2.

(slope of secant line)

(slope of tangent) Properties of Limits Sum/Difference Rule

Product Rule (Quotient Rule follows same logic) Power Rule

Constant Rule

Sandwich (Squeeze) Theorem

2.2 Limits at Infinity Definition of Horizontal Asymptote

Definition of Vertical Asymptote

2.3 ontinuous !unctions 3.1 "efinition of "eri#ati#e

3.2 "ifferentia$i%ity A graph fails to be differentiable: 1) at a corner, 2) when there is a vertical tangent, 3) at a cusp, ) when it is discontinuous

Intermediate &a%ue Theorem !f f is continuous on closed interval "a, # and c is an$ number between f(a) and f( ), then there is at least one number ! on the interval such that f(!) % c&

Difference "uotient: 3.3 Ta'in( "eri#ati#es Power Rule: Product Rule: "uotient Rule: 3.) *otion +%on( a Line 'peeding up when v(t) and a(t) are the same sign& 'lowing down when v(t) and a(t) are opposite signs& Limit Identities

3., omposite !unctions and hain -u%e S%opes of Parametrized ur#es (((t), $(t)) is differential at t if ( and $ are differential at t

d)dt is the derivative of d$)d( d)d( is the actual second derivative 3.. Imp%icit "ifferentiation *ifferentiate the whole thing with d$)d(& 3./ "eri#ati#e of In#erse f(0) !f f is a one+to+one, differential function with inverse g,

"eri#ati#es

Lo(arithmic "ifferentiation ,a-e the log or natural log of both sides and differentiate& .suall$ when there are fractions or a variable in the e(ponent& ).1 +$so%ute120treme &a%ues ,here can be more than one absolute ma()min because the$ have the same y but different ! values& ,here can be a point that is both ma( and min if the line is a constant hori/ontal no slope& A solute #a!: A solute #in$ -e%ati#e1Loca% &a%ues Relati%e #a!$ at c if Relati%e #in$ at c if

for all ! on an interval for all ! on an interval

20treme &a%ue Theorem !f f is continuous on "a,b# then f has an absolute ma( and an absolute min on the interval& ).2 *ean &a%ue Theorem for "eri#ati#es !f f is continuous and "a,b# and differential on (a,b) then there e(ists at least one point c such that: (the slope of the tangent % the slope of the secant line through a,b) "efinitions 0et f be defined on an interval with !& and !' as an$ points on the interval where !& 1 !'& (ncreasing: !f !& 1 !' then f(!') 2 f(!&) for all of (!&) !') Decreasing: !f !& 1 !' then f(!') 1 f(!&) !f f*(!) % 3 at each point in interval, then f(!) % c !f f*(!) % g*(!) at each point on an interval, then f(!) % g(!) 4 c ).3 1st "eri#ati#e f(!) increases when f*(!) 2 3 and decreases when f*(!) 1 3 f(!) has a ma( when f*(!) changes from 4 to 5 f(!) has a min when f*(!) changes from 5 to 4

2nd "eri#ati#e 6hen f**(!) 2 3, f(() is concave up 6hen f**(!) 1 3, f(() is concave down 7oint of inflection is where the 2nd derivative changes sign 'nd Deri%ati%e +est 8ind 9,7 (where f:(() % 3 or does not e(ist) ;valuate the second derivative& !f 1 3, then concave down and ma(imum& !f 2 3, then concave up and minimum& ).) *ode%in(13ptimization (*a01*in) <a-e an e=uation out of thte -nown info and then solve for ma( or min depending on what $ou need& ost and -e#enue

9ost function 9(()> average cost is minimum when marginal cost (9:(()) e=uals the average cost& 7rofit 7(() % R(() 5 9(() R:(() % 9:(() ma(imum profit when marginal revenue % marginal cost R(() % (p(() where p(() is the price function (demand) ?rea- even point is when revenue % cost& ).4 Linearization @iven f((), derive to find f:((), then with given value a, substitute into 0(()& ,hen appro(imate a new value using 0(()& "ifferentia%s

5ewton6s *ethod .sed to appro(imate /eros and roots&

Calculator

,!ample is a solution of (2 5 A& f(() is (2 5 A& 7ic- (1 as 2 or 3 and appro(imate& )., -e%ated -ates *iagram, then write -nown and un-nowns using 0eibni/ notation& ie& Bou have given information, draw a diagram& @iven rates of change, write them down as d$)dt or d()dt, then use given info to come up with an e=uation, derive, substitute and solve to find the un-nown rate& 4.1 -iemann Sum

4.2 "efinition of "efinite Inte(ra%

4.3 Properties of "efinite Inte(ra% 1) 2) 3) ) A) C) D) A%erage Value of a -unction

!undamenta% Theorem of a%cu%us Part &

Part '

+ppro0imation *ethods +rapezoidal Rule

Simpson*s Rule .ses a series of parabolic arcs to appro(imate the curve&

where n must be even ,.1 +ntideri#ati#es *ifferential ;=uation 5 an e=uation that contains a derivative Separation of Varia les <ove the variables to each side, then integrate& ,.2 Su$stitution *ethod 0et u and du& .se u(a) and u( ) for limits& ,.3 Inte(ration 7y Parts

,.) ,!ponential .rowt//Decay

0ewton*s 1aw of Cooling ,he rate at which an obEect temperature is changing at an$ given time is appro(imatel$ proportional to the difference between its temperature and the surrounding temperature&

