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Network Infrastructure and Protocols (CN2015)

Module Introduction and Overview Lecture1

Outline
Part A Course Organization Part B Protocols and Internet Standards Underlying Network Technologies

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Part A
Course Organization

Course Organization Teaching team Teaching time Assessment Module aims Module learning outcomes Essential reading

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Teaching team
Mike Kretsis (Module Leader) Room: EB.1.104 Tel: 020 8223 2144 Email: m.kretsis@uel.ac.uk Student Hours: Tue 10.00 11.30 & Wed 15.30 17.00 Amin Mousavi Room: EB.1.89 Tel: 020 8223 2398 Email: s.a.mousavi@uel.ac.uk Student Hours: Wed 11:00 13.00

Timetabled Teaching
DAYS
Thursdays Thursdays Thursdays

ACTIVITY
Lecture Tutorial Practical

TIMES
09.00 11.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 15.00

ROOMS
KD.2.17 BS.3.14 KD.2.14/15

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Assessment
Assessment Component 1 (40%) A time-constrained (30 minutes), laboratory-based assessment involving the configuration of /IP protocols Assessment Component 2 (60%) A 2,000 word report relating to a specific /IP protocol

MODULE AIMS
The aims of this module are to:

furnish you with a detailed understanding of internetworking with TCP/IP. provide you with opportunities to gain hands-on experience of the protocols which form part of the TCP/IP suite. introduce you to the purpose and practice of research and to provide you with an opportunity to apply basic research skills.

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MODULE LEARNING OUTCOMES

Knowledge 1. explain the overall purpose of each of the layers of the TCP/IP model of internetworking. Thinking skills 2. distinguish between the various protocols which form a part of the TCP/IP suite of protocols. Subject-based practical skills 3. configure a network using a number of TCP/IP based protocols. Skills for life and work (general skills) 4. use appropriate methods to conduct basic research.

Core Textbook
Comer, D. (2014) Internetworking with TCP/IP: v. 1: Principles, Protocols and Architecture, 6th edn., Pearson

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Part B

Protocols
A protocol suit is a set of rules that governs data communication. Key elements of protocols: Syntax structure or format of the data Semantics meaning of each section bits Timing when data should be and how fast

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Internet Standards
An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested specification that is useful to and adhered to by those who work with the Internet. A formalized regulation that must be followed. There is a strict procedure by which a specification attains Internet standard status. Request For Comments (RFCs) Maturity Levels Requirement Levels

Request For Comments (RFC) - Maturity Levels

Figure 1.1 Maturity levels of an RFC by Forouzan(2010)

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Request For Comments (RFC) -Requirement Levels

Figure 1.2 Requirement levels of an RFC by Forouzan(2010)

Underlying Network Technologies .

Networks Classification

Hardware perspective

Communication Perspective

Form of energy they use

Type of media for transmitting data

Connection oriented (Circuit-switched) Technologies

Connectionless (packet- switched) Technologies

WAN Technologies (Long haul networks)

LANs Technologies

Figure 1.3

Networks Classification

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Connection Oriented (Circuit Switched Technology) Communication Paradigm

Form a connection through the network Send / receive data over the connection Terminate the connection

Can guarantee bandwidth Proponents argue that it works well with real-time applications

Connectionless (Packet Switched Technology) Communication Paradigm

- Form packet of data - Pass to network

Each packet travels independently Packet includes identification of the destination Each packet can be a different size The maximum packet size is fixed (some technologies limit packet sizes to 1,500 octets or less)

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Broad Characterizations Of Packet Switching Networks Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) (Categories are informal and qualitative)

Local Area Networks

Engineered for Low cost High capacity Direct connection among computers Limited distance

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Wide Area Networks (Long Haul Networks) Engineered for Long distances Indirect interconnection via special-purpose hardware Higher cost Lower capacity (usually)

Examples Of Packet Switched Networks

Wide Area Nets
ARPANET

Local Area Nets

Ethernet

Leased line services

Point-to-point connections

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ARPANET
Original backbone of Internet
First operational packet switching networks Wide area network around which TCP/IP was developed Funding from Advanced Research Project Agency Initial speed 50 Kbps

