DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

INTRODUCTION

- Made of large assemblies of logic gates based on boolean function.

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
- An electronic system that used digital signals - Mostly being used consumer product. p

Internal circuitry of logic gates

LOGIC GATES

INVERTER (NOT) ( ) The inverter (NOT circuit) performs a basic logic function called inversion or complementation. The purpose of the i inverter i to change is h one l logic i l level l (HIGH / LOW) to the h opposite logic level. In terms of bits, it changes a 1 to a 0 and vice versa.
INPUT A 0 1 1 0 OUTPUT

Standard Logic Symbol for Inverter

Truth table for NOT gate

LOGIC GATES

NAND C Composed d of f two t or more inputs i t and d a single i l output, t t is i a very popular logic element because it may be used as a universal function. That is, it may be employed to construct an inverter, an AND gate gate, an OR gate gate, or any combination of these functions. The logical operation of the NAND gate is such that the output is LOW (0) only when all the inputs are HIGH (1).
INPUT OUTPUT

A 0 0 1

B 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0

Standard logic symbol for NAND gate

Truth table for NAND gate

LOGIC GATES

NOR Composed of two or more inputs and a single output, also has a universal property. The logical operation of the NOR gate is such that the output is HIGH (1) only when all the inputs are LOW.
INPUT OUTPUT

A 0 0 1

B 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

Standard logic symbol f NOR gate for

Truth table for NOR gate

IC TECHNOLOGY

SCALE INTEGRATION OF IC
SI
SSI (Small Scale Integration) MSI (Medium Scale Integration) LSI (Large Scale Integration) VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) Wafer Scale Integration

GATES PER CHIP

Less than 12 12 to 99 100 to 9999 10,000 to 99,999 100,000 to 999,999 More than 1 million

IC MANUFACTURING

IC TECHNOLOGY

MOS OS

CMOS PMOS only NMOS only TTL (Transistor-transistor Logic) I2L (Integrated Injection Logic)

BIPOLAR

GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) SiGe (SiliconGermanium) BiCMOS Superconducting technologies

LOGIC FAMILY LIFE CYCLE

CRITERIA OF GOOD LOGIC GATES

Speed

Increase speed will result in increased noise High power will result in the increased of number of component and cost. Hence, more complex l PCB layout. l D Describe ib the th overall ll performance f

Power consumption

Speed Power Product

DIGITAL LOGIC FAMILY

Logic g families can be classified broadly y according g to the technologies they are built with.

DL : Diode Logic. RTL : Resistor Transistor Logic. g DTL : Diode Transistor Logic. HTL : High threshold Logic. TTL : Transistor Transistor-Transistor Transistor Logic. I2L : Integrated Injection Logic. ECL : Emitter coupled logic. MOS : Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic (PMOS and NMOS). CMOS : Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic.

TRANSISTOR

Gates are build using g various technologies.

Bipolar CMOS

Transistor behave as a switch.

Cutoff

C-E in reversed bias Current is zero and VCE(cutoff) = + VCC

Tr i t r ( Transistor (cont) t )

Saturation B-E in forward biased IB is i l large enough h to cause IC reach its saturated value.
I C ( SAT ) = I B (min) = VCC VCE ( SAT ) RC I C ( SAT ) = VCC RC

+VCC

+VCC

IC(SAT)

IC(SAT)

C +VB IB

dc

REVISION OF BJT

When a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is used in any circuit, its function is determined by the devices characteristic curves. If the circuit uses the transistor as a switch, then biasing is arranged to operate on regions of the output curves known as saturation and cut-off.

SATURATION REGION

CUT-OFF REGION

BJT as a switch it h

Let hfe = 100 ~ 500 Find the value of Rb