Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
LTE
Agenda
Mobile Broadband Dynamics Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture Framework LTE Design Strategies Latency & Delay IP Planning MME, SGW, PGW, DNS Transport Planning Backhaul, MPLS Core LTE Security LTE Deployment Strategies Summary, References
Dongle (Notepad/netbooks) & Smartphone ~80% of total traffic Video(66%), Mobile Web/data (20%), Peer-to-Peer (6%) Key issue Managing OTT video including other Apps efficiently Contents caching and delivering close to edge Local breakout using Mobile Edge Gateway
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Device Comparisons
Top 10% Devices generate 60% of total traffic Android is catching fast iOS with iPhone for usage Device operating system & Apps have unique characteristics impacting signaling and bearer traffic Challenge of Smartphone Radio signaling overload, simultaneous device updates Bandwidth hogging, Concurrent flows, Keeping NAT pin holes Malware (DOS/DDoS) attack
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Reduce Costs
Data Traffic (Cost)
Profitability Gap
Manage Over The Top Offload internet traffic at edge Optimal use of expensive assets
ARPU (Revenue)
Improve Experience
Innovative services 3-screen experience, session shifting quality of video experience
Agenda
Mobile Broadband Dynamics Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture Framework LTE Design Strategies Latency & Delay IP Planning MME, SGW, PGW, DNS Transport Planning Backhaul, MPLS Core Security Framework LTE Deployment Strategies Summary, References
1xRTT
Voice 2x cap Data (144k)
EV-DO RevA
Data (DL 2.4M)
EV-DO RevB
Multi-carrier Data (14.7M) (3GPP R8)
UMB
(3GPP R10+)
LTE
LTE Advanced
(DL/UL 100/50M)
3G R99
Voice (DL/UL 384/384k)
HSDPA
Optimized DL (14.4M)
HSUPA
Optimized UL (5.7M)
HSPA+
MIMO, 64QAM (DL/UL 42/11M)
GSM
Voice Data (9.6 - 56k)
GPRS
Data (DL/UL 20/80k)
EDGE
Enhanced modulation (DL 384k)
e-EDGE
(DL 1Mbps)
3GPP Track
<1999 2000-02 2003-04 2006-07 2008-09 20010-11 2012+
10
* Actual speed depend upon many factors 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Hierarchical Architecture
National
GGSN IP GGSN IP SGSN SGSN GGSN IP IP MME FR/TDM IP IP PGW SGW HSS PCRF
Regional
SGSN
Market
MSC TDM BSC RNC MSC ATM RNC MSC IP IP
BTS
NB
NB
eNB
2G/2.5G
3G UTRAN
3.5G UTRAN
LTE E-UTRAN
MME Mobility Management Entity, SGW Serving Gateway, PGW PDN Gateway
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
11
Signaling
MSC
AAA
PCRF
MME
Bearer
UE
BS
Backhaul
RNC
eNodeB
Home Agent
Operators IP Services
Serving Gateway
PDN Gateway
Signaling
MME
MSC
AAA
PCRF
Bearer
UE
BS
Backhaul
RNC
eNodeB
GGSN
Operators IP Services
Serving Gateway
PDN Gateway
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CDMA Equivalent
AN (Access Network) Base station + RNC PDN (Packet Data Network) RNC + PDSN (Control part) PDSN + PCF (Bearer part) HA (Home Agent) AAA + HLR A10 / A11 / A12 A10 + R-P Session MIP (Mobile IP Tunnel) PPP + MIP
UMTS Equivalent
UTRAN Base station + RNC PDN SGSN (Control Part) SGSN (Bearer Part) GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) AAA + HLR Iu Gn Gn, Gb PDP Context
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Meaning
Identifies an IP packet data network (PDN) and service type provided by the PDN to that users session.
The Association between an UE and PDN (APN) represented by one IPv4 Address and/or one IPv6 Prefix
Signaling and Tunneling protocol for data (between eNodeB, SGW, and PGW)
An EPS bearer uniquely identifies traffic flows that receive a common QoS treatment between UE and PDN-GW First one to get established and remains established throughout the lifetime of PDN Connection. Additional bearer(other than default), created for a PDN connection to provide specific QoS treatment for Apps
Signaling Procedure performed by the UE to move between MMEs Field indicating type of service associated with a data packet. A traffic filter that identifies an application class. This is associated with a Dedicated Bearer and QCI.
