EXPERIMENT 3: CHEMICAL KINETICS

J.B. BATO
INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, COLLEGE OF SCINECE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES DATE PERFORMED: DECEMBER 4 2013 INSTRUCTORS NAME: LIZA RAMIREZ

ABSTRACT Three different reactions were performed and observed for their properties in relation to chemical kinetics. For parts 1 and 2, the reaction between Sodium thiosulfate and Hydrochloric acid was observed. The first is performed at varying concentrations to establish the rate law, then at varying temperatures to establish temperature dependence. The concentration of Hydrogen ion (H+) was inversely proportional to the rate of reaction, while an increase in temperature increased reaction rate. In part 3, the effects of catalysis were observed. The addition of a catalyst increased the reaction rate in the oxidation of tartrate and hyd rogen peroxide, while the phenomenon of autocatalysis was investigated in the reaction of oxalate with permanganate. This experiment also introduces the student to the application of the Arrhenius Equation in solving the Activation Energy and the application of the Linear Regression method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PART 1: EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON THE RATE OF REACTION As performed, the first part investigates the effect of varying concentrations on the precipitation reaction between Sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid The balanced equation for this reaction is

manifests as a milky yellow cloud in the solution. The full opacity of the solution is taken in this experiment to signal the end of the reaction. In part 1, a total of six reaction runs were obtained, numbered in the original order found in the manual. Each run varied the amounts of each reactant in order to compute for each reaction order and determine the rate law of the reaction. Table 1.1: Reaction times obtained from the variation of the concentration 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time 27.5 70.0 173 48.7 50.0 58.1 1/Time 0.036 0.014 0.0053 0.021 0.017 0.020 [S2O32-]i 0.12 0.058 0.029 0.15 0.15 0.15 [H+]i 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2

while the net ionic equation is given by:

As shown by the above equations, each reaction forms a Sulfur precipitate, which

By approximating the reaction order of each reactant to the nearest whole number, the following rate law was obtained:

collision theory, which states that reactions occur as a direct result of collisions between the reactant molecules [2]. Higher temperatures both increase the number of collisions and the number of molecules with energies equal to or higher than the activation energy, one of the requirements for a successful bond[3]. Using the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy, Ea, is found to be . Positive Ea denotes the amount of energy needed for the reaction to start. Negative activation energy implies that it is impossible to stop the reaction from occurring. It already possessed plenty of energy for the reaction to occur so that the only way to hinder the reaction is to keep the reactants apart. It goes to show that acquiring the former implies a relatively slower reaction time than the latter.
0 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 y = -5140.6x + 12.247 R = 0.9898 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004

For the initial rate of reaction, 1/T was taken as the measure of the initial rate since all factors such as the beaker size and the volume of the solution were held constant. Between runs, all these factors would cancel out, leaving the reaction time as the sole differing variable between runs. Possible errors that may have affected the results of this part include discrepancies in the timing of the reaction. PART 2: EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON THE RATE OF REACTION In Part 2 of the experiment, the temperature is varied instead of the concentrations of each reactant. Three different reaction times were obtained at room, near freezing and near boiling temperatures. Table 1.2: Reaction times obtained from the variation of temperature Temp (K) 274 355 298 1/Temp (K-1) 0.0036 0.0028 0.0034 Time (s) 645 8.78 173 1/Time (s-1) 0.0016 0.11 0.0058

Figure 1.1: Relationship of 1/T and ln k The linearity coefficient shows that ln k is directly proportional to 1/T.

As shown by the results, as temperature and reaction rate are inversely proportional: an increase in temperature would result in a faster reaction rate, and vice versa. This is in accordance with

The rate constant in this part was taken to be 1/t due to all other factors being held constant in different runs, similar to the initial rate of the first part. In the final calculations, all the constant factors

should have no effect when comparing between runs. Discrepancies in the timing and the temperature measurement, where one temperature value may not be constant for the entire solution, as well as the fact that the temperature cannot be maintained at a single value through the entirety of the reaction, may be considered sources of possible errors in both data gathering and the computations. PART 3A: OXIDATION OF TARTRATE BY HYDROGEN Part 3 investigates the effects of a catalyst on the reaction rates of two different reactions. Part 3A involves the oxidation of Sodium tartrate by Hydrogen peroxide, with the balanced equation

permanganate, with balanced equation:

the

following

Autocatalysis is a catalytic reaction in which the product of one of the steps acts as a catalyst for the reaction. Initially, the reaction takes place as normal, but slowly accelerates as more of the catalyst is produced[4]. In this reaction, the catalyst is the Mn2+ ion, which is produced in the reaction itself as shown by the balanced equation, as well as being present in the initial solution through the aqueous permanganate. REFERENCES [1] Petrucci, R. H., Herring, F. G., Madura, J. D., Bissonnette, C. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, 10th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, Toronto. 2011. [2] Salve Regina University. Collision Theory. Retrieved from: http://chem.salve.edu/chemistry/temp2 a.asp. [3] Shahbaz, S., Iskandar, A. Reaction Order. UC Davis ChemWiki. University of California, Davis. Retrieved from: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Ch emistry/Kinetics/Reaction_Rates/Reactio n_Order. [4] Clark, J. Types of Catalysis. Retrieved from: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/c atalysis/introduction.html.

From the equation, the noted effervescence is due to the formation of . The catalyst introduced in one run is initially consumed by the reaction, acting as an intermediate step aiding the formation of , as evidenced by the color change from pink to green. Later on as the reaction completes, the catalyst is regenerated, indicated by the return of the pink color.

PART 3B: REACTION OF OXALATE WITH PERMANGANATE Part 3B involves the autocatalysis of the reaction of Sodium oxalate with

APPENDIX A. Sample Calculations

Determining [S2O32-]initial for Run # 1: [ ( )]

Computing for the Hrxn: H0rxn = nprodutsH0formation,products nreactantsH0formation.reactants

Determining [H+]initial for Run # 4: ( ) Finding for m using Runs # 1 and 2:

Finding for n using Runs # 4 and 5:

Rate law:

Solving for k using Run # 1:

Solving for Ea: