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Hannibal, a ruler in North Africa more than 2000 years ago, thought of a way to beat
the Romans ina battle. His idea was to fill pots with snakes and throw the.m onto
enemy ships. The idea workedl When the pots smashed (lnd the snakes crawled
the Romans went into a panic and surrendered.
u People once thought that salamanders could crawl through fires without bei ng burned.
Some people also thought that salamanders could put fires out as they crawled
through then\.
Legend claims that, long ago, 5a;nt Patrick drove all of the snakes out of Ireland.
In parts of Europe, people once buried dead lizards under their houses to keep witches
aWa!f. '\) .
Marry people who lived in ancient Rome used frogs to try to cure toothaches. They'd
do this by spitting in a frog's mouth and asking it to take the toothache away. ~
In the middle ages, some people thought toads had a magic jewel in their head. If you
wore a ri ng made from one of these jewels, you'd be protected from poison.
~ Some of the Indians that lived along North America's West Coast worshiped a spiri
. ~ they called Frog Woman. According to their legends, Frog Woman created Earth.
Burmese legend says that a frog causes eclipses by swallowing the moon.
~~ • This Information, and more can be found In. Ranger RIck'. Nature Scope
~ by the National Wildlife Federation. .
. .
\
TURTLES IN TROUBLE: Ten Things You Can Do To Help
Did you know that 100 of the 240 known species of turtles and tortoises in the
world are in need of serious conservation attention? Many of these are on the brink of
extinction.
If you think there is nothing you can do about it, the New York Turtle and Tortoise
Society would like to suggest ten things anyone can do to help. You will not only help
save the turtles in your neighborhood park, but also turtles around the world.
1. LEAVE WILD TURTLES IN THE WILD.: Don't pick up a healthy wild turtle. If your child
brings you one, put it back exactly where it was found. This is a good rule for all turtle
species; many turtles caught in the wild are threatened or endangered.
2. HELP A TURTLE CROSS THE ROAD: Turtles "know· where they are going, so always
place it on the side of the road in the direction It was headed, never on the side it was
coming from. Otherwise, it will very likely return to cross the road again.
4. HELP ENFORCE LOCAL CONSERVATION LAWS.: Know the laws of your state. Obey
them and report violations to the state fish and game office.
5. DON'T BUY BABY TURTLES.: Young turtles don't make suitable pets because they need
special care and attention. Often pet turtles don't live the average life span of wild
turtles. Pet turtles rarely contribute to the species by reproducing.
6. BE A RESPONSIBLE PET OWNER: Whether you already own an adult turtle or are
planning to acquire one, you should leam as much as possible about that species and its
specific needs. A commitment of time and money Is requlred-a proper set up may cost
up to $100 and some turtles live long lives (longer than their owners at times).
7. DO NOT PURCHASE PRODUCTS MADE FROM TURTlES: All U.S. sea turties are
endangered species, thus all sea turtte products are banned from U.S. markets.
I
u
REPTILES-
Unique characteristics
1. Scaly skin
Shared characteristics
1. Vertebrate
2. Cold blooded
3. Lay eggs with ~on, on land (not dependent on water for reproduction)
Other information
1. Hibernate or estivate.
2. Types: I-snakes, IT- turtles, m-lizards, IV-alligators
OO~[F)lJO[b~®
COLD BLOODED or ECI'01HERMIC
Most reptiles generate very little body heat. Their body temperature
reflects the temperature of their surroundings. Therefore, they must depend
on the environment to keep warm or cool. Before the reptile can move,
hunt, or eat, it must be warm enough for the chemical reactions in its body to
convert food to energy. When a reptile is too cool it will seek out a warm
spot, usually in the sun or on a warm rock that has been warmed by the sun.
u If the reptile is too warm it will fmd a shady spot, go under ground, or get in
cool water.
Reptiles can live. in environments where food supplies are sparse or
sporadic. It takes less fuel to maintain a cold blooded animal than it does a
warm blooded one of the same size. (Compare the energy use of a house with
a furnace and AC to a solar heated and air cooled house.)
DORMANCY or HOW REPTILES AVOID TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
1· HIBERNATION - (BRUMATION or winter dormancy) When the
temperature besins to iet cooler reptiles move to placeS that will protect them
. from extremely cold temperatures. Usually they find a spot underground,
underwater, or deep in a cave or crevice. As a reptile's body temperature
drops, its heart and breathing rates slow down, and it can survive a long time
without food.
In the Austin area many reptiles spend wann winter days out in the
sun. You might see turtles near Town Lake and lizards and snakes out on
sunny rocks during a warm spell.
2- AESTIVATION - When it gets vel)' hot in the summer,reptiles find
cool places to stay. Their body temperature drops and their metabolism slows
down (they become torpid). When the outside temperature cools down they
become active a2ain.
;, . - ..
Jacobson's Organ
Snakes and many lizards use their
u tongues to transfer small chemical
particles to the paired "smell-taste"
organs in the roof of their mouths.
Some mammals also have a
Jacobson's organ. The animal
generally curls its lips when
stimulating the organ
Pit Vipers
The heat sensitive organs or "pits"
u on each side of the head give the
snake a stereoscopic view of
thetemperature range of objects (to
1/5 of a degree C) near the head.
These snakes(the rattler,
copperhead, and the cottonmouth)
are thus able to hunt warmblooded Snake Skull
prey in the dark.
Turtle Cross-SectiOD
Note that the backbone is fused to
the shell and that the ribs are wide
and flat. The rigid chest prevents
expansion during breathing. A
set of muscles in the back of the
viscera increases the space
around the lungs so that air will
come in. Then a set of muscles
,t-i.:.1,1 S(.lit'S: EATING- Snakes eat animals. No snakes eat vegetables. They can't ct!t
P:: l ::'t'" up their food, and they don't chew their food, so they must swallow their
.'r' ...... .hJ
food whole. Some snakes just grab an animal such as a fish or amphibian n
and swallow it without killing it first. The Hognose snake eats toads and
0·'
injects a mild poison with its rear fangs that slows the toads reactions.
Reptiles, birds and mammal~ will fight back when grabbed, so many
.. "'~.~.
. -p", .. i snakes have ways of killing their prey before swallowing it. Some snakes
• ~;-:. !Jb..~" ,~,- '''I.. lj~ wrap their body around their prey and hold it very tightly so it can't breathe.
l..", .. ~ •.lrUh
The prey soon dies from lack of oxygen. This method of killing is called
cons triction.
Another way to subdue prey is to poisOn it. The~oison of some snakes
even pre-digests their food. Poisonous snakes have special teeth called fangs
to deliver the poison. Snakes have undifferentiated teeth, other than fangs in
poisonous snakes .
The prey is often larger in diameter than the snake, so the snake pulls
pl'fOCulus up~r I.blotls
itself over its food like a stretchy sock. Swallowing an animal can take a long
l~rl.bl.ls time. A snake's lower jaw can unhinge from its upper jaw and the mouth
can open as wide as the neck skin will stretch. The windpipe, or trachea, is
reinforced with rings of cartilage so the snake can breathe while swallowing.
Head St-alr:s: Snakes can move each half of the lower jaw independently. The teeth slant
.\'l"1t't:71l1mVlIS SllaJ:,:
backwards towards the throat, and by moving first one half of their jaw
forward on the prey , then moving the other half, the snake "walks" food
down its throat. Broken teeth and fan" are quickly replaced.
LOCOMOTION - On the ground there are four ways that snakes move.
Ser.pentine motion is a way of moving on rough terrain. The snake pushes
its body sideways against rocks, sticks, or irregularities on the ground to slide
it along. In concertina motion the snake moves its body like an accordion.
n
First the snake bunches up its body. Next, it holds the back part of its tail in
place and pushes the front part of its body forward. Finally, the snake pulls
poslocul.n
the back part of its body forward. Cate1J?illar motion is used by heavy bodied
swpr.ocul.u J '."lrrIOr Irmporal snakes when they're not in a hurry, such as when hunting. The snake moves
p.tocu!.n ~ .. ! poslfnor Irmporal
in a straight line by pushing forward on the large scutes (belly scales) on the
bottom of the body. The wave of motion that moves along the body of the
snake that is moving this way looks almost like a caterpillar walking.
