored records and setup information.
11.1.4 Bar Graph Mode

To use the BARGRAPH MODE, the operator should install the transducer and mike as described previously. If the instrument is a "Bargraph Only" model, press the ON Key to turn on the power. If the instrument is in the WAVEFORM MODE upon power up, the B and RESET Keys can be used to change to the BARGRAPH MODE. Press and hold the B Key and then press the RESET Key. Continue to hold down the B Key until the following message appears on the screen: BARGRAPH mode destroys WAVEFORM data N key to abort, ENTER key to continue If the N Key is not pressed, in a few moments the instrument will enter the BARGRAPH MODE and any waveform data in memory will be erased. The B and RESET Key combination will only function
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on Alpha-Seismite Model 3 instruments and higher. Note: It is important to reiterate that placing an instrument in the BARGRAPH MODE will clear the instrument's memory of all waveform records and setup information.
When the BARGRAPH MODE is accessed, the Stabilization Screen will appear on the display with the last calibration date on the first line. This date serves as a reminder to have the calibration certified at least once each year. The unit serial number and software version will also appear on this screen. If the seismograph also has a WAVEFORM MODE, a message will appear to warn the user that any waveform data in memory will be erased. Otherwise, the message "BARGRAPH SELECTED" will appear on the instrument's display, and a count will commence at the lower left corner of the screen. In a few moments, this screen will disappear and Setup Screen # 1 will appear. If previous bargraph setup data are in memory, and the data are setup as needed, it will only be necessary to press the ENTER Key to display Setup Screen #2. If this is the case, to begin a job, increment the System Field in Setup Screen #3 to ACTIVE and press the ENTER Key. To end a job, and print an ending summary, make the System Field value INACTIVE and press the ENTER Key. If the instrument is left on, and no entries or key presses are made for approximately one minute, the seismograph will default to ACTIVE and a new job will begin.
11.1.4.1 Setup Screen #1 Setup Screen #1 will be similar to the following example: REPORT 0.1 HR SPACES OFF COMMENTS OFF A BAT 12.6 TIMER OFF 04-1-02 13:16 The cursor will be blinking in the lower right corner of the screen. It can be moved to any changeable field by pressing the SELECT Key. The Increment (LEFT-ARROW) and Decrement (RIGHTARROW) Keys can be used to change the values of the selected fields as required. Pressing the ENTER Key will cause the seismograph to accept all displayed field values and the screen will update to the next setup screen. The displayed battery voltage represents the current voltage. The battery should be above 12 volts for proper operation. The field values that can be selected for modification are: Report Field This field value represents the length of time between summary printouts on the chart. It does not represent the amount of time between printed bars. The lowest value is 0.1 HR. This value means that every six minutes the unit will print a summary showing the largest measurements obtained during the last six minutes. Depending on the interval setting ( Setup Screen #2), there will be a number of bars printed between the summary reports. Spaces Field The Spaces Field can have a value of ON or OFF. Selecting ON as the response to this field will instruct the printer to insert spaces between bars on the chart to make it more easily read. This will, however, use more paper for each chart. A field value of OFF will cause bars to be printed with no spaces between them. Comments Field The value for the Comments Field may be ON, OFF or ADD. Pressing the ENTER Key with a field value of ADD will display the first of five user Comment Screens. The black, keyboard letters are
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available to enter comments as long as an "A" (ALPHA MODE) character is present at the lower left corner of the display. Pressing the SHIFT Key will change this character to an "N" (NUMERIC MODE). The NUMERIC MODE enables the red numbers and the S or SPACE Key. The S Key can be used to place a space at the current cursor location. Although each comment screen can accept as many as 40 characters, the printer is limited to 24 characters on a line. If a line contains more than 24 characters, the printer will automatically wrap the remaining characters to the next line. After the last Comment Screen has been edited, Setup Screen #1 will be displayed with a value of ON in the Comments Field. When the value for the Comments Field is ON, the printer will automatically print the entered comments. If OFF is selected as the value for the Comments Field, any entered comments will not be printed. The comments will, however, be retained in memory. The only advantage in selecting a field value of OFF is that less paper will be used in the printout. Timer Field This field allows the timer function to be SET, turned ON or turned OFF. If the field value is specified as SET, a new screen will appear to allow the timer operation to be programmed by the operator. This screen will be similar to the following: TIME TO TURN UNIT OFF[00] ON 00 arrow keys to set hour 0-23, then enter The brackets and cursor will initially be on the OFF Field. The ARROW Keys can be used to change the field value in order to set the hour at which the unit will cease actively monitoring on a daily basis. When the ENTER Key is pressed, the off hour will be set and the cursor and brackets will advance to the ON Field. In the same manner as the OFF Field, the ON Field can be used to set the hour at which the unit will start monitoring on a daily basis. This value must be at least one hour prior to the value for the OFF hour. If the ON and OFF times are set to the same hour, the Timer will not function. Press the ENTER Key to accept the ON Field value and return to Setup Screen #1. As an example, assume that the OFF field value is set as 17 and the ON field value is 07. These values indicate that the instrument will cease actively monitoring at 5:00 PM and begin monitoring at 7:00 AM, on a daily basis. In other words, the instrument will only actively monitor between 7:00 AM and 5:00 PM. Date and Time Fields These fields show the current instrument date and time. The SELECT Key can be used to access the date and time parameters that can be modified. The INCREMENT and DECREMENT Keys can be used to change the field values. 11.1.4.2 Setup Screen #2 Setup Screen #2 is displayed whenever the ENTER Key is pressed from Setup Screen #1. This screen will be similar to the following example: AIR RANGE 110 - 142 A PRINTER PEAK SEIS RANGE IPS 1.2 INTERVAL 10 SEC
Air Range Field Three airblast recording ranges are available. The information shown in the preceding illustration covers the range from 110 dB to 142 dB. In this range, airblast levels at or below 110 dB will not be visible on the bargraph chart. The summary printout, however, can show levels as low as 94 dB.
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Airblast levels above 142 dB cannot be resolved by the instrument and will be recorded and stored in memory as 142 dB. The lowest airblast range is from 106 to 138 dB. In this range, airblast levels at or below 106 dB will not be visible on the bargraph chart. The summary printout, however, can show levels as low as 94 dB. Airblast levels above 138 dB cannot be resolved by the instrument and will be recorded and stored in memory as 138 dB. The highest airblast range is from 116 to 148 dB. In this range, airblast levels at or below 116 dB will not be visible on the bargraph chart. The summary printout, however, can show levels as low as 100 dB. Airblast levels above 148 dB cannot be resolved by the instrument and will be recorded and stored in memory as 148 dB. Seis Range Units Field The IPS (inches per second) designation on the preceding Setup Screen #2 sample indicates that the seismic data units will be inches per second. This field may also be set to MMPS (millimeters per second). Data stored in the instrument's memory will not be affected by this setting. Printing from memory may be done in IPS or MMPS at any time. Seis Range Field Four seismic ranges are available. Each range can be displayed and printed in IPS (inches per second) or MMPS (millimeters per second) . The lowest range has an upper limit of 1.2 IPS (31 MMPS), in increments of 0.01 IPS (0.254 MMPS). The resolution on the three lowest ranges is 0.01 IPS (0.254 MMPS). The summary printout for the three lowest ranges can print values from 0.01 IPS (.254 MMPS) to 5.12 IPS (130 MMPS). The highest range, 10 IPS (254 MMPS), should not be used unless particle velocity levels above 5.0 IPS (127 MMPS) are expected. The lowest level that can be shown on the chart is 0.08 IPS (2.0 MMPS). The summary printouts can show levels between 0.02 IPS (5.08 MMPS) and 10.0 IPS (254 MMPS). Printer Field The Printer Field value can be set to OFF, PEAK or RESULT. If the printer is set to OFF, automatic printing of a bargraph chart will not occur. Bargraph printouts will have to be produced from data stored in the instrument's memory. A Printer Field value of PEAK will instruct the instrument to print bargraph values in terms of the peak particle velocity of ground motion. A Printer Field value of RESULT will instruct the instrument to print bargraph values in terms of the ground motion resultant or vector sum. Interval Field The Interval Field sets the time between printed bars. The printer, however, prints the bars at six times the Interval value. In the above example, the interval between bars would be 10 seconds. The printer would print six bars every 60 seconds. value can be set to OFF, PEAK or RESULT. If the printer is set to OFF, automatic printing of a bargraph chart will not occur. Bargraph printouts will have to be produced from data stored in the instrument's memory. 11.1.4.3 Setup Screen #3 Setup Screen #3 is displayed whenever the ENTER Key is pressed from Setup Screen #2. This screen will be similar to the following example: SYSTEM INACTIVE System Field The value for the System Field will default to INACTIVE (not monitoring) at power on. When ACTIVE is selected for the System Field and the ENTER Key is pressed, the instrument will begin to monitor
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using the selected parameters. If no keyboard action takes place for approximately one minute, the system will default to the ACTIVE mode as a protection against the operator forgetting to start the active mode. When the System Field value is INACTIVE, and the ENTER Key is pressed, the current monitoring job will end and the footer summary for the job will be printed on the chart. Once the unit is placed in the ACTIVE MODE, it will remain active until power is turned off or the TIMER MODE turns it off for a selected period of time. In continuous operation, a new job will start at midnight and the unit will remain active. Note: If power is removed before INACTIVE is selected, the ending summary will not print and any data that had not printed will be lost. If the instrument is again powered on in the BARGRAPH MODE, it will default to ACTIVE and immediately start a new job.
11.1.4.4 Screen #4 After the ACTIVE SYSTEM MODE has been entered, the bargraph header will be printed on the chart and Screen #4 will appear on the instrument display. This screen will be similar to the following: BAT 12.5 04-01-02 13:21 IPS 003 4 AIR 110 DB 15:02 SEIS 00.96 15:08 Screen #4 is not a Setup Screen. Instead, this screen displays pertinent monitoring information. The number four in the lower left corner of the display identifies the screen number. The battery voltage, date and time shown on the first line are relative to the start of the current job. The IPS indicates that the peak readings are to be printed and displayed in inches per second. As was previously discussed, the printed units can be selected from Setup Screen #2. The number at the upper right corner of the display represents the current job number. This number is both printed on the chart and stored in memory with the bargraph data. This second line displays the peak levels obtained since the start of the monitoring period. The text "AIR 110 DB 15:02" means that the largest acoustic level recorded has been 110 decibels at a time of 15:02. The text "SEIS 00.96 15:08" means that the largest seismic level recorded has been 0.96 inch per second at a time of 15:08. The type of value displayed for SEIS will depend on what was specified for the PRINTER Field in Setup Screen #2. If the PRINTER Field value is specified as PEAK, the SEIS value will be peak particle velocity. If the PRINTER Field value is RESULT, the SEIS value will be the peak vector sum. 11.1.4.5 Screen #5 If the SELECT Key is pressed from Screen #4, Screen #5 will be displayed. This screen will be similar to the following: BAT 12.5 04-01-02 13:40 IPS 006 5 AIR 100 DB 15:40 SEIS 00.16 15:40 Screen #5 is similar to Screen #4 except this screen shows the peak measurements for the current bar interval, not the monitoring period. Since we have an INTERVAL value of 10 seconds, this screen will update every 10 seconds. The number five in the lower left corner of the display identifies the screen number. Printing Bargraph Data From Memory Bargraph data are stored in the instrument's memory in a compressed format. These data can be manually printed as long as the unit's MONITORING MODE is set as INACTIVE. As previously mentioned, the INACTIVE MONITORING MODE may be selected from Setup Screen #3.
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Once bargraph data are placed in memory, they are compressed to samples at six times the original setting for the INTERVAL value. Since we were using an INTERVAL of 10 seconds, the bargraph data stored in memory are in one minute intervals. The PRINT or P Key can be pressed to produce a printed bargraph record of the displayed record. The printout will conform to the setup parameters that were established in Setup Screens #1 and #2. The setup values can be changed at any time to produce different printouts. 11.1.4.6 Chart Interpretation Header The header occupies three lines and is printed first. The header contains the job number, seismograph serial number, starting date and time, the starting battery voltage and the calibration status. The status value should show "OK." This indicates that the calibration was good at the start of the job. The calibration is automatically tested at the start of each job. The calibration may not test "OK" if significant background vibration levels are present when the calibration test is performed. Whenever possible, begin bargraph operation while background vibration levels are at a minimum. Comments User comments are optional. Five lines of comments may be entered. Scale Header The scale header shows the units in which the data will be represented. The units for the acoustic channel will always be decibels (dB). The units for the seismic channels can either be IPS (inches per second) or MMPS (millimeters per second). Also, the printed seismic data can either be presented as PEAK or RESULT. When presented as PEAK, the data represent the highest peak velocity of the three seismic components. When presented as RESULT, the data represent the peak vector sum of the three seismic components. Scale The chart has two scales, one for the seismic data and one for the acoustic data. The seismic data scale has 12 divisions. The value for each division depends on the seismic recording range used. The acoustic data scale has four divisions in eight decibel increments. Peak scale values are printed on the chart to allow the operator to compare the length of the bar values in relation to the scale. Bargraph The printed data are represented by bars on the chart. The bars are printed in groups of six, with a small space between each group. The first group may contain less than six bars to allow the groups to be synchronized with the instrument's clock. When printed while monitoring, the individual bars may appear together, or with a slight space, depending on the instrument's setup. When printed from memory, each six interval group will be printed as a single bar. Summary Report Summarized data reports may be printed at selected intervals on the chart. These summary reports contain the time of the printout and the highest peak measurements recorded since the last summary was printed. A scale will be printed following the summary report. Ending Summary Unless the seismograph is turned off without entering the INACTIVE MODE, an ending summary report will be printed at the end of each job. This report will print the ending date and time, a summary of the highest peaks for the job, and a calibration status report.
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11.1.5 Wave Form Mode

To use the Alpha-Seismite WAVEFORM MODE, install the transducer and mike as described previously in Installing. Then press the ON Key. The Last Calibration Date will appear on the display to serve as a reminder to have the instrument's calibration certified annually. If the instrument is in the BARGRAPH MODE upon power up, the B and RESET Keys can be used to change to the WAVEFORM MODE. To do this, press and hold the B Key and then press the RESET Key. Continue to hold down the B Key until the following message appears on the screen: WAVEFORM mode destroys BARGRAPH data N key to abort, ENTER key to continue If the N Key is not pressed, in a few moments the instrument will enter the WAVEFORM MODE and any bargraph data in memory will be erased. The B and RESET Key combination will only function on Alpha-Seismite Models 3 through 6. After entering the WAVEFORM MODE, a count will begin at the lower left of the display. This count will indicate that the WAVEFORM MODE setup procedure has started. At this point, if the instrument contains an optional disk drive, and the drive was previously setup for automatic operation, the drive will power up and be tested. When using a disk drive, if the drive is not ready or if a disk is not installed, error messages may appear on the display. If this occurs, the operator should either attempt to correct the error or turn the drive off. Pressing any key at a disk error message will exit the display. If no action is taken by the operator, the display will exit automatically in a few seconds. After the initial setup procedure is completed, the Stabilization Screen will appear. During stabilization, the bottom line of the screen will indicate the software version, the instrument identification number and the amount of memory installed. A continuous numerical count can be observed at the upper right corner of the display. If the count starts over at zero numerous times, this may indicate that background noise is above the monitor's trigger levels. If this is the case, the operator should press and hold the Q or QUIT Key and then press the RESET Key. This key combination will set the seismic trigger level to maximum and the acoustic trigger to OFF. Instrument stabilization should subsequently occur in a few seconds. Note: Immediately after the instrument stabilizes, the Alpha-Seismite will be in the WAVEFORM MODE. The instrument will utilize the same setup parameters as the last time the unit was used. This feature can help insure that a record will be recorded, even if the operator is currently engaged in setting up the instrument.
11.1.5.1 Setup Screen #1 After instrument stabilization is complete, Setup Screen #1 will appear. This screen will be similar to the following: BAT 13.0 BAUD 9600 WRAP ON DISK OFF A COMMENTS ON AIR DB 4-01-02 14:20 Setup Screen #1 contains information about the current status of the monitor's battery voltage, baud rate, wrap setting, disk drive, comments, acoustic units, date and time. The cursor will be blinking in the lower right corner and can be moved to any changeable field by pressing the SELECT Key. The INCREMENT or DECREMENT Keys will allow an operator to change the value for the selected field. The ENTER Key can be used to accept all displayed field values. BAT Field The BAT field shows the current battery voltage. The voltage should be above 12.0 volts to insure
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proper operation. Baud Field The baud rate may be set to a value of 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800 or 9600. This field value is used to match communication rates for downloading data to a computer through the nine pin serial connector. The value for the baud rate is inconsequential unless the operator will be downloading data. Disk Field If the instrument is equipped with an optional disk drive, the disk field may be set to ON to automatically record events on disk as they occur. Setting this field to OFF will turn off the automatic disk storage. The Disk settings are discussed in detail later in this chapter. Note: If a formatted disk is not installed in the drive, or if a drive is not connected to the instrument, the Disk Field should be set to OFF so the unit will not test for an operating drive each time an event occurs.
Comments Field As many as six lines of comments can be saved with each event. If the value for this field is OFF, no comments will be saved. If the field value is ON, the current comments will be saved to memory with each event. If a field value of ADD is specified, when the ENTER Key is pressed, the first of the six Comment Screens will appear. When comments are saved, each record is increased in size by 240 bytes and therefore fewer events may be stored in memory. The Comment Screens are accessible from Setup Screen #1 by pressing the ENTER Key after selecting ADD in the Comments Field. These screens allow the user to enter as many as six lines of information. The first four screens have suggested uses on the bottom display line. These screens can be used, however, to input any information. Cursor control is maintained with the DECREMENT and INCREMENT Keys. From the initial cursor position, pressing the DECREMENT Key will erase all data on the line. The ENTER Key can be pressed at any point on the line to go to the next screen. When an "A" (ALPHA MODE) character is showing at the lower left corner of the screen, all letters are available for data entry at the position of the cursor. The SHIFT Key can be used to toggle the "A" to "N" (NUMERIC MODE) and allow any numbers to be entered as comments. In the NUMERIC MODE, the S or SPACE Key can be used to erase a character and leave a blank space on the screen. When the ENTER Key is pressed at the last Comment Screen, Setup Screen #1 will reappear with a value of ON in the Comments Field. Normally, this is the desired default. Note: The Comment Screens are active during monitoring. If an event occurs while the operator is using a Comment Screen, the event will not be processed until the Comment Screens are exited. The Comment Screens can be exited by pressing the ENTER Key. The screens will automatically be exited if no key action occurs within one or two minutes.
Date and Time Fields The current date and time can be modified using the INCREMENT or DECREMENT Keys. The Date Fields that can be modified include the Month, Day and Year. The Time Fields include the Hour and Minute.
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11.1.5.2 Setup Screen #2 When the ENTER Key is pressed from Setup Screen #1 (except when adding comments), Setup Screen #2 will appear. This screen will be similar to the following example: COPIES 1 MAX RANGES IPS 05.0 DB 142 TRIGGERS SEIS 0.05 IPS AIR OFF DB Setup Screen #2 contains information about the current status of the number of copies to be printed, the maximum recording range of the instrument, the seismic trigger level and the acoustic trigger level. When Setup Screen #2 appears, the cursor will be blinking at the lower right corner of the display. The cursor can be moved to any changeable field by using the SELECT Key. The INCREMENT or DECREMENT Keys can be used to change the value for the selected field. Copies Field The value entered in the Copies Field will determine the number of copies that will automatically be printed when an event is obtained. Field values are 0, 1 and 2 copies. If 0 copies is entered, automatic printing will not occur. Max Ranges Units Field The Units Field follows the MAX RANGES text. The value specified in this field will determine the units in which the particle velocity levels will be presented on the chart and display. Either IPS (inches per second) or MMPS (millimeters per second) can be specified as a value for this field. Max Ranges Value Fields These fields allow an operator to modify the maximum recording ranges for both the seismic and acoustic data. With this feature, a wider range of data may be obtained. The two ranges to record seismic data are 5.0 IPS (127 MMPS) and 10.0 IPS (254 MMPS). If you expect to obtain levels exceeding 5.0 IPS (127 MMPS), you should use the 10.0 IPS (254 MMPS) range. With the 5.0 IPS range, the data resolution is 0.01 IPS (0.25 MMPS). In the 10.0 IPS range, the data resolution is 0.02 IPS (0.50 MMPS). The two acoustic ranges are 142 dB or 148 dB. As with the seismic ranges, the 148 dB range allows the recording of higher airblast overpressure amplitudes than the 142 dB range, but at half the resolution. Seismic Trigger Field Values for the Seismic Trigger Field in the 5.0 IPS range setting are from 0.02 to 1.14 IPS (0.50 to 28.9 MMPS). In the 10.0 IPS range setting, the minimum trigger level is 0.04 IPS (1.0 MMPS). Acoustic Trigger Field Values for this field in the 142 dB range setting are from 106 to 142 dB. In the 148 dB range, the values can be from 112 to 148 dB. The field value can also be set to OFF, if no acoustic trigger is required. 11.1.5.3 Setup Screen #3 When the ENTER Key is pressed from Setup Screen #2, Setup Screen #3 will appear. This screen will be similar to the following example: PRINTER RANGE 0 SPEED 1 TIMER OFF A 1024 SEC 003 SEC RECORD OSM NONE This screen contains information about the current status of the printer range, printer speed, timer function, sample rate, record duration and the OSM/USBM Graph function.
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Printer Range Field Values for this field range from 0 to 5. When the field value is set at 0, the printer will automatically use the best range to present the printed data based on the highest peak recorded. This setting will normally be the only one required. However, in a situation where it is desirable to print on a fixed range, the other field values from 1 to 5 may be used. The full scale chart ranges and scale factors for the 5.0 IPS range are as follows: Range 1 2 3 4 5 Largest Amplitude IPS MMPS 0.32 8.1 0.64 16.3 1.28 32.5 2.56 65.0 5.12 130.0 Scale Factor IPS/DIVMMPS/DIV 0.08 2.0 0.16 4.0 0.32 8.1 0.64 16.3 1.28 32.5
The above values are doubled when using the 10.0 IPS (254 MMPS) range. Printer Speed Field The possible values for this field range from 1 to 6. The value entered in this field controls the amount of paper that is used to print an event. At a speed value of 1, the least amount of paper will be used and very little of the waveform details will be visible. Printer speeds are related to chart length. The table shown below illustrates a few relationships between the speed and the chart length. All calculations are based on a sample rate of 1024 samples per second with no OSM graph. RECORD TIME SPEED 1 1 Second 5.1 in. 13.0 cm. 2 Seconds 5.5 in. 14.0 cm. 8 Seconds 7.1 in. 18.0 cm. SPEED 2 5.5 in. 14.0 cm. 6.3 in. 16.0 cm. 9.9 in. 25.1 cm. SPEED 3 6.7 in. 17.0 cm. 7.9 in. 20.1 cm. 15.3 in. 38.9 cm. SPEED 4 8.7 in. 22.1 cm. 11.0 in. 27.9 cm. 26.0 in. 66.0 cm. SPEED 5 12.0 in. 30.5 cm. 17.0 in. 43.2 cm. 47.2 in. 120 cm. SPEED 6 20.0 in. 50.8 cm. 29.5 in. 74.9 cm. 89.7 in. 228 cm.
Timer Field This field allows the timer function to be SET, turned ON or turned OFF. If SET is specified in this field, when the ENTER or SELECT Key is pressed, a new screen will appear. This screen will allow the timer operation to be programmed. The screen will be similar to the following example: TIME TO TURN UNIT OFF[00] ON 00 arrow keys to set hour 0-23, then enter The brackets and cursor will initially be in the OFF field. The INCREMENT and DECREMENT Keys will allow the operator to set the hour when the unit will cease monitoring on a daily basis. When the ENTER Key is pressed, the OFF hour will be set and the cursor and brackets will advance to the ON Field. The ON time must be set at least one hour earlier than the OFF Time. The primary purpose for timer operation is to conserve power for longer instrument operation per battery charge. During time periods outside the set timer range, the instrument will not record events. Sample Rate Field The Sample Rate Field may be set at 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64 or 32 samples per second. If this field is changed, the value in the Duration Field will also change. Each time the sample rate is halved, the duration will double. The sample rate defines the frequency and amplitude resolution of the record and also determines the maximum available recording duration. The highest frequency at which amplitude resolution is considered adequate is based on a minimum of 5 samples per cycle. The following table shows the effect of the sample rate on the maximum frequency for amplitude resolution: Sample Rate Per Second Per Channel
Maximum Frequency (Hz)
Maximum Record Duration
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1024 512 256 128 64 32 Note:
204.8 102.4 51.2 25.6 12.8 6.4
12 Seconds 24 Seconds 48 Seconds 96 Seconds 192 Seconds 364 Seconds
IF ALLOWED, a lower sample rate can save memory space, extend battery life, and increase the duration of a record. However, unless the operator clearly understands the consequences of using a lower sample rate, this operating parameter should always be set at 1024 samples per second.
Duration Field The instrument's recording duration can be set from 1 to 12 seconds at a sample rate of 1024 samples per second. This time should be set for the shortest time which will allow the instrument to record both the ground vibration and the airblast. When the optional disk drive is not enabled, the Alpha-Seismite is able to obtain a second recording while the previous one is being processed or printed. There is a 12 second, unprocessed record limitation to this feature. Two consecutive events, each four seconds in duration, can be recorded and processed. If the vibration effects from an event continue above the trigger level after the set duration, the monitor will automatically record another event. Since there is a 512 sample pre-trigger, the pretrigger data for the second event will include the dynamic calibration of the previous event. Thus, the second recorded event will have a superimposed 50 millisecond cal pulse included in its pre-trigger data. OSM Field Each full waveform version of the Alpha-Seismite instrument can automatically print "Particle Velocity Versus Frequency" charts for the recorded data. These charts utilize the Office of Surface Mining (OSM) regulatory criteria from CFR 30 (1987)* and the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) recommended criteria from Appendix B, of RI 8507 (1980)*. The values for the OSM field can be NONE, SEPARATE or COMBINED. The value can be modified with the DECREMENT or INCREMENT Keys. When the field value is SEPARATE, each time a record is printed, the instrument will automatically print a separate OSM/USBM Graph for each of the three seismic components. When the field value is COMBINED, each time a record is printed, the instrument will automatically print an OSM/USBM Graph that combines the three seismic components. No OSM/USBM Graph will be printed if the field value is NONE. OSM/USBM Graphs can also be manually printed for any event in memory by pressing the G or PRINT GRAPH Key. 11.1.5.4 Event Screen The Event Screen is accessed by pressing the ENTER Key from Setup Screen #3. It will also appear each time the screen is activated from the LOW POWER MODE in response to an event or when the ENTER Key is pressed. The Event Screen displays data about the current event or an event in memory. The format is similar to the following example: BAT 13.0 04-01-02 15:51 IPS 041 P 00.56T 00.78V 00.64R 120A 00.88VS A The information depicted on the Event Screen relates to the event number shown on the display, in this case event 041. The data shown on the first line are: the battery voltage at the time of the event (13.0); the event date (04-01-02) and time (15:51); the units (IPS); event number in memory (041); and the calibration status, either P (Pass) or F (Fail).
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The second line of this screen contains the peak transverse (0.56), vertical (0.78) and radial (0.64) measurements in IPS or MMPS, the peak acoustic measurement in decibels (120), and the peak vector sum amplitude (0.88) in IPS or MMPS. The letter "A" in the lower right corner indicates that the waveform information for the event is in memory. If this letter is "S", only the summary information is available. An "S" would indicate that the waveform data were overwritten. The summary information for any event in memory can be displayed by using the DECREMENT and INCREMENT Keys to change the event counter. Alternatively, the operator can insert the desired event number by typing it directly from the numeric keypad. When an event number is selected, the display will show pertinent summary data for the selected event. The event may be printed by pressing the PRINT Key. Note: The event number display will always default to the next available event number whenever a new event occurs.
Frequency Screen The SELECT Key can be used to toggle between the Event Screen and the Frequency Screen. When the SELECT Key is pressed from the Event Screen, the Frequency Screen will appear. It will be similar to the following example: T V R A 041 P N 022.2HZ 034.1HZ 013.1HZ 017.5HZ A The information depicted on the Frequency Screen relates to the event number shown on the display, in this case event 041. The second line of this screen displays the frequency at the peak amplitude of each component. In the example shown above the peak frequencies are Transverse (22.2Hz), Vertical (34.1Hz), Radial (13.1Hz) and Acoustic (17.5Hz). The letter "P" at the upper right of the display, and the letter "A" at the lower right of the display are as described for the Event Screen. If an event is recorded while the instrument's display is on, a message will appear on the screen similar to the following: DATA STORAGE IN PROGRESS DO NOT TURN OFF POWER A few seconds will be required for the data to be compressed and stored in memory. In a few moments, the Event Screen will reappear. The displayed data will pertain to the new event. Warning: Pressing RESET or OFF while the above message is displayed may result in lost or corrupted data. 11.1.5.5 Functions Command functions such as PRINT, PRINT GRAPH, PRINT LOG, DISK MENU, PAPER FEED and CAL TEST are available from the Main Screen with a single keystroke. Each of these commands, with the exception of the DISK MENU, do not inhibit monitoring. If a Disk Format, Read or Write is in progress, the unit cannot trigger to an event. Calibration Test (TEST) A dynamic calibration test can be performed at any time the monitor's Main Screen is visible and the transducer and microphone are connected. Pressing the T or CAL TEST Key will initiate an internal calibration check and the event number will update to a new number. A dynamic calibration test takes only 50 milliseconds of time, so there is little chance of a blast occurring simultaneously. The calibration test level occurs at approximately 0.50 IPS (12.7 MMPS) on the seismic channels and approximately 134 decibels on the acoustic channel. The Alpha-Seismite analyzes the test from
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peak to peak to minimize the effect of possible background noise. Consistent "F" or Fail indications on the display during calibration tests will require that the instrument's calibration be checked by qualified personnel. Manual Trigger (TRIG) In situations where the background vibration may cause continual triggering, or the operator wants to initiate a trigger manually, the MANUAL TRIGGER MODE may be useful. To use this mode, hold down the U or TRIG Key and tap the RESET Key. In the MANUAL TRIGGER MODE, the instrument will not trigger automatically. The unit can be manually triggered by pressing the TRIG Key. When triggered, the instrument will record for the time duration selected during setup. Manual Printing (PRINT) It is very easy to manually print any event stored in the instrument's memory. An event cannot be printed, however, unless it still exists in memory as indicated by an "A" character at the lower right of the screen. An "S" in this location indicates that only summary data may be printed. A manual print can be initiated by pressing the P or PRINT Key while the event is displayed on the Main Screen. Printing will begin immediately and proceed at a rate determined by the paper speed and amplitude range selected on Setup Screen #2. Note: Changing the print range or paper speed only results in a change in the appearance of the printed record. The stored data are not affected and may be printed again at other settings.
A manual print can be terminated at any point after printing of the graphic waveform begins. This can be accomplished by pressing the Q or QUIT Key. The paper can be advanced to see the end of a record by pressing the O or PAPER FEED Key. On/Off Log (PRINT LOG) Pressing the F or PRINT LOG Key will produce a record of the last 64 times the instrument started and ceased monitoring. This will include changes in status caused by the timer function as well as turning the power on and off. OSM/USBM Graph (PRINT GRAPH) Pressing the G or PRINT GRAPH Key will produce an OSM graph of the event displayed on the Main Screen. This assumes, of course, that the full waveform for the event is in memory. The graph will combine the three seismic components on one chart unless the OSM Field on Setup Screen #3 is set to SEPARATE. Disk Operation (DISK MENU) Pressing the R or DISK MENU Key will cause the unit to display the Disk Operation Screen for the optional disk drive. 11.1.5.6 Disk Drive The Alpha-Seismite Floppy Disk Drive is optional. It may be installed on any full waveform recording unit at the time of purchase or at a later date. The drive may also be left separate from an instrument and used only to download events on a periodic basis. A single drive can be used to download data from any number of instruments. In the automatic disk storage mode, the user only has to install a good quality high density 1.44M disk in the drive and format it. Various procedures should be followed to help insure that disk data do not become overwritten. The instrument stores events to disk as rapidly as possible to minimize the time between events. Also, a disk can be used on more than one instrument. To conserve battery voltage, the disk power is removed when not in use. These advantages REQUIRE an operator to turn power OFF and ON or press the RESET Key whenever a new disk is installed. The following rules apply when data are being stored to disk:
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1. 2. 3.
The disk MUST be formatted or reformatted in an Alpha-Seismite disk drive, not in a computer drive. The Alpha-Seismite MUST be powered OFF and ON or the RESET Key pressed whenever a new disk is installed. If a disk drive or a disk is not installed, the Disk Setup Screen should specify OFF as the value of the Disk Field. This will insure that the unit will not waste power and time checking for a disk each time an event is taken. When all space on a disk is filled, or 158 events are stored, no more events can be stored on that disk. The seismograph can continue to store records in memory, which can be downloaded to a new disk at a later date. Users should keep the memory storage capacity of the instrument being used in mind when they are considering disk storage. A disk may be used for storage on more than one seismograph. Also, a disk can be removed from the drive and then reused at a later date, as long as there is free space on the disk. The same disk may be used to store events in the WRITE MODE and the WRITE BACKUP MODE. MIXED MODE recording, however, will cause the Disk event number to be different from the filename event number in some cases. Reading of Directories, Summaries or Waveforms from disk will not affect any events in memory. During the read process, however, the unit cannot be triggered by an event. Any event file larger than 8K cannot be printed due to an 8K buffer in the Seismite RAM. The file will still be good and can be used with software on a P.C.
4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
Disk Menu Screen After the seismograph has been setup, the DISK MENU Key can be pressed to access the Disk Menu Screen. This screen will be similar to the following: FORMAT READ WRITE WRITE BACKUP A RE-FORMAT [EXIT] The cursor will be on EXIT at the lower right corner of the screen. If the ENTER Key is pressed at this point, the program will exit the Disk Menu and the Main Screen will appear. Any of the five functions can be selected by bracketing the function with the cursor using the SELECT Key, and then pressing the ENTER Key. The Disk Field will be automatically set to "ON" if the DISK MENU key is pressed. Format Re-Format Read Directory Summary Waveform Write Write Backup
11.1.5.6.1 Format
The FORMAT function formats a disk for use with the Alpha-Seismite instruments. A primary directory (EVENT.DAT) is placed on one side of the disk, and a backup directory (EVENT.BAK) is placed on the other side. An event may be stored once in each directory. If an event cannot be accessed from the primary directory, the backup can be used. The disk format is DOS compatible. However, the disk must be formatted in the Alpha-Seismite drive, not in a computer. If the ENTER Key is pressed with the cursor at the FORMAT function, a screen similar to the following will be displayed: ENTER 5 CHARACTER FILE NAME [XXXXX]
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ENTER 8 CHARACTER DISK LABEL XXXXXXXX The file name for each event will be eight characters in length. However, the user can only specify a file name of up to five characters. The last three characters are reserved for the disk event number. Neither the file name nor the disk label has to be entered. The ENTER Key can be pressed to display the following format message: FORMAT DESTROYS ANY DATA ON DISK SELECT KEY TO CONTINUE ENTER TO EXIT At this point, pressing the ENTER Key will exit the format and return the instrument to the Main Screen. Pressing the SELECT Key will start the format process. After the format is complete, the Disk Menu Screen will be displayed to allow any of the other functions to be used.
11.1.5.6.2 Re-Format
The RE-FORMAT function can be used on disks previously formatted on an Alpha-Seismite or a DOS compatible P.C. It is used in the same manner as FORMAT but the RE-FORMAT requires less time to perform.
11.1.5.6.3 Read
If Read is selected in the Disk Menu, and the ENTER Key is pressed, a screen similar to the following will appear: PRIMARY DIRECTORY SUMMARY WAVEFORM BACKUP DIRECTORY SUMMARY WAVEFORM [EXIT] The top line of the display will contain selections for reading a Directory, Summary or Waveform from the PRIMARY Directory. The bottom line of the display will have the same selections for the BACKUP Directory.
11.1.5.6.4 Directory
Pressing the ENTER Key while the cursor is in the Directory Field will cause a directory of the disk to be loaded into memory. A display similar to the following will subsequently appear: D001 WHITE025 1834 04-01-97 13:22
The designation D001 represents the disk event number that was assigned by the instrument when the event was stored on disk. WHITE025 is the file name of the event. The five character code WHITE would have been entered by the operator. The number 025 is the event number of the event in the instrument's memory. The disk event number and the file name event number may or may not be identical. The disk event number will normally be used when reading a waveform from disk. This number will indicate the order in which events are stored in the directory. The number (1834) following the file name, is the number of bytes in the record. The displayed date and time is the date and time when the event occurred. Pressing the ARROW Keys will allow an operator to scroll through the events on disk. Pressing the PRINT Key will produce a printout of the directory.
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11.1.5.6.5 Summary
If the ENTER Key is pressed while the cursor is in the SUMMARY Field, summary data for all events in the selected directory will be loaded into memory from disk. They will subsequently be displayed on a screen similar to the following: BAT 12.7 04-01-97 13:33 IPS E001 F 00.23T 00.31V 00.62R 122A 00.68VS D001 This screen format is identical to the Main Screen. In this case, however, the screen shows summary data stored on disk. The top line indicates the battery voltage, date and time of the event, the units in which the data are displayed and the original event number. The bottom line displays peak readings for the seismic and acoustic components, and the vector sum of the three seismic components. The lower right corner of the screen contains the disk event number. The event number can be varied with the INCREMENT and DECREMENT Keys so that all summary data on disk may be displayed. The SELECT Key can be pressed to view the frequencies for the displayed event. Pressing the PRINT Key will print the summary data from the selected directory.
11.1.5.6.6 Waveform
Pressing the ENTER Key while the cursor is in the Waveform Field will produce a display similar to the following: READ DISK EVENT D001 [EXIT]
When this display appears, the cursor will be located on EXIT. Pressing the ENTER Key at this point will return the instrument to the Disk Menu. The SELECT Key can be used to move the cursor to the Disk Event Number. The ARROW Keys will move the cursor to any of the three digits. The operator can modify the number as required, and subsequently press the ENTER Key to read in the selected event from disk. It may be advisable to print a summary before reading a number of waveforms. This should help a user to locate any events of interest. After loading an event from disk, the event is printed. Note: Any events exceeding 8000 bytes in size may not fully print. This is due to a limited buffer size.
Reading directories, summaries, or waveforms, does not affect any events in memory. During the reading process, however, the unit cannot be triggered by an event.
11.1.5.6.7 Write
Pressing the ENTER Key with the cursor in the Write Field will allow a manual download of all or selected full waveform events in the Alpha-Seismite's memory to disk. The events will only be stored in the Primary (EVENT.DAT) directory so that less time is required for the download. When downloading data in this manner, the backup files are not required since there is less chance for a disk to be damaged. After the ENTER Key is pressed, a screen similar to the following will be displayed: WRITE 001 EVENTS STARTING AT 001 FILENAME XXXXX [EXIT]
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If the ENTER Key is pressed with the cursor is on EXIT, the Disk Menu Screen will return. The Disk Menu Screen can be used to instruct the instrument to write a number of events to disk (no more than 158) from memory starting at a particular event number. While the previous screen is visible, the SELECT Key can be used to move the cursor to the three digit field for the number of events to write. Then, the ARROW Keys can be used to move from digit to digit in the field. Simply, type the number for each digit from the keyboard. The STARTING AT number can be set in the same manner. After providing the STARTING AT number, the SELECT Key can be pressed to type the five character file name. The ENTER Key can subsequently be pressed to begin the downloading process, at which time the following screen will appear: STORAGE IN PROGRESS EVENT #001 ENTER TO ABORT
The event number at the top right will increment as each event is stored on disk. The Disk Menu Screen will return when the download is complete.
11.1.5.6.8 Write Backup
The "Write Backup" selection functions the same as selecting Write, with the exception that each event will be stored in both the primary and backup directory. Downloading will take longer, but the redundant data storage gives added protection. The operation of this function is identical to that for the Write function. 11.1.5.7 Chart Interpretation Comments As many as 240 characters are available for user comments. When a recording is obtained, if the value of the Comments Field is set to ON, the current comments will be stored with the recording in memory. Serial Number Each Alpha-Seismite has a unique number in memory on the CPU board which represents the instrument's serial number. This number does not change unless a replacement board with a new number is installed. The number can be used to identify the unit that was used to record a particular event. Event Number The event number represents the order in which events are recorded. It is stored in memory as a permanent part of the summarized data. The number by itself has no significance unless it is included with a date, time and serial number. Event Time and Date The time and date of the recorded event are a permanent part of the summarized data stored in memory. The time reads from 00:00 to 23:59 on a 24 hour day. Triggers These values represent the seismic trigger in IPS or MMPS and the acoustic trigger in decibels. There could be a discrepancy of one decibel between the decibel trigger level listed on the chart and the trigger level chosen from the display. This is due to the 0.02 millibar resolution of the instrument. This difference, however, is insignificant. Battery Voltage When the monitor's Main Screen is visible, a battery voltage will be displayed. This voltage will also
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appear on the chart record. It indicates the battery voltage of the Alpha-Seismite at the time of the recording. If the battery voltage reads 12.0 volts or less, the instrument should be charged. Data Scale The data scale is the amplitude scaling factor for the chart. There are 32 divisions across the chart with eight divisions occurring in each of the four channels. The IPS/DIV or MMPS/DIV is used for the transverse (T), vertical (V), and radial (R) seismic channels. The MB/DIV is used for the acoustic (A) channel. Each channel occupies four divisions above and below its center line. Therefore, the maximum value which can be shown on the chart is four times the data scale value. In the automatic printing mode, the best data scale value for printing is selected by the instrument. Otherwise, the data scale value will be fixed at the level selected by the operator during setup. Time Scale Dots are placed at equally spaced intervals along the long axis of the chart at the edges of each of the channels. The time between adjacent dots is equal to the time scale value. This value will always be 0.25 second for a record with a sample rate of 1024 samples per second. The physical spacing between the dots will vary with the print speed. The frequency content of the waveform can be determined with the time scale value. Waveform Graphics The versatility of the Alpha-Seismite makes its graphics capability very powerful. The four channels are marked by T (Transverse), V (Vertical), R (Radial), and A (Acoustic). The divisions representing the data scale follow these markers. The graphics record can be from 1.0 inch or 2.54 cm to approximately 12 feet or 3.66 meters depending on the record time and print speed. The time between the first three timing marks represents the 0.5 second pre-trigger data. The third timing mark is the trigger time. Each channel has a dot on its zero line that represents the location of the peak sample for that channel. This allows the operator to know where the peak value occurred. There will also be dots between the three seismic channels which indicate the location of the peak sample with respect to the vector sum or resultant amplitude. The graphics printouts can be confusing if one event is represented by two separate recordings. This could happen if the duration of the vibrations is longer than the operator specified record time. In this case, the first record may be represented by a different data scale than the second record. If the operator wished to combine the two records into a single record, the second record would have to be manually printed with the same data scale as the first record. Also, in this instance, the 50 millisecond calibration pulse of the first event would be recorded in the 0.5 second pre-trigger memory of the second event. Depending on the data scale and print speed, this occurrence should appear roughly as a spike on each of the four channels in the pre-trigger portion of the second record. However, this superimposed calibration pulse from the first record is not analyzed as part of the second record. Therefore, the peak measurements will accurately represent the peak vibration levels for that record. Peak Data The peak measurement for each channel is listed following the full waveform graphics. The unit of measurement for the seismic channels is IPS or MMPS. The peak measurement for the acoustic channel is shown in both millibars (Mb) and decibels (dB). The millibar level is the most accurate since the decibel level is a logarithmic function of the millibar value and is rounded to the nearest decibel. The peak vector sum of the three seismic components is also shown. Frequency The frequency calculation represents the lowest frequency associated with the peak amplitude for each channel. If multiple events occur before a record is printed, they will be stored in memory and
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their frequencies calculated as long as enough memory is available. The frequency calculation requires that the peak amplitude represent at least three bits of data. Otherwise, a frequency of zero will be provided. Calibration Test An automatic calibration test is performed after each event. The test is analyzed by the AlphaSeismite to determine if the calibration is within acceptable limits. The test is always printed with the same scale and speed. After each calibration test, an indication is given for the status of the calibration as OK, LO, or HI.
11.1.6 Charging
The seismograph should be charged whenever its battery voltage is 12.0 volts or less. If an instrument's internal lead acid battery is properly maintained, it should last for several years. The instrument's internal battery voltage can be checked from Setup Screen #1. To charge the battery, the AC accessory charger should be plugged into the connector located in the interior compartment of the case. Charging should take roughly 8 hours depending on the condition of the internal battery. During charging, the instrument's battery voltage can be expected to stabilize at approximately 13.5 volts. If an Alpha-Seismite is used intermittently, it should be charged at least once every two months in order to maintain its internal battery. In situations involving continuous monitoring, the instrument can be expected to operate over two months on a fully charged battery. If the monitor is used with an external car battery and/or solar charger, it can be expected to operate for a longer time period. Use of a solar charger may allow for years of continuous operation without the instrument's internal battery needing to be serviced. The monitor's charger plug can be used to connect an external battery, solar cell, or other appropriate long-term power supply. A fully charged battery should be adequate to print several rolls of paper without needing to be recharged. However, when convenient, the AC charger should be used during instances when a significant number of records are going to be printed for review or analysis purposes. Note: Battery life and charging capacity may be severely decreased if the battery voltage is allowed to drop below 12.0 volts for an extended period of time.
11.1.7 General Maintenance

