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2.3

digestion process

mouth liver pancreas Large intestine anus

oesophagus stomach Small intestine rectum

What is digestion? -Digestion is a process in which large food is broken down into simpler food Digestion occurs in gut or alimentary canal. Alimentary canal is a long tube from mouth to anus. Organ Process -There are 2 process: a) physical process physical process includes chewing by the teeth and churning of the food. b) chemical process chemical process involves the action of enzymes on food. What is enzymes? -Enzymes are substances which act as catalysts and speed up the chemical reactions in our body. -Salivary glands secrete saliva that contain salivary amylase enzymes. The salivary amylase catalyses the breaking down of starch into maltose. . 2. oesophagus

1.mouth

Starch

amylase

maltose

-no digestion -digested food is shaped into a bolus by the tongue and swallowed. -The contraction and relaxation of oesophagus wall to push food into the stomach is called peristalsis - the stomach wall secretes gaster juice/gasterjuice. Gaster juice contains : nutrition 5

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protease enzymes hydrochloric acids. 3. stomach

-functions of: protease enzymes. Breakdown proteins into polypeptides or peptons Stomach

Proteins

protease enzymes peptons

hydrochloric acids: stops the action of salivary amylase provides an acidic medium suitable for the action of protease. Changes the inactive forms of protease to its active forms. Kill the bacteria in the food. Duodenum receives 2 substances: Bile from the gall bladder Pancreatic juice from the pancreas. Bile is a greenish fluid produced by the liver Bile is stored in the gall bladder. Bile emulsifies fats into oil droplet Duodenum ( the first part of small intestine)

Fats

bile

oil droplets

Pancreas walls secrete 3 types of enzymes: Amylase Protease Lipase

Starch Proteins Fat

amylase enzymes protease enzymes

maltose polypeptides

lipase enzymes

fatty acids + glycerol

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Small intestine ( lower part of small intestine)

Intestinal wall secrete intestinal juice Intestinal juice contains 3 types of enzymes: Maltase enzymes Protease enzymes Lipase enzymes

Maltose Polypeptides Fats

maltase enzymes protease enzymes

glucose amino acids

lipase enzymes

fatty acids + glycerol

The last product of digestion are: Glucose - from carbohydrates Amino acids - from proteins Fatty acids & glycerol - from fats. Besides digestion, small intestine is well adapted for absorption of digested food. No digestion. Water is reabsorbed into the blood stream. Undigested food will flow down to anus The digested food pass out of the body.

Rectum Large intestine Anus

2.4

ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED FOOD 1. Absorption of digested food is a process in which the products of digestion are moved out of the small intestine into the bloodstream or lacteal. 2. Digested food is absorbed by the wall of small intestine that contains closely pack fingerlike structure called villus. 3. These structure increase the surface area for absorption in small intestine.

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4.

The walls of villi allow small molecules to pass through them. Glucose Amino acids Are absorbed into the blood Minerals capillaries Water soluble vitamins ( B & C) Fatty acids Glycerol Are absorbed into the lacteal Fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K) REABSORPTION OF WATER AND REFECATION.

2.5

Large intestine

rectum

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No digestion in large intestine

The undigested food, minerals and excess water are pushed into the large intestine

The undigested food turns into faeces and is stored in the rectum.

Water and minerals are reabsorbed in the large intestine

The faeces is expelled from our body through anus by is called defecation.

DYSFUNCTION IN LARGE INTESTINE A diet lacking in fibre causes constipation, Which is difficulty in passing motion. If there is an infection,the faeces will move very fast along the large intestine. Less water reabsorb into the blood. Too much water in faeces will causes diarrhea.

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