,
lorral
Sidewindins can be used to move in loose sand, and is only used regularly by
some desert snakes, including the Sidewinder rattlesnake. The snake makes-
an arc with its body and transfers the rest of its body across that are,
meanwhile laying out another arc with its head.
SNAKES IN THE BALANCE OF NATURE - As predators, snakes play
a very important role in the balance of nature. A111ife is connected through a
series of interdependent relationships, one of them being the food chain, or
who eats who. ("Food web" is more a realistic but more complex concept). If
one link of a food chain is taken out, then the whole food chain is altered.
This can drastically change the makeup of plant and animal communities.
As predators, snakes are important links in many food chains. Without
predators, prey animals can become so numerous that they can't all survive
on the amount of food available. Predators help keep things in balance. On
the other hand, the availability of prey animals determines the number of
predators in an area. Before killing or removing an animal, one must
carefully consider the overall effect it will have on the entire community.
--
u
~ ~0 IA 00 ID} ~ - Lizards are a diverse group of reptiles with wide
~~i}~~~- distribution. Most are tropical, but many occur in temperate climates. In the
New World they are found from Canada to the tip of Argentina.
Most lizards are active during the day and live on land. They are
found in the fossil record from the Triassic period to the present, and ..
I
JAW - The bones of the lower jaw are united. so food items must be
less than the width of the head. Most lizards have teeth and these are usuallv
~~~U~ J
EARS - The external ear opening is usually visible and hearing is good.
EYES - There is a movable eyelid in most species. Most have good
eyesight.
LEGS - Most lizards have four legs. with five toes on each foot. The
legs may be short or long, slender or stout, depending on ttte life style of the
animal. In a few the legs are tiny or absent. Lizards may crawl, run, leap,
glide, dig, or slither. There is even a desert skink that swims through the
sand. Some have a prehensile tail to help them hang onto rocks and
branches.
TAIL - Some species of lizards are able to lose their tail in order to
tt
escape a predator. There is a special "weak spot between certain vertebrae,
.where the tail breaks off. The wiggling detached tail keeps the attention of the
predator while the lizard escapes. When a lizard loses its tail a new one
eventually grows in its place. The length of time it will take to grow depends
on the season and the amount of food available. A new tail usually looks
different from the original tail.
FEEDING - Only a few lizards eat plants. Most eat insects and small
animals.
REPRODUcnON - Fertilization occurs inside the body. Most lizards
lay their eggs. but a few retain the eggs until hatching. Most don't care for
their young, but a few take care of their eggs and defend their young.
DEFENSE - The most effective way to avoid being eaten is not to be
~. Many lizards exhibit patterns and coloration that blend in with their
backgr~und (camouflase). Some can even change their color to match the
-.. \
background. Many can run fast, or climb well or slip into narrow spaces to
avoid predators. Some live underground, others move around at night, and
a few play dead to discourage, or evade the notice of, a predator. Lizards with
very spiny skin may be hard for a predator to bite.
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR - Many lizards use threat displays to indicate
l territorial ownership or aggressive intent. Color changes, body inflation and
" push-ups, jaw gaping, tail waving, and species-specific head movements are
important signals. Combat sometimes occurs when defending a territory or
mate. Courting behavior is an important part of the mating ritual. Young
lizards sometimes remain together after hatching. Uzards often bask in the
sun.
LONGEVITY - Life span is variable. Some species have lived more
than SO years in captivity.
LOCAL LIZARDS - The most common.lizards around the Austin area
are the Green Anole, Fence Lizard, and Alligator Lizard .. The greatest threat
to lizards is the loss of habitat due to human activities. In some places dogs
and cats are a problem for lizard populations.
-0 What is Herpetology? Herpetoculture? Herping?
, L.-::'. -~~:~--:<CLL~=:J~ ,. ·
. .
