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n1SFASF.5 AND Tllf,IR TRf:ATMENT
Di'"'""' c.1n bo int< '"" '''"""'
(") r.e, thoc jlfc>cnl l'mm binh wllich
dLI< In om;,,, lllcllllmlic diwnh '"do feel in rile
<lewlop"'""' (I.') ""4" trcd, i , thoe
ullcr hiniL Ae<t"'"'d di"''"" "'")' bo (i) infectious,
(ii) (ho) dclkiuncv, (ioJ lle!'f',)',
(rl CMCWo',J>
Cungcnit;ol Di><'D.<OS
Ccmgonllal di<eo<e< and ld;cl' my be
ntl1ooited or oau<cd b,> cnvirotul'cnlnl !<odor>. A
ddcc! due to chn-llnU>n>al <ii>ordcr is m<>ngolism
(found"' omn) Ito"'"" liH '"'11-knumo hoF;Mal}-
de!ect:; iucrurle blil'<lnc>:<, lnu-dip, cleft pal<"c.
clLollloot. :,,,:c "' :k lcr<. abwocc of ilnd<, fee1,
'"'" nr clc ,\ """'bel of di<oasc
"'t"'' "'"' '"''""""! "-lbllncc, dn<gs, X-ra),, oth<r
oJollltllu"-' ,mllh<>llc; P"""'"" h,1mtful dfot't<
uu tloc cmbo)H nr llc fnelll' hut they nwv 11m affect
ll1c J>OJiiiCI "' Hlll<'h,
Colour tllimlneS< [Jone!lc "usillg
l>npcrfcct pcrcepb>n nf Collour>, '-if
co:nur blinrlnoS> 1'1\o ntulwLiar oldem in colour
hlil\rlne" iuvolve defect' ill one of
tho till r< vi<IOI pigment; that .Jb,OriJ greoro, red and
bill
Dnwn' <yndroono (Mongoli<m) i< o t}'po
of dtc;abJIIly hi<toriOJtly kuown n>
mongo\Jsm becoule ofchoro.:t<rillic oppooroncc uf
tho Tl1is oondilion ;, duo tuan obnom,.lity in
tl>< or sttuct"'" or the
Comnoonlv it is due to having 011 cxua chr"'""'""'"
The ot' llown'o >y11Ur0!11c birtlo
incr."'es With mntcrnol age nllor J.\ '"
>"ilernalJgc.
Hnntopbltlo : 'tloi> j; a nrrc, hcrcUitory bluod
disord<r "'"rkod by o l'or "'C<Ssive
bl<edHtj!. It L> ultnUI<l l<> male' only, and
;_, transmillc-tl u< a '"'linke<l menolul,.n "'"''"ive
tmit P""'"g lfo111 an afTcctod male through an
rma:tcclW ur very onilrllr "ffemd danghter to
oppcur ag>aill in a llf'ndson.
H.relir _ Thi' def<ct is morked hy abnormal
cldo bct"ccn the upper lip anr1 tile base of nose
l'un Cc\L\'C mea"""' should bo
loelore tbc cloild o oincc phunolion. m
specdo Ls ;ovcrdy "frcctc.,J.
.\naomi. n,;, LS a conomon
<li"""" oi"Binck Afric:m' in which rca blood colt'
l-Kow " lcodcncy to "'>Umc sicklo-ll'c
,h,opc "hen the blood i deprove<J of l'hi>
i> dne to t'w prodl'clion of bnormal of
hllcmoglobin (icklc haemoglobin\ due to some
physiulogicl de feel in an>entLJ.
Ph<n)lkcCnu<ia l'henylpyru;k acid i> on
amino acod whr<h " potoonons in l.lfl:O quantille'
to body. In this defe<t due to <omo phyH>IngJCal
d<focr tllr. mninu acid can nut bo nootrti>oiiSed. 11oe
e<:omulotion result; on ret!tdcd gr<mth of loodv
andmtttd.