Ethernet
Extremely popular LAN Automated negotiation Broadcast capability Best effort delivery

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Ethernet Capacity
10Base-T operates at 10 Mbps 100Base-T or 100Base X (fast Ethernet) operates at 100 Mbps

1000Base-T or 1000Base X (gigabit Ethernet) operates at 1 Gbps / 10 gigabit Ethernet (10 GigE) Next generation 40 and 100 gigabit per second (Operates over fiber optic) IEEE standard is 802.3

48-Bit Ethernet MAC addresses

Unicast Broadcast Multicast

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Ethernet Frame Format

Header format fixed (Destination, Source, Type fields) Frame data size can vary from packet to packet Maximum 1500 octets Minimum 46 octets Preamble and CRC removed by framer hardware before frame stored in computers memory

Example: Ethernet Frame In Memory

Octets shown in hexadecimal Destination is 02.07.01.00.27.ba Source is 08.00.2b.0d.44.a7 Frame type is 08.00 (IP)

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Point-to-point connections
Any direct connection between two computers Connection between two routers Dialup connection TCP/IP views as an independent network

Virtual Local Area Network

A VLAN switch allows a network manager to configure the switch to operate like several smaller switches. e.g. VLAN for employee / VLAN for visitors VLAN switch handles broadcast and multicast. Internet protocols treat VLAN exactly like physical LAN.

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Bridging
Hardware device that connects multiple LANs and makes them appear to be a single LAN
Repeats all packets from one LAN to the other and vice versa Does not forward collisions or noise Makes multiple LANs appear to be a single, large LAN Often embedded in other equipment (e.g., DSL modem) Adaptive Ethernet Bridge Uses hardware addresses to filter

Physical Networks As Viewed By TCP/IP TCP/IP protocols accommodate

Local Area Network Wide Area Network Point-to-point link Set of bridged LANs

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internetworking concept and architectural model

Accommodating Heterogeneity
Approach 1 Application level interconnection Application gateways Gateway forwards data from one network to another Example: file transfer gateway/early email systems
Computer running an application Gateway

User1s computer

Email system 1

Email system 2

User2s computer

Figure 1.4 application gateway Comer (2014)

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Accommodating Heterogeneity
Approach 2 - Network-level interconnection

Gateway forwards individual packets No intermediate application programme Switching packets instead of files

Internet - Desired Properties

Universal service End-to-end connectivity Transparency Optional Topology

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Network Interconnection
Uses active system Each network sees an additional computer attached Device is IP router (originally called IP gateway)

Figure 1.5 Network interconnection by IP router - Comer (2014)

Example Of Multiple Networks

Figure 1.6 Three network interconnection by two routers - Comer (2014) Networks can be heterogeneous No direct connection from network 1 to network 3

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Building An Internet
Use multiple IP routers that are also responsible for physical connectivity Ensure that each network is reachable Do not need router between each pair of networks

Packet Transmission Paradigm Source computer

Generates a packet Sends across one network to a router

Intermediate router
Forwards packet to next router

Final router
Delivers packet to destination

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Users View Of Internet

Single large (global) network Users computers all attach directly No other structure visible

Figure 1.7 Users View Of A TCP/IP Internet - Comer (2014)

Actual Internet Architecture

Multiple physical networks interconnected Each host attaches to one network Single virtual network achieved through software that implements abstractions
internet Hosts
Physical net s

Router internet
Hosts

Figure 1.8 The Two Views Of A TCP/IP Internet - Comer (2014)

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Summary
Network Standards and protocols Network communication and underlying technologies Internet is set of interconnected (possibly heterogeneous) networks Routers provide interconnection Internetworking introduces abstractions that hide details of underlying networks

References and recommended reading

Comer, D. (2014) Internetworking with TCP/IP: v. 1: Principles, Protocols and Architecture, 6th edn., Pearson Forouzan B. A. (2010), TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 4th edn, McGraw-Hill

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Next week

Protocol Layering

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