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1VuluuIlug l0u0IuIoIUI0uk0IS SHoII-ClICulIUuIy


uSlug 1111 SId. L.010uud L.01
CIuI uiIuWuu
Member, IEEE
Pterra Consulting
4 Automation Lane Suite 250
Albany, NY 12205 , USA
KetutDartawan@Pterra.us
LCuiud 5I. CiiC
Non Member
Electric Power Consultants
2933 Hamburg Street
Schenectady, NY 12303 USA
Conrad@capital.net
Slrcl -- This paper describes a procedure for calculating
generator circuit breaker duty. Presently, commercially
available sofware products help in determining the duty for a
general purpose circuit breaker. However, further calculations
are needed to determine the duty for a special purpose generator
circuit breaker. IEEE Std C37.010-1999 (Application Guide for
AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical
Current Basis) provides the calculation procedure for general
purpose circuit breakers. This paper presents a procedure to
evaluate a special purpose generator-circuit breaker, providing a
duty multiplication factor based on the test /K ratio of
generator breakers given in IEEE Std C37.013 (Standard for AC
High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis).
ud0X 0rmS-- AC generators, Circuit breakers, IEC
Standards, IEEE Standards, Interrupters, Synchronous
Generators.
I. INTRODUCTION
The ANSIIIEEE Standard that specifies a symmetrical
basis for testing, rating and application of circuit breakers was
first issued in 1964. The standard represented a change fom
using the total current as a basis for breaker ratings to a new
symmetrical basis. It is now approaching 50 years since total
rated breakers were last manufactured and the standard has
evolved further.
The most recent breaker application guide is IEEE
C37.01O-1999 [3] . This guide focuses on the application of
symmetrically rated breakers, specifcally, general purpose
breakers that are tested at a lower XR ratio than generator
breakers. However, a stand-alone application guide
specifcally for the application of generator rated breakers is
not available. Some application information is provided in
the Annex of IEEE C37.13-1997 [5] , but in this document,
the method for determining the fault XR ratio appears to
differ fom the method given in IEEE C37.01O-1999 in
section 6.3.2. In the latter standard, separate R and X network
reductions are used in the calculation of the dc component
current. Both IEEE C37.01O-1999 and IEC-60909[4]
indicate that the XR ratio taken fom the complex math jXR
ratio is not conservative for the calculation of the dc
component.
The breaker duty analysis will require examination of both
the breaker's peak current (closed and latched) and
interrupting time duties. This paper discusses several
approaches which have different levels of conservatism for
the peak and interrupting time calculations based on IEEE
Standards C37.01O and C37.013.
II. SYMMETRICAL AND ASYMMETRICAL RATING
OF THE BREAKERS AND MULTIPLICATION FACTOR
Fig. 1 gives the amount of dc that is included in the
breaker design for the general purpose and generator rated
breakers. The faster the breaker opens, the more dc is
included for the same symmetrical current rating. The
generator breaker has a greater dc component because the
fault current fom the generator is likely to have a long dc
decay rate (high XR ratio).
f
, _


