FACTS Flexible AC Transmission System

Presented by: Dr Ahmed Massoud

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

FACTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. POWER SYSTEMS FACTS definition FACTS controllers Parallel controllers Series controller Series-parallel controllers HVDC Others
University of Strathclyde 2

Dr Ahmed Massoud

POWER SYSTEM

GENERATION

TRANSMISSION

DISTRIBUTION

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

Characteristics of Transmission Bottlenecks

Steady-State Power Transfer Limit Voltage Stability Limit Transient Stability Limit Thermal Limit Short-Circuit Current Limit

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

Conventional System Solutions to enhance Transmission capability

Series Capacitors (X) Switched Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor (V) Transformer LTCs (V) Phase Shifting Transformers () Synchronous Condensers (V)

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

FACTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. POWER SYSTEMS FACTS definition FACTS controllers Parallel controllers Series controller Series-parallel controllers HVDC Others
University of Strathclyde 6

Dr Ahmed Massoud

Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS)

FACTS AC transmission systems incorporating the power electronic-based to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. FACTS Controllers A power electronic based system & other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission parameters.
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 7

Power Electronics Devices For FACTS Controllers

Line-Commutated Thyristors Electrically Triggered (ETT) Light Triggered (LTT) Self-Commutated Gate-Turn Off Thyristors (GTO) Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCTs)

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

FACTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. POWER SYSTEMS FACTS definition FACTS controllers Parallel controllers Series controller Series-parallel controllers HVDC Others
University of Strathclyde 9

Dr Ahmed Massoud

FACTS c o n tro lle rs

lin e c o m m u ta te d
S e rie s Shunt
thy ris to r c o ntro lle d thy ris to r c o ntro lle d s e rie s c a pa c ito r re a c to r o r s w itc he d (TC S C ) c a pa c ito r (TC R or TS C )

fo rc e d c o m m u ta te d
S e rie s
s ta tic s y nc hro no us s e rie s c o m p e ns a to r (S S S C )

Shunt
s ta tic s y nc hro no us c o mpe ns a to r (S TATC O M ) inte rline po w e r flo w c o ntro lle r (IP F C ) S upe rc o nduc ting M a gne tic E ne rgy S to ra ge (S M E S )

B a c k -to -b a c k S e rie s -s e rie s

c o nv e ntio na l HVD C inte rline po w e r flo w c o ntro lle r (IP F C )

S h u n t-S e rie s S e rie s -s e rie s

unifie d po w e r flo w c o ntro lle r (UP F C ) B a tte ry e ne rgy s to ra ge (B E S S )

B a c k -to -b a c k
light HVD C
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 10

___

___

Vs

Vr

Vs .Vr P= sin X
Vs

I.X I

Vr

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

11

Controllable parameters
Control of the line impedance current and active power control Control of angle current and active power control Series voltage injection Current, active, and reactive power control Parallel voltage injection Current, active, and reactive power control
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 12

Series control
V1 Xseries X V2

Vseries
V1

P=V 1.V 2.sin( )/(X-X series )

I
V2
13

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

Parallel control
V1 X V2

V1

V1

P=V 1.V 2.sin( )/X

Dr Ahmed Massoud

I
V2
14

University of Strathclyde

Series and parallel control

V1 Xseries X V2

Vseries

Q
Dr Ahmed Massoud

?
University of Strathclyde 15

FACTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. POWER SYSTEMS FACTS definition FACTS controllers Parallel controllers Series controller Series-parallel controllers HVDC Others
University of Strathclyde 16

Dr Ahmed Massoud

Static VAR compensator

TCR = Thyristor Controlled Reactor TSR = Thyristor Switched Reactor TSC = Thyristor Switched Capacitor MSC = Mechanically-Switched Capacitor MSR = Mechanically-Switched Reactor FC = Fixed Capacitor Harmonic Filters
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 17

Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)

Parallel-connected static var generator or absorber Output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current Maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system (typically bus voltage). Thyristor-based Controllers Lower cost alternative to STATCOM
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 18

