Welcome to Electric Power Systems 2005

Wind farm

This lecture
What is a blackout?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Two types damage or instability Initial fault New power flow situation Loads and generators disconnected Restoration

Source: balticcable.com

HVDC

www.iea.lth.se/eks
Olof Samuelsson 2005 Olof.Samuelsson@iea.lth.se

About the course Single line diagram Per unit normalization

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Blackout in New York

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Sweden 8-9 January 2005

8-9 January 2005 Sweden

Hurricane called Gudrun
Serious damage to rural distribution system 2000 km line damaged, 200 km destroyed Transmission intact, cities unaffected

Restoration
Repairing and rebuilding Many man years in four weeks
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Sweden 23 September 2003

Initiating event
Two-phase short-circuit at substation
Nuclear plant Ringhals R1 out of service R2 870 MW R3 and R4 2x900 MW

Starting point
PSweden 15 000 MW Nuclear plant Oskarshamn O1 and O2 out of service O3 1200 MW

Final stage
Voltage collapse (instability)

4 Million people affected Restoration time 1.5-6.5 h

Import from Danmark 450 MW Karlshamnsverket out of service (48 h startup)

Nuclear plant Barsebck (B1 and) B2 out of service

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Sequence of events
12:35 Disconnector fails in Horred substation 12:35 -1800 MW R3 and R4 to house operation 12:30 -1200 MW O3 Emergency stop

Blackout!

12:37 Voltage collapse The blackout is a fact

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Pantograph type disconnector

System frequency

Open: isolate for maintenance visual open-circuit

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Closed: carry load current

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Restoration
14:00 400 kV network intact

Instability blackout events

Initiating event
Fault (short-circuit) or malfunction Disconnection of faulted part

13:46 Denmark allowed to reconnect to Sweden (max 200 MW).

Problem spreads
15:30 Gas turbines in South Sweden in operation. Karlshamnsverket starting.

Lines overload and disconnect

Collapse and blackout

Stability limit is reached

19:05 Last customers in Denmark brought on-line

18:20 Most Sydkraft customers on-line

Restoring operation
Only no or few damaged parts
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USA 14 August 2003

Initiating event
Generator shutdowns

System split into islands

Final stage
Voltage collapse

50 Million people affected Restoration time up to 30 h

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Area hit by blackout

Italy 28 September 2003

Initiating event
Two lines trip in stormy weather

All lines into Italy lost one by one Final stage unknown 58 Million people affected Restoration time 16.5 h

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Italy blackout

Famous instability blackouts

USA 2 July 1996
Line into tree, voltage collapse, report 2 August

USA 10 August 1996

Line into tree, angle instability, 7.5 million

Sweden 27 December 1983

Disconnector failed, voltage collapse

USA 1965 The great blackout

Generator trip, angle instability, 30 million See Textbook chapter 13
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Post mortem analysis

Pre-fault operating state
Generator and line status

Fault handling
Detect fault Isolate fault
Isolate fault and minimum part of the system Neighboring parts back to normal Component can fail, larger area affected

Sequence of events
Digital fault recorders (black box) Time of breaker openings Time uncertainty

Remove fault and repair damage

Lightning strikes only temporary

Large amounts of information Sweden: Windpower trips cause/effect?

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Restore service
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Events at fault
Fault occurs Isolate fault Remove fault Restore service Automatic reclosing
Light back in <1s
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Detect fault current

Relay protection
Measures U and I Detects fault Controls breaker

Earth fault protection

Relay protection + small breaker

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Interrupting large current

Disconnector
Arcing at opening of disconnector

Opening of disconnector carrying too large current

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For small current Manual control Visual open-circuit for safety Challenge: Open construction is unprotected
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Interrupt current
Fuse
Measures current! Manually replaced

Circuit breaker
Interrupts large current
Cooling Pressurized air, oil

Disconnector
Current continues through arc (ionized air) Extinguishes arc, AC current passes zero
Source: Nicklasson

Remote control
Protection Control center

Circuit breaker

Hidden breaking point Challenge: Several kA

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Transmission and distribution

Generation | Transmission | Distribution | Consumption

Bridging distances
Transmission
Hundreds of km Hundreds of MW Economical V 15 P SE: 130, 220, 400 kV High reliability Meshed network
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Source: vattenfall.se

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Reach addresses
Distribution Line length SE 1996
400 kV 9851 km 130-220 kV 19740 km 30-70 kV 21100 km 10-20 kV 152000 km 400 V 280000 km

Radial network
Distribution Tree shape
Single infeed Many supply points
Infeed Line Node

Distance few km SE: 10, 20, 50 kV Radial network

City

Countryside

Reliability
Single fault interrupts service
Load

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Meshed network
Transmission Meshing
Many infeeds Many supply points Many paths for power