- - - - - - -
/
_

,
_

I __
e
__ ______
e



- - -
'
j -

_
-


8+


h
f
,

"
U
U f 8 4 ' / f ff f
8reakerContaetPart|ng1|me|nms
Fig. !. DC component at Contract Parting Time for General Purpose and
Generator Rated Circuit Breakers.
(Notes: DC Component in Percent is based on the peak value of a symmetrical 3-phase
current. The Breaker Contract Parting Time includes U. cycle. or 8.33 ms. protective
relay time)
The application of IEEE C37.01O-1999 for generator
breakers requires an understanding of the Standard's Figures
8 to 10, which present multiplication factors for
symmetrically rated breakers. The curves provided in that
Standard's Figures 8 to 10 have their basis in the total current
(ac and dc) fault curves given in the same Standard's Annex
A, in Figures A.5 and A.9. The basis for the multiplication
57-1-4b73-0b1-l1Zl$31.00Z01Z |LLL
factors is the total sy1trically rated curves with an
adjustment multiplier, the 'S-factor', where
ISYM MF = ITOTAL MF IS-factor
The S-factor is the ratio of total current to symmetrical
current. The S-factor is not included in IEEE C37.010-1999
but it is in IEEE C37.010-1979 [8] in Figure 4.
A General-purpose breaker is tested based on the fault
current XR ratio of 17. The resulting interrupting rating is
given in symmetrical amperes, but the breaker has the
capability to interrupt fault currents that have a dc component
associated with fault XR ratio of 17 or less. The ratio of total
current to symmetrical current at an XR of 17 is given in
Table 1 and is a function of the breaker contact parting time
(CPT). For an ANSIIIEEE rated high-voltage breaker, a half
cycle (8.33 ms) protective relay time is included in the CPT.
When the symmetrical multiplier curves were developed for
IEEE C37.010-1979 and previous revisions of the standard, a
test XR ratio of 15, and 4 cycles CPT was applied. The
resulting total current is 1.034 times the symmetrical current,
subsequently rounded to 1.0. Table 1 includes the S-factor
for generator rated breakers.
Fig. 2 provides a set of multiplication factor curves for
generator rated breakers at 60 Hz following the same
procedure as used in IEEE C37.010-1979 between
symmetrical and total current breakers.
TABLE !
BREAKER REQUIED ASYMMETRICAL CAPABIITY FOR
GENERAL-PURPOSE AND GENERA TOR RATED BREAKERS
General Purpose Circuit Generator Rated Circuit
Breaker Breaker
Breaker CPT Calculated S-factor Calculated S-factor
at 60Hz (Cy)
!O1/!s\yfor used in !O1/!s\yfor used for
AK = 17 C37.010 AK = 50 Generator
Breaker
1.0 1.398 1.4 1.598 1.598
1.5 1.288 1.3 1.540 1.540
2.0 1.207 1.2 1.486 1.486
3.0 1.104 1.1 1.393 1.393
4.0 1.051 1.0 1.316 1.316
The total asymmetrical current is determined fom:
IT
0 = (lac
\o
t (Ic t
Taking lacsym as 1.0 PU
_ 2
(1)
i
dc
=vXF
I
e
; I
e
= ;Ihus i
dc
=vxF `" (2)
where:
t = time, s
tc = time constant, s
f = frequency, (Hz)
For an XR Ratio = 17, tc = 0. 045 s, and for XR = 50, tc
= 0. 133 s.
200
180
160
100
80
60
40

? ? ?

| |
|
l
l
l

I I /

III
- /. /
V

.....
l
l
1.00 1.06 1.10 1.16 1.20 1.26
MuItipIyingIactorlorLDAmpcrcs
DLDccayonIy
Fig. 2. Remote Three-Phase Multiplication Factors for
Generator Rated Circuit Breakers.
Page Z Of7
Fig. A.9 of IEEE C37.010-1999 has the multiplication
factors for currents that have both ac and dc decrements (not
stated in Standard as having ac decay, but it is the same as
Fig. A9 in C37.010-1979). The origin of the amount of ac
decay given in the curve is not based on equation and its exact
composition is not known; thus, the development of similar
multiplying curves is done by using data read fom the Fig.
A.9 curves. Dividing any of the total fault currents in Table 2
by the generator breaker S-factor of Table 1 yields a
multiplication factor of less than 1.0 for all values in the
Table 1. Therefore, for a system where all the current is from
a local generator without any impedance between the
generator and the fault, the multiplication factor is set equal to
1.0.
TABLE 2
MULTIPLICATION FACTORS FOR TOTAL FAULT CURRENT HAVING BOTH AC
AND DC COMPONENTS (REFERENCE C37.010-1999, FIG. A.9. CPT IN
CYCLES)
AK 1.0 CPT 1.5 CPT 2.0 CPT 3.0 CPT 4.0 CPT
10 1.239 1.141 1.067 1.000 1.000
15 1.328 1.222 1.133 1.020 1.000
20 1.390 1.282 1.188 1.060 1.000
25 1.433 1.328 1.235 1.096 1.008
30 1.464 1.365 1.275 1.128 1.041
35 1.490 1.395 1.311 1.160 1.067
40 1.505 1.422 1.340 1.186 1.092
45 1.518 1.438 1.361 1.212 1.117
50 1.527 1.450 1.378 1.236 1.138
55 1.535 1.459 1.390 1.257 1.158
60 1.540 1.466 1.399 1.277 1.178
70 1.547 1.479 1.417 1.303 1.206
80 1.552 1.486 1.427 1.324 1.226
90 1.559 1.492 1.434 1.339 1.245
100 1.562 1.497 1.441 1.346 1.255
110 1.567 1.502 1.447 1.352 1.262
120 1.572 1.507 1.450 1.356 1.268
130 1.576 1.512 1.456 1.362 1.272
140 1.581 1.516 1.460 1.367 1.275
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Page 3 Of7
III. EXAMPLE
The example of a typical combined cycle generating station
is shown in Fig. 3. The combustion and steam turbine
generators (identifed as 'CTG' and 'STG' in the fgure) share
a common transformer, but each generator is required to have
its own breaker. The data for the station is given in Table 3.
Fig. 3. Sample Combined Cycle Oneline Diagram.
TABLE 3
DATA ro,EXAMPLE ,
!G 3
Generator Data
CTG STG
%VA 363 234
Power Factor 85% 80%
Rated Amps 11643 7506
X"dv 19.20% 21.60%
X'dv 29.00% 29.40%
Xdv 230% 196.50%
Tdo 0.035 0.033
T'do 0.471 0.419
Ta3 0.307 0.347
XIR ratio = 21f
115.74 130.82
Ta3
Transformer Data
%VA
630 Prim, 430 Sec, 250 Ter.
kV
400/18!l8
ZPS
0.63 ] 31.6 % base 630 MVA
ZPT
0.73 ] 36.6 % base 630 MVA
ZST
0.38 ] 15.8 % base 630 MVA
Network Equivalent
12,500 MVA, XK= 17
Breaker Data
CTG STG
CurrenIRating
12000 8000
(A)
kV 25.3 23
Peak kA 280 220
Interrupting,
100 80
Breakin! kA
Interruptin! time 67ms 67ms (4 Cy)
Contact Parting
40ms 40ms (2.4 Cy)
time
In the upcoming analysis, to provide some conservatism,
the voltage behind the subtransient reactance will be used
(Fig. 4). This is a deviation fom 1.0 PU driving voltage
suggested in IEEE C37.01O and is similar to the effect of the
generator impedance modifer used in IEC 60909. To
calculate this per unit internal voltage for the generator at
rated load, the approximate equation fom IEC 60909 or a
more detailed equation can be used. With the generator
resistance being much less than the generator reactance, the
resistance component of voltage has been neglected.
IEC Equation:
-:..t=1 ^
,
^ bInar LbIJ)|
Detailed Equation:

( " ( "
,;,,,j !+X__ x m. t;

+ X__ x t;
"
Oeaera/cr /mje!aace mod (f/er =
^!
,
'lA1lKA+1
(3)
(4)
(5)
The IEC equation gives the internal voltage of the STG as
1.12960 PU \while the detailed equation gives 1.142741 PU
\. With some commercial sofware using the internal
machine voltage as 1.0 PU \, the generator impedance is
modified to obtain the same terminal fault current as if the
higher internal voltage is used. For example, the STG has an
X' = 21.6%, and would be modifed by the internal voltage
as X', \,,,_= 21.6/1.142741 = 18.9%. Fig. 5 gives the
impedance diagram of the system on a 100 M\^Base.
\,\+~

_Vo\t

-
-

_
_
a
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
O
.216 puVolts
X"dv * Ipu
-
1.00 pu Volts
0
36.87
1
1.00 pu Amps
Fig. 4. Vector Diagram for Generator Interal
Voltage Calculation for STG
_ {'^'90`'dy'v

_ _ _
cdu
'v
Fig. 5. lnlpedance Diagram on a 100 MV A Base for Example in Fig. 3.
57-1-4b73-0b1-l1Zl$31.00Z01Z |LLL
IV. PROCEDURE
Using the system diagram in Fig. 3, a 3-phase fault is
placed at location A-B with all connections active. Then a
fault is placed at A with the STG out-of-service. This will
give the fault point XR ratio of the system for the current
fowing fom the transformer. Finally, a fault is placed at
location B with the transformer out-of-service, this will give
the fault point XR of the STG plus any bus ductcable
current following to the breaker fom the STG.
Using IEEE C37.010 procedures, a fault at location A or B
on Fig. 3 gives the total system symmetrical fault of 114.59-
k with an IEEE XR ratio = 80.6l. In Fig. 3 the symmetrical
fault current for the 1st half-cycle and instantaneously cleared
interrupting time is the same since the IEEE C37.010
suggested generator impedance is the same for both times.
The symmetrical fault current from the STG is 39.71-
kA@-89.560 (XR = 130.2), and 74.88-k@-88.830 (XR =
48.96) fom the transformer. The current via the transformer
has two components: 35.14-k contribution from the CTC
and 39.75-kA fom the 400-kV system. The fault point IEEE
XR ratio fom the STG is 130.3 when the transformer is out
of-service and the IEEE XR for the current via the
transformer is 53.99 when the STG is out-of-service. The
IEEE XR ratio for the current via the transformer is 53.99 as
compared to the complexjXR ratio of 48.96.
If an auxiliary station were connected to location B then its
protective device would be evaluated with the 114.59-kA
symmetrical current and an XR ratio of 80.6l. The limiting
breaker duty for breaker STG would be either the current
from the transformer for fault location A or the current from
the generator for fault location B. While the current fom the
transformer is greater than the current via the STG, the duty
for both conditions should be evaluated since the STG current
has a higher XR ratio and could result in the duty current
being greater than the transformer current.
Breakers that are classified as generator rated breakers
have several ratings that are diferent than a general purpose
breakers. The two key ratings, as far as this paper is
concerned, are the "close and latch" rating and the test XR
ratio. A general purpose breaker has a peak current "close
and latch" rating of 2.6 times the interrupting and its
interrupting rating is based on the fault current XR ratio of 17
(45ms dc decay rate). The generator rated breaker has a peak
current "close and latch" rating of 2.74 times the interrupting
and its interrupting rating is based on the fault current XR
ratio of 50 (133ms dc decay rate).
For breaker duty calculations, it is important to obtain the
system XR that represents the dc decay. In IEEE C37.010-
1999, section 6.3.2 provides a method to determine the fault
point XR that is more representative of the dc decay rate.
Using the jXR ratio fom the complex impedance reduction
does not provide a ratio that would yield conservative
calculation of the asymmetrical or peak fault current. The
non- conservatism is also shown in [IJ.
Page 4 Of7
The purpose of performing the three sets of faults at
location A and B is to obtain the fault point IEEE XR ratio of
each branch current fow which generally could not be
obtained from commercial sofware programs unless the
sofware provides a line-end fault calculation. IEEE C37.010
states that "the bus fault point XR ratio is to be used for
breaker duty calculation". Using the bus fault point XR ratio
for a multi-breaker bus makes sense because the difference
between the total system symmetrical fault current and the
symmetrical fault current used for individual breaker duties is
small. For a system as shown in Fig. 3, the total system fault
current is much different than the actual fault current in the
generator breaker. For this system and with all elements in
service, for a fault at point A or B the IEEE bus fault point
XR ratio is 80.6l. Using the 80.61 XR ratio for the
generator current which has an XR ratio of 130.3 would yield
a non-conservative duty, while for the transformer current
with an XR ratio of 53.99 the result could be overly
conservative. Section 6.3 of IEEE C37.010 allows the more
rigorous method to be used. Using the IEEE fault point XR
ratio as proposed by individually removing the branch on
each side of the generator breaker is rigorous.
V. ANALYSIS
Breaker duty analysis requires examination of both the
breaker's peak current (close and latch) and interrupting time
duties. We look at several approaches, each having a
diferent level of conservatism for the interrupting time
calculations.
A. Peak Current Calculation
The peak current is associated with the first-half cycle and
is approximated by equations (6) or (7). Since the peak
actually occurs before the half-cycle, using the time as 0.5
cycle would result in a small error. To correct for this error a
fictitious time of is used as shown in the IEEE Violet Book
(6) and IEC-60909 (7).
[ 2r 1
1\iolctoo/ 1_
K
v1 I&
x}T
OT
_ X[R
r =0.49-0. 1 x