8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02

Voltage

Current

Thyristor Controlled Reactor

Time (s)

Firing angle of 90
1 0.667 0.333 0 -0.333 -0.667 -1 0

0.005

Time (s)

0.01

0.015

0.02

Firing angle of 135

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 19

Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

20

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

Parallel-connected static var compensator Capacitive or inductive output current controlled independently of the ac system voltage

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

21

Inverter
(IGBT, GTO, or GCT)

Vdc

P (if no energy
source is provided)
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Parallel Active Power Filters (Parallel APF)

Reactive power Compensation Source currents higher Harmonics compensation DC element voltage control

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

23

3-phase supply is e iL non-linear load if

v Shunt active filter

Shunt active power filter single line diagram

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i dc (t) Sc

Sa v dc (t) + C _ v an

Sb

La Lb Lc

ia ib ic

ea eb ec

v bn S'a S'b v cn S'c

Two level voltage source inverter

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 25

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

26

Voltage source inverters

1. Two level Voltage source inverter 2. Multilevel voltage source inverter 3. Series connection

Current source inverter ?

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University of Strathclyde

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Multilevel inverter
1. Neutral point clamped 2. Cascaded 3. Flying capacitor

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University of Strathclyde

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Neutral point clamped

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University of Strathclyde

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Flying capacitor

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University of Strathclyde

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Cascaded

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University of Strathclyde

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2E volt
S1 E i load
D1 E i load

S4 2E

D4 2E

S5 E
E

D5

S8

D8

iload >0
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde

iload <0
32

E volt
E i load E i load D3 S4 E S3 D4 E

S5 E E

D5

S8

D8

iload >0
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde

iload <0
33

0 volt
E i load
E i load

D3

S4 0

S3

D4 0

D7

S8

S7

D8

iload >0
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde

iload <0
34

-E volt
E i load

i load

D3

S4 -E

S3

D4 -E

D6 E

S6 E

D7

S7

iload >0
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde

iload <0
35

-2E volt
D2 E

S2
i load

i load

D3 -2 E

S3 -2 E

D6 E

S6 E

D7

S7

iload >0
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde

iload <0
36

Output of 5-level inverter (PWM)

3 M a gni tu de (P er unit ) 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 0. 005 0 .0 1 Ti me (s )
University of Strathclyde

0.015

0 .0 2

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37

Series connection of IGBT

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

38

Output of two-level inverter (PWM)

3 M ag n itu d e (Per u n it ) 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 0. 0 05 0 .0 1 T im e (s ) 0 .0 1 5 0 . 02

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

39

FACTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. POWER SYSTEMS FACTS definition FACTS controllers Parallel controllers Series controller Series-parallel controllers HVDC Others
University of Strathclyde 40

Dr Ahmed Massoud

Series Capacitors Applied For:

Increasing Power Transfer Increasing Stability Limits Improving Voltage Profile Improving Load Division

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

41

Series Active Power filter (Series APF)

Voltage harmonics compensation Stability improvement Current harmonics blocking

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

42

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Output voltages in quadrature with, and controllable independently of, the line current Control the transmitted electric power. May include energy storage to enhance the dynamic behavior of the power system by additional temporary real power compensation, to increase or decrease momentarily, the overall real (resistive) voltage drop across the line.
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 43

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

Smooth control of series capacitive reactance

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University of Strathclyde

44

FACTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. POWER SYSTEMS FACTS definition FACTS controllers Parallel controllers Series controller Series-parallel controllers HVDC Others
University of Strathclyde 45

Dr Ahmed Massoud

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

A combination of STATCOM and SSSC coupled via a
common dc link Bi-directional flow of real power between the SSSC and the STATCOM

Unified Power Flow Controller = Static Synchronous Series Compensator + STATCOM

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

46

In v e r t e r
(I G B T , G T O , o r G C T )

S e r ie s c o n v e rte r

C
S hunt c o n v e rte r

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

47

Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)

Source current harmonics compensation System stability improvement Reactive power compensation DC element voltage control Voltage harmonics compensation