N-1 reliability criterion

N components in intact transmission system Withstand loss of any single
Generator Line or cable Transformer Busbar (interconnection point)

Reliability
N-1 criterion
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No overload on remaining components Major outages: N-1 turns into N-2

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Power flow in PowerWorld

Stability limits
Angle instability
Active power imbalance Mechanical generator dynamics excited Generator loses synchronism Generator disconnected

Voltage instability
Lack of reactive power Overload of power lines Loads disconnected
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Restoration
Blackstart generating units
Batteries and diesel for starting

This course has blackout outline

Problem spreads
1. Load flow

Energizing lines
Careful with voltage

Blackout when stability limit is reached

2. Voltage stability, power system control 3. Angle stability, synchronous generators

Adding little load

Limited control capacity

Short-circuits initiate problems

4. Relay protection and symmetrical faults 5. Unsymmetrical faults
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Adding generation and load Restoration important, how to practice?

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A course module
Tuesday: Lecture Thursday: Hand exercise
Work in pairs Small system in detail by hand

Learning sequence
Demonstrate need for knowledge Learn theory
Lecture

Practice principle
Hand exercise

Monday: Computer exercise

Work in pairs Large system in detail with computer Large system simplified by hand
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Practice principle in practice

Computer exercise
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Other activities
Laboratory exercises
AC power and fuses Synchronous generator W Monday 1 L1 2 E1 3 C1 4 C2 5 C3 6 C4 7 C5

Schedule
Tuesday L2 L3 L4 L5 L6/E5 L8/E7 SV Thursday E2 E3 E4 L7/E6 L9/E8 L10 Lecture Exercise Computer Study Visit

Study visit
Substation in Lund

Lecture on power system challenges

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Rooms
Mondays 13-15
M:D E:Neptunus, E:Pluto

North

Textbook
J. D. Glover & M. Sarma:
Power System Analysis and Design

Tuesdays 10-12
M:D

Brooks-Cole, US, 2002 3rd ed, ISBN 0-53495-367-0 Akademibokhandeln (AF) Internet cheap but slow
Olof

Thursdays 13-15
M:D

Notice board Lab 7

PowerWorld CD included

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Assumed knowledge
Parts of a power system
Generator, line, transformer

Substation

Three-phase voltage and currents AC power Electric machinery basics Matlab/Simulink

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Substation functions
Voltage transformation (reduction)
Power transformer

Single line diagram symbols

Three-phase component Busbar Three-phase line Power transformer Generator Load Circuit breaker Disconnector Surge arrester Current transformer Potential transformer
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Comment No impedance Line with impedance US:

Switchyard for network configuration

Busbars, circuit breakers, disconnectors

Monitoring point for control center

Potential and current transformers

US: Open

Closed

Overvoltage protection

Fuses and other protection

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Source: Lakervi & Holmes

Substation layout
Source: Lakervi & Holmes

Single line diagram of a system

Specific to PowerWorld: pie charts, arrows

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Per unit normalization

Normalize to nominal value Example: 11 kV at 10 kV bus
Vp.u.=Vactual/Vbase=11kV/10kV=1.1p.u.

Per unit base values

Theoretically
Any two of S, V, I and Z

p.u. indicates if situation is normal Voltage levels comparable Simplifies transformer calculations

Practically
System MVA base + One voltage base Three-phase: Sbase/(3Vbase) => Ibase Vbase2/Sbase=> Zbase

Transformer turns ratio => voltage base on other side of transformer

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Impedance through transformer

Transformer on system base

System MVA base Sbase in entire system Define areas on each side
Rated primary voltage as base Vbase1 Rated secondary voltage as base Vbase2

N1 U2 2 U'2 N2 N ' Z2 = ' = = 1 Z2 N2 I2 I2 N 2 N1

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Gives:
Zbase1=V2base1/Sbase, Zbase2=V2base2/Sbase V2base1/Zbase1=V2base2/Zbase2 gives Z2pu=Z2/Zbase2=(V2base1/V2base2)Z2/Zbase1=Z2/Zbase1 Z2pu=Z1pu p.u. makes transformers disappear!!!
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Generators on component base

Xd Xd Xd

Conclusions
Course follows stages of instability blackout
Initial fault and clearing (3) Spreading of disturbance (1) Stability limit is hit and blackout is a fact (2)

Two generators in a power plant

Each unit: 20 MVA, 20 kV, Xd=1.1p.u.@ component base

Single-line diagram
Display of three-phase equipment

Combine the two generators to one large

One unit: 40 MVA, 20 kV , Xd=1.1p.u.@ component base Olof Samuelsson 2005 55

Per unit
Eliminates ideal transformer Olof Samuelsson 2005 56 Parameters similar on component base