From STG
!0.2
r=0.49-0. 1 x

=0.49
(6)
(7)
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Page Of7
I_ =. J.711&
1J0.2
= 1I I.0-!
[ 2*0.4 ]
From Transformer
.''
r=0.49-0. 1x6

=0.49
I_ =. 74.SS1&
5J.
= 205. -!
[ 2*0.4 ]
These calculations were made assuming the generator
voltage is at 100% rated voltage. For this condition, fault duty
is below the breaker peak rating of 220-kA peak and since the
fault current via the transformer is greater than the fault
current fom STG, it is used to evaluate the duty of the
breaker. However, since the generator has the capability to
operate continuously at 105% of nameplate voltage, this
condition results in the fault current via the transformer being
1.05*205.9 = 216.2-kA or 98.3% of the generator breaker
rating.
B. Interrupting Time Current Calculation
The STG breaker has a CPT of 2.4 cycles with a protective
relay time of 0.5-cycle (8.33 ms). Since both breakers are
subject to a fault current with an IEEE XR ratio greater than
50, a duty multiplier is required. The duty multiplier can be
determined from Fig. 2 or calculated using equations (1) and
(2).
From Fig. 2 with 2.4 cycles CPT, the multiplier for the
current via the generator is 1.12 and via the transformer is
1.01. This is a conservative approach since Fig. 2 considers
dc decay only and does not include ac decay. In real-life,
generally the fault current contribution fom generator would
have ac decay. Thus, using Fig. 2, the interrupting time duty
would be
From STG, IacRMs*multiplier = 39.71 *1.12 = 44.48 k
From Transformer, 74.88*1.01 = 75.63-k
The duty multiplier can also be calculated from equations (1)
and (2). First, the breaker interrupting rating capability
(including ac and dc) at the breaker test XR ratio of 50 at
40ms needs to be determined. Second, calculate the current
via STG and transformer, if the fault XR ratio is greater than
50. The duty multiplier is the value from the second step
divided by the value from the frst step. If the fault point XR
ratio is less than 50 (breaker test XR ratio), the duty
multiplier (other than 1.0) is not required; and the
symmetrical interrupting current can be compared to the
breaker's interrupting rating directly.
Breaker interrupting rating capability (including ac and dc,
or
o
can be calculated fom (1) and (2), as follows:
377*0.04
l
dc
=. x 6
50
1.04 6
ITOT
=
(1
)
2
(1.046
)
2
= 1.447
Current via STG
377*0.04
130.2
1.2595
lTOT
=
(
1
)
2
(1.2595
)
2
= 1.608
. .
1.608
DuMa]/tp]tcr= -= 1.111
1.447
Intcrrupting Duj Currcnt = ]
O;
I.1I1= J.71* I . I I= 44.1J!
Current via transformer
377*0.04
1
r:
2
53.99
de
= LX 6 1.0 69 6
lTOT
=
(
1
)
2
(1.0696
)
2
= 1.464
1.464
DuMa]/ip]icr= -= 1.0117
1.447
Intcrrupting DujCurrcnt = ]
O;
I.0117= 74.SS* I.0 117= 75.7!
All interrupting duty currents determined using Fig. 2 and
equations (1) and (2) are less than the breaker rating.
Allowing for 105% operating voltage, the breaker interrupting
current is at 99.4% of the breaker rating. If this system were
in the design stage, a larger margin between the duty and the
breaker rating would be warranted.
For discussion purposes, let us assume that the interrupting
time current is slightly greater than the breaker rating and a
further refnement in the calculation is desired. For example,
reference [2] uses graduated curves where the fault current
via the transformer could be treated as a composite of a
decaying ac component and a non-decaying component. The
graduated curves given in [2] are widely used in sofware
programs for industrial and commercial systems. Note that the
C37.01O Standard has curves for the current either being with
no ac decay or having ac decay from nearby generators. As
given above, the current via the transformer has two
components: 35.14-k fom the CTG and 39.75-k fom the
400-kV system. It was shown earlier that the total current
with decay would not have any duty multiplier other than 1.0.
