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P1 = the gas pressure in the source vessel at t1, in lbs / ft2 absolute P2 = the gas pressure in the source vessel at t2, in lbs / ft2 absolute t1 = any time after leak flow starts, in seconds t2 = any time (later than t1) after leak flow starts , in seconds C = coefficient of discharge A = area of the source leak, in ft2 V = volume of the source vessel, in ft3 k = cp / cv gc = gravitational conversion factor of 32.17 ft / s2 2 3 R = universal gas law constant of 1545 (lbs / ft )(ft ) / (lbmol R) M = molecular weight of the gas T0 = initial gas temperature in the source vessel, in R 2 P = initial gas pressure in the source vessel, in lbs / ft absolute
0
The resulting expression is: P2 = [(5.3329 10 4 )(t2 t1) + P1 0.1174 ] 8.5179 (3)
For the Rasouli and Williams model, equation (3) was then used to obtain P2 values for each value of (t2 t1). The corresponding T2 temperature values were obtained from this expression for the isentropic expansion or compression of an ideal gas: (T2 / T1) = (P2 / P1)(k 1) / k (4)
and the weight of gas (W, in pounds) remaining in the source vessel at the end of each increment of time (t2 t1) was obtained from the universal gas law expression: W=PVM/RT (5)
The Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot model becomes specific for this example by substituting these values into equation (2): C = 0.72 A = 0.001363 ft2 V = 51.4 ft3 k = 1.307 P0 = 493,920 lbs/ft2 absolute d0 = 9.861 lbs/ft3 The resulting expression is: t = 402.1(F 0.1535 1) which can be re-arranged to obtain: F = [1 + (0.002487) t ] 6.5147 (7) (6)
For the Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot model, equation (7) was used to obtain F values for each value of time t since the initiation of flow through the leak. The corresponding values of W for each value of time t were obtained by multiplying the original weight of gas in the source vessel (i.e., 507 pounds) by the residual weight fraction F at time t. Equation (4) for the isentropic expansion or compression of an ideal gas can be manipulated and re-arranged to obtain the following expressions: P = P0 F k T = T0 F (k 1) (8) (9)
The corresponding P and T values were calculated, using equations (8) and (9), for the F value obtained at each value of time t. The comparative profiles yielded by the two models are tabulated in Table 2 and it is obvious that the two models produced identical results. As can be seen in Table 2, the initial methane release rate during the first 30 seconds is (507 - 317) / 30 = 6.3 lbs/second and the rate during the last 30 seconds is (18 - 14) / 30 = 0.1 lbs/second ... after which only 2.65 percent of the initial 507 lbs of methane remains in the vessel.
It can also be seen that the overall average release rate is (507 - 14) / 300 = 1.6 lb/second, which is very much slower than the rate of 6.3 lbs/second during the initial 30 seconds. Figure 1 graphically presents the profile of time versus the source vessel pressure as well as the profile of time versus the gas release rate. It is quite obvious that the decay of source vessel pressure and of the gas release rate is not linear.
References:
(1) Beychok, M.R., Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion, published by the author, Irvine, California, USA, Fourth Edition, 2005 (2) Ermak, D.L., User's Manual for Slab - An Atmospheric Dispersion Model for Denser-ThanAir Releases, Lawrence Livermore Nat'l. Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., USA, 1990 (3) Spicer, T. and Havens, J., User's Guide for the Degadis 2.1 Dense Gas Dispersion Model, EPA-450/4-89-019, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, 1989 (4) Rasouli, F. and Williams, T.A., J. Air & Waste Management Association, March 1995 (5) Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N., Transport Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA, 1960
Table 1 Storage pressure at which gas flow through a leak would be choked flow 25.1 psia or greater 25.4 psia or greater 26.8 psia or greater 27.0 psia or greater 27.0 psia or greater 27.4 psia or greater 27.9 psia or greater 27.9 psia or greater
Stored gas Butane Propane Sulfur Dioxide Methane Ammonia Chlorine Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen
Table 2 Equation 1 (Rasouli and Williams Model) t (sec) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 P (psia) 3,430 1,859 1,050 615 372 231 147 96 64 43 T ( R) 520 450 394 347 309 276 248 224 204 186 W (lbs) 507 317 205 136 93 64 46 33 24 18 Equation 2 (Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot Model) P (psia) 3,430 1,859 1,050 614 371 231 147 96 64 43 T ( R) 520 450 394 347 308 276 248 224 204 186 W (lbs) 507 317 205 136 92 64 46 33 24 18 F
1.0000 0.6258 0.4041 0.2682 0.1824 0.1268 0.0898 0.0647 0.0474 0.0352
300
30
170
14
30
171
13
0.0265
t = time since initiation of flow, sec P = gas pressure within source vessel, psia T = gas temperature within source vessel, R W = weight of gas within source vessel, lbs F = weight fraction (of initial gas weight) remaining in source vessel
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