The Alpha-Seismite is designed for ease of repair in the unlikely event of a malfunction. All major components, such as the microphones and transducers, are interchangeable between units. However, the need for repairs can be greatly reduced with proper instrument maintenance. Dust and Moisture The types of problems that may occur with the monitor will most likely be related to dust and/or moisture. The unit is sealed, but practical operation requires that the user periodically open the unit and its printer compartment. There is an increased risk of corroding the circuit boards or ruining the printer if the Alpha-Seismite is allowed to accumulate moisture. This in turn could result in significant repair costs. If moisture condensation or damp paper is noticed in the unit, the instrument should be immediately allowed to dry indoors in low humidity. Cleaning Recorder Compartment Dust should be vacuumed from the monitor's control panel before the chart door is opened to access the recorder compartment. A portable vacuum cleaner should pay for itself in increased instrument life. Opening the chart door slowly will minimize the suction effect which tends to draw dust particles
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into the printer. The recorder compartment should be cleaned each time the chart paper is replaced. Also, a soft cloth moistened with alcohol should be used to wipe off the printer platen. Use of Desiccant to Aid in Prevention of Moisture Damage The peripheral pocket of the Alpha-Seismite is large enough to be used to store a fairly large desiccant package. The desiccant is used to aid in the control of moisture. A fresh desiccant bag is included with each Alpha-Seismite. To help insure its drying capacity, the desiccant should be removed from the monitor on a regular basis and heated in an oven, at 350 degrees F or 175 degrees C, for two to three hours. We strongly recommend that additional desiccant bags be kept sealed in plastic bags, and each time a unit is serviced, a fresh desiccant bag should be installed. The monitor should be stored in a low humidity area while not in use. Care and Maintenance of Transducer and Microphone Although the transducer and microphone are rugged and moisture resistant, they can be damaged by prolonged exposure to water. The microphone should not be exposed to rain without a wind screen and loosely fitting plastic bag covering it. The microphone should be immediately dried in low humidity if water enters through the hole in the top of the casing. The transducer should not be submerged in water or mud for extended periods. The transducer should also be kept above the water table if it is buried. Electronics Maintenance The internal components of the Alpha-Seismite should be serviced by qualified individuals. All components such as the printer, circuit boards, batteries and display are replaceable. The batteries should be replaced with the original brand and type unless the factory recommends an adequate substitution. Warning: Although the batteries are replaceable, care must be taken to avoid shorting the battery terminals. Damage to the battery and injury to an individual may result if the battery is shorted. Backup Battery If the internal battery should fail or be disconnected, a 3.0 volt lithium battery is located on the CPU board to provide power for maintaining the setup and event data. This battery should be able to perform for several months with the primary battery disconnected. Under normal circumstances, the lithium battery will last for several years. It is advisable to replace the backup battery if the primary battery fails. If the backup battery fails, the monitor will still operate normally but will not retain any data in memory if the primary battery is removed. The backup battery is a Matsushita Electric BR-2325. It can be replaced without removing any printed circuit boards. To replace the battery, the instrument's front panel must be removed by taking out the eight screws and pulling up on the back edge. The front panel can be placed on its face by laying it on a pad. The primary battery must remain connected to retain memory during the replacement of the backup battery. The backup battery is about the size of a quarter and is located at the connector end of the circuit board mounting. A small screwdriver can be used to pry up the retaining tab and slide out the battery. Do not pry the tab up any more than is necessary to obtain the battery. The new battery can subsequently be slid into place and the retaining tab released. Fuses There are two replaceable fuses inside the Alpha-Seismite. The 5 volt power supply fuse is located on the corner of the linear circuit board near the wiring harness connector. This fuse is a 0.75 amp European or Midget type. If this fuse should fail or if it is removed, the monitor will not operate. However, the memory will draw power from the lithium backup battery until this fuse is replaced. The
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main fuse is located in series with the battery leads and should be replaced with a 5 amp fuse similar to the original. Circuit Board Replacement Individual circuit boards are available on an exchange basis to reduce instrument downtime during a repair. Circuit board replacement by the user is possible, though not desirable, unless the user is experienced in electronic repairs. All boards are directly interchangeable with replacement boards with the exception of the CPU board which contains the serial number of the instrument. A factory exchange board would have a different serial number unless the desired number is specified at the time of the order. Board replacement can be accomplished as follows: Remove the eight screws in the monitor's front panel and lift up the panel from the back end. The battery connectors and the case wiring connectors should be disconnected. Place the panel face down on a soft cloth and remove the two screws in the circuit board mounting pan. Unplug all connections to the boards and raise the circuit boards and pan to about a 30 degree angle. Disconnect the keyboard connector beneath the CPU board and unplug all other board connectors. Slide out one or all boards without tangling them on the keyboard connector or other wiring. Remember to reconnect the keyboard and display wires when reinstalling the boards. Warning: Circuit boards may be damaged by static electricity and should be handled with care. In some cases, static discharge from hand contact after walking on a carpet may be enough to damage sensitive components. (WARRANTY AND EXCHANGE BOARD PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE THIS TYPE OF DAMAGE.) Boards should be handled by their edges or with conductive foam if possible. Boards should be shipped in approved conductive plastic or foam. STANDARD PLASTIC BAGS OR FOAM CAN RETAIN STATIC CHARGES WHICH COULD RUIN THE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS. Printer Care Dust should be cleaned from the printer housing as often as necessary. Also, all surfaces which accumulate oil or dirt should be wiped clean. The printer platen can be cleaned with a soft cloth moistened in alcohol. The Plexiglas door should only be cleaned with a soft cloth, soap, and water. The take-up gears and components may occasionally require a minor amount of lubricant on all bearing surfaces. This can be a lightweight machine or gun oil, but should be used sparingly. Do not allow oil to contaminate the paper or printer platen.
11.1.8 Calibration
The instrument's calibration should be checked and certified at least once a year. Calibration of the Alpha-Seismite can only be conducted by a factory qualified individual.
11.1.9 Troubleshooting
It is beyond the scope of this manual to provide a complete guide to minor repairs and troubleshooting. The following will attempt to address some typical problems that could be encountered. Paper Jam The paper could jam inside the holder if the paper roll has been deformed from compression on one side. The paper might also jam if the last few inches or centimeters from a deformed roll get hung in the holder or under the printer platen. If a paper jam occurs in the holder, cut or tear out the paper and replace it. If it occurs in the platen, raise the print head and pull the paper out preferably from the bottom or, if necessary, from the top.
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Poor Print Quality For best quality print, the paper should be of the type recommended by your seismograph supplier. Other paper brands may result in poor or unacceptable print quality. Print quality can be affected by dirt on the paper or printer head. This will typically manifest itself as half printed characters, or as blank spots where print should be. If this occurs, remove the paper and clean the printer housing, platen and printer head using a cotton swab and alcohol. Allow these items to dry before reinstalling the paper. Cold temperatures can have an adverse effect on print quality. If the temperature is significantly below 32 degrees F or O degrees C, the print quality may suffer. In this case the instrument will need to be removed to a warmer location for printing. Unit Will Not Stabilize in Waveform Mode When power is first activated, the instrument will not stabilize until the inputs from the transducer and microphone are below the unit's trigger level settings. If stabilization does not occur, it means that the background noise is greater than the trigger level settings. As an example, consider a seismic trigger level of 0.02 IPS or 0.5 MMPS. For stabilization to occur, each of the three seismic channels would have to remain below 0.02 IPS or 0.5 MMPS for approximately 10 seconds. Since 0.01 IPS is the smallest resolution of the unit, it is likely that one of the channels might not be able to stabilize with a 0.02 IPS or 0.5 MMPS trigger level. If the Alpha-Seismite will not stabilize, turn the power off and press the Q or QUIT key while simultaneously turning the power on. This will set the seismic and acoustic triggers to MAX and OFF respectively and will also take the unit out of its automatic print mode. After stabilization is complete, the trigger level settings can be set to the desired levels. In a quiet environment, a seismic trigger level of 0.02 IPS or 0.5 MMPS may be acceptable after stabilization. If the monitor continuously triggers after stabilization, the trigger levels will have to be reset to higher values. In this case it may be necessary to turn the power off and depress the Q or QUIT key while turning the power back on to reset the trigger levels. Prints Continuously in Waveform Mode The "Prints Continuously" occurrence can be stopped by pressing the Q or QUIT key during the printing of a waveform. If the instrument continues to accept events, then the trigger levels will have to be reset as previously described. Scrambled Data or Erratic Operation If all power fails, including the backup battery, the memory will be corrupted and strange characters may be printed or displayed. The seismograph may reset and stabilize several times. This can happen when circuit boards are replaced or when strong electrical surges occur within the instrument. If this occurs, hold down the CLEAR Key while pressing the RESET Key or while turning on the power. This will clear the memory and reset the setup parameters to their default values. Waveform Graphic Cannot be Printed If the memory of the monitor is exceeded, only summarized data will be available for records whose waveforms are no longer in memory. If an attempt is made to print a record whose waveform is no longer in memory, the summary data will be printed and the area where the waveform would typically occur will not be printed. Printed Waveform is Scrambled The Alpha-Seismite full waveform instruments have a 12 second memory buffer for analyzing and storing events. If a series of events occurs in succession with a duration in excess of 12 seconds, the event currently being processed or printed will be partially overwritten by the latest event. To help prevent this occurrence, set the record time as short as is practical. Also, try to allow a few seconds between events so that processing of a current event can be completed before another event occurs. A lower sample rate can also be used to record a greater number of events.
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11.2
Mini-Seis, Mini-Seis II and Mini-Graph
11.2.1 General Description

The Mini-Seis/Mini-Graph is designed for low cost blast vibration monitoring where an immediate onsite printout is not required. It is offered in a small package weighing approximately 3.5 pounds. There is a two line, 40 character display and six key keypad for on-site programming. An external microphone and triaxial ground motion sensing package are included. The Mini-Seis/Mini-Graph may be ordered with variable levels of memory for event recording. The standard memory models and approximate event storage parameters are shown in the following table: Instrument Model Mini-Seis II 1/8M duration Mini-Seis II 1/4M duration Mini-Seis II 1/2M duration Mini-Seis I 1.0M duration Memory 1/8M (128K) 1/4M (256K) 1/2M (512K) 1.0M (1024K) Approximate Event Storage Capacity 10-20 events of three to five seconds 50-100 events of three to five seconds 150-250 events of three to five seconds max 341 events of three to five seconds
The Mini-Graph is the 1/2M version of the Mini-Seis II Regardless of the memory size, each unit can display summary information for the last 341 events. Data downloading and analysis software is provided. The software allows the stored full waveform data to be quickly downloaded from memory to disk using any computer running a compatible 32 bit Windows operating system. High communication rates, coupled with efficient data compression, allow rapid set-up and downloading of data via direct computer connection or modem. Sample Rates and Recording Ranges Recording Durations Battery Life Other Features Specifications 11.2.1.1 Sample Rates and Recording Ranges The Mini-Seis 1.0M has sample rates up to 2048 samples per second per channel. The maximum sample rate for the Mini-Seis II/Mini-Graph is 1024 samples per second per channel. Numerous optional recording ranges allow both low and high level ground motions to be recorded. The standard X2 gain instrument has recording ranges of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 inches per second (64, 127 and 254 millimeters per second). There are also X1, X4 and X8 gain options. Instruments with the 20.0 inch per second X1 gain option utilize accelerometers for ground motion sensors. This allows close-in monitoring where frequency or displacement values may be high. For maximum sensitivity, the Mini-Seis can be ordered with a X8 transducer. This velocity geophone configuration can record vibration levels as low as 0.0013 inch per second (0.03 millimeter per second). The cable mounted, detachable mike, allows the monitoring of sound pressure levels up to 148 dB.
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11.2.1.2 Recording Durations The Mini-Seis 1.0M unit can record events up to 12 seconds in duration at 1024 samples per second per channel. The maximum duration of the Mini-Seis II/Mini-Graph is 9 seconds at 1024 samples per second per channel. If programmed for shorter record times, the instruments may be able to record two or more events in succession. 11.2.1.3 Battery Life The Mini-Seis/Mini-Graph instruments are power efficient. At a sample rate of 1024 samples per second, the units will operate for approximately 7 to 10 days with a full charge. With the Timer Mode set to a seven hour monitoring day, the continuous operating time can be extended to approximately one month. The instrument can also be connected to an automobile battery or solar cell for extended or unlimited operating time. 11.2.1.4 Other Features An optional AC or DC modem package is available. It allows remote operation, setup, and data transfer via phone lines. The data compression used by the Mini-Seis allows data to be downloaded several times faster than competing instruments. This feature saves time and reduces telephone expense. Special cellular modems may also be used with appropriate programming. For large monitoring jobs, the programming of multiple units can be accomplished quickly using custom designed software. Multiple instruments can be charged and programmed simultaneously with an optional connecting kit. It is also possible to simply connect multiple units together and have all units trigger from a master unit. In this configuration, all units can be connected to a single external power source. Data can also be downloaded remotely with a single modem. The seismograph package contains all required accessories for operation. Once again, software is provided for setup, data downloading and analysis. The transducer package and microphone are interchangeable between units. Should calibration fail, it may only be necessary to send in the sensor package and not the entire unit. Some companies purchase a spare transducer and microphone package for this purpose. 11.2.1.5 Specifications Data Recorded Frequency Response One (1) acoustic and three (3) seismic channels. Mini-Seis: 2 to 500 Hz. (-3 dB. points) at 2048 samples per second. Lower sample rates reduce the high frequency response proportionately. Mini-Seis II or Mini-Graph: 2 to 250 Hz. (-3 dB points) at 1024 samples per second. Seismic Sensors Microphone Memory Three component mounted velocity geophones or accelerometers, depending on the ordered recording ranges. Ceramic element rated to at least 160 dB. Solid state with all summary, setup, and recorded data retained with power off. A lithium backup battery retains data if primary power fails. A 24 hour clock maintains the date and time accurate to within 1
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minute per month, even if primary power fails. Timer Mode Display Allows an instrument to be active only during selected hours on a daily basis. The high contrast LCD has two lines of 40 characters to facilitate the instrument's setup. It also allows the operator to view operating parameters and summary data. Contains 6 keys for entering setup data and operating commands. A log of the last 64 on/off cycles is kept in memory to indicate the active monitoring periods. If the timer is used, the log is updated each time it activates. Internal 6 volt rechargeable. With a fully charged battery all models will operate from 7 to 10 days at 1024 samples per sec. Longer times may be obtained using the timer mode or external power from a small solar cell or automobile battery. A standard automobile battery will keep the internal battery at full charge for several months at moderate temperatures. If the external battery fails, the unit will continue to operate on its internal battery. An internal charging circuit allows charging with the supplied plug-in wall mount charger or any 10 to 15 volt DC supply. Power supplies for international use are available. 0 to 130 degrees F (-18 to 54 degrees C) Heavy gauge aluminum for effective electrical shielding and rugged protection. A stainless steel case is optional. The case is sealed allowing shallow burial. Approximately 7.5 in. x 4.5 in. x 2.5 in. Approximately 3.5 lbs. (1.6 Kg.) without accessories. Adds 2 lbs. (.9 Kg.) above the aluminum case weight. Approximately 6 lbs. (2.7 Kg.) including the storage case. Mini-Seis: The full waveform signature is stored in solid state memory for up to 341 events. Mini-Seis II 1/8M: Approximately 20 to 30 typical blast events. Mini-Seis II 1/4M: Approximately 50 to 75 typical blast events. Mini-Seis II 1/2M or Mini-Graph: Approximately 150 to 250 typical blast events. Summary Data Summarized data include the event time, date, battery voltage, peak measurements, unit serial number and frequencies. The summarized data are stored in solid state memory for the last 341 events. Mini-Seis: From 2048 samples per second per channel down to 32
Optional Keypad Power on Log
Battery Operating Time
External Battery Life
Charging
Operating Temperature Case
Size Weight - Aluminum Case Weight - Stainless Steel Weight - Accessories Waveform Data
Sample Rate
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samples per second per channel. Mini-Seis II or Mini-Graph: 1024 or 512 samples per second per channel. Recording Units Seismic Recording Ranges English (U.S.) or metric. Standard (x2) 0.005 IPS to 2.5 IPS (0.125 to 64 MMPS) 0.01 IPS to 5.0 IPS (0.25 to 127 MMPS) 0.02 IPS to 10.0 IPS (0.50 to 254 MMPS) Optional (x1 - accelerometers) 0.01 IPS to 5.0 IPS (0.25 to 127 MMPS) 0.02 IPS to 10.0 IPS (0.50 to 254 MMPS) 0.04 IPS to 20.0 IPS (1.00 to 508 MMPS) Optional (x4) 0.0025 IPS to 1.2 IPS (0.063 to 30.5 MMPS) 0.005 IPS to 2.5 IPS (0.125 to 64 MMPS) 0.01 IPS to 5.0 IPS (0.25 to 127 MMPS) Optional (x8) 0.0013 IPS to 0.6 IPS (0.033 to 15.2 MMPS) 0.0025 IPS to 1.2 IPS (0.063 to 30.5 MMPS) 0.005 IPS to 2.5 IPS (0.125 to 64 MMPS) Acoustic Ranges Trigger Levels 0.02 to 2.56 millibars (100 to 142 dB) 0.04 to 5.12 millibars (106 to 148 dB). Seismic 2.5 IPS Range - 0.01 to 0.57 IPS (0.25 to 14.5 MMPS). 5.0 IPS Range - 0.02 to 1.14 IPS (0.5 to 29 MMPS). 10.0 IPS Range - 0.04 to 2.28 IPS (1.0 to 58 MMPS). Seismic trigger sensitivities are proportionally modified by optional gains. Acoustic - 106 to 142 dB or 112 to 148 dB. Manual Trigger Record Duration Allows triggering from the keyboard or by an external input. One unit may be used to trigger additional instruments. Mini-Seis: From 1 to 6 seconds at a sample rate of 2048 samples per second. At lower sample rates, the duration is automatically increased proportional to the amount of decrease in the sample rate. Mini-Seis II or Mini-Graph: From 1 to 9 seconds at 1024 samples per second. Cycle Time Mini-Seis: At 1024 samples per second, up to 12 seconds of data can be taken with only 50 milliseconds between events. After 12 seconds of data are stored, another event cannot be taken until the previous data have been processed. Processing requires about 3 seconds per second of recording time. Mini-Seis II or Mini-Graph: Maximum continuous data time is 9 seconds.
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Records Stored Calibration Test (Seismic)
Up to 341 typical coal mine or quarry blast events. A dynamic transducer test is performed automatically after each event or manually on command. The test is stored in the summarized data and may be downloaded as an event. An electronic test of the microphone is performed with the seismic test and is stored in memory along with the seismic test. In a remote installation, an automatic calibration test occurs if no event has been recorded for 84 hours. Data can be downloaded and setup commands can be uploaded directly by computer or remotely by modem. From 1200 to 38.4K.
Calibration Test (Acoustic) 84 Hour Cal Test RS232 Serial Port Baud Rate
11.2.2 Setup and Operation

Each Mini-Seis has a keypad and display to allow setup, test, and summarized data viewing on site without a computer. Comments may be entered using the keypad. However, this process may be somewhat tedious. The communications software makes it easy to enter comments via a computer. The entered comments are stored in memory with each event. A computer may also be used for all setup functions. Setup is accomplished by selecting fields on three primary display screens. The Enter key accepts all values on the screen and advances the display to the next screen. Once set, the values are stored and are implemented each time power is cycled on. Keyboard Functions Trigger Disarm First Setup Screen Second Setup Screen Third Setup Screen Printer Setup Screen Event Screen Field Installation Reviewing Data 11.2.2.1 Keyboard Functions The six key keypad allows the user to accomplish all operating functions. Two-key combinations are required for some functions. Reset Pressing the Reset key resets the instrument. It does not change any existing setup parameters. Note: If background vibration levels are above the trigger levels, the unit will not be able to stabilize. To minimize this possibility, we recommend connecting only the microphone for setup purposes.
Enter The Enter key is used to accept all setup parameters as they appear on the screen. Pressing Enter also causes the unit to cycle to the next screen. Increment and Decrement The Increment and Decrement keys are used for changing field values after a field has been selected
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with the Select key combination. They are also used to change the summary event number on the Main Screen to allow the viewing of any event in memory. Holding down either key will cause a rapid repeat of the function to allow faster changes. Select Function (Shift and Increment) This two-key combination is used to select a field to be changed. The function is accessed by pressing and holding the Shift key, and then pressing the Increment key. Brackets on the display will enclose the selected field. The brackets will move to the next field each time Shift and Increment is pressed. As each field is exited, the field value will be accepted as it appears in the field. The Select Function may also be used on the Event Screen to toggle between event amplitudes and frequencies. Calibration Test (Shift and Enter) Holding the Shift key and pressing Enter will produce a manual calibration test. This function allows for the manual testing of a unit's calibration during setup or at regular intervals during long term monitoring. To pass a calibration test, both the transducer and microphone must be connected. Clear (Enter and Reset) This function can be used to clear an instrument's logic in case a problem occurs. To use the Clear Function, press the Enter key and hold it down. Then press and release the Reset key. Continue to hold down the Enter key for a few seconds after Reset is released. All setup parameters will be reset to default values and any data in the Comment fields will be erased. Stored events in memory will not be erased. Clear Data (Increment and Reset) Hold down the Increment key and press and release the Reset key to clear all stored events in memory. The Increment key should be held down until you see the following message on the display: TO ERASE MEMORY USE SELECT FUNCTION At this point, hold down the Shift key and press and release the Increment key to clear the memory. If the memory clear is successful, the event number on the Event Screen will be reset to 340 and all data values will be set to zero. If you do not respond to the above message within approximately five seconds, the instrument will reset and the memory will not be cleared. Note: Be aware that this function is irreversible. All data in memory will be erased.
Manual Trigger (Decrement and Reset) Hold down the Decrement key and press and release the Reset key. The Decrement key should be held down until you see the following message on the display: MANUAL TRIGGER MODE SELECTED The unit can now only be triggered from the keypad or by an external trigger. The keypad method is to hold down the Shift key and press Decrement. To trigger the unit externally, apply a trigger to pin 7 of the female connector on the end of the case. Note: Be careful not to confuse the Manual Trigger function (Decrement and Reset) with the Clear Data function (Increment and Reset).
Print (Shift and Decrement) Events stored in a Mini-Seis unit can be printed in the field on a serial printer that emulates IBM or Epson print modes. Holding down the Shift key and pressing the Decrement key instructs the unit to print the current event shown on the display. For more information about using a portable printer see
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the section on Field Printing. 11.2.2.2 Trigger Disarm The Mini-Seis is normally ready to monitor as soon as the microphone or external transducer is installed and stabilization is complete. If setup is to be done on site, accidental triggers may occur unless the trigger mode is disarmed. To disarm triggering in the field, press the Trigger Disarm key (*) on the keypad. When the trigger disarm is activated, there will be a n character in the lower left corner of the display. This will allow setup to be completed without causing a trigger. The trigger disarm can be deactivated by pressing the Trigger Disarm key (*) again. When the trigger disarm is deactivated, there will not be a n character in the lower left corner of the display. One to two minutes after all keyboard activity has ceased, the Mini-Seis display will go blank. This action also deactivates the trigger disarm. 11.2.2.3 First Setup Screen The first screen that appears after the unit has stabilized shows the current battery voltage, baud rate, memory configuration, status of the comments, acoustic display mode and the date and time. Each of these fields is accessible for change using the Select Function. To use the Select Function, hold down the Shift key and press and release the Increment key until the brackets surround a field you wish to change. Then release the Shift key and press Increment or Decrement to change the current setting. The first setup screen will look similar to the following: BAT 06.4 BAUD 9600 WRAP ON COMMENTS OFF AIR MB 03-27-97 15:34 Note: Over the years there have been a number of changes to the Mini-Seis setup screens. If the first setup screen on your instrument appears significantly different than that shown above, please contact your seismograph supplier to answer any questions.
Battery (BAT) This field shows the current battery voltage. In the sample shown above, the current battery voltage is 6.4 volts. The seismograph should be charged if the voltage is below 6.0 volts. Baud Rate (BAUD) You can normally set the Baud Rate to the highest value your computer will support. All computers tested to date, including old models, have supported up to 38.4K baud with the communications software. Setting the unit to a lower baud rate may result in more reliable communication in some cases, but will slow the transmission of data and setup information. The baud rate in the above sample is set to 9600. To change the baud rate, press Shift and Increment to bracket the field. Then press the Increment or Decrement key to raise or lower the value. Memory Wrap (WRAP) The Mini-Seis memory can be configured in either a WRAP ON or WRAP OFF mode. The default configuration, WRAP ON, allows the memory to wrap when full. This means that when the memory is full, a new event will be stored over the oldest event in memory. When the memory is full in the WRAP OFF mode, the vibration time history for the new event will not be stored. Either the memory must be cleared or the Wrap function must be changed to ON before more events can be stored. Since the seismograph always shows summary information for the last 341 events, users may assume that the vibration for each event is stored in memory. This may or may not be the case. To
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change the Wrap state, press Shift and Increment until the field is bracketed. Then press the Increment or Decrement key to toggle the value to ON or OFF. When to Use WRAP ON WRAP ON should be used if you will be downloading data before more events are recorded than can be stored in the memory that is available. When to Use WRAP OFF WRAP OFF should be used if you are concerned about recording more events than can be stored in the available memory. Note: When events are downloaded, they are not removed from the instrument's memory. Downloading simply copies the events from memory.
Comments (COMMENTS) Six lines of comments may be entered from the keypad or with a computer. These comments can be stored in memory with each recorded event. From the keyboard it is possible to ADD comments or turn comments ON or OFF. Turning comments OFF saves some memory, allowing perhaps one or two extra events to be stored. Selecting ADD in this field, and then pressing the Enter key, allows the viewing and entering of comments. To add comments, press Shift and Increment until the field is bracketed. Then press Increment until the field value shows ADD. Next press Enter. The first comment screen will appear as follows: 1 0123456789 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ The number one in the lower left corner of the screen indicates that this is comment screen #1. Pressing Enter will change this number to two, indicating the second comment screen. There are six of these screens. When a screen is first displayed, a block cursor will be in the upper left corner of the display. To enter comments, you must select individual characters from the bottom half of the screen. To do this press Shift and Increment. An equal (=) sign will appear where the cursor was in the upper half of the display and the cursor will move to the space between the number 9 and the letter A. This is the space character. To enter a character, move the cursor using Increment or Decrement until the cursor is over the character. Then press Shift and Increment. Do not press Enter as this will cause the display to show the next comment screen. The selected character will appear in the position occupied by the equal sign and the cursor will be located at the next position right. Repeat the previous process to select other characters. The Increment and Decrement keys will move the cursor without erasing characters. To erase a character, place the cursor on the character in the upper half of the screen and press Shift and Increment. The cursor will move to the space between the number 9 and the letter A. This is the space character. Press Shift and Increment again and the character will be erased. Note: It is much easier to enter any comments or headings using the computer software.
Acoustic Display Units (AIR) Acoustic measurements can be displayed in millibars (MB) or decibels (DB). To change the acoustic display units, press Shift and Increment until the field is bracketed. Then press Increment to toggle the value to MB or DB. Date/Time Each item of the date and time can be accessed with the Select Function. When selected, changes to the date and time can be made by pressing the Increment or Decrement key. Holding these keys
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down will advance the settings at a rapid rate. The date is displayed in the format MM-DD-YY where MM is the month from 01 to 12, DD is the day from 01 to 31 and YY is the year from 00 to 99. The time is displayed in military format as HH:MM where HH is the hour from 00 to 23 and MM is the minute from 00 to 59. 11.2.2.4 Second Setup Screen Pressing Enter from the first setup screen will advance the display to the second setup screen. This screen contains fields for the data units, seismic range, acoustic range, seismic trigger level and acoustic trigger level. The second setup screen will be similar to the following: MAX RANGES IPS 05.0 DB 142 TRIGGERS SEIS 0.05 IPS AIR OFF DB Note: Over the years there have been a number of changes to the Mini-Seis setup screens. If the first setup screen on your instrument appears significantly different than that shown above, please contact your seismograph supplier to answer any questions.
MAX RANGES The Mini-Seis can display data in either U.S. (IPS inches per second) or metric (MMPS millimeters per second) units. The specified units determine how data are displayed. All data are stored in memory in U.S. units. The value in the preceding sample is presented in U.S. units, IPS. Seismic Range The seismic range value is shown after the IPS or MMPS designation. It indicates the highest vibration level that can be recorded. The Mini-Seis will have three ranges that can be selected. The available range values will depend on the transducer gains as shown in the following table: Transducer Type X1 X2 X4 X8 Available Ranges (IPS) 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 1.2, 2.5 and 5.0 0.6, 1.2 and 2.5 Available Ranges (MMPS) 130, 257 and 520 65, 130 and 257 32, 65 and 130 16, 32 and 65
It will normally be desirable to use the lowest range that will accommodate the highest particle velocity level you expect. This will give the best resolution of low level data. To change the seismic range, press Shift and Increment until the field is bracketed. Then press Increment to select one of the three values. Acoustic Range (DB) The Mini-Seis has two acoustic ranges of 142 or 148 dB. As with the seismic range, it is normally best to use the lowest range which will accommodate the highest airblast level expected. To change the acoustic range, press Shift and Increment until the field is bracketed. Then press Increment to toggle between the two values. Seismic Trigger Level (TRIGGERS SEIS) Typically, the seismic trigger level will be set as low as possible, taking into account the background vibrations in the area. Setting the level too low may allow numerous false triggers. Setting the level too high may prevent the unit from triggering to the blast event. In the sample shown above, the trigger setting is 0.05 inch per second. To change the seismic trigger level, press Shift and Increment until the field is bracketed. Then press Increment or Decrement to raise or lower the value. Holding down these keys will cause the value to change rapidly.
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Note:
Whenever the seismic range is changed, the seismic trigger level changes proportionally. For example, if the current range is 5.0 ips and the trigger level is 0.06 ips, changing the range to 2.5 ips will also change the trigger level to 0.03 ips.
Acoustic Trigger Level (AIR) The acoustic trigger may not be required for normal blast events. If the trigger is used, it should normally be set at a higher level to help prevent false triggers from wind and other non-blast sources. The above sample has the acoustic trigger set to OFF. The acoustic trigger level is in decibels (DB). To change the acoustic trigger level, press Shift and Increment until the field is bracketed. Then press Increment or Decrement to raise or lower the value. Holding down these keys will cause the value to change rapidly. Note: An acoustic trigger level setting below 120 decibels should only be used with caution. Always use the supplied windscreen to reduce the effects of wind.
11.2.2.5 Third Setup Screen Pressing the Enter key from the second setup screen will advance the display to the third setup screen. This screen contains fields for the printer setup, timer mode, sample rate, and record duration. The third setup screen will be similar to the following: PRINTER ON TIMER OFF 1024/SEC 004 SEC RECORD Note: Over the years there have been a number of changes to the Mini-Seis setup screens. If the first setup screen on your instrument appears significantly different than that shown above, please contact your seismograph supplier to answer any questions.
Printer (ON or SET) This value is used to setup the instrument for field printouts. To setup the parameters, access the field and change the value from ON to SET. Then, press the Enter Key. Refer to the section "Printer Setup Screens" later in this chapter. Timer Mode (TIMER ON, SET or OFF) This field allows the Timer to be turned ON, OFF or SET. When the brackets are on this field, and the field value shows SET, the Enter key can be pressed to allow the Timer operation to be programmed. It will appear similar to the following example: HOUR TO TURN UNIT OFF 00 ON 00 arrow keys to set hour 0-23, then enter The cursor may be moved to the OFF and ON fields where the Increment or Decrement keys will allow the operator to set the hour when the unit will start and cease monitoring on a daily basis. When the Enter key is pressed, the hours are set and the third setup screen will reappear with the TIMER field showing ON. A typical timer setup might be to set the ON value to 08 and the OFF value to 17. This instructs the instrument to turn on at 08 (8:00 AM) and off at 17 (5:00 PM) for a recording time of nine hours per day. The primary purpose for the timer operation is to conserve power and obtain longer operating times. The Timer may also reduce the possibility of false triggers. During periods outside the set operating time, the instrument will not trigger or record events. However, the unit can be manually activated by pressing Reset. The unit will then remain activated until the next scheduled OFF time.
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Note:
The Timer will not take effect until the OFF time has been reached. Also, be careful not to confuse the OFF time with the ON time as you might lose data.
Sample Rate (1024/SEC) This field sets the number of samples each channel will acquire in a one second period. The most commonly used sample rate is 1024 samples per second. The operating current gets lower as the sample rate decreases. With lower sample rates, longer operating times can be obtained. However, care should be used before reducing the sample rate below 512 samples per second. At a minimum, at least five samples per cycle of the highest frequency to be expected should be obtained. Ideally, the sample rate should provide at least 10 samples per cycle. For example, to minimally resolve amplitudes at a frequency of 100 hertz, a sample rate of no less than 512 samples per second should be used, although a sample rate of at least 1024 samples per second would be preferable. To record amplitudes with frequencies above 100 hertz, 2048 samples per second should be used (Mini-Seis 1.0M only). Also, the coupling of the transducer becomes very important. The downside of using the 2048 sample rate is that the battery life will decrease by approximately 30 percent. Note: The available sample rates of the Mini-Seis II or Mini-Graph units are 512 and 1024 samples per second per channel.
Record Duration (004 SEC RECORD) The record duration field value determines the amount of recording time that will be allotted to each triggered event. For airblast considerations, the record duration should be set at a minimum time of two seconds plus one second for each 1000 feet that an instrument is located from a blast. Consideration should also be given to the shot duration. An instrument may only be a few hundred feet from a blast, but the blast may be delayed so that it takes more than one second to completely detonate. Note: Having the record duration set shorter than the shot duration means that there may be more than one event in memory for the shot. If this occurs, the events will have consecutive numbers with the same date and possibly the same time.
11.2.2.6 Printer Setup Screen The Printer Setup Screens are accessed from the Third Setup Screen. To do this, make the PRINTER field value SET and then press the Enter key. The first printer screen will be similar to the following: PRINTER TYPE PRINT OSM OFF HP LaserJet
Printer Type The PRINTER TYPE field is used to select a printer manufacturer. There are a number of values that can be selected. The above example shows a value of HP LaserJet. Print OSM The PRINT OSM field value determines whether or not the printout will include the OSM/USBM particle velocity versus frequency graphs. When you are finished establishing the above parameters, press Enter to access the next printer setup screen. It will be similar to the following: POLARITY NORMAL LEFT SPACES 00 HEAD1 C HEAD2 C SPEED 00 Polarity
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The POLARITY field may be set to NORMAL or REVERSED. When set to NORMAL, the wave form peaks will deflect in one direction. When set to REVERSED, the peaks will deflect in the other direction. This feature can be used in case you will be binding the printout in a notebook. Left Spaces As many as 10 spaces can be added to the left side of the chart to allow space for binding the printout in a notebook. Head1 C and Head2 C Two lines of headings can be entered for inclusion on the printout. These headings can be centered (C), left justified (L) or right justified (R). Speed The value for the SPEED field sets the length of the printed record. A value of zero instructs the unit to print the record on a single sheet of paper. If you want to expand or compress the record, the field value can be set from 1 to 16. The larger the number, the longer the record. Note: The field value works in conjunction with the set record duration. A value of 3 in the SPEED field produces a different length of record for a four second duration event than for a six second duration event. It will probably be necessary to experiment with various duration and SPEED combinations to see the results.
Printer Heading Screens Once the values noted above have been supplied, pressing Enter will display a screen used to enter the first line of printer headings. 1 0123456789 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ The number one in the lower left corner of the screen indicates that this is printer heading screen #1. Pressing Enter will change this number to two, indicating the second printer heading screen. There are two of these screens. When a printer heading screen is displayed, there will be a block cursor in the upper left corner of the display. To enter a heading, you must select individual characters from the bottom half of the screen. To do this press Shift and Increment. An equal (=) sign will appear where the cursor was in the upper half of the display and the cursor will move to the space between the number 9 and the letter A. This is the space character. To enter a character, move the cursor using Increment or Decrement until the cursor is over the character. Then press Shift and Increment. Do not press Enter as this will cause the display to show the next comment screen. The selected character will appear in the position occupied by the equal sign and the cursor will be located at the next position right. Repeat the previous process to select other characters. The Increment and Decrement keys will move the cursor without erasing characters. To erase a character, place the cursor on the character in the upper half of the screen and press Shift and Increment. The cursor will move to the space between the number 9 and the letter A. This is the space character. Press Shift and Increment again and the character will be erased. Note: It is much easier to enter any comments or headings using the computer software.
11.2.2.7 Event Screen Pressing Enter from the third setup screen will advance the display to the Event Screen. This screen shows summary information for each of the events in memory. The Increment and Decrement keys can be used to change the event number being displayed. Pressing the Select Function (Shift and Increment) will toggle the screen to display the frequencies at the peak amplitudes. An example of
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an event on the Event Screen follows: N BAT 06.4 10-14-02 13:56 IPS 025 P 0.130T 0.020V 0.340R 0.38A 0.360VS A
BAT 06.4 This is the instrument's battery voltage at the time the event was obtained. Date: 10-14-02 The date the event was recorded. Time: 13:56 The time the event was recorded. Units: IPS This shows the units used to display the seismic data, IPS or MMPS. Event: 025 This is the event number of the event. Event numbers can range from 000 to 340. The Increment and Decrement keys can be used to change event numbers. For example, if Decrement was pressed, the display would change to show summary data for event number 024. Cal Test: P This value indicates whether or not the unit passed (P) or failed (F) the calibration test stored with the event. Transverse Amplitude: 0.130T This is the peak vibration value for the transverse seismic component. Vertical Amplitude: 0.020V This is the peak vibration value for the vertical seismic component. Radial: 0.340R This is the peak vibration value for the radial seismic component. Acoustic: 0.38A This is the peak acoustic overpressure value. The value is in millibars since this was specified in the acoustic display units in the first setup screen. Vector Sum: 0.360VS This is the peak vector sum vibration value. This value is a true vector sum. Waveform Availability: A This value indicates whether or not the wave form data for the event are available in memory. If the value is A, the data are in memory. If the value is S, only summary data are in memory. 11.2.2.8 Field Installation Transducer Installation Spiked burial of the seismic transducer package is recommended, except in super-saturated soil conditions. Dig a hole roughly six inches deep. The bottom of the hole should be relatively flat and smooth. Orient the arrow on top of the transducer toward the shot and press the transducer assembly into the bottom of the hole. Carefully replace the soil around and over the transducer. After monitoring, care should be used when removing the soil so that the transducer cord will not be cut. Surface spiking with a sandbag is also acceptable under many conditions.
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When mounting on a hard surface such as concrete, double-backed tape or a grouting material can be used to couple the transducer. Never simply place the transducer on concrete without proper coupling. Note: Transducer coupling becomes a significant issue whenever ground accelerations approach or exceed 0.2 gravities. At a frequency of 30 hertz, a particle velocity of 0.40 ips yields 0.2 g acceleration.
Microphone Installation The microphone may be installed by a number of convenient methods. One suggested method is to use tape to fasten the microphone to a rod driven into the ground. It may also be set in a microphone stand and placed on the ground. Use the supplied wind and rain shield package to protect the microphone from the weather. Preparing for Operation As soon as either the transducer or microphone are connected to the seismograph it will activate. If on-site setup is required, it is suggested that only the microphone be installed. You may also use the Trigger Disarm key to disable the trigger as described previously in this manual. Note: The International Society of Explosives Engineers has established guidelines for the field programming and use of blast-monitoring seismographs. 11.2.2.9 Reviewing Data The display can be used to view any event in memory, even while monitoring. If no event is expected, you can use the Trigger Disarm key to deactivate triggering. If the display is blank, pressing Enter will activate the screen. The display will then be on the Event Screen. It will show the summary data of the most current event. Different events can be viewed with the Increment and Decrement keys. Pressing the Decrement key will change the screen to the next lowest event number. Press Increment to view the next highest event number.
11.2.3 Bar Graph Mode

To use the BARGRAPH MODE, the operator should install the transducer and mike as described previously. If the instrument is in the WAVESHAPE MODE upon power up, the B and RESET Keys can be used to change to the BARGRAPH MODE. Press and hold the B Key and then press the RESET Key. Continue to hold down the B Key until the following message appears on the screen: BARGRAPH mode destroys WAVEFORM data N key to abort, ENTER key to continue If the N Key is not pressed, in a few moments the instrument will enter the BARGRAPH MODE and any wave form data in memory will be erased. The B and RESET Key combination will only function on instruments with an Eprom version with a B in the designation, i.e. 1B.2. Note: It is important to reiterate that placing an instrument in the BARGRAPH MODE will clear the instrument's memory of all wave form events and setup information.
When the BARGRAPH MODE is accessed, the Stabilization Screen will appear on the display with the last calibration date on the first line. This date serves as a reminder to have the calibration certified at least once each year. The unit serial number and software version will also appear on this screen. A message will also appear to warn the user that any wave form data in memory will be erased. Otherwise, the message "BARGRAPH SELECTED" will appear on the instrument's display, and a count will commence. In a few moments, this screen will disappear and Setup Screen # 1 will appear.
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If previous bargraph setup data are in memory, and the data are setup as needed, it will only be necessary to press the ENTER Key to display Setup Screen #2. If this is the case, to begin a job, increment the System Field in Setup Screen #3 to ACTIVE and press the ENTER Key. To end a job, make the System Field value INACTIVE and press the ENTER Key. If the instrument is left on, and no entries or key presses are made for approximately one minute, the seismograph will default to ACTIVE and a new job will begin. 11.2.3.1 First Setup Screen Setup Screen #1 will be similar to the following example: BAUD 9600 COMMENTS OFF A BAT 06.9 TIMER OFF 10-14-02 13:16 The cursor will be blinking in the lower right corner of the screen. It can be moved to any changeable field by pressing the SELECT Key combination (Shift + Increment). The Increment and Decrement Keys can be used to change the values of the selected fields as required. Pressing the ENTER Key will cause the seismograph to accept all displayed field values and the screen will update to the next setup screen. The displayed battery voltage represents the current voltage. The battery should be above 6.0 volts for proper operation. The field values that can be selected for modification are: Baud Field This field value represents the communications rate for the serial port. To download data, the seismograph's and computer's baud rates must match. Comments Field Six lines of comments may be entered from the keypad or with a computer. These comments can be stored in memory with each recorded event. From the keyboard it is possible to ADD comments or turn comments ON or OFF. Turning comments OFF saves some memory, allowing perhaps one or two extra events to be stored. Selecting ADD in this field, and then pressing the Enter key, allows the viewing and entering of comments. To add comments, press Shift and Increment until the field is bracketed. Then press Increment until the field value shows ADD. Next press Enter. The first comment screen will appear as follows: 1 0123456789 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ The number one in the lower left corner of the screen indicates that this is comment screen #1. Pressing Enter will change this number to two, indicating the second comment screen. There are six of these screens. When a screen is first displayed, a block cursor will be in the upper left corner of the display. To enter comments, you must select individual characters from the bottom half of the screen. To do this press Shift and Increment. An equal (=) sign will appear where the cursor was in the upper half of the display and the cursor will move to the space between the number 9 and the letter A. This is the space character. To enter a character, move the cursor using Increment or Decrement until the cursor is over the character. Then press Shift and Increment. Do not press Enter as this will cause the display to show the next comment screen. The selected character will appear in the position occupied by the equal sign and the cursor will be located at the next position right. Repeat the previous process to select other characters.
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The Increment and Decrement keys will move the cursor without erasing characters. To erase a character, place the cursor on the character in the upper half of the screen and press Shift and Increment. The cursor will move to the space between the number 9 and the letter A. This is the space character. Press Shift and Increment again and the character will be erased. Note: It is much easier to enter any comments or headings using the computer software.
Timer Field This field allows the timer function to be SET, turned ON or turned OFF. If the field value is specified as SET, a new screen will appear to allow the timer operation to be programmed by the operator. This screen will be similar to the following: TIME TO TURN UNIT OFF[00] ON 00 arrow keys to set hour 0-23, then enter The brackets and cursor will initially be on the OFF Field. The Increment and Decrement Keys can be used to change the field value in order to set the hour at which the unit will cease actively monitoring on a daily basis. When the ENTER Key is pressed, the off hour will be set and the cursor and brackets will advance to the ON Field. In the same manner as the OFF Field, the ON Field can be used to set the hour at which the unit will start monitoring on a daily basis. This value must be at least one hour prior to the value for the OFF hour. If the ON and OFF times are set to the same hour, the Timer will not function. Press the ENTER Key to accept the ON Field value and return to Setup Screen #1. As an example, assume that the OFF field value is set as 17 and the ON field value is 07. These values indicate that the instrument will cease actively monitoring at 5:00 PM and begin monitoring at 7:00 AM, on a daily basis. In other words, the instrument will only actively monitor events between 7:00 AM and 5:00 PM. Date and Time Fields These fields show the current instrument date and time. 11.2.3.2 Second Setup Screen Setup Screen #2 is displayed whenever the ENTER Key is pressed from Setup Screen #1. This screen will be similar to the following example: AIR RANGE 106 - 142 DISPLAY PEAK SEIS RANGE IPS 1.2 INTERVAL 10 SEC
Air Range Field Two airblast recording ranges are available. The information shown in the preceding illustration covers the range from 106 dB to 142 dB. The other range is from 112 to 148 dB. Seis Range Units Field The IPS (inches per second) designation on the preceding Setup Screen #2 sample indicates that the seismic data units will be inches per second. This field may also be set to MMPS (millimeters per second). Data stored in the instrument's memory will not be affected by this setting. Printing from memory may be done in IPS or MMPS at any time. Seis Range Field Three seismic ranges are available. Each range can be displayed and printed in IPS (inches per second) or MMPS (millimeters per second) . The lowest range has an upper limit of 1.2 IPS (31 MMPS), in increments of 0.01 IPS (0.254 MMPS). The middle range is 2.5 IPS (63 MMPS). The
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highest range is 5.0 IPS (127 MMPS). Display Field The Display Field value can be set to PEAK or RESULT. A value of PEAK will instruct the instrument to display bar graph values in terms of the peak particle velocity of ground motion. A value of RESULT will instruct the instrument to display values in terms of the ground motion resultant or vector sum. Interval Field The Interval Field sets the time between samples. 11.2.3.3 Third Setup Screen Setup Screen #3 is displayed whenever the ENTER Key is pressed from Setup Screen #2. This screen will be similar to the following example: SYSTEM INACTIVE System Field The value for the System Field will default to INACTIVE (not monitoring) at power on. When ACTIVE is selected for the System Field and the ENTER Key is pressed, the instrument will begin to monitor using the selected parameters. If no keyboard action takes place for approximately one minute, the system will default to the ACTIVE mode as a protection against the operator forgetting to start the active mode. When the System Field value is changed from ACTIVE to INACTIVE, and the ENTER Key is pressed, the current monitoring job will end. Once the unit is placed in the ACTIVE MODE, it will remain active until power is turned off or the TIMER MODE turns it off for a selected period of time. In continuous operation, a new job will start each midnight and the unit will remain active. Note: If power is removed before INACTIVE is selected, the bar graph data could be corrupted. If the instrument is again powered on in the BARGRAPH MODE, it will default to ACTIVE and immediately start a new job.
11.2.3.4 Job Screen After the ACTIVE SYSTEM MODE has been entered, the Job Screen will appear on the instrument display. This screen will be similar to the following: BAT 06.7 10-14-02 16:29 IPS 005 4 AIR 110 DB 16:29 SEIS .0050 16:29 This screen displays pertinent monitoring information. The number four in the lower left corner of the display identifies the screen number. The battery voltage, date and time shown on the first line are relative to the start of the current job. The IPS indicates that the peak readings are to be displayed in inches per second. As was previously discussed, the units can be selected from Setup Screen #2. The number at the upper right corner of the display represents the current job number. This second line displays the peak levels obtained since the start of the monitoring period. The text "AIR 100 DB 16:29" means that the largest acoustic level recorded has been 110 decibels at a time of 16:32. The text "SEIS .0050 16:29" means that the largest seismic level recorded has been 0.0050 inch per second at a time of 16:29. The type of value displayed for SEIS will depend on what was specified for the DISPLAY Field in Setup Screen #2. If the value was specified as PEAK, the SEIS value will be peak particle velocity. If the value was RESULT, the SEIS value will be the peak vector sum.
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Screen #5 If the SELECT Key is pressed from Screen #4, Screen #5 will be displayed. This screen will be similar to the following: BAT 06.5 10-14-02 16:32 IPS 005 5 AIR 110 DB 16:32 SEIS .0050 16:33 Screen #5 is similar to Screen #4 except this screen shows the peak measurements for the current bar interval, not the monitoring period. Since we have an INTERVAL value of 10 seconds, this screen will update every 10 seconds. The number five in the lower left corner of the display identifies the screen number.
11.2.4 Charging
A seismograph may be charged using two methods. One method utilizes a charger with an AC output of 9 to 15 volts. This charger may be supplied without a connector. When this is done, it is typically for use outside the U.S. The AC charging method may be used when the seismograph is not operating and AC power is available. An overnight charging time should bring the unit up to full charge. The normal operating voltage will be 6.3 to 6.5 volts. The unit should not be operated below 6.0 volts. The operating time depends primarily on the sample rate and whether the timer mode is used. The second method for charging utilizes a DC charger. For this method, the applied voltage must be 9 to 15 volts DC. The power source can be a deep cycle marine battery or other source such as a solar cell. This charging method may be used in the field while the unit is operating. Power line spikes may cause false triggering if AC power is used. An external charging cable is supplied with each Mini-Seis. The red clip must be connected to the positive terminal of the power source. No damage will result if the connections are reversed, however no charging will occur.
11.2.5 Field Printing

EPROM versions 1.45 and higher allow the use of a field printer. The software for this feature was upgraded in version 1.60. The EPROM version of the instrument determines the steps needed to use a field printer. A parallel printer may be used if a serial to parallel adapter is installed. A null modem will also be needed to cross over the RX and TX connections. To do this, you may wire a special cable which eliminates the gender changer and adapts to the type of connector used on your printer. This cable may also be supplied by the factory. Events may be printed manually from the Event or Job Screens. To print an event, first find the event on the Event or Job Screen. Then, press Shift and Decrement together to print the event. In EPROM versions below 1.60, the format of the printout will depend on the values for the PRINTER RANGE and SPEED fields. Also, the OSM/USBM graph will be printed if the OSM field is set at COMBINED or SEPARATE in the Third Setup Screen.
11.2.6 Calibration
The instrument's calibration should be checked and certified at least once a year. Calibration of the Alpha-Seismite can only be conducted by a factory qualified individual.
Part
XII
Frequently Asked Questions
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12
12.1

Communications
12.1.1 What is the difference between simple and advanced communication?

If you want to download all of the records in memory, simple communication provides the easiest method. The program interrogates the seismograph, displays the records in memory in an easy to understand format and lets you pick and choose what records to download. You can even review what a record looks like before it is downloaded. Also, the software automatically gives each downloaded record a unique file name. Advanced communication should be used when you want to use additional functions like communicating by modem, downloading a seismograph's On/Off Log or Summary Table, or setup automatic communication by direct contact or modem. Advanced communication has many useful features that may require some understanding of how the seismograph functions.
12.1.2 How do I make direct contact?

Step 1. Make sure that you have a compatible seismograph connected to the computer with the supplied serial cable and that the instrument is on. Step 2. From the Main Screen, select File/Advanced Communications or choose the Advanced Communications icon from the toolbar. The Communications - Advanced form will be displayed. Step 3. If you are confident that the communication setup is correct, go to Step 7. Otherwise follow steps 4 through 6. Step 4. Press F2 or select Options/Setup to display the Communications Tab in the Program Preferences form. Step 5. Make sure that the correct Com Port and fixed Baud Rate are selected or use the variable Auto baud rate option. If using a fixed baud rate, the seismograph's baud rate must match the setting in the program. To find the seismograph's baud rate, press ENTER on the seismograph until the word BAUD is on the display. The value is just to the right. Also check to make sure that the Communications Delay value is at least 0.50 seconds and the correct Instrument Type is selected. Step 6. After taking the appropriate setup actions, close the Program Preferences form. Step 7. Press F3 or select Options/Contact Instrument. If successful, the large text box will look similar to the following:
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If the program cannot find the seismograph, one of the following probably applies: The Com Port and/or Baud Rate are incorrect The Com Port is not functioning The instrument is not on. If the program responds with a series of black bars in the large text box on the right side of the form, this normally means that the Com Port you are using has a modem attached.
12.1.3 Do I need to enter the Instrument Serial Number?

Not when making communication with a single seismograph. However, as many as 20 seismographs can be connected together. When multiple seismographs are connected, the Serial Number field determines which instrument will respond to a communications attempt. Without this value, every instrument would try to respond resulting in no communication with any seismograph.
12.1.4 What is the File Code?

The File Code is simply a code the user can enter to uniquely identify the download records. If a File Code is not entered, the program can supply a code based on the current date and seismograph
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serial number. For example, if the date is September 30, 2002 and the seismograph serial number is 1600, the program supplied File Code would be 200209301600. The complete file name for each record would include the File Code, the event number of the record and an extension of .dtb if it is a wave form file.
12.1.5 What is the checksum?

The checksum is a value for the number of bytes in a record. The checksum test will fail if a lesser number of bytes is received. There is a check box available that can be used to ignore the checksum.
12.1.6 What is the Download All Data option?

The Download All Data option produces a raw memory dump into a single binary file. The seismograph's memory is essentially accessed in 16,384 byte banks. The number of available banks is based on the seismograph's memory capacity. This option first dumps a 15 byte descriptor containing the starting bank and the number of available banks. Then, each bank is dumped one at a time beginning with the starting bank. The problem with this method is that if even one bank does not dump properly, the process will fail completely. Note: This option is not available when downloading data in the hexadecimal format.
12.1.7 How do I change seismograph settings?