ORDER: Squamata
FAMILY: Agamidae
GENUS: Pogona
SPECIES: vitticeps
i._••..__ o_., •• _.~ .._ ,.h. __ ... _ _. ___ nO •• _,_ __. • • _ _ _ ._._._. '''- _ '~'''_'''''''___ __ •• _ _ _ _._._ . . _ ... _ ...... _~_._._._ ............ __ ........ _ •• _ ..... _ •• _ •••••••••
I. DESCRIPTION:
This unusual mid-sized stocky agamid lizard has prominent spines along its sides and a large, essentially
triangle-shaped head. Forming a sort of shield around the snout is a spiney jaw pouch which, when swollen,
looks like a beard and makes any predator think twice before attacking. This wide-ranging species shows
considerable geographic variation; its basic color varies from shades of brown, gray, and reddish-brown to bright
U orange. The ventral surface ranges from pale to dark gray, with white elongated spots edged with black. Mature
males have dark "beards" which become black during courtship and breeding. Adults can grow as large as ten
inches in body length or two feet in tota1length, including the tail. Males are larger than females.
III. DIET:
Bearded dragons are omnivorous and consume many types of insects, small vertebrates, and vegetation including
fruits and flowers.
V. SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS:
A bulky body and the habit of basking allows them to store heat, making it possible to operate at lower
temperatures than other lizards. They can also survive higher temperatures for several hours, since they can
regulate body temperature by evaporation. .
VT T1\lTERPRETIVE INFORMATION:
U When intimidated, they flatten their bodies and stand erect with mouth gaping. The light-colored mouth lining,
spines bordering the lower jaw and puffed-out blackish beard give a formidable appearance. This defensive
display has earned these lizards the common name of "bearded dragon".
Aggressiveness to other members of the group is shown through "body language". The tip of the tail is slightly
curved at the end and the head is bobbed rapidly. Submission is signaled by rotating the arms in a full circular ~,,/
motion, which looks a bit like waving. Ritualistic sparring matches take place in which both animals are in flat . /
postures, beards .and tails up and outward; they circle each other, biting at one another's iail; but Usually no .
damage is done. .
Their ability to change shades of color, from light to dark, helps them to regulate body temperature. Color
changes can also depend on emotional state, and may also be used for concealment. When injured, sick, or dying
the back becomes black and the legs pale yellow.
Australian desert lizards often make their escape by rising on their hind legs and running bipedally. They cannot
run as fast as when using four feet, but perhaps this behavior aids in temperature control. They lift their bodies
from the hot ground to lose the heat they generate in running. This reduces the amount of heat they take in from
the ground and increases the cooling airflow over their bodies.
Vlll. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Encyclopedia of Reptiles, Amphibians, and other Cold-Blooded Animals. Burton, Maurice. 1975.· Octopus
Books Ltd, PP 160-161..
2. "The ~nland Bearded Dragon" ,The Vivarium, Vol. 4, No.5., Mar/Apr 1993.
3. "The Social Life of Bearded Dragons". Zoonooz, June/July, 1995. San Diego Zoo.
1--
• ~~2
~ E-mail
The
~
Zoo
www.oaklandzoo.org
copyright © 1997 - 2003 all rights reserved
u
hisbaenia
u
The amphisbaenians or "worm lizards" are the third suborder of the
squamata. A bit strange; amphisbaenians have features that link .
them to both lizards and snakes: yet have enough of their ovvn
derived features to leave them as a separate suborder.
I Family Menu
ITrogonophidae
ISipedidae
IRhineuridae
IAmphisbaenidael
u
FEATURE OF
THE MONTH
Snakes and
Qthe_t:
R~ptU~s
Amphisbaenian
How reptiles live Amphisbaenian (AM fihs BAY nee uhn), also known as worm lizard, is any of a group of
Types of reptiles
wormlike, burrowing reptiles related to lizards and snakes. About 150 amphisbaenian
species live in warm regions around the world, largely in Africa, South America, and
southern North America.
Amphisbaenian
Amphisbaenians usually lay eggs, but a few kinds give birth to live young. All species are
effective predators, using good hearing and strong jaws to find and capture prey. The
reptiles feed primarily on such small animals as worms and insects.
Related Web sites
Interesting facts Scientific classification. Amphisbaenians belong to the order Squamata in the class
Reptilia. They make up the suborder Amphisbaenia.