AlbinJSm. 'l'hi' is tho lailur Mde,elopmcnt
of pigments in haor "'"
INFECTIONS OR C"OMMU NICAtlU;

(i) """"'' b:l' !.l"cleriu
Choler" : Cnu>c<l l>y Vthriucholcrao
thmul'Jo ctlntamm:Hcrl fn<>d and uatrl'
'"'"h,llimo pcri<xl-li:v. h"nrs lo ? to J dav<
.<ymptt>m< ""' '""'iring. a<ure dian-hoea. ntuscuiar
cmmr . rrcverotive me"'"''" hut food.
lx>ilert Cdldul Jispu<,ll olw""'
Vaccin" gives sl1ort imtnuttity
Diplhnn : Transmi;;ion dmplw.
sprayed fron> mouth dunng cooughmg :
inctlbJtiQn period 3"' dnvs: s}mptoms
fever. sore lluoot. patChes of f"l"' memi>rm1e iu lllc
o:hroat: prcomtt<m nr1d trcJ1mcnl by '"'"'""''-"Iron
'"coine and onfectioo Qf d1ptiJena wotltin
12 ro 24 hour> of ;rppeamnce ofs}mptoms.
Tubutula>i5 TransmissJon tllruugh air nr
rmlk. nose lhtoot disohmge of tiro p1.ricoll '
sympt""" are fe\'tt, coLJglt sputum blmHL
chesl pan. weigh< loss : lllOVCtlLiutl b) llC(i
Vl1ccine, l includo> rest, ooulrullcJ
ond
TrOOSIOli>SJOII by cuntct
with di;ooscd P"'": Sy111plom> include <kin l<'<ion,
bcnumbmg ot' miCctc'<l 011:'-< ulcer ntKlulo<. caly
scop>. delormity ul liug<r.<, '""' ; Lretment
sorepto111yd11 ;ulplwnc>.
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Tctnns : Tr"nsmission by direct or indirect
inncultion of wmmd lncnbation period varie;
from 3 to I "ceks Synrptoms arc painful
comroction of muscles. usually of the and jaw,
followed by the paralysis of thoracic muscles
oocttrl only on direct contact: Pre.emrou
'IICilld" nti-r<'lanus inieC!ion tn case of inJmy or
em contamin"tod with ro"d dttst.
T)pboitl: Tronsmittcd by contaminatM food
ami waror : symptoms are fever. slow pulse,
tenderness. rose coloured rnsh :
Pro''"IH<d hy pmper comm11nity -.nitation.
pomcotion of fond fmm nie< ><ei11e ""ilblo.
treatment by ehloromycoti1l
Plngu<: Tmmmittcd hy Hen-bit< or ncci<icn,.l
cnlltnct with inloctod !'ytnptoms r octJIC
body I'"'" 'oddish eye<, 'udd'n fi'G llf'l<mJ"'"'"""O.
IIUlnmmRtion of glomi i11 neck. ;trill Pi" thigh;.
ddirinm l>y taw d"'n.cTiou: \1,\odne
, Trcatmc111 b} "IIPI" ,toug and
"fCJ'IOIIl J C i ll.
Wloooping cough' Tran'"""'d through oh
Symptoons ore cnugb u<uoliy at 1ught "'llicl1
I'""""'"' d1umal alkc ,.-,mcrimc_ lloc spoil flodl)"
end in the intti"t0" CL0\1 ]Mlc "'hnuj') ''
the child ""cmpt to oogain hi l>tcath. 11
chidly in intlm" 011d childr<n ; Scruno ond >eccinc
ovailnblc.
{If) l>ise-.scs rnuscd b)' Vlru
Tron>mittc..J b)' curHct "ith
mfccted !'""'"" or olhcr urtidc, ,
S}mptom< are headache, fever. oppcornncc uf
reddi'h spol.< uuning into pearly hli<tor< oro chc<l,
obdomen. and t:,ce, coh< form ohout I
1th dO\' of fever Infectivity continue till .<kin I
be<:omes dear : Treatment by .\pplying calamine ,
lnt1on on skin and isolating the patient
Measles : Transmttted by air a11d direct
"'"tact ; Symptoms rnclude fever, intlammarion of
msp11<ttory mucous membranes. sens.mity to light,
lr>s' of appeTite. vomiting, rash on wltich goo.;
"llcr 10 days lnt:Ubation period is of 10 tn 12
Jay' <orum and vaccine available (gamma

Poliomyletis Trammi!ted by inte.tinal
d!<chdr"' cnnhm1inatod food drink. flies :
Symptoms Slg"' of po:nly.;is. "'
bending head forward. i'nmi_I'Si, tollmH ''""
ruches to llh\)mum "itllm tii'Q to tl11eo Uar' ,
Vaccination a\'ll table.
