INDIAN URBANISATION History According to Indus valley civilisation, their urbanisation was well lanned, structured colonies, !

rid lan , water su ly syste" , waste water "anage"ent syste" were aweso"e# $e can co" are only our new develo ed a art"ents, societies, %lats, du le&es etc by Indus valley city lan# 'or the census o% india ()** , the de%inition o% urban area is as %ollows + All laces with a "unici alty , cor oration , cantone"ent board or noti%ied area co""itte etc# Other laces criteria + A "ini"u" o ulation o% ,))) - at least .,/ o% the "ale "ain wor0ing o ulation engaged in non1agriculture ersuits - and a density o% o ulation o% at least 2)) ersons er s3#0"# As we all 0now India is called country o% villages, day by day we are converting our rural o ulation into urban# According to o ulation data ()** total urban o ulation is 4*#*5 /, co" aring to our neighbours# 6a0istan has 45/, Bangladesh 4)/, Ne al ()/ o% their total o ulation# 7o" aring with another asian gaint 87HINA9# Both are the %astest growing "ar0et %or investors # Both are urbani:ing %astly,but china has sha ed the rocess , while india is still struggling with rocess#in *;,) india was "ore urban nation than china , but %ro" *;,) to ()), china has 2* / growth rate and india has only (; /#in india er ca ita !D6 is ro<ected to grow = 5 / er year %ro" ()), to ()(, , while china will se .#4 /# 'or business the signi%icant increases in er ca ita urban inco"es and "iddle1inco"e households o%%ers the otential o% vibrant new "ar0et to serve # This increasing data o% urbanisation in india is develo ing un lanned urbanisation , ressure on cities , ressure on ad"inistration , illegal encroach"ent o% govt land , and "any "ore roble"s#As the "eaning o% urbanisation the icture is totally o osite in India# So why this is increasing so %ast in india #

Industrialisation +
De"and o% labours in industries increase the,"igration o% rural o ulation so "ore urban o ulation# >ore de"and o% drin0ing water,electricity,health,education ,land %or housing #

?ac0 o% agriculturist in rural areas,this urban o ulation beca"e consu"er %ro" roducer o% vegitables and cro s#

@ducation + Rural eo le are "igrating urban ares %or their childrens better
education,better environ"ent %or their syclogical develo "ent#

@leventh %ive year lan that ai"ed at urbanisation %or the econo"ic develo "ent o% india # @cono"ic o reasons # urtunities , in%rastructure %acilities , growth o% rivate sector are also so"e

Problems of urbanisation:
Ra id rise in urban o ulation in india is leading to "any roble"s li0e increasing slu"s , decrease in standard o% living in urban areas ,trans ort , water su ly and sanitation , water ollution and air ollution , inade3uate rovision %or social in%rastructure 8school and hos ital9als environ"ental da"age#

7hanging o% land uses+ the way o ulation is increasing, de"and o% land %or di%%erent 1(
ur ose increases, e& ansion o% cities beca"e cause o% %orest eradication, encroach"ent o% agriculture land# it is a challenge , causes "ore consu"e o% %ossil %uel , "ore !H! result is high te" erature #

Solid waste "anage"ent+ truc0 load o% solid waste are du" ed besides roads, causes to
"any health roble"s lac0 o% solid waste "anage"ent lan is "ain hindrance o% urbanisation# a study o% world ban0 says Indian solid waste has about ,,/ carbonic waste , which can be converted into co" ost and another *,/ is reusable#

?ac0 o% sanitation+ a big art o% un lanned urban o ulation doesnAt have toilets , o en
de%ection is a vital issue , which conte" t land and also ground water #

Un e" olye"ent + class * cities such as 7alcutta , >u"bai , 7hennai , delhi , etc have
reached saturation level o% e" loye"ent generating ca acity # "ost o% these cities using ca ital intensive technologies can not generate e" loy"ent %or these distress rural oor# So there is trans%er o% rural overty to urban overty #

7entral and state govern"ent olicies+ ?and usage+ lanning co""ission has %or"ed a grou in ())5 %or trans erency ,
contribution in environ"ent and %orest area#reco""endation o% that grou is to en%orce the NATIONA? ?AND USA!@ BOARD, develo "ent o% lans %or water and land conservation , lan %or ground water usage %or do"estic , industrial ,urban usage#

Solid waste + di%%erent co""ittees has reco""ended that *))/ collection o% solid waste
and dis osal o% the" %ar %ro" o ulation # Develo "ent o% waste recycling lants , govt subsidy %or these lants #

Sanitation + target o% NATIONA? URBAN SANITATION 6O?I7B

1 1 1 *))/ availability o% ublic sanitation service,and "anage"ent No o en de%ection and try to change the habits o% eo le 7reate awareness about sanitation, hand washing habits

Institutes+ establish"ent o% sanitation institutions,courses on urban roble"s ,

environ"ental issues , thin0 tan0 India govern"ent thin0 that sanitation is sub<ect o% state %or better i" le"entation o% ublic health and environ"ental services at ground level govt should be "ore %ocus on ground level institutions , @very states has di%%erent geogra hical and environ"ental issues , but there is a need o% integrated urban develo "ent lan which %its on all states u to so"e e&tent # Result o% un lanned urbanisation + we should learn a strong lesson %ro" uttra0hand cala"ity , that was also a un lanned urbanisation , encroach"ent o% river basin causes la0hs o% eo le death #

In general urban lanning "ust ai" at +

a 9 Balanced regional and urban lanning b 9 develo "ent o% strong econo"ic base %or urban econo"y c 9 integration o% rural and urban econo"y e" hasis on agro1based industry # raw "aterial should be rocessed in rural econo"y and then trans%erred to urban econo"y # urban lanning and housing %or slu" eo le with hu"an %ace#

Na"e+1Cishwa<eet 0u"ar singh