This leaves the multiplier to be applied only to the current
component fom the 400-kV system. Using the 1.0117
multiplier on the 39.75-kA gives 40.214-kA plus the 35.14-
kA from the CTG gives a total of 75.355-kA. Allowing for
5% high voltage, the total duty current would be 79. 12-kA or
98.9% of the breaker rating. In this case, this decrease in
rating to duty is small (fom 99.4% to 98.9%) and would be
greater if the IEEE XR ratio of the current fom the
transformer was greater.
L Calculations Using IEEE C37. 0I3-I997
Generally the generator transformer impedance and source
57-1-4b73-0b1-l1Zl$31.00Z01Z |LLL
impedance is less than the generator impedance, thus the
current via transformer is used for breaker duty evaluation. In
rare cases where the current fom the generator dictates the
breaker duty, the refinement in the current fom the generator
can be based on the generator parameters. An example of this
is given in IEEE C37.013-1997, Annex section A.3.
The expression for the ac decay with the currents in per
unit on the generator base is:
IG
EN
=(IG
-
IG S
-
X
+
(IG
-
IG-SS)x
s
-
Xd
+
IG-SS
(8)
lc = II X"dv = 110.216 = 4. 6296
l'c = llX'dv = 110.294 = 3. 4014
lc.ss= 1IXdv = 111.965 = 0. 5089
Equation (8) would be used to calculate the peak current
and the interrupting time current. As indicated in (6), the
peak current occurs closer to 0.49 cycles rather than 0.5
cycles. Using 0.49 cycles (8.2ms) in (8) gives:
_ 0.0082/ _ 0.0082/
IGEN=(4.63-3.4)xs /
0.033
+(3.4-0.51) xs /
0.419
+0.51
I GEN =0.959+ 2.834+0.51 = 4.3033 IU
Adjusting for the generator internal voltage rather than 1.0
PU V that was used in (8), has the generator PU A at
4.3033*1.14274 = 4.9176 PU A. The generator symmetrical
fault current at the breaker contact parting time allowing a
105% generator voltage is 1.05*4.9176*7.506 = 38.76-k
(note, STG rated amps is 7506 from Table 3). Using (6),
correcting the symmetrical current for the generator XR ratio
of 130.2 and = 0.49, gives the generator breaker close and
latch duty for the current fom the STG as 38.76*2.7953 =
108.34-kA.
The interrupting time calculation using the 40 ms CPT of
the breaker in (8) gives:
_ 0.04/ _ 0.04/
IGEN=(4.63-3.4)xs
/0.033
+ (3.4-0.51) xs
/0.419
+0.5089
I GEN =0.365 + 2.629 + 0.51 = 3.504 IU
Adjusting for the generator internal voltage rather than 1.0
PU V that was used in (8), has the generator PU ^ at
3.504*1.14274 = 4.0036 PU ^. The generator symmetrical
fault current at the breaker contact parting time allowing a
105% generator voltage is 1.05*3.504*7.506 = 27 .62-kA
(note, STG rated amps is 7506 fom Table 3). Correcting
the symmetrical current for the generator XR ratio, gives the
generator breaker duty for the current fom the generator as
27 .62*1.111 = 30.68-k. The 1.111 is the multiplier factor
fom the interrupting duty for the STG current (refer to
Section V.B, Interrupting Time Current Calculation).
Page b Of7
As noted, while these calculations were made in the PU
generator current at the half-cycle time, using IEEE generator
impedance would be 1/dv = 1/0.216 = 4.63 PU A, while
using the generator impedance modifier fom IEC 60909
would have 1/dv = 1/0.189 = 5.29 PU A. Using the
detailed equation (8) to calculate the fault current at the half
cycle time, the IEC generator impedance modifer (5) appears
to be overly conservative for a non-detailed fault calculation.
Using the unmodified generator impedance per IEEE
calculations generally will be conservative if the generator
time constant r'd less than approximately 0.045 seconds for
non-detailed calculations.
Table 4 provides a comparison of the STG breaker duty
using the conservative and detailed calculations for generator
breaker duty evaluation. The peak current calculation is
compared directly to peak current rating of the breaker and
similarly, the interrupting current is compared to the
symmetrical rating of the breaker