Rabie (Hydrophnllinl: I ran>tlllltod "'''"
of robid antmals. "!! ctogs . lncllbai>on tnU ,,1
IU days to >eveml monTh>, "'" ""''""
headacl\e. high fever 111:h alternating 'togo> ul
O'Ct"'mnt '"d d"P'"'""" dJfficult}' 111 "''<1110" mg.
paralysi> nnd oonvul<ions: Prevonll'il t>; v.,cctnatl\ln
ofdor,s. There is no vaccine for the p,uir.rt Troatcd
hy a series of ro form ontibodv for 1-1
""Y'
Mllntp: Trn"'"'it1cd d:w<'l cuEJt."t
with patient incl11de fever "'"I '"dli"'
of r,l"t1ds n ("'h" o the vi "' i< ;,-,..,,:;,..d).
lo CJ,. of the nf paootid " '"""'"
prtm j; CJU><J W]l<!l 11111111h 13 Ot01od . \';oOCi<ldtit>ll
colll"i'" "\tenuled li , . ., l'i""
T11nue117a It i an acute y illf<'C""",
'""] '""'lly <Jii<i<nk . Tra"'lnittcd hy ''"'" ing "f
vin" in ro.pioaro,y tract ;, nir h1one "'"l'lot-.
lnoul>ation pclind of 1-2 dnJ. Symptom' inciLJ<k
i11D'""""""' of rcpimto1 y 11 ,lCt "ith foc, cl.ill
""'I "'"'""!" ,1d1C' . Vaccination lw altcnnotcd I i1c
vit us v"cci""
.l"omdice .-.r Hcpatiti It " an iniCotlm"-
illflmnmatory disam nl' lwcr: Sy111r101' ' incl1nk
yellowing uf>kin, li>O. uoi11o, etc .. T"'"""i""l
by wnt;u-nindted walct ur ulhcr fcx>d, roce;,;,l\
tromof11,iun uf cu'IMnir.t"d hlood , Tho ioiti.,l
>)"mptum> "'" f"""' wcable, 1.-thar!:.J. duo11ic
"""'"" stom"ol1 pain ""I <wolli11g in tho mea 0f
tho livoo, liver'< ahil ity to llltcr blood " hampo1 od,
""d huildiog bile in the hlood strCllm , Trcntmcnt
l'y coJotill regulation nl d1ot ond rO>.t.
Horp: Thi.<;, mild \'O>icular eruptiOn ol
rho sk1n or mucous ntcn1bronc. Primary mfection
occurs c"rly, 70-9\l% of adults haw untibodLes.
Howe>cr, thovllm may be cumM drroughou\ lif<;
T,.n,mi;ston is by contonllnntion [rom niLva or
<tools.
(iii) Sum olhur Di'"""''
Allergy ; I< is a condition in which a pot5on
ream ill a hypemr>tlt\'e manner to subwmoe
It nffem mostly 1hc >i<m. mucous nreonbrane may
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l>m c.t.:Mn 10 spco11" loOO smffs
Jn<L pla<HS. ruumal<, heel JnG culd
fne ""'I"' "' are llo) fvor (<'-"'>O!lOI
"' rerenu>al)_ "thn10 "'" euemn, or
ckru101 'ri> '1110 "'i1et 1)'1'"" of "ltergy i11durie ''"'oro
lucli/,d (pwril>), n'cLtrrml boil>, cnnker
"omiling L'ulic, ropealod
ol 1hc O}'<'>, chrome sinttsttis nd
l'.ct,trool b<ad.l,hos. '11lo tr<orn\<nt o.ln bo <iono by ,
1tO'Jl' or ltYI"""'"itization. An x<r<moly sn>all
1
amount of oflon<Jing substano. i; injocltd into tho
["'lient's <)''"'"' initwlly. groduolly the amount ;,;
i<m<m;od ""din time, <he h<>dJ' hecome<
Hccu>tmnod tn accopting, Iorge amnu.:t< ofm"cdn!