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1'~/1
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Amphisbaenia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Worm lizards ()
Suborder Ampbisbaenia is a group of peculiar, usually legless squamates distantly related Cretaceous - R~ .t
to lizards and snakes, in spite of their resemblance to wonns (many possessing a pink body
color and scales arranged in rings). They are very poorly known, due to their burrowing
lifestyle and general rarity. Only one species exists in the US, with most of them prevailing
in Africa and South America. Little is known of them outside of their anatomy, and even that
is difficult to study due to the mechanics of dissecting something so small (most species are
less than 6 inches long).
The head is stout, not set off from the neck, and either rounded, sloped, or sloped with a
Kingdom: Animalia
ridge down the middle. Most of the skuI1 is solid bone, and they have a distinctive single
median tooth in the upper jaw. They have no outer ears, and the eyes are deeply recessed and Phylum: Chordata
covered with skin and scales. The body is elongated, and the tail truncates in a manner that Class: Sauropsida
vaguely resembles the head. Their name is derived from Amphisbaena, a mythical serpent Order: Squamata
with a head at each end. Suborder: Ampbisbaenia
Gray, 1844
The skin of amphisbaenians is only loosely attached to the body, and they move using an
accordion-like motion, in which the skin moves and the body seemingly just drags along
behind it. Uniquely, they are also able to perform this motion in reverse, just as effectively. Amphisbaenidae
Trogonophidae
References .
"t\ ev'('.:\. - ~llH"~:·Wc.. c- '.
• Wu X.-c., D. B. Brinkman, A. P. Russell, Z.-m. Dong, P. J. Currie, L.-h. Hou, & G.-h. Cui (1993). "Oldest known \ '~.\
amphisbaenian from the Upper Cretaceous of Chinese Inner Mongolia." Nature 366: 57-59. I )
Category: Squamata
.HomePage
----,
Description A serpent with two heads, and eyes that glow. From the Greek "goes both ways. "
Features If cut in half, both halves will rejoin. If the heads hold each other, the amphisbaena
can roll along like a hoop. Wearing a live amphisbaena is said to help in pregnancy,
d/P-Izabetical Index and wearing a dead one will help rheumatism. Might actually be an Indian Sand
Boa.
Described By: Pliny- "the amphisbaena has a twin head, that is one at the tail end as well, as
though it were not enough for poison to be poured out of one mouth. "
u
Sir Thomas Browne- " a smaller kind ofSerpent, which movethfonvard and
backward, hath n1'O heads... Which double formations do often happen Zlnto
multiparous generations, more especia/(v that ofSerpents; whose productions being
numerous, and their Eggs in chains or links together (which sometime conjoyn and
inoculate into each other) they may unite into various shapes and come out in mixed
formations." (Pseudodoxia Epidemica)
Lilzks There are 158 different species of worm lizards in the zoological suborder
Amphisbaenia. One of these species is probably the origin of this legend. An
excellent herpetological resource is the EMBL Reptile Database, which has all of
the different species listed and pictures. http://www.embl-
h~Jg.~IQ~rg.g~~~.I.~t?ff~J.1]jJJ.~~(Amph.i.~R.~~ni4~. .h.tmJ
Thanks to eAudrey for this space. For information about making your own soap. visit her site:
Amphisbaenian Diversity Notes
by Dr. Carl Gans
\[ ?US authors place these animals in the middle of the Sauria close to the snakes or Scleromorpha or Dibamidae. I do
n~etknow.
Skull forms head shape. Premax teeth azygous. Also egg-tooth. Tabulosphenoid. Annuli often continuous. Caudal
autotomy, but no regeneration. Caudal tip Inay be modified. Hemipenes. Left lung only. Variously egg-laying and
viviparous.
Four families:
o No fossil record. Skulls, rounded, suggest primitive status. Dentition pleurodont. Annuli interrupted.
Retain hypertrophied forelimbs
2. Rhineuridae
U
o One recent species in Florida. There are many American fossils, since Paleocene of western North
America--several genera (families). The earliest are the closest to Amphisbaenids.
o Pleurodont.
o Vanzolini, 1951, erected subfamily Rhineurldae of Amphisbaenidae which included the spade-snouted
members of the African and South American radiations. These are not included here.
