Chapter 5

Conservation of Energy
E cannot be created nor destroyed Kinetic vs. Potential Energy

Entropy

Fuel rich in chemical energy

Energy conversion

Waste products poor in chemical energy

Heat energy

Gasoline Oxygen

Combustion Kinetic energy of movement Energy conversion in a car

Carbon dioxide
Water

Heat energy

Cellular respiration Food Oxygen ATP

Carbon dioxide Water

Energy for cellular work Energy conversion in a cell

Figure 5.2

Chemical Energy
Calorie kilocalorie Peanut (5 Kcal heat 1 liter of H20 50 C

Food
Cheeseburger Spaghetti with sauce (1 cup) Baked potato (plain, with skin) Fried chicken (drumstick) Bean burrito Pizza with pepperoni (1 slice) Peanuts (1 ounce) Apple Garden salad (2 cups) Popcorn (plain, 1 cup) Broccoli (1 cup) (a) Food Calories (kilocalories) in various foods

Food Calories
295 241 220 193 189 181 166 81 56 31 25

Activity
Running (7min/mi)
Dancing (fast) Bicycling (10 mph) Swimming (2 mph) Walking (3 mph) Dancing (slow) Playing the piano Driving a car Sitting (writing)

Food Calories consumed per hour by a 150-pound person*

979 510 490 408 245 204 73 61 28

*Not including energy necessary for basic functions, such as breathing and heartbeat

(b) Food Calories (kilocalories) we burn in various activities

Figure 5.3

Energy Triphosphate Diphosphate

Adenosine

Adenosine

ATP

ADP

Phosphate (transferred to another molecule)

Figure 5.4

Enzymes
Metabolism

Anabolism vs. catabolism

Activation Energy
E required for a chemical reaction to occur

Activation energy barrier Enzyme

Activation energy barrier reduced by enzyme

Energy level

Products (a) Without enzyme (b) With enzyme

Energy level

Reactant

Reactant

Products

Figure 5.7

Induced fit
Substrate Active site

Active site

Sucrase can accept a molecule of its substrate.

Enzyme (sucrase)

Figure 5.9-1

Substrate (sucrose) Active site Sucrase can accept a molecule of its substrate.

Substrate binds to the enzyme.

Enzyme (sucrase)

Figure 5.9-2

Substrate (sucrose) Active site Sucrase can accept a molecule of its substrate.

Substrate binds to the enzyme.

Enzyme (sucrase)

H2O

The enzyme catalyzes the chemical reaction.

Figure 5.9-3

Substrate (sucrose) Active site Sucrase can accept a molecule of its substrate.

Substrate binds to the enzyme.

Enzyme (sucrase)

Fructose

H2O
Glucose The products are released. The enzyme catalyzes the chemical reaction.

Figure 5.9-4

Enzyme inhibitors
Shape change of enzyme

(a) Enzyme and substrate binding normally

Substrate Active site

(b) Enzyme inhibition by a substrate imposter

Enzyme Substrate Inhibitor Active site

Enzyme (c) Enzyme inhibition by a molecule that causes the active site to change shape Active site Substrate

Inhibitor Enzyme
Figure 5.10

Feedback regulation
Product can inhibit enzyme Negative and positive feedback systems

Homeostasis

Endocytosis vs Exocytosis

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Figure 5.UN04

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Role of Membranes in Cell Signaling

Receptor proteins Neurotransmitters Hormones

Enzymatic activity Cytoplasm

Fibers of extracellular matrix Cell signaling

Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix Cytoskeleton Transport Intercellular joining

Cytoplasm Cell-cell recognition

Figure 5.11