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Lab. Simulasi Sistem Tenaga Listrik
ANALISIS
SISTEM TENAGA LISTRIK
(KONSEP DASAR)
BAB 1. KONSEP DASAR
1.1 Daya Listrik pada Rangkaian 1
Fasa
1.2 Rangkaian Tiga Fasa
1.3 Daya Listrik pada Rangkaian 3
Fasa

BAB 1. 1
Daya Listrik pada Rangkaian 1 Fasa

Real (Active) and Reactive Power
Real (Active) and Reactive Loads
Power Triangle
Real (Active) and Reactive Power Flow



Sine Wave Basics (Review)
RMS a method for computing the effective value of a time-varying e-m
wave, equivalent to the energy under the area of the voltage waveform.
Real, Reactive and Apparent
Power in AC Circuits
in DC circuits: P=VI but= in AC circuits: average
power supplied to the load will be affected by the phase
angle u between the voltage and the current.
If load is inductive the phase angle (also called
impedance angle) is positive; (i.e, phase angle of
current will lag the phase angle of the voltage) and the
load will consume both real and positive reactive power
If the load is capacitive the impedance angle will be
negative (the phase angle of the current will lead the
phase angle of the voltage) and the load will consume
real power and supply reactive power.
Resistive and Reactive Loads
Impedance Angle, Current Angle
& Power
Inductive loads positive impedance angle
current angle lags voltage angle
Capacitive loads negative impedance angle
current angle leads voltage angle

Both types of loads consume real power
One (inductive) consumes reactive as well while
the other (capacitive) supplies reactive power
Tegangan, Arus dan Daya




First term is average or Real power (P)
Second term is power transferred back and forth
between source and load (Reactive power Q)

More equations
Real term averages to P = VI cosu (+)
Reactive term Q = VI sinu (+ for inductive load,
- for capacitive load)

Reactive power is the power that is first stored and then released
in the magnetic field of an inductor or in the electric field of a capacitor

Apparent Power (S) is just = VI
Tegangan, Arus dan Daya sbg Fungsi Waktu
Tegangan, Arus (sefasa) dan Daya sbg Fungsi
Waktu
Tegangan, Arus (lag 90) dan Daya sbg Fungsi
Waktu
Loads with Constant Impedance
V = IZ
Substituting
P = I
2
Z cos u
Q = I
2
Z sin u
S= I
2
Z
Since Z = R + jX = Z cos u + jZ sin u
P = I
2
R and Q = I
2
X
Review V, I, Z
If load is inductive then the Phase Angle
(Impedance Angle ZZu) is positive, If phase
angle is positive, the phase angle of the current
flowing through the load will lag the voltage
phase angle across the load by the impedance
angle ZZu.

Complex Power
S = P + jQ
S = VI cosu + j VI sinu
S = VI (cosu + j sinu)
S = VI e
ju
S = VIZu

I = IZ-u dan V = VZ0
o
)
S = VI*
Since S=(P
2
+ Q
2
)

Rangk. Induktif
IZ-u
u
VZ0
S
P
Cos = u
Complex Power and Key
Relationship of Phase Angle to V&I
S = P + jQ
S = VI* (complex conjugate operator)
If V = VZ30
o
and I = IZ15
o
THEN.. COMPLEX POWER SUPPLIED TO
LOAD = S = (VZ30
o
)(IZ-15
o
) = VI (Z30
o
-15
o
)
= VI cos(15
o
) + jVI sin(15
o
)
NOTE: Since Phase Angle u = Zu
v
- Zu
i

S = VI cos(u) + jVI sin(u) = P + jQ
The Power Triangle
Aliran Daya Aktif
Z = 0 V V
BILA SEPHASE DENGAN , BERARTI
DAYA LISTRIK DIBANGKITKAN (SUMBER
ADALAH GENERATOR) DAN MENGALIR MENUJU
SISTEM (ARUS KELUAR DARI TERMINAL
POSITIP)
P = Re (VI*) MEMPUNYAI TANDA POSITIP.
u Z = I I
u cos I
u
V
I
u cos I
V
Aliran Daya Aktif
u Z = I I
BILA MEMPUNYAI BEDA PHASE 180
TERHADAP , BERARTI DAYA LISTRIK DISERAP
(SUMBER ADALAH MOTOR), DAN ARUS MENUJU
TERMINAL POSITIP DARI SUMBER.

P = Re (VI*) MEMPUNYAI TANDA NEGATIP.
Z = 0 V V
u cos I
V
I
u
u cos I
V
Aliran Daya Reaktif
Z = 0 V V
DAYA REAKTIF SEBESAR I
2
X
L
(DENGAN
TANDA POSITIP) DIBERIKAN PADA INDUKTANSI
ATAU INDUKTANSI MENYERAP DAYA REAKTIF.
ARUS TERBELAKANG (LAGGING) 90
TERHADAP

Q = Im (VI*) MEMPUNYAI TANDA POSITIF
Z = 90 I I
V
I
90
L
X

V
I
Aliran Daya Reaktif
u Z = I I
DAYA REAKTIF SEBESAR I
2
X
C
(DENGAN TANDA
NEGATIF) DIBERIKAN PADA KAPASITOR ATAU
SUMBER MENERIMA DAYA REAKTIF DARI
KAPASITOR.
ARUS MENDAHULUI (LEADING) 90 TERHADAP