*Some of the terms are known to UMTS operators, but new to CDMA Operators
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
14
UE-AMBR
QoS
*Some of the terms are known to UMTS operators, but new to CDMA Operators
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
15
Agenda
Mobile Broadband Dynamics Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture Framework LTE Design Strategies Latency & Delay IP Planning MME, SGW, PGW, DNS Transport Planning Backhaul, MPLS Core Security Framework LTE Deployment Strategies Summary, References
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IP-RAN 1 GE to Cellsite - Cellsite (1GE) - Access (10GE) - Aggregation (40GE) Ethernet lease/build uWave, Fiber media Support 2G/3G/4G IP/MPLS (L2/L3VPN) Multicast capable Traffic Offload H-QoS IPv6
MPLS Core 100GE enabled BGP free, MPLS enabled core Scalable Routing L3VPN as needed Limited L2VPN Traffic Engineering Multi-exit Internet 6PE, 6VPE
Packet Core 10-100 GE enabled POD architecture Distributed Gateways User policy & QoS Bearer traffic Traffic offload and optimize SP security Optimize OTT IPv6 on end-points NAT44/64
National Datacenter 100GE enabled Zones & POD Control traffic Virtualization Storage Cloud computing will drive next-gen M2M communication IMS Apps IPv6
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Internet
IP-RAN Backhaul (Any-to-any, L2/L3VPN, RAN sharing, multicast) Wireline Customer (DSL, FTTH,ETTH) Ent. Customer (B2B, B2B2C, M2M RAN 2G/3G/4G, WiFi
Regional Datacenter Mobile gateways, WiFi UsersP2P, Corp VPN Apps - bearer, Billing, policy
National Datacenter Mobile User Apps hosted in NDC Infra - Failover, Apps sharing, DCDR Others - Cloud, hosting, contents
Simple, scalable, resilient architecture using optimal resources and support multiple services on the same backbone infrastructure
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
18
PCRF
Rx+
LTE
E-UTRAN
S2c
MME
S1-MME (S1-AP) S10 (GTP-C) S1-U (GTP-U)
S11 (GTP-C)
Gxc (Gx+) Gx (Gx+) Gxa (Gx+) Gxb (Gx+) S6b (DIAMETER) SGi
eNodeB
Serving Gateway
PDN Gateway
IP Traffic
SWm (DIAMETER) S2b (PMIPv6, GRE) SWa (TBD)
ePDG
SWn (TBD)
Untrusted
S2c (DSMIPv6)
UE
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Strict QoS
Radio Access Network latency < 10 ms, Control-Plane latency < 100 ms (R8), <50 ms (R9) User- Plane latency <50 ms for real time Apps & voice Mobility up to 350 km/h Roaming with 2/3G networks WiFi offload capability Ability to delivery broadcast and multicast to mobiles Enhanced bit rate for MBMS Application registration directly by UE to Apps Server Any-to-any connectivity L3VPN, L2VPN, TE Standard based interfaces SP security framework
21
Mobility
All-IP Architecture
Agenda
Mobile Broadband Dynamics Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture Framework LTE Design Strategies Latency & Delay IP Planning MME, SGW, PGW, DNS Transport Planning Backhaul, MPLS Core Security Framework LTE Deployment Strategies Summary, References
22
Serialization delay- depend on packet size and interface speed Queuing delay depend upon packets in queue & serialization Propagation delay Depend on distance and media
23
Radio
Access Ring uWave/ Fiber
CSN
IP Backhaul
AGG-1 Agg-1 Ring AGG-2 Agg-2 Ring
National Datacenter
AGG-3 HSS / PCRF/Billing Apps (control)
Radio Delay
IP Backhaul Transport Latency (Propagation & Processing) Regional Datacenter (MME, SGW/PGW, DNS etc.) Processing Delays MPLS Core Transport Latency (Propagation & Processing) National Datacenter (HSS, PCRF, OCS, BM etc.) Processing Delays
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Latency Requirements
Control Plane (C-Plane) Relates to completion of RAN and CN signaling User Plan (U-Plane) Relates to establishment of bearer path
C-Plane Latency (ref TR25.913, V8.0.0)
Less than 50msec Active (Cell_DCH) Dormant (Cell_PCH)
Idle to active < 100 ms when user plan is established (excluding paging & NAS) Dormant to Active <50 ms
Idle to active <50 ms when user plan is established (excludes paging, NAS, S1 transfer) Dormant to Active <10 ms
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~4 ms
2. RACH Preamble 4. Processing delay in UE
4 ms
~1 ms
3. TA + Scheduling Grant
~4 ms
~2 ms ~1 ms
5. RRC Connection Request
~1 ms
~4 ms
8. Connection Request
~7.5 ms
14. Processing delay in UE 10. Connection Setup
~15 ms
~4 ms ~1 ms
~1 ms
12. RRC Connection Setup 13. H-ARQ Retransmission
~7.5 ms
11. Processing delay in eNB
~1 ms
15. RRC Connection Complete 16. H-ARQ Retransmission
~4 ms
~1 ms
Total C-Plane = 47.5 ms + 2* S1-C transfer delay ~ 60 ms Major components Processing delays in UE, eNodeB, MME and Transport
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
26
UE
1ms
1. Waiting
eNodeB
2. Scheduling Request 1ms
3. Processing
MME
UE is synced, so no need for NAS
3ms
5ms
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Example Services
Conversational Voice Conversational Video (Live Streaming) Real Time Gaming Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming) IMS Signalling Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.) Voice, Video (Live Streaming), Interactive Gaming Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p sharing, progressive download, etc.)
2 4 3 5 1 6 Non-GBR 7
4 (3) 5 (3) 6
(4)
7 (3)
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30
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Agenda
Mobile Broadband Dynamics Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture Framework LTE Design Strategies Latency & Delay IP Planning MME, SGW, PGW, DNS Transport Planning Backhaul, MPLS Core Security Framework LTE Deployment Strategies Summary, References
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Interface ID
Functions within region (/48 provides 256 functions) (eNodeB, IP-BH, MPLS Core, MME, HSS, SGW, PGW, Datacenter, Security etc.) Devices and subnets for each devices (48 64 provides 65,000 subnet of /64)
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Interface ID
Services/APN within region (/48 provides 256 ) (IMS, Internet, Video, M2M, Message, Enterprise etc.) Devices and subnets for each devices ** (48 64 provides 65K users within each service/APN) ** For wireless routers gateway allocated smaller block i.e. /60, /56 or /48 etc.
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
35
36
37
Dual stack
3GPP Rel-8 onward Dual stack User send one PDP request IPv4v6 Gateway will create bearer; Allocate IPv4 & IPv6 to same bearer For GPRS network single bearer is applicable from 3GPP Rel-9 onward
Dual stack
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UE Attach Request
MME
SGW
PGW
AAA
DHCP
Create Session Request Create Session Request (APN, QoS, (APN, QoS, PDN-type=IPv6,) PDN-type=IPv6,) Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Create Session Reply Create Session Reply (UE Prefix, (UE Prefix, Protocol config options, Protocol config options (e.g. DNS-server list,), cause) cause) Router Solicitation Router Advertisement
/64 prefix allocation: 3 Options: Local Pool, AAA, DHCP /64 prefix allocation from local pool Prefix Retrieval DHCPv6 PD Prefix communicated to SGW/MME SLAAC
RA contain the same IPv6 pref ix as the one provided during def ault bearer establishment
Attach Accept
UE ignore IPv6 pref ix received in attach
/64
Connection-Prefix: /64
UE
Delegation of /60 minus connection-prefix
/64
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Enable LTE UE to work as Mobile router (/60) & Each client get /64 Prefix Delegation w/ DHCPv6 PD (RFC3633) on top of existing address LTE UE request DHCPv6 Prefix delegation DHCPv6 allocate prefix (e.g. /60) prefix minus connection-prefix delegated using Prefix-Exclude option (see draft-korhonen-dhc-pdexclude) LTE UE further allocate /64 to clients minus connection-prefix
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FUTURE
AAA
DHCP
Attach Request
Create Session Request (APN, QoS, PDN-type=IPv6,) empty UE IP-address for dynamic allocation
Create Session Request (APN, QoS, PDN-type=IPv6,) Option 1 Option 2 Authentication & Config Authentication DHCPv6 Config
SLAAC
PD Prefix(es) is/are obtained IPv6 Address assignment for end hosts (using SLAAC or DHCPv6)
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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Agenda
Mobile Broadband Dynamics Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture Framework LTE Design Strategies Latency & Delay IP Planning MME, SGW, PGW, DNS Transport Planning Backhaul, MPLS Core Security Framework LTE Deployment Strategies Summary, References
42
Design Considerations
Distributed MME+SGSN
2.5G IP Backbone
Centralized SGSN+GGSN MME+SGW+PGW
2.5G IP Backbone
Centralized SGW+PGW +GGSN
3G
3G
LTE
LTE
Distributed MME+SGSN
2.5G IP Backbone
Distributed MME+SGSN +GGSN SGW+PGW
2.5G IP Backbone
Centralized MME+SGSN
3G
3G
LTE
LTE
Distributed SGW+PGW+GGSN
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SGW/PGW
HSS
SPR/DBE
Tracking Area/APN DNS Used by MME, Centralized Mobile DNS Used by UE, distributed. Co-located with PGW Internet DNS Used for inbound query, Centralized Roam DNS Used by roaming partners, Centralized Infrastructure DNS Used by internal infrastructures, Centralized Centralized Used for ePDG (3GPP) centralized Infra. device authentication - centralized Centralized DHCPv6 for IP address allocation
AAA
DHCP
45
Typical values**
46
Region A
MME POOL
MME A MME B
Region B
Region C
MME C
47
48
49
Typical values**
50
Typical values**
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52
DNS Design
SWx (DIAMETER) HSS S6a (DIAMETER) PCRF
Roam DNS
Tracking Area/APN DNS
MME S1-MME (S1-AP) S10 (GTP-C S11 (GTP-C) Gxc (Gx+) Gx (Gx+) S6b (DIAMETER) S1-U (GTP-U) Serving Gateway S5 (GTP-C,GTP-U) PDN Gateway SGi Rx+
Mobile DNS
3GPP AAA Operators IP Services
E-UTRAN
eNodeB
UE
Infrastructure DNS
DNS Tracking Area/APN DNS Functional description
Internet DNS
Initial Attach MME perform APN query to find PGW, MME perform track Area query to find SGW Handover with TAI change & Tracking Area Updates MME perform track query to determine SGW MME select closest SGW to PGW send create session request LTE UE query mobile DNS to resolve Host Name to IP address Can be DNS64 (LTE UE with IPv6), DNS44 (LTE UE with IPv4) Mainly root DNS. Need DNS64 capability Name resolution in the OAM (e.g. admin to login to the device, SNMP) Used for roaming traffic. Need IPv6 capability of roaming transport is IPv6
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Key Benefits: Subscriber aware NAT - per subscriber control - per subscriber accounting Large Scale (further enhanced by distribution) Highly available (incl. geo-redundancy)
Key Benefits: Integrated NAT for multiple administrative domains (operational separation) Large Scale Overlapping private IPv4 domains (e.g. w/ VPNs) Intelligent routing to LSN
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FUTURE
1
User Mobile gateway PGW
CGN1
2
CGN2
Service.Transport-Attachment: VPN-Blue, CGN2 Service.Type: NAT64 or NAT44 Service.Load.Bandwidth.Available: 10 Gbps Internet Service.Load.Bandwidth.10min-average: 5 Gbps Service.Load.Bindings.Available: 3.000.000 Service.Load.Bindings.10-min-average: 500.000
CGN announce their availability with dynamic state Mobile Gateway select the best route and forward traffic
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Agenda
Mobile Broadband Dynamics Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture Framework LTE Design Strategies Latency & Delay IP Planning MME, SGW, PGW, DNS Transport Planning Backhaul, MPLS Core Security Framework LTE Deployment Strategies Summary, References
57
core
External Networks
Transport network
UE traffic
served by eNodeBs
Mobile Backhaul Access Bandwidth- Full access capacity (Peak rate) Resiliency, failover, dual homing Routing - L2/L3 based on requirements. L3 is recommended
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59
Busy Time
More averaging
Quiet Time
More variation
bps/Hz
cell average
QPSK
Cell average
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE1
Hz
Hz
60
1 2 X-2 user & control: ~ 3-5% (Applies only to Meantime Avg.) OA&M, Sync: <1% covering S1-MME, OAM etc. Transport GTP /Mobile IP Tunnel: ~10%
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COR
Meantime Average from LTE Factor other traffic WiFi, Wireline, Apps, ISP transit peering etc.