3. Amphisbaenidae
o South America, Panama to Patagonia, Greater Antilles, Africa from Senegal to Cape Region, from here to
Somalia; not found in Uganda, Sudan, Sahara, Ethiopia.
·0 Africa
U One major spade-snouted radiation.
One or two keel-headed radiations.
o South America
One or two spade-snouted radiations.
One keel-headed radiation.
o Pleurodont.
o Autotomy or not.
o One very primitive genus, Blat!~s, has six species in Spain, South Morocco-Algeria, Syria to Turkey, and
Iraq. Jaw not recessed, 1: 1 dermal:vertebral ratio.
o Fossil record of this genus into Belgium, France, Switzerland, and Italy.
4. Trogonophidae
o Four genera: Trogonophis from Morocco to Algeria. Diplometopodon from Transjordan to Iran to Saudi
Arabia. Pachycalaumun, Socotra. Agamodon. Arabia - Somalia.
o Genus Trogonophis retains an epipterygoid strut. This is unique iIi the Amyphisbaenia. Same fossil
elements? From Africa? n
Limbless Locomotion
-Use of friction.
-Burrowing - How?
References
Estes, R., and G. Pregill (eds.). 1988. Phylogenetic re'ationships of the lizard families. Stanford University Press,
Stanford.
Gans, C. 1978. The Characteristics and Affinities of the Amphisbaenia. Trans. Z601. Soc. London 34:347-416. (This
summarizes the characteristics of the individual species and genera. It documents that most of the characteristics have
only been determined for a few species.)
Family Amphisbaenidae
Uoduction
The family Amphisbaenidae contains by far the largest number of genera and species of the suborder Amphisbaena.
The following is a list of the genera and their general characteristics and distribution.
Please note that due to the general paucity of readily available knowledge about these creatures, this list is an ongoing
work and will probably take some time to complete. Links will be provided from genus names to a list of their species
when such information is available.
QUICK INDEX
Amphi.~b.(I~.r.1{1 Anc.yc/ocranillnl Anops
Aulura .B.a.ikiq BI01JJIS
l,3.rpniQ c.~.rcJ)!gphia .(;h.~r.i!JC!jq
Aulura 1 Brazil
Baikia 1 Nigeria and Cameroon
Chirindia Pink Round- 5 Tanzania, Republic of South Africa, Rounded head with extensive fusion of
Headed Worm Zimbabwe, Mozambique head shields (usua))y the nasal, 1st
upper labial and prefrontal, and
Lizards sometimes other shields, are all fused
behind the rostral into 1-2 large
1 ) shields).
Cynisca 17 Congo, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau,
Gambia, Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory
Coast, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso,
Central African Republic, Liberia,
Cameroon, Senegal, probably in S Mali
~
Bibliography
Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa, W Kastle, H H Schleich and K Kabisch, Koeltz Scientific Books, German
1996. Outstanding review ofN African herpetofauna giving detailed account of each species. '
Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa by Stephen Spawls, Kim Howell, Robert Drewes and James Ashe. Detailed
and invaluable review of all reptile species in the region.
Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa, Bill Branch, Struik. Very good overview of all reptiles in the region with
identification details.
Links
Trogonophidae
uus Common Name No. of
species
.,
Distribution Notes
Bibliography
Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa, W Kastle, H H Schleich and K Kabisch, Koeltz Scientific Books, Germany
1996. Outstanding review ofN African herpetofauna giving detailed account of each species.
u
Added 1 February 2003
Bipedidae
.;,
This family consists of the single genus above. Remarkably for this group of animals, each species has two hands that
actually seem larger than the limbs joining them to the body: the number of digits on each hand can be used as a guide
to the species. Few details are available on the reproductive biology of the genus, but it is known that clutches of 1-4
eggs are laid.
Carl J Franklin has written a fascinating and useful article at wYiw.kings.nru~~ . .~_Q!:n about his search for Bipes biporus,
and on the biology and captive care of the Bipes species.
B. canaliculatus
[Mex.]
Mexico 4- This species has four digits on each hand.