Q = Im (VI*) MEMPUNYAI TANDA NEGATIF.
Z = 0 V V
V
I
90
I V
Contoh soal 1
V = 120Z0
o
V
Z = 20Z-30
o
O

Calculate current I, Power Factor (is it leading or
lagging), real, reactive, apparent and complex
power supplied to the load
BAB 1.2
Rangkaian Tiga Fasa (3-|)
What are they?
Benefits of 3-| Systems
Wye (Y) and delta (A) connections
One line diagram (of a balanced 3 phase
system)
What does Three-Phase mean?
A 3-| circuit is a 3-| AC-generation system
serving a 3-| AC load
3 - 1-| AC generators with equal voltage but
phase angle differing from the others by 120
o

Balanced 3 phase systems
SISTEM TEGANGAN TIGA FASA YANG
SEIMBANG TERDIRI DARI TEGANGAN SATU
FASA YANG MEMPUNYAI MAGNITUDE DAN
FREKWENSI YANG SAMA TETAPI ANTARA
SATU DENGAN LAINNYA MEMPUNYAI BEDA
FASA SEBESAR 120.

Tegangan & Arus 3 Fasa
Balanced
Same amplitude
120 phase diff.
Phase shift
i
a
lags u
a
angle
Phase sequence
abc

Fasor Tegangan/Arus
Urutan Fasa abc
Seimbang: I
a
+ I
b
+ I
c
=0
No return current
Losses reduced
No return conductor
a
b
c
Benefits of 3-| circuits
GENERATION SIDE:
More power out
Constant power out (vs. pulsating sinusoidal)


LOAD SIDE:
Induction Motors (no starters required)
Common Neutral
A 3-| circuit can have the negative ends of the
3-| generators connected to the negative ends
of the 3-| AC loads and one common neutral
wire can complete the system
If the three loads are equal (or balanced) what
will the return current be in the common neutral?
If loads are equal.
the return current can be calculated to be
ZERO!
Neutral is actually unnecessary in a balanced
three-phase system (but is provided since
circumstances may change)
Wye (Y) and delta (A) connection

Delta (A)
Hubungan Y
n : TITIK NETRAL

Vab=Vbc=Vca = V
L
: TEGANGAN ANTAR
FASA
Van=Vbn=Vcn = V
p
: TEGANGAN FASA

Hubungan Arus dan Tegangan
Bila I
L
adalah Arus Saluran dan I
p
adalah Arus
Fasa, maka berlaku :
I
L
= I
p


V
L
= 3 V
p
Dimana V
L
, V
p
, I
L
, I
p
adalah harga efektif dari
tegangan dan arus



Diagram Fasor (Hub. Y)
Sumber = Beban
V
ab

30
o

o
p cn
120 V V Z =
o
p an
0 V V Z =
o
p bn
V V 120 Z =
Hubungan
TITIK NETRAL tidak ada

Iab=Ibc=Ica = I
p
: ARUS FASA
Ia=Ib=Ic = I
L
: ARUS SALURAN

Hubungan Arus dan Tegangan
Bila V
L
adalah Tegangan Antar Fasa dan V
p

adalah Tegangan Fasa, maka berlaku :
V
L
= V
p

I
L
= 3 I
p

Dimana VL, Vp, IL , Ip adalah harga efektif
dari tegangan dan arus


Diagram Fasor (Hub. )
o
p bc
I I 120 Z =
o
p ca
I I 120 Z =
Sumber Beban
o
p ab
I I 0 Z =
b
I
o
30
o
p bc
I I 120 Z =
o
p ca
I I 120 Z =
o
p ab
I I 0 Z =
a
I
o
30
One-Line Diagram
(of a BALANCED 3 PHASE SYSTEM)
since all phases are the same (except for phase
angle) and loads are typically balanced only one
of the phases is usually shown on an electrical
diagram it is called a one-line diagram
Typically include all major components of the
system (generators, transformers, transmission
lines, loads, other [regulators, swithes])
Daya pada Rangkaian 3 Fasa
=ui
R

=ui
L

Daya 3 Fasa
Daya 3 Fasa
p
total
(t)= p
a
(t)+ p
b
(t)+ p
c
(t)
Daya 3 fasa = Jumlah Daya tiap-tiap Fasa
p
total
(t)=constant
If voltages and currents balanced
cos need not be zero
Constant p
total
(t) => constant torque
p p p
p p p
Sin I V Q
Cos I V P

3
3
3
3
=
=
L p
L
p
I I
V
V = = ;
3
3
;
L
p L p
I
I V V = =
Untuk Sistem 3 fasa seimbang

p
adalah sudut antara
Arus Fasa (Lagging) dan
Tegangan Fasa
Hubungan Y
Hubungan
Rumus Daya 3 Fasa
p L L
p L L
Sin I V Q
Cos I V P

3
3
3
3
=
=
L L
I V
Q P S
3
2 2
=
+ =
Watt
Var
VA
TUGAS
PELAJARI CONTOH SOAL (HAND OUT)

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