AGG
AGG
AGG
AGG
AGG
AGG
Aggregation
Meantime Average
Agg Ring
Agg Ring
Agg Ring
AGG
AGG
AGG
AGG
AGG
AGG
Access
CSN
CSN
Cell Site
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63
Down link
0.7
(150 Mbps)no IPsec (150 Mbps)no IPsec (100 Mbps)no IPsec (100 Mbps)no IPsec (50 Mbps)no IPsec
1000
100
Gbps
10
Gbps
1 0.1 0.01 1 10 100 Tricell eNodeBs
1000
1000
10000
5: 1x4, 20 MHz, cat3 (50 Mbps) no IPsec 4: 1x2, 20 MHz, cat3 (50 Mbps)*no IPsec 3: 1x2, 20 MHz, cat5 (75 Mbps) no IPsec 2: 1x2, 20 MHz, cat3 (50 Mbps) no IPsec 1: 1x2, 10 MHz, cat3 (50 Mbps) no IPsec
100
Uplink
0.7
Gbps
10
Gbps
1 0.1 0.01 1 10 100 Tricell eNodeBs 1000 10000
Total BW = DL + UL ; For 10,000 eNB (Tricell) = 700+500 = 1200 Gbps Per eNB in Core ~ 1200/10,000 ~ 120 Mbps
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
64
Agenda
Mobile Broadband Dynamics Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture Framework LTE Design Strategies Latency & Delay IP Planning MME, SGW/PGW, DNS, HSS, PCRF Transport Planning Backhaul, MPLS Core Security Framework LTE Deployment Strategies Summary, References
65
Rogue eNB connecting to RIL MME. Resource Exhaustion on MME (too many authentication requests from eNB)
Mobile to Mobile Spewing Attacks DOS Attacks in downlink direction from Internet TCP based attacks from Internet (Syn, session hijack, resource exhaustion etc.) UDP Based attacks like Smurf attack. ICMP Attacks like ping of death. Fragmentation attacks. Layer 4 protocol anomalies attacks Malware/Spyware prevention
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
66
User Apps
Provider Apps
Serving Node
USIM
1 1
Home Node
2
Network
Mobile Node
1
AN
Transport
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Recommendations LTE users (AAA and PCRF), Routing Authentication PCEF/PCRF, IPS, Probes, Netflow, NBAR, Topology Map, DOS, DDOS Security Operations Center (collect, correlate security incidents and alerts) Control Plane Policing, VTTY lockdown, NTP, syslog, config mgmt Contexts, Virtualization, Remote Triggered BlackHole iACL, ACLs, Firewall, uRPF, QoS, Rate Limiting
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eNB
SGW
PGW
GRX FW (User plane)
eNB
UE
GRX firewall to for user plane romaing traffic For local breakout visited network provide internet security
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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Agenda
Mobile Broadband Dynamics Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture Framework LTE Design Strategies Latency & Delay IP Planning MME, SGW, PGW, DNS Transport Planning Backhaul, MPLS Core Security Framework LTE Deployment Strategies Summary, References
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Comprehensive
Data Center
UCS
IP / MPLS / Core
IP Core
CRS
Flexible
Session Control (xCSCF, SIP)
Packet Core
Powerful Performance
Mobile Backhaul
ASR 9000
Vendor 3
Highly Intelligent
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Vendor 1
Vendor 2
Vendor 3
WiFi, Femto
2G, 3G, 4G
Access
75
Multimedia Services
ASR 5000
S/I/P-CSCF IP Telephony Features Breakout Gateway Access Border GW
MSC
WEB
IP Services Gateway PCEF Enhanced Charging PDSN Home Agent/EHA/PCEF ASN Gateway
Online/Offline Charging Server Application Detection and Optimization Network-based Traffic Optimization Femto Network Gateway Home Node-B Gateway Home eNode-B GW
In-line Services
SGSN/GGSN/PCEF MME/S-GW/P-GW
Packet Data Interworking Function Packet Data Gateway Tunnel Termination Gateway
xDSL
FTTH
WiFi
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Femto 76
Software Functions
Hardware Platforms
ASR 5000 Mobile Multimedia Platforms
Software functions work across multimedia core platforms Platform decision based on performance not function All multimedia core platforms support EPC, 3G, etc. Next generation product line
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References
1. NGMN http://www.ngmn.org (White paper on Gateways, backhaul, security) 2. 4G Americas http://www.4gamericas.org (Whitepapers) 3GPP Release 10 and beyond IPv6 integration GSN-UMTS migration to 4G 3. 3GPP http://www.3gpp.org (Standards) 3GPP TR 34.401 General Packet Radio Service enhancements for (E-UTRAN) access 3GPP TR 36.913 Requirement for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN 3GPP TR 35.913 Requirement for further enhancement of E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced) 3GPP TR23.975 IPv6 Migration Guidelines (R10) 4. ETSI Studies on latency requirements for M2M applications http://docbox.etsi.org/Workshop/2010/201010_M2MWORKSHOP/ 5. Global Certification Forum Testing mobile devices http://www.globalcertificationforum.org/WebSite/public/home_public.aspx 6. Ericsson white paper on Latency Improvements in LTE http://www.ericsson.com/hr/about/events/archieve/2007/mipro_2007/mipro_1137.pdf 7. Techmahindra whitepaper on Latency Analysis http://www.techmahindra.com/Documents/WhitePaper/White_Paper_Latency_Analysis.pdf
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Thank you.
BRKSPM-5288
Cisco Public
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