Ch 18 pg:1 Chapter 18: Respiratory System 1. Function of the Respiratory System a.

Provides for gas exchange intake of O2 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells. b. Helps regulate blood pH. c. Contains receptors for the sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces sounds, and excretes small amounts of water and heat. 2. Parts a. Lungs i. Each lung lobe is divide into smaller segments that are supplied by a tertiary bronchus. The segments, in turn, are subdivided into many small compartments called lobules. Each lobule contains a lymphatic vessel, arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole wrapped in elastic connective tissue. ii. Terminal bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called respiratory bronchioles, which are lined by nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium. Respiratory bronchioles, in turn, subdivide into several alveolar ducts. The two or more alveoli that share a common opening to the alveolar duct are called alveolar sacs. b. Alveoli i. A cup shaped outpouching of an alveolar sac. They are the main sites of gas exchange. Scattered among them are surfactant-secreting cells that secrete alveolar fluid. Many alveoli and alveolar sacs surround each alveolar duct. c. Surfactant-secreting cell i. Secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist. d. The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air spaces in the lungs and the blood takes place by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls, which together form the respiratory membrane. It consists of the following: i. Alveolar cells that form of the wall of an alveolus ii. Epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar cells iii. Capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the epithelial basement membrane. iv. Endothelial cells of a capillary wall e. Alveolar macrophage i. Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces. f. Red blood cell in pulmonary capillary 3. Muscles of Inhalation a. External intercostal b. Diaphragm 4. Muscles of Exhalation a. Internal intercostal b. External oblique c. Internal oblique d. Transverse abdominis e. Rectus abdominis

Ch 18 pg:2 5. Pulmonary Ventilation a. Alveolar pressure b. Intrapleural pressure 6. Modified Respiratory Movements a. Coughing b. Sneezing c. Sighing d. Yawning e. Sobbing f. Crying g. Laughing h. Hiccupping 7. Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide a. The partial pressure of a gas (Px) is the pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of gases. b. Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure and behaves as if no other gases are present. c. In external and internal respiration, O2 and Co2 move from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. d. External respiration, the exchange of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary blood capillaries, is aided by a thin respiratory membrane, a large alveolar surface area, and a rich blood. e. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between systemic tissue capillaries and systemic tissue cells.