HOTA Study Guide IMPORTANT EVENTS/CASES Sweat v.

Painter (1950) Stated that (for graduate schools) segregation is inherently unequal Brown v. Board (1954) Struck down Plessy and ruled segregation of schools unconstitutional Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) Rosa Parks began the boycott by refusing to give up her seat in the white section of the bus Browder v. Gayle (1956) Ruled segregation on Alabama buses unconstitutional Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-ins (1960) Student-led sit-ins on segregated lunch counters and storefronts throughout Greensboro, NC Albany Movement (1961) Desegregation movement led by SCLC, which failed due to lack of violent response Birmingham Campaign (1963) Aimed for desegregation of public spaces, stores, and schools, along with fair hiring practices and attainment of equality of economic opportunity Violence from police force (Bull Connor) garnered national/international attention March on Washington (1963) Mass demonstration on the capital in which many speeches from black leaders were heard Kennedy Administration intervened to tame down John Lewiss speech (leader of SNCC) Civil Rights Act (1964) Outlawed many forms of discrimination on bases of race and gender/sex, etc Led to Heart of Atlanta and Katzenbach cases th 24 Amendment (1964) Made unconstitutional the poll tax & grandfather clauses Selma Campaign / Bloody Sunday (1965) Large voter registration campaign in Selma March across Edmund Pettus bridge on Sunday met with tear gas, planned march on Tuesday was turned around (after national outpouring of resources) Deaths of whites and blacks death of white man (Rev. James Reeb) more shocking than Jimmie Lee Jackson Chicago Plan (1966) SCLCs plan to push for equality of opportunity (especially housing) in Chicago Was largely unsuccessful much remanent discrimination in Chicago Lowndes County / March Against Fear (1966) Led by SNCCs Stokely Carmichael March Against Fear started by James Meredith from Memphis to Jackson who was shot on the second day Continued by MLK & Carmichael emergence of the black power theme Emergence of Black Panthers

IMPORTANT SPEECHES/DOCUMENTS Letter from a Birmingham Jail o Justification of nonviolent method & tactics specific to Birmingham o Addressing the difficulties in fighting against racism, especially with half-compliance I See the Promised Land o Motivational speech shows a sense of tiredness o Meant to express some destination to which the movement will lead Message to the Grassroots o Emphasizing black power heavily, through violent means o Many references to communist revolutions Ballot or the Bullet o Lists politics as a means by which to get power although the system is very flawed o Proposes taking the US to international court under human rights abuses o Specific tactics of violence in guerrilla war and peaceful armament IMPORTANT PEOPLE/ORGANIZATIONS SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference o Led by MLK group of black clergymen o Worked in Albany, Birmingham, Selma, & (somewhat less successful) Chicago SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee o First led by John Lewis, then Stokely Carmichael o Generally more radical & worked with gaining popular/youth support Black Panthers o Founded in Lowndes County by Huey Newton advocated black nationalism & violence (like Malcolm X, but not affiliated w/ him) o Led also by James Forman MLK / Malcolm X (duh) Bull Connor police chief in Birmingham James G Clark, Jr. police chief in Dallas County (Selma/Bloody Sunday) Fred Shuttlesworth Birmingham minister who didnt like the intrusion of SCLC Ralph Abernathy fellow leader of SCLC (minister alongside MLK) Elijah Muhammad prophet of the Nation of Islam QUOTES Letter from a Birmingham Jail Freedom must be demanded by the oppressed Moral responsibility to obey unjust laws The Promised Land its nonviolence or nonexistence Malcolm X While King was having a dream, the rest of us Negroes are having a nightmare.