o<po1iono:nc ""'' cffocl
('"n"'' Ca11t0 i> the uf
cdh, "llcu in n mnli:;nant lumour;
Symplmm indudc wounJ; thl do net heak
ot dtschorge. lun>p or <hkkcning Ln
bi'<O>L or ci8CWil<re. o '""' thor cioc' not he, I. chngc
m bo,.cl or bladder habbtd, ""'"'n"'' or C<>Hgh
111digp;eton o< dLit\cully In "I
_,if"'" colo11r "" '''"'"-
(i) lJi'"'''"'
H<arl lklirl """ ,,-,. to" wid
'""''I)" ol ailment I rum nom I
tv uncont.-olloJ he..-1 beal' to congc<!L\'C fatiur
wh!CI> lmpdo; tho l1oon' abwt_\' m doiL>er hlo<><l
{aJ1d LIIUS other Crlliml <Ui,I01iC<5) to
lhe re<t of tile horly_ "i'"""'' COli oncn H'><<ll
in Geath_
F"t"l hcurl m>e'l"s orr
1
tylhll'tn I trregu--
br hcort beats) ond congesttve heart 1;1i11lr<: whon
lho loft vont,.clo (:he ch"mbor M the l10on <h.,
plllnp' blood I he body)l-.ccome< "'"'' <:,
bloud t<:nd to hack up itll" tile '""I Ill<
loJ toe build "I' of "";cry in 111<
lung.' Tloo pi'"'"'"" ,r 11i> i1"1J in""" unpode
II>< in tho ll.,lg.>,
"hich """ leoJ 10 '"Pid h.
Dinl>clos mcllitu 111,_, i; o d"''"'" of
nllhOfUIOI "'""'lonli"" iu 1>hich tloc
<ug.or glucn" "'""''" cut,r lhc b"d! \ celh lo o,
tHili>.<,l ,,.,J relnatn> "'the b!ood in llltJI
un"c.,-,trot!on. 1 he Q[ '"go,. i<> tile l"oJ'
to llle excretion of '".':"r in '"'"' on" nf
import""' of tlu3 di'""" fllis causes tile
"crefion of large amounts of mne. which roults
in dohyd.,tion nnd wense lllir<t. blood
,, high, gl11cn<e """""I enter the npplite
coils of <he bmtn. and !he hunger ts
therefore gl\1. "' tiw doobellc pemm tends lo eat
con<Lantly lJ11r bocty ti"""' "'" subjectd "-' tho
t:qi\IV,,Ient of <18rV,ll10' coodilio11s and welJ:i>t
io<S "''"" mclhtus "'""" becnusc uf
f11lly fuoc1onning nf of in the
fl"OC"''" "'hich secrele< '"''liin_ ln<<tion is 1101 gi.en
"""but.,' ropl,com<nt.
Ar1hdti' The wnrd .rthriiL< me""' joinl
inllammoLil'n, piinl'ul, '"den jnii'L' arc mtc nl Lhc
lllljm .,,. arlltTII" rdULd
coHJJLirm.\ "'cluLic rhcumltoiJ
r.hrilt-<. wJ gn"t
UefideJIO\" l)i;oase>
rldLoicnc:' diso.1<es can he definod "
"''"' "'"" ic clin1co I
wlnclt are dt:e to defiCICOC}' Ln 11\c die< of a lllllrienf
and roo he cnrcd by rov1dmr. che miS>me "utnent_
K"r.<l\torkar diSease " common io lropJcal
AfrKa "Od sor1e r"'' of lnd1a Symplotm are--
tldiclen.oy llf "nlln<J;ocids whid1 m """tid fnr
protein< syntll<Si<. r:rowth " arrc<led or bone
f0Wth my Co del") c.l. 1\orh lin"r ond t'"n'"'" '"
,,.owlh IS slowed dow11 and the dc11s11y of i<
much lo,.er 1ha11 n hoaki'y mdtvidllls
Nighl-bllndn" ur Xcroptblmi8' Vitam1n
A lake; [><111 in lhe l<>rmaion uf the
in wma layer of eye 0011 It thor< is
no wffictcn\ fon11afwn of rh<XIo1<in it leod<
to <113hlblmdnc". r-;;glltblmdnoss '" tl1c enrly
ymrlnm <>f citonlln A tlefici;ncy nmt lends In dry
wrne" unJ wniunW<' Xcmplhim" " tile
udunccd nl tl1c Ji'""" due "' lite
Ucflctcncy ol' vitmn:n A.
_It ucmr.< onuml)' 1!1 caor,mLLOL[JOS
"'""'" rooJ I> "'died nee, "' nnllcJ nee is
dcvnid ofll:iutlliltc. I'll< sympwm of lhe dioso
"' c-pncum<tgumLc neno; "' c a1lc..:led. liobtlity to
ooJc11a ol tl\c conn<eH'I< 1isones and beau fatltlre
olkn '''""" YcaL atruC\, wltcm 011<! gwunJmll
me gnml lill curiog Lhc """"'"
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Ill: '"!I"'""N <op!woJq puE o)tJOII<j>Eq
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.{II".Jauoli 11"11 1il111p o.m '"''!I"P>S
'<01100.1""
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