,.4 Population .rowt/

(rate of relative growth) 1ogistic Differential ,2uation

,., 5umerica% *ethods ,uler*s #et/od

'nd Degree +aylor ,2uation

"efinition of Inte(ra%

..1 Inte(ra%s as 5et han(e

Rate

,otal)Fet 9hange (*isplacement)

Few 7osition % *isplacement (Fet 9hange) 4 !ntitial 9ondition C

..2 +rea 7etween Two ur#es

!f f(!) and g(!) intersect, find the points of intersection and use them as limits for each section of the integral&

..3 &o%ume ?ased on G % H2rh: Dis3 #et/od

4as/er #et/od !5a!is rotation where f(!) is the outer radius and g(!) is the inner radius& ?ased on G % 2HrhI!: S/ell #et/od y5a!is rotation r % ! when rotated around the a(is r % c 5 ! when rotated around line ! % c Volume wit/ 6nown Cross5Section

A % area of given cross sectional shape in terms of s ie& A % s2 , the distance between the graphs that mar- the cross section

..) Len(th of a ur#e

if JsmoothK (continuous)

in terms of y if there is a vertical tangent

7iecewise function if there is a cusp& (absolute value) +rea of Surface -e#o%ution ?ased on 'A % 2Hrl

!5a!is rotation ..4 8or' Constant -orce 8 % ma when m is in -g (a is L&M) !f alread$ a force (weight) is given, ie& pounds, then $ou Eust multipl$ 8d to get wor-& Varia le -orce

where the function given to define the variable force is f(!) Hoo3e*s 1aw 6ith springs when there is a variable force where ! is units compressed or e(tended be$ond natural length& ,o find wor-, $ou would integrate the function& Pumpin( 8or' Pro$%em 6 % 8orce ( distance 8orce % weight % volume ( densit$ 6 % volume ( densit$ ( distance !f $ou have height / $ou need to pump it to: distance % / 5 y *ensit$ is usuall$ given, if it:s water it:s C2& lb)ft3 Golume is Hr2/ where r % !2 and / is Iy& .suall$ $ou e(press ! in terms of y b$ finding the e=uation of the line that includes the points on the outside of the tan-&

where d % densit$ and r is ! in terms of y !%uid Pressure 8orce % pressure ( area 7ressure % densit$ ( depth 8orce % densit$ ( depth ( area Pressure on a Vertical Surface

N % densit$ / % total depth of water if the a(is is the bottom of the tan0 % length at y, usuall$ solve for ! in terms of y using the e=uation of the side of the tan-

when $ou set the a(is at the top of the water level, $ou can use 7y for the depth but usuall$ onl$ when the water level is e=ual to tan- height /.1 L69:pita%6s -u%e +/eorem &

+/eorem '

(ndeterminate -orms

Special (ndeterminate -orms 6hen the function has an e(ponent !: 8ind so that is e=uals a number 0& (9an then bring down e(ponent so that it:s multiplication and rearrange into a fraction, appl$ 0:OPpital:s Rule from there&) ,hen find lim f(!) using: (where 0 % lim ln f(!))

/.2 -e%ati#e -ates of ;rowth 1& !f f grows faster than g (g is slower)

2& !f f and g grow at the same rate

+ransiti%ity !f f grows at the same rate as g and g grows the same as / then f is the same as /

8 0otation f % o(g) f % Q(g)

if f grows slower than g if f is the same or faster than g

/.3 Improper Inte(ra%s

QR if there is a discontinuit$

!f the limit is finite: con#er(es& !f the limit is infinite: di#er(es& <onotonic function is alwa$s increasing or decreasing& Direct Comparison +est !f f and g are continuous from a to infinit$ and 1)

then:

2) 1imit Comparison +est !f f and g are positive continuous functions on a to infinit$ and then:

8t/er Stuff !f $ou have !f $ou have /.) Tri( Su$stitutions

<.1 9onverges if <.2 +aylor/Polynomial Series

6here the series is centered at ( % a 9alled a <ac0aurin 'eries when a % 3 #ac1aurin Series

<.3 Tests nt/ +erm +est

(ntegral +est !f f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for ( 2 1 and an % f(n)

P5series

nt/ Root +est

.eometric Series

Direct Comparison +est 9ompare to a function larger than it (must show step proving that an 1 bn if bn is the function $ou:re comparing it to) 1imit Comparison +est 9ompare to similar function, ta-e limit, if not 3 then both either converge or diverge& 8ind whether the function $ou:re comparing it to converges or diverges& +elescoping 7artial fractions& 'plit into general partial fraction term& 6rite out a couple of terms and the$ should start cancelling out so $our 'n sum will become the first term 4 the general term left& Alternating Series +est

Alternating series has (+1)n in general term (but write out a couple of terms Eust in case to chec-)& !f it converges:

*ifference between sum to infinit$ and sum at term n is the remainder or error& 6hich is e=ual to the ne(t term (n 4 1)& Ratio +est (for a solute con%ergence) 'um an has to be a series with non/ero terms

A solute Con%ergence !f series RanR converges then an converges& 1& an is absolutel$ convergent if RanR converges 2& an is conditionall$ convergent if RanR diverges Inter#a% of on#er(ence 9an be a point (radius % 3), interval, or all reals (r is infinite) .se ratio test and set less than 1, then solve and chec- endpoints& 2rror

2u%er6s !ormu%a