WELCOME

GREEN IT AND ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY

SEMINAR

SAURABH SWAMI Division of Agricultural Chemicals Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

Contents
Introduction Goals of Green IT Sustainable technology components in IT Approaches to Green IT Green IT Architecture Ecosystem View Regulations and Industry Initiatives Constraints Conclusions

Introduction
Information technology affect every aspect of modern life Shift of our economy: Paper based Digital information management Tremendous demand of computers and other IT infrastructure energy consumption, heat dissemination, greenhouse emission, and resource total cost of ownership Challenge - adopting the usage of IT in environment friendly and a sustainable supply chain network

(Sabbaghi & Vaidyanathan 2012)

Green Information Technology- Definition

The term Green IT is defined as the systematic application of sustainability in various processes of IT management in order to reduce related emissions and waste, and to improve energy efficiency (Molla et al 2009) Study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on environment (Muragesan 2008) All the activities and efforts that incorporate ecologically friendly technologies and processes into the entire lifecycle of information and communication technology (Hedwig et al 2009)

The Goals of Green IT

Similar to green chemistry 1. Reduce the use of hazardous materials 2. Maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime 3. Recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste Overall objective of Green IT is to increase energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions

Sustainable technology components in IT

Four major components of sustainable IT technology 1. Design 2. Manufacturing 3. Usage 4. Disposal

(Murugesan 2010)

Approaches to Green IT
Modern IT systems are complicated mix of - people, networks and hardware Address end user satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory compliance, and return on investment (ROI) There are also considerable fiscal motivations for companies to take control of their own power consumption

(Valanju 2009)

Approaches to Green IT
1. Product longevity 2. Software and deployment optimization 3. Power management 4. Materials recycling

5. Telecommuting
6. Low performance computer

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Product longevity
PC manufacturing process - 70 % of the natural resources used in the life cycle of a PC Fujitsus Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a desktop shows that manufacturing and end of life accounts for the majority of this laptop ecological footprint The biggest contribution to green IT usually is to prolong the equipment's lifetime including upgradability and modularity Ecological footprint Manufacturing a new PC >> Manufacturing a new RAM module to upgrade an existing one

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Software and deployment optimization
Impacts amount of computer resources required for any given IT function Many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs

It includes : i. Algorithmic efficiency ii. Resource allocation iii. Virtualization iv. Terminal servers

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)
Algorithmic Efficiency
The average Google search releases 0.2 grams of CO Windows 7 + Office 2010 require 70 times more memory (RAM) than Windows 98 + Office 2000 to write exactly the same text or send exactly the same e-mail Fine-grained green computing - running a program efficiently and effectively by precise power control on each computing resources as CPU, memory, registers, peripherals, clock management, and power supply AFTER Program Hello World_F activate(menory_bank) activate(io) print Hello World\n deactivate(menory_bank) deactivate(io) low_power_mode()

BEFORE Program Hello World_c Print Hello World\n Low_power_mode()

Activity Turn on low power mode

Wake up the memory and io Activity Memory and io turn into sleep mode

(Chia & Kai 2010)

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)
Resource Allocation
Strategic planning - which items to fund in the plan, and what level of funding it should receive Resource leveling - to smooth resources requirements by shifting slack jobs beyond periods of peak requirements Scheduling of activities and resources required by them considering both the resource availability and the project time

(Erek 2011)

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)
Resource Allocation

Wi-Fi Scheduler

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)
Virtualization Abstraction of computer resources, such as the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware Several physical systems into virtual machines on one single, powerful system, unplugging the original hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption

Application Operating System

Application Operating System

Application Operating System

Virtual Infrastructure

STORAGE

NETWORK

NETWORK

SERVERS

STORAGE

(Agrawal 2013)

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)
Terminal Servers When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the operating system on the terminal These can be combined with thin clients, which use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consumption There has been an increase in using terminal services with thin clients to create virtual labs

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Power Management
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power saving aspects of hardware Automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after set periods of inactivity Manual adjustment of voltages supplied to the CPU to reduce both the amount of heat produced and electricity consumed Power management includes :
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Data center power Operating system support Power supply Storage Video card Display

Power Consumption in An Average Laptop

There is a trade off between heavier batteries or more expensive batteries

GREEN COMPUTING, Department of the Premier, GJPB Willemse, www.fs.gov.za

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Power Management (Contd..)
Data Centre Power A data center is a home to computational power, storage, and applications necessary to support an enterprise business All content is sourced from or passes through centralized data center 1.5% of US electricity consumption, is used for data center computing (EPA, 2011) Googles data centers use 50 % less power than industry average owing to its better cooling technologies, such as ultra-efficient evaporative cooling (Kurp 2008) Orienting racks of servers in a data center to exhaust their heat in a uniform direction - reduces overall cooling costs (Williams & Curtis 2008)

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Power Management (Contd..)
Operating System Support Windows 95 -> stand-by (suspend-to-RAM) and a monitor low power state Windows 2000 - first NT based operating system to include power management with major changes to OS architecture and new hardware driver Group Policy allowed administrators to centrally configure most Windows features Windows 7 - more efficient user of operating system timers, processor power management, and display panel brightness Default High Performance power plan has been reduced with the aim of encouraging users to save power

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Power Management (Contd..)
Power Supply

Desktop computer power supplies (PSUs) 7075% efficient, dissipating the remaining energy as heat An industry initiative called 80 PLUS certifies PSUs that are at least 80% efficient; as drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs All new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at least 80% efficient