Follow the steps in "How do I make direct contact?" Note: The following seismograph displays apply to the Mini-Seis and Mini-Graph instruments. There are three seismograph setup screens that have settings that can be modified.
Fields that can be modified are access and bracketed with the HOME key. To change a bracketed field value, use the plus (+) and minus (-) keys to increment and decrement values. Setup Screen #1
This screen shows the current battery voltage (06.5), baud rate (9600), wrap (ON), comments (ON), acoustic data display (MB), current date (09-18-02) and time (14:24). With the exception of the current battery voltage, all of these values can be modified. BAUD
WRAP
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COMMENTS
The possible values are OFF, ON and ADD. To edit or add comments, set the value to ADD. Then press Enter to display the first Comments screen.
You can type as many as 40 upper case or lower case characters. Every time you type a character the text box will scroll. This may be slightly disconcerting at first. If you make a mistake, pressing the - (minus) key will move the text input location back one character. There is no cursor and the action does not erase any characters. You won't know where you are until you type another character. When you are finished editing a line, press Enter to advance to the next screen. There are six comments screens. If you press the - (minus) key at the start of a comment line, the entire line will be erased. After editing the comments, the field value next to the word COMMENTS will be ON.. DATE and TIME
Setup Screen #2
This screen shows the units for seismic data (IPS), the maximum seismic recording range (01.2), the maximum acoustic recording range (DB 142), the seismic trigger level (.0200 IPS), and the acoustic trigger level (OFF DB). All of these values can be modified. SEISMIC DATA UNITS
MAXIMUM SEISMIC RANGE
MAXIMUM ACOUSTIC RANGE
SEISMIC TRIGGER
ACOUSTIC TRIGGER
Setup Screen #3
This screen shows the printer setup (ON), the timer (OFF), sample rate (1024/SEC), and the recording duration (002). All of these values can be modified.
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PRINTER
Although the Mini-Seis and Mini-Graph seismographs do not have a built-in printer, data can be printed directly from memory with the appropriate cabling. The possible values are ON and SET. To setup printing, set the value to ADD. Then press Enter to display the first printer setup screen.
PRINTER TYPE
Use to select the type of compatible printer. PRINTER OSM
If ON, OSM/USBM graphs will be printed. Press Enter to access the next Printer Setup screen.
POLARITY
LEFT SPACES
Affects the left margin. HEADER 1 ALIGNMENT
The alignment. of a header field can be center (C), left (L) or right (R). HEADER 2 ALIGNMENT
The alignment. of a header field can be center (C), left (L) or right (R). SPEED
The value doesn't actually change the printing speed. What changes is the length of the record which determines the number of pages needed to print the record. Press Enter to access the first printer heading screen.
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Press Enter to access the second printer heading screen.
TIMER
The possible values are ON, OFF and SET. To setup the timer, set the value to ADD. Then press Enter to display the timer setup screen.
First set the OFF time, then press HOME and use + or - to set the ON time. Remember that you are setting the OFF time first and then the ON time. SAMPLE RATE
The number of samples taken per second per channel. RECORD DURATION
The recording time after receiving a trigger. When you are finished making changes to the Setup Screens, press the Enter key to accept the changes.
12.1.8 What happens during an automatic download using a direct connection?

The following assumes that the seismograph's EPROM supports the automatic download feature and that both the seismograph and computer are configured. When the seismograph receives a trigger, after processing the data, it sends the recorded data out the serial port at the seismograph's baud rate. The computer receives the data and looks for a sequence of characters that indicates that the data are for an automatic download. To properly interpret the data, the computer's and seismograph's baud rates must match. Using the data, the program downloads the indicated records to the specified drive and directory. If no file name is entered, the program uses a file name based on the current date and the seismograph's serial number. If the download complete's successfully, the seismograph's oldest event counter is reset to the current event and the seismograph is returned to operational mode.
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12.1.9 What happens during an automatic download using a modem?

The following assumes that the seismograph's EPROM supports the automatic download feature, that both the seismograph and computer are configured and that compatible modems are being used with the proper configurations. When the seismograph receives a trigger, after processing the data, it dials the modem using the selected phone number and Send String. After making connection with the receiving modem it sends the recorded data out the serial port at the seismograph's baud rate. The computer receives the data and looks for a sequence of characters that indicates that the data are for an automatic download. To properly interpret the data, the computer's and seismograph's baud rates must match. Using the data, the program downloads the indicated records to the specified drive and directory. If no file name is entered, the program uses a file name based on the current date and the seismograph's serial number. If the download complete's successfully, the seismograph's oldest event counter is reset to the current event and the seismograph is returned to operational mode which hangs up the seismograph's modem.
12.1.10 Why can't I communicate by modem?

Modem compatibility can be difficult to achieve. We have tested and used the instruments with the US Robotics external Sportster modems. The default modem strings used in the software are based on these modems. Without understanding the modem command strings that are designed for the modem you intend to use, it may be difficult at best to achieve communication. The modems must be set to use a fixed baud rate that matches the seismograph's baud rate setting. You may also have to disable error correction or other modem features. Contact your seismograph supplier for help.
12.2
Analyses
12.2.1 What is an FFT?

Introduction Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was a French mathematician educated at the monastery of Saint-Benoitsur-Loire. The title Baron was bestowed on Fourier by Napoleon in 1808. He is most famous for his work in mathematics and mathematical physics, particularly in the area of heat conduction. In his treatise The Analytical Theory of Heat (1822), he employed what is known as Fourier series. The theorem associated with Fourier series states that any periodic function, f(t), may be expressed as the sum of an infinite number of sinusoidal terms. A periodic function, f(t), may be defined as
for all t. The constant T is called the period of the function f(t). The function f(t) can be expressed by the Fourier series
where w0 = 2p/T. The term w0 is called the radian frequency.

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By providing some mathematical proof, and satisfying certain existence conditions, the Fourier integral and subsequently the Fourier transform can be developed from the Fourier series. The Fourier transform is defined as
F( f) = f ( t ) e- i 2 pft dt
where f is frequency in hertz. The function is in general complex and can be expressed as
where R(f) is an even function representing the real part of F(f) and I(f) is an odd function representing the imaginary part of F(f). The amplitude spectrum, the analysis typically generated by this program, is given by
For the analysis of blast vibration effects, the Fourier transform compares the vibration characteristics with sine and cosine functions of various frequencies. Given a particular frequency, the results of the transform indicate the relative dominance of that frequency to other frequencies being evaluated. The Fourier transform is not strictly amplitude dependent. That is, the dominance of a frequency is essentially independent of the peak amplitude it exhibits in a wave form. Mathematically, blast vibration wave forms exhibit an infinite number of frequencies. A variety of wave types caused by differences in geology, reflected and refracted energy often results in very complex time histories. In general, low frequency effects can easily dominate a Fourier analysis because of their greater distribution relative to higher frequencies. It is not unusual for a Fourier transform to indicate that a low frequency dominates even though the peak amplitude occurred at a higher frequency. The Hanning Window The effect is commonly called "Leakage." Leakage occurs when the truncation of a periodic function occurs at some point other than a multiple of the period. The result is a discontinuity in the time domain which appears as side-lobes in the frequency domain. Here we have an approximate 50 hertz sinusoid where the truncation interval is not a multiple of the period. The spectrum shows a 50 hertz peak, but there is some leakage around the spectra. If this were a continuous Fourier transform instead of a discrete Fourier transform, the spectra would consist of a single spike at 50 hertz. The leakage occurs because we are using a rectangular box window to truncate the waveform.
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Since a window must be used, some distortion in the spectra is unavoidable. The question is, how significant is the distortion? The spectral equivalent of a box window contains a sinc function. The Fourier equivalent of a sinc function has large side-lobes, which is undesirable. In general, we would like the spectral window to have the following properties: 1. 2. A broad time window and Small or insignificant side-lobes.
The rectangular window satisfies property 1, but fails on property 2. A popular way to reduce the side-lobes is to taper the time window. One of the most common is the Hanning Window (also called Tukey or Cosine Window). The Hanning Window is expressed as:
w ( t) =
2p t 1 1 - cos 2 2 Tc
0 t Tc
or
w( f ) =
sin( p Tc f ) p f
The transform of the Hanning Window can be expanded into the sum of three, relatively displaced sinc functions. The side-lobes to some extent cancel, which is a good result. If we apply the Hanning Window to our previous sinusoidal waveform we get the following figure.
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Notice that the side-lobes in the spectra are reduced. However, by tapering the time window with the Hanning function, we significantly change the original waveform. Altering the original waveform would be a special concern if a Hanning Window was applied to a spectrum and then inverse transformed to the time domain. For a transient, non-periodic waveform, if we use the box window, do the FFT and then inverse FFT, we get essentially the same time function. If we use the Hanning Window, an inverse FFT will result in an entirely different time history. The Hanning Window can be used when conducting an FFT analysis. There is a check box for it when setting general preferences. However, due to its alteration of the original wave form, the program will not use the Hanning Window whenever an inverse FFT is calculated.
12.2.2 What is a Response Spectra?

The concept of structural response is behind the creation of the USBM and OSM particle velocity versus frequency criteria used in the U.S.. All free standing structures have one or more modes of response. Each of these response modes is characterized by a natural frequency and damping factor. When blast vibration effects occur at or near the response frequencies of structures, additional internal responses can occur which may increase the probabilities of threshold damage. Thus, there is a need for lower limiting criteria at these potential responsive frequencies. A structure will not typically have a single specific natural frequency or damping factor. Individual structural components must be evaluated independently. For example, in RI 8507 the USBM found mid wall natural frequencies ranging from approximately 11 to 25 hertz and structure corner natural frequencies from approximately 3 to 11 hertz. Similarly, damping values varied from approximately 1 to 7 percent of critical for mid walls and from approximately 1 to 11 percent of critical for structure corners. The modeling of the response of a structure to a blast vibration time history is done with a singledegree-of-freedom (SDF), mass-spring system. Although it can be argued that an SDF model is not always applicable, the information that is yielded can still be useful in determining response potential. The equation of motion for the SDF system is:
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are relative acceleration, velocity and displacement are absolute acceleration, velocity and displacement of the ground is the circular natural frequency and is the damping ratio as a percentage of critical damping.
The solution of the preceding equation for the relative displacement at any time can be accomplished through Laplace transform equivalents. The solution is:
The above equation is evaluated for various values of the circular natural frequency using a fixed damping ratio. For each frequency evaluated, a maximum value of u(t) will be obtained. When this maximum value is multiplied by the circular natural frequency, a pseudo velocity is obtained. This pseudo velocity is plotted as a function of the evaluated frequency. The resulting plots represent the pseudo velocity response spectrum.
12.2.3 How is acceleration calculated?

The determination of the acceleration time history is accomplished by numerical differentiation. When we differentiate a digital signal, we are finding the derivative at each of the sample points. Calculating a derivative means finding the slope of the line tangent to the point on the curve where the derivative is being taken. Determining a derivative by numerical methods is really not very difficult. Before discussing derivatives, we should first talk about limits. Consider the following equation:
The term f(x) is called a function. The definition2of a function is that there is only one value of the function for each value of x. For example, y = x is a function, where f(x) = x 2. However, x2 + y2 = 4 is not a function because for any x value, there are two values of y. We don't have to worry about this because seismograph records always behave like functions. That is, at any time t, there is only one value f(t) per channel of data.. The equation simply says that as the value of x approaches a, the value of the function f(x) approaches b. Consider the function f(x) = 2x. As the value of x approaches 2, the value of the function approaches 4. Once again, calculating a derivative means finding the slope of the line tangent to the point on the curve where the derivative is being taken. The slope of the line between any two points (x 1, y1 ) and (x 2, y2 ) is (y2 y1 )/(x2 x1 ). If we replace x 2 x1 with the letter h, the equation can be written as:
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Where y2 becomes the value of the line at f(x + h) and y1 becomes the value at f(x). A derivative is a limit. To find the derivative, we find the limit of the function. If we have a function f(x), the derivative is written as f(x). Therefore, the derivative is written as the following limit
In the following figure, notice that there are two lines identified as (2.1) and (2.2). These lines represent the results of using two different numerical methods of finding the derivative at the point x. The variable h is the spacing between two adjacent sample points.
For the purposes of illustration, the curve is the first half of a sine wave. It is a known relationship that:
The following proof is presented:
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The equation tells us that the derivative of any point on a sine wave is the corresponding value of the same point on a cosine wave. Therefore, at any point x on the curve, we can calculate the actual derivative. To illustrate finding a derivative, we will assume that x = 0.22. To find the sine value at x = 0.22 we first have to multiply the value by 2 p in order to get a radian number. Before we do this, it is necessary to introduce another form of Equation 4.
Where k is a constant. In our case, k is the circular constant 2p. So, when the x value is 0.22, the derivative of sin(2 p x 0.22) = 2p x cos(2p x 0.22) = 1.177. Now that we know the actual derivative value, we can use numerical methods and compare the results. It is best whenever h is as small as possible.
Using Equation 2 and an h value of 0.06 yields a derivative value of 0.000. This is obviously not a very good result. The reason that the value is so bad is because the value of h is too large. Notice that as we decrease h, the numerical derivative improves. A better method for finding the derivative at x can be found by replacing f(x) by f(x h). In this case, the spacing between the points is 2h.
Now we repeat the previous process using Equation 6.
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Notice that we approach the correct value for the derivative at much larger values of h. Therefore, when performing numerical differentiation, Equation 6 can be expected to yield a more accurate result than Equation 2. Both of these methods will work best when the spacing between data points is small compared to the curve being analyzed. This is an important reason for choosing an appropriate sample rate.
12.2.4 How is displacement calculated?

Another important numerical method is called integration. Whereas differentiation is the process of finding tangents, integration is the process of finding areas. Mathematically, an integral of a function f(x) can be written as:
Where F is any function such that F(x) = f(x) for all values of x contained within the interval a to b. An integral is an anti-derivative. Therefore, there is an integral relationship for every derivative relationship. In particular, we have the following:
since the derivative of cos(x) = sin(x).
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Consider the half sine wave. What is the area under the curve from a to b, given that a = 0 and b = 0.25? From Equation 8, we know that the following applies:
The value 0.1592 is the true area under the curve. We could find this value directly because there is a known integral for the underlying sine function. Blast vibrations, however, are not mathematically described by known functions. So, how do we find the integral numerically? Four methods will be discussed. Method 1 Rectangle Rule How is the area of a rectangle determined? By multiplying the lengths of the two sides. Therefore, the rectangle rule for integration is:
We estimate the area under f(x) from a to b by multiplying the length from a to b by the value of the function at a. We will now use Equation 10 to numerically estimate the area from a to b using the first half of a sine wave with a equaling zero and b equaling 0.25. Using Equation 10, and the values for a and b, yields a value of zero. This is obviously incorrect. The problem is that a and b are too far apart. What we can do is further subdivide the interval into a number of smaller intervals. For the purposes of illustration, we will use five equal intervals of 0 to 0.05, 0.05 to 0.10, 0.10 to 0.15, 0.15 to 0.20 and 0.20 to 0.25. The following table lists the intervals, the value of the function at the beginning of the interval, and the calculated value for the area:
A graphical representation of this method is shown below. Notice that the total area that will be determined by summing the areas of the rectangles is smaller than the actual area under the curve. This happens because the rectangles do not fully cover the area under the curve. We can show the results of the calculation by adding the areas represented by the individual rectangles.
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Area = 0.00000+0.01545+0.029390+0.04045+0.04755 = 0.13284. Although we might be able to improve the results from this method by increasing the number of intervals, the total calculated area from 0 to 0.25 will always be too low. Method 2 Midpoint Rule The midpoint rule for integration is:
We will now use Equation 11 to numerically estimate the area from a to b as before. Without further subdividing the interval, the result is 0.1768. This result is better than with Method 1. What happens when we subdivide the interval as before?
A graphical representation of this method is shown. Notice now that the total area that will be determined by summing the areas of the rectangles is larger than the actual area under the curve. This happens because the rectangles extend beyond the area under the curve. We can show the results of the calculation by adding the areas represented by the individual rectangles. The midpoint rule gives a better result than the rectangle rule.
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Area = 0.00782+0.02770+0.03536+0.04455+0.04938 = 0.16481 Method 3 Trapezoidal Rule Given a trapezoid the area is h(a+b).
The trapezoidal rule for integration is:
As before, we will now use Equation 12 to numerically estimate the area after subdividing the interval. The following table summarizes the data values:
Adding the last row of numbers yields a very good value of 0.15785. Below is a graphical representation of the use of the trapezoidal rule.
Method 4 Simpson's Rule Simpson's rule is generated from a combination of the midpoint and trapezoidal rules. Simpson's rule for integration is:
Using Equation 13 yields the following table of data:

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Adding up these data values gives an excellent result of 0.15916. Obviously, Simpson's rule would be a preferred method of numerical integration. Integration is much more stable than differentiation. Adding a small background noise to the original signal will not have as dramatic an effect. However, there are other concerns that can arise with integration.
12.2.5 What is a Curves Analysis?

The curves analysis uses a discrete method called zero crossings to calculate a frequency for each amplitude in a vibration. This method, although not perfect, will most often produce reasonable results. Mathematically, the frequency of a vibration is the inverse of the time it takes to complete a cycle. For a pure sine or cosine wave this calculation is straightforward.
Common Sine Wave - Frequency = 2 Hz. 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 Amplitude -1 -1.5 ----- 0.5 Sec ----Begin Cycle Time End Cycle | | One Second
----- 0.5 Sec -----
For a sine wave, the time for a cycle can be determined by the beginning and end of the cycle. It can also be determined by the time between two successive peaks or troughs. In this example, the cycle time is 0.5 second. The frequency is the inverse of the cycle time. Thus, the frequency is 1/.5 = 2 hertz. The Zero Crossings Method
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Vibration Time History 0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 Time Amplitude
Unfortunately, blast vibration effects are rarely so simple. Whatever its limitations, the method used most often to estimate discrete frequencies is the zero crossings method. The zero crossings method assumes that successive zero crossings of data, i.e. from positive to negative or the reverse, represent one-half cycle of an equivalent sinusoidal wave. In the example shown above, the frequencies associated with many of the amplitudes can be realistically determined in this fashion. In other cases, where the data cross zero only briefly, a higher frequency calculation than is actual will be obtained. If the data approach zero but do not cross, a lower frequency than actual will be calculated. Another method using successive peaks and troughs can be used. However, this method is also subject to the determination of zero crossings. A scaled Fourier analysis can be used. This method is somewhat more complex and requires a thorough understanding of Fourier analysis and the selection of analysis windows. However, since the zero crossings method is generally accepted, there is no reason to employ significantly more complex analysis techniques.
12.3
Seismograph Related
12.3.1 How does the seismograph store data?