( - "'IIi
4~1t
B. c. canaliculatus
B. c. multiannualatus
Amphisbaenians are perhaps the least known of the reptiles, even more obscure than the tuatara. They are also known
as "worm lizards", and constitute a suborder of their own within the Order Squamata (the lizards and snakes), but in
appearance and structure are actually not closely related to the lizards. Amphisbaenians are normally two feet long at
most and resemble giant earthworms, with the obvious difference that as vertebrates they have a bone structure. In this
aspect they resemble the caecilians, their counterparts in the Class Amphibia. It is true that there are legless lizards, but
the amphisbaenians also differ in having a reduced right lung, a much greater degree of bone in the skull as opposed to
cartilage, which is more prevalent in lizard skulls, and scales which are arranged in rings known as annuli around the
body (hence the earthworm appearance). As with many burrowing animals, the eyes have become reduced to vestigial
status.
There are 130 species of amphisbaenians, divided among three families: the Bipedidae, Trogonophidae and
Amphisbaenidae. A fourth family, the Rhineuridae, comprising one species, Rhineura, is now generally considered part
of the Amphisbaenidae. The three Bipedidae species have a pair of reasonably well-developed hands on very short legs
near the head, but otherwise amphisbaenians have no external limbs visible. The name amphisbaenian, roughly
translated, means" going both ways", a reference to the fact that some of these creatures can in fact move backwards
and also to the difficulty in visually ascertaining at fIrst glance which way round the creature is pointing.
~sbaenians are rarely seen in the pet trade, even among exotics: in fact I have never seen one offered for sale,
either in a shop or at a fair. Come to think of it, I don't even recall seeing one at London Zoo or any other such institute.
Part of this is probably due to their low display value: after all, a creature that spends all its time hidden in a substrate
(literally burrowing, as opposed to the mere digging in of some lizards) is hardly likely to make a good talking point.
- .Amphisbaenians are also not exactly con1fl1on in nature: confined to tropical and sub-tropical parts of America and
Africa, plus the south of Spain and Portugal, their lifestyle makes them hard to find, much less catch in nun1bers for the
pet trade. But as in the case of caecilians, one might consider this a pity in some ways. The very lack of information we
have on these strange reptiles will hopefully be a spur to some individuals to make further studies.
According to Mattison, care of captive amphisbaenians is actually fairly easy. The main requirement is a substrate
several inches deep of sand, sandy soil or leaf-litter, depending on the creature's area of origin. A heat pad is placed
under one end of the tank to allow limited thermoregulation. In some cases a flat rock with a moist area underneath is
also provided. Food will be in the form of normal invertebrates - crickets, mealworms, waxworms and earthworms-
dropped into the tank. These can be allowed to run about as the amphisbaenian will consume them from underneath the
surface. For this reason, Mattison also warns that no other reptiles of any sort should be kept in a tank with an
amphisbaenian, as the larger amphisbaenians are certainly carnivorous and will consume ~ead rodents or canned pet
food. Rundquist recommends pinkie or furry mice offered every other week and once or tWice a n10nth supplement~d
with a liquid multivitamin at a dosage of 0.1 cc vitamins per 440 g body weight of captive. Lean beef or horsen~eat IS
also apparently acceptable. He also warns against feeding frozen fish to amphisbaenians, a tendency he has noticed.
Information on individual species is very thin. In an effort to redress the balance, and to .make ~l~e amphisbaenians ~ore
accessible to herpetophiles and the general public, we offer what data w~ can o~ the .baslc famlhes and genera of thiS
sul- ·der. However, this will take some time to complete. Apart fron1 USIng the InestImable EMBL datab~se to check
th~ecies names and origins, all other data has come from field guides to certain areas (so far, only Afnca and
Europe).
For Iuore infonuation on the various amphisbaenian species, please click on one of the family links below.
Aplp-his.b~~mc.l.~~ Worm Lizards.
T.rQgQJlQl1hl~tae Short-Headed Worm Lizards
,B.j.p.-'~Jli4~~ Two-Legged Worm Lizards
n
The Hej4.~lberg zoolQgy sit~ has some generic data on the order, its families and species. This is rather dry but useful
taxonomic classification material, especially as it gives the place of origin for each species.