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University of Strathclyde

48

Combination of active power filter and passive filter

Supply

Load

Active filter

Passive filter

Parallel active power filter and passive filter

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Supply Passive filter

Load

Active filter
Parallel active power filter in series with passive filter
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 50

Supply

Active filter

Load

Passive filter
Series active power filter and parallel passive filter
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 51

Supply

Active filter

Load

Active filter
Series and parallel active power filter (unified power quality conditioner UPQC)
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 52

Series VS. Parallel

Series is more powerful in controlling the
current/power flow and damp oscillations Parallel is more effective in voltage control and damping of voltage oscillations

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

53

FACTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. POWER SYSTEMS FACTS definition FACTS controllers Parallel controllers Series controller Series-parallel controllers HVDC Others
University of Strathclyde 54

Dr Ahmed Massoud

FACTS and HVDC

Grid 1

V1

FACTS or HVDC
University of Strathclyde

V2 Grid 2

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High voltage DC transmission (HVDC)

It is economically attractive: over a long distance from a remote generating to the load centre (>300 miles) underwater transmission when connecting two AC systems at two different frequencies
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 56

Advantages of HVDC
No limits in transmitted distance. Fast control of power flow, which implies stability improvements. Direction of power flow can be changed very quickly. HVDC can carry more power for a given size of conductor improved transient stability dynamic damping of the electric system oscillations Require less space compared to ac for same voltage rating and size Ground can be used as a return conductor No charging current HVDC transmission limits short circuit currents
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Cost

AC Cost

DC Cost

600-800Km Distance
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The HVDC technology

The fundamental process that occurs in an HVDC system is the conversion of electrical current from AC to DC (rectifier) at the transmitting end, and from DC to AC (inverter) at the receiving end. 1. Natural Commutated Converters. The component that enables this conversion process is the thyristor (high power and low switching frequency). 2. Forced Commutated Converters. It uses GTO or IGBT. They are known as VSC (Voltage Source Converters).

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

59

HVDC transmission system

Terminal A Ld Y Y Positive pole 12 pulse

DC filter

AC system A AC filter and power factor correction capacitors

HVDC transmission line

Terminal B

AC system B

DC filter

Negative pole 12 pulse

Ld

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University of Strathclyde

60

Components of HVDC
1. Converter: at one side rectifier and the other inverter each converter consists of a positive pole and a negative pole each pole consists of 6 pulse converters connected through star-delta and star-star transformer to yield 12 pulse converter On the AC side: * AC filters to reduce the current harmonics generated from the converters * Power factor correction capacitors to supply the lagging reactive power On the DC side: smoothing reactor and DC filters to filter the ripple in the DC currents

2.

3.

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University of Strathclyde

61

12 pulse line frequency converter

Objectives: 1. Reduce current harmonics on AC side 2. Reduce voltage ripple on DC side 3. High power 12 pulse converter consists of two six-pulse converters connected through star-star and delta-star transformer The 2 converters are connected in series from the DC side and parallel from the AC side

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

62

Id i as1

Ld

ia

i a1 2N:1

as1

cs1

n1

v d1 bs1

i a2

2 3 N:1 cs2 n2

as2

i as2 v d2

bs2

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

63

Types of HVDC links

1. Monopolar: Having one conductor and the ground is the return path

DC pole

return earth

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University of Strathclyde

64

2. Bipolar: There are two conductors (poles). One operates with positive polarity and the second with negative. During fault of one them, the bipolar acts as a monopolar
+ DC pole

return earth

- DC pole
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 65

HVDC Light
1. HVDC Light unit sizes range from a few tens of MW to presently 350 MW and for DC voltages up to 150 kV and units can be connected in parallel. 2. HVDC Light consists of two elements: converter stations and a pair of cables. The converter stations are Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) employing Self-commutated switch

Dr Ahmed Massoud

University of Strathclyde

66

FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS 2. FACTS definition 3. FACTS controllers 4. Parallel controllers 5. Series controller 6. Series-parallel controllers 7. HVDC 8. Others Battery Energy Storage System Super conducting material
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 67