In wave form mode, the Mini-Seis, Mini-Graph and Alpha-Seismite seismographs store two types of information, summary data and wave form data. The summary data for each event includes the event number, date, time, peak readings, etc and requires 48 bytes of storage per event. The memory bank used to store the summary data is comprised of 16,384 bytes. This limits the number of summary table entries to 341. That is why the event counters range from 000 to 340. The remaining memory is used for program code and wave form data storage. Since the seismographs can have memory levels of 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 and 1.0 megabyte, the number of wave form events that can be stored varies with the amount of memory available. However, since the summary table entries are kept in their own memory bank, each instrument can show summary data for the last 341 events, regardless of the memory size. If the wave form data were stored without being compressed, even a two second duration record would require over 20,000 bytes. With compression, we often achieve a 10 to 1 reduction in storage needed. A blast vibration of three to five seconds duration will generally require from 3,000 to 6,000 bytes to store. The amount of compression varies depending on the wave form characteristics. For this reason, we cannot quote exact storage capacities, but we can give typical ranges.
12.3.2 How should the seismic sensor be coupled?

Burial is the preferred method, although surface spiking with a sandbag may be acceptable. A good source for general guidelines is the ISEE Blaster's Handbook. For more information see the ISEE Website.
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12.3.3 What seismic trigger level is appropriate?

The seismic trigger level should be set as low as is appropriate for the surroundings. A good starting value will generally fall between 0.02 and 0.10 in/sec (0.50 and 2.5 mm/sec) with 0.05 in/sec (1.27 mm/sec) being a common value.
12.3.4 What acoustic trigger level is appropriate?

The proper setting will depend on site conditions. If the seismograph is expected to trigger to seismically, then the acoustic trigger setting may not be important. A good starting value is 120 decibels, assuming a wind screen is available. The acoustic trigger does not always need to be set in order to record airblast levels. If the seismograph is triggered seismically, and the recording duration is long enough, the airblast will be recorded whether or not the acoustic trigger is set. If the seismograph is triggered seismically, and the recording duration is too short, the airblast will not be recorded, if the acoustic trigger is not set. If the acoustic trigger is set, the airblast may or may not be recorded as a separate record, depending on whether the airblast is at or above the acoustic trigger setting. If the seismograph is not triggered seismically, the airblast will not be recorded if the acoustic trigger is not set. If the seismograph is not triggered seismically, and the acoustic trigger is set, the airblast may or may not be recorded depending on whether the airblast is at or above the acoustic trigger setting. Always use a wind screen. Wind gusts can generate levels across the microphone element in excess of 125 decibels if a wind screen is not used.
12.3.5 How should the record duration be set?

The record duration determines how long the seismograph will record an event after being triggered. A good practice would be to set the duration at two seconds plus one second for every 1,000 feet (305 meters) of distance.
Index
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Index
-AAcceleration and Displacement 81 Acceleration or Displacement Window 83 Acoustic Scale 130 Bar Graph 130 Wave Form 72 Activate Automatic Download by Modem 49 Activate Direct Automatic Download 49 Alpha-Seismite Manual 184 Bar Graph Chart Interpretation 184 Bar Graph Mode 179 Bar Graph Screen #4 183 Bar Graph Screen #5 183 Bar Graph Setup Screen #1 180 Bar Graph Setup Screen #2 181 Bar Graph Setup Screen #3 182 Calibration 199 Charging 197 Disk Directory 193 Disk Format 192 Disk Read 193 Disk Re-Format 193 Disk Summary 194 Disk Waveform 194 Disk Write 194 Disk Write Backup 195 General Description 169 General Maintenance 197 Installing the Microphone and Transducer Keyboard 177 Paper Installation 176 Power 176 Setup and Operation 175 Specifications 171 Troubleshooting 199 Wave Form Chart Interpretation 195 Wave Form Disk Drive 191 Wave Form Event Screen 189 Wave Form Functions 190 Wave Form Mode 185 Wave Form Setup Screen #1 185 Wave Form Setup Screen #2 187 Wave Form Setup Screen #3 187
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Analyses 83 Acceleration or Displacement Window 83 Acoustic Scale - Bar Graph 130 Acoustic Scale - Wave Form 72 Bar Graph 127 Bar Graph Window 132 Basic Wave Form 67 Calibration Window 75 Channels - Bar Graph 129 Channels - Wave Form 70 Comparing Wave Forms 78 Convert to Acceleration or Displacement 81 Converting from Velocity to Acceleration 93 Converting from Velocity to Displacement 90 Converting Wave Form Files to Text Files 147 Curves 117 Curves Analysis - Acceleration or Displacement 95 Curves Analysis Type 121 Curves Window 120 Data Locator Bar - Bar Graph 131 Data Locator Bar - Wave Form 73 Data Panel - Acceleration or Displacement 94 Data Panel - Bar Graph 129 Data Panel - Ponderation 107 Data Panel - Response Wave Form 104 Data Panel - Wave Form 70 Dominant Units - Curves 121 Dominant Units - Response Spectra 100 Editing Headings 148 FFT 108 FFT - Acceleration or Displacement 95 FFT Amplitude Axis 115 FFT Analysis Type 114 FFT Frequency Axis 115 FFT Window 110 Filtering 76 Format of Bar GraphText File 133 Format of Curves Text File 123 Format of FFT Text File 116 Format of Wave Form Text File 80 Frequency Range - Curves 122 Frequency Range - FFT 116 Frequency Range - Response Spectra 101 Headings 69 Inverted 71 List - Curves Analysis 122 List - Response Spectra 101 Locator Window - Bar Graph 132
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Analyses 83 Locator Window - Wave Form 75 Manual Zoom - Bar Graph 128 Manual Zoom - Wave Form 69 Particle Motion 77 Point to Measurement - Bar Graph 133 Point to Measurement - Wave Form 75 Ponderation 105 Ponderation Scale 108 Ponderation Window 107 Response Spectra 96 Response Wave Form 102 Response Wave Form Window 104 Response Window 99 Scale - Acceleration or Displacement 94 Scale - Response Wave Form 105 Seismic Scale - Bar Graph 131 Seismic Scale - Wave Form 73 Transcribe Wave Forms 146 Wave Form Window 74 Window Time - Bar Graph 130 Window Time - Wave Form 71 Analysis Menu - Main Screen 12 Analyzing a Single Bar Graph Record 126 Analyzing a Single Wave Form 66 Automatic Download Menu - Communications 47 Automatic Processing 136 General 136 Output to Screen 141 Processing Form 138 Selecting Data Files in Thumbnail View 137 SelectingData Files in List Only or List and Graph Views 136 Setting Scaling Factors 141 Automatic Receive Mode 49 Direct Connection 49 Modem Connection 51 Automatic Receive Mode Menu - Main Screen 13
-CCalibration Window 75 Channels 129 Bar Graph 129 Wave Form 70 Clear Capture Buffer 47 Clear Memory 47 Clear On/Off Log 47 Colors 22 Comm Port 19 Communications 30, 34 Activate Automatic Download by Modem 49 Activate Direct Automatic Download 49 Advanced 34 Automatic Download Menu 47 Automatic Receive Mode 49 Baud Rate 19 Binary Download 19 Clear Capture Buffer 47 Clear Memory 47 Clear On/Off Log 47 Comm Port 19 Contact Instrument (F2) 37 Data Storage Options 53 Deactivate Automatic Download 49 Delay 19 Disconnect Modem (F6) 40 Download Instrument Summary 41 Download On/Off Log (F7) 41 Download Options 52 Edit Number/Dial Modem (F5) 39 Headings 45 Hexadecimal Download 19 Increment Oldest Event Counter by 1 49 Instrument Type 19 Manual Trigger Mode 45 Options Menu 35 Reset Oldest Event Counter 49 Reset Unit 45 Set Transducer Gain 46 Setup 36 Setup for Automatic Modem Download 48 Simple 30 Simple - Downloading Data 31 Simple - Process 31 Special Functions Menu 46
-BBar Graph Analysis 127 Bar Graph Window 132 Basic Wave Form Analysis Baud Rate 19 Benefits 8 67
Index
242
Communications 30, 34 Timeout 19 Upload Serial Number 47 Upload Setup Parameters (F9) 42 View Capture Buffer 47 Comparing Wave Forms 78 Contact Instrument (F2) 37 Convert to Acceleration or Displacement 81 Converting from Velocity to Acceleration 93 Converting from Velocity to Displacement 90 Converting Wave Form Files to Text Files 147 Curves Analysis 117 Curves Analysis - Acceleration or Displacement 95 Curves Analysis Type 121 Curves Window 120
-FFAQ 221 Do I need to enter the Instrument Serial Number? 221 How do I change seismograph settings? 222 How do I make direct contact with a seismograph? 220 How does the seismograph store data? 238 How is Acceleration Calculated? 84, 230 How is Displacement Calculated? 86, 233 How should the record duration be set? 239 How should the seismic sensor be coupled? 238 What acoustic trigger level is appropriate? 239 What happens during an automatic download using a direct connection? 225 What happens during an automatic download using a modem? 226 What is a Response Spectra? 99, 229 What is an FFT? 111, 226 What is the difference between simple and advanced communication? 220 What is the Download All Events option? 222 What seismic trigger level is appropriate? 239 Why can't I communicate by modem? 226 FFT - Acceleration or Displacement 95 FFT Amplitude Axis 115 FFT Analysis 108 FFT Analysis Type 114 FFT Frequency Axis 115 FFT Window 110 File Menu - Main Screen 9 Filtering 76 Format of Bar Graph Text File 133 Format of Curves Text File 123 Format of FFT Text File 116 Format of Wave Form Text File 80 Frequency Range - Curves 122 Frequency Range - FFT 116 Frequency Range - Response Spectra 101
-DData Locator Bar 131 Bar Graph 131 Wave Form 73 Data Panel 94 Acceleration or Displacement 94 Bar Graph 129 Ponderation 107 Response Wave Form 104 Wave Form 70 Data Storage Options - Communications 53 Deactivate Automatic Download 49 Default Scales and Frequency Ranges 18 Default Scales and Ranges 18 Disconnect Modem (F6) 40 Dominant Units - Curves 121 Dominant Units - Response Spectra 100 Download Instrument Summary 41 Download On/Off Log (F7) 41 Download Options - Communications 52
-EEdit Menu - Main Screen 10 Edit Number/Dial Modem (F5) Editing Headings 148 39
-HHeadings 69 Help Menu - Main Screen 13
243
Seismograph Data Analysis 2003 Mini-Seis/Mini-Graph Manual 217 Bar Graph Job Screen 217 Bar Graph Mode 214 Battery Life 202 Calibration 218 Charging 218 Event Screen 212 Field Installation 213 Field Printing 218 First Bar Graph Setup Screen 215 First Setup Screen 207 General Description 201 Keyboard Functions 205 Other Features 202 Print Setup Screen 211 Recording Durations 202 Reviewing Data 214 Sample Rates and Recording Ranges 201 Second Bar Graph Setup Screen 216 Second Setup Screen 209 Setup and Operation 205 Specifications 202 Third Bar Graph Setup Screen 217 Third Setup Screen 210 Trigger Disarm 207
-IIncrement Oldest Event Counter by 1 Instrument Type 19 Inverted 71 49
-LLanguages 18 List - Curves Analysis 122 List - Response Spectra 101 Locator Window 132 Bar Graph 132 Wave Form 75 Logo 22
-MMain Screen 8 Sorting Data Files 60 Analysis Menu 12 Automatic Receive Mode Menu 13 Edit Menu 10 File Menu 9 Help Menu 13 Printing the File Review List 63 Regression Analysis Menu 13 Save the File Review List to Excel 63 Saving the File Review List 62 Setting the Location of Data Files 56 Type of Data to View 56 View Menu 11, 57 Manual Trigger Mode 45 Manual Zoom 128 Bar Graph 128 Wave Form 69 Menus 12 Analysis Menu - Main Screen 12 Automatic Receive Mode Menu - Main Screen 13 Edit Menu - Main Screen 10 File Menu - Main Screen 9 Help Menu - Main Screen 13 Regression Analysis Menu - Main Screen 13 View Menu - Main Screen 11
-OOptions Menu - Communications 35
-PParticle Motion 77 Point to Measurement 133 Bar Graph 133 Wave Form 75 Ponderation 105 Ponderation Scale 108 Ponderation Window 107 Preferences 17, 18, 19, 21, 22 Calibration Values 18 Channel Order 18 Colors 22 Communications 19 Default Frequency Ranges 18 Default Scales 18 General 18 Hanning Function (FFT) 18
Index
244
Preferences 17, 18, 19, 21, 22 Include Calibration Date 18 Language 18 Logo 22 Show Vector Sum 18 Velocity/Frequency Curves 21 Printing the File Review List 63
Summary File 144 Creating 144 Review Form 145
-TTimeout and Communication Delay Toolbar 14 Main Menu 14 Transcribe Wave Forms 146 Transfer Function 149 Explanation 149 Get Files 149 Results 151 19
-RRegression Analysis 166 Adding Selected Files to a Database 166 Company Information 157 Concept 153 Creating a New Database 155 Entering Data 156 Filtering and Sorting 157 Final Thoughts 167 Find and Replace 162 Global Delete 163 Graphs 158 Merge Databases 165 Open Existing Database 164 Predictions 161 Regression Analysis Menu - Main Screen 13 Reset Oldest Event Counter 49 Reset Unit 45 Response Spectra 96 Response Wave Form 102 Response Wave Form Window 104 Response Window 99
-UUpload Serial Number 47 Upload Setup Parameters (F9) Screen 1 44 Screen 2 44 Screen 3 45 User Interface 8 42, 44, 45
-VVelocity/Frequency Curves 21, 25, 26, 27 Create 25 Creating New 27 Data Set 26 Edit 25 View Graph 27 View Capture Buffer 47 View Menu 57 View Menu - Main Screen 11
-SSave the File Review List to Excel 63 Saving the File Review List 62 Scale - Acceleration or Displacement 94 Scale - Response Wave Form 105 Seismic Scale 131 Bar Graph 131 Wave Form 73 Set Transducer Gain 46 Setting the Location of Data Files 56 Setting the Type of Data to View 56 Setup for Automatic Modem Download 48 Sorting Data Files 60 Special Functions Menu - Communications 46
-WWave Form Window Window Time 130 Bar Graph 130 Wave Form 71 74

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Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

2003 ... White Industrial Seismology, Inc.

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

Part II Setting Preferences

Part III Velocity/Frequency Curves

1 Simple Communications ................................................................................................................................... 30

2 Advanced Communications ................................................................................................................................... 34

2003 .. . Whit e I ndustrial Seismology, Inc.

Part V Displaying Data in the Main Screen

Part VI Analyzing a Single Wave Form

1 Basic Wave Form ................................................................................................................................... Analysis 67

2003 ... White Industrial Seismology, Inc.

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

2 FFT Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 108

3 Curves Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 117

Part VII Analyzing a Single Bar Graph Record

Part VIII Automatic Processing of Data Files

Part IX Other Analyses

1 Summary Files ................................................................................................................................... 144

Part XI Seismograph Manuals

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003 1 Alpha-Seismite ................................................................................................................................... 169

2 Mini-Seis, Mini-Seis ................................................................................................................................... II and Mini-Graph 201

2003 .. . Whit e I ndustrial Seismology, Inc.

Part XII Frequently Asked Questions

1 Communications ................................................................................................................................... 220

3 Seismograph ................................................................................................................................... Related 238

2003 ... White Industrial Seismology, Inc.

Benefits of Using this Program

Concentrate on What's Important

How to Print this Help File

The User Interface

Drive Directory and File Review List

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

2003 .. . Whit e I ndustrial Seismology, Inc.

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

2003 .. . Whit e I ndustrial Seismology, Inc.

2003 ... White Industrial Seismology, Inc.

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

Regression Analysis Menu

2003 .. . Whit e I ndustrial Seismology, Inc.

Saves the contents of the File Review List to disk.

Prints the contents of the File Review List.

Selects all files in the File Review List.

Clears all files in the File Review List.

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

Deletes selected files in the File Review List.

Initiates Simple Communications process.

Loads Advanced Communications form.

Loads English language resource strings.

Loads French language resource strings.

Loads Spanish language resource strings.

Loads Italian language resource strings.

2003 .. . Whit e I ndustrial Seismology, Inc.

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

2003 .. . Whit e I ndustrial Seismology, Inc.

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

2003 ... White Industrial Seismology, Inc.

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003

Velocity/Frequency Curves Tab

2003 .. . Whit e I ndustrial Seismology, Inc.

Seismograph Data Analysis 2003