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Power Management (Contd..)
Storage Smaller form factor (e.g. 2.5 inch) hard disk drives consume less power than physically larger drives Flash based devices : No moving parts, power consumption may be reduced somewhat for low capacity Increase in capacity to make more data available online, including archival and backup data that would formerly have been saved on tape or other offline storage

The increase in online storage has increased power consumption

Reducing the power consumed by large storage arrays, while still providing the benefits of online storage, is a subject of ongoing research

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Power Management (Contd..)
Storage

Smart Fan

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Power Management (Contd..)
Video Card

A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer Energy efficient display options include No video card - use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop sharing software if display required Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance and low power Select a GPU based on low idle power, average wattage or performance per watt

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Power Management (Contd..)
Display Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors - use more power than LCD monitors ( also contain lead) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors - use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display Some newer displays using an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, reduces electricity consumption

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors - higher contrast and better viewing angles than LCDs, and are predicted to replace them

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Materials Recycling

Mitigate disposal problems by choosing products designed for recycling and extending service life through upgrading PCs that outlived their particular function can be repurposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit organizations Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills But often these computers gathered through recycling drives are shipped to developing countries where environmental standards are less strict

(Aronson 2010)

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Telecommuting

Teleconferencing and telepresence - implemented in green computing initiatives Advantages: i. Increased worker satisfaction ii. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel iii. Increased profit margins - lower overhead costs for office space, heat, lighting, etc

Average annual energy consumption for U.S. office buildings is 23 kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and lighting accounting for 70% of energy consumed

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Low Performance PCs
Several personal computer vendors (e.g.Everex, Linutop, Systemax, Zonbu and OLPC) ship dedicated low-power PCs Provide minimal hardware peripherals and low performance processors Not suitable for applications requiring a lot of processing power (computer gaming and video production) A low power PCs is usually much smaller than traditional desktop The limited capacity for upgrades, low performance and proprietary may lead to shorter life spans and greater difficulty in repair

Green IT Architecture Ecosystem View

Green IT Solutions Impacts Metrics

Data Centre
Clients Business

Regulatory
Business Public

Pollution
Operations Perception
(Williams & Curtis 2008)

Regulations and Industry Initiatives

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) survey of over 90 government and industry initiatives on "Green ICTs Initiatives concentrate on greening ICTs rather than on their actual implementation to tackle global warming and environmental degradation Only 20% of initiatives have measurable targets

The Energy Star program was revised in October 2006 to include stricter efficiency requirements for computer equipment, along with a tiered ranking system for approved products.

Regulations and Industry Initiatives

In 2001, the Indian government introduced the Energy Conservation Act to enforce strict policies for energy consumption and supply Failure to comply with the act would result in penalties of up to ten thousand rupees for each failure

In the case that an organization continues to be non-compliant, additional penalties would be charged up to one thousand rupees for each day it remains non-compliant (Feretic 2008)

In 2002, the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive was introduced for all EU member states restricting the use of hazardous material in electronics and promoting proper recycling of electronic equipment (Clancy 2010)

Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)

Energy Star
Energy Star is an international standard for energy efficient consumer products originated in the US Adopted by many other countries Devices carrying the Energy Star logo, such as computer products and peripherals generally use 20%30% less energy Energy star specification differ for each item

www.energystar.gov

Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)

Energy Star
Energy Star items include1. Computers 2. Servers 3. Appliances 4. Heating and cooling systems 5. Home electronics 6. Imaging equipment
Gives power consumption specifications for different hardware states: idle, sleep and standby modes
www.energystar.gov

Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)

Green Grid
Non-profit, open industry consortium of end-users, policymakers, technology providers, facility architects, and utility companies To improve the resource efficiency of data centers and business computing ecosystems More than 170 member companies around the world Seeks to unite global industry efforts, create a common set of metrics, and develop technical resources and educational tools to further its goals
www.thegreengrid.org

Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)

CSCI
Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) is an effort to reduce the electric power consumption of PCs in active and inactive states Provides a catalog of green products from its member organizations, and information for reducing PC power consumption

Source: CSCI white paper, 2007

Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)

EPEAT
The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) program, is a comprehensive environmental rating that helps greener computer and electronic equipment Created in 2001, EPEAT's registry has grown to 2,074 products from 49 manufacturers worldwide EPEAT identifies its registered products as bronze, silver or gold based on fulfillment of different criteria

Green IT : Constraints
Corporate sustainability efforts are missing the mark Companies making limited progress in making IT programs more sustainable

Most lack holistic policies for promoting all 4 cornerstones of sustainable computing: extended lifecycles, energy efficiency, utilization and reuse and responsible recycling
Even those that have good policies lack the governance to monitor operations Companies with > 100,000 employees scored the highest

Green IT : Constraints
Five steps to make green computing programs more sustainable: i. Establish baseline ii. Review and revise policies iii. Extend desktop and laptop lifecycles iv. Optimize utilization v. Create accountability

Source: Green Computing More Hype than Reality, Industry week, 2009

Conclusions
Green computing is a novel and an innovative trend in the world of computing which has minimum or no impact on the environment Green computing has introduced a range of equipments and technologies which help in limiting the impact on the environment A sustainable approach towards Green IT not only emphasizes on its efficient use but the entire life cycle from design to disposal

IT systems are mix of people, networks and hardware, therefore apart from various technological interventions green IT initiatives should involve all the stakeholders of the IT industry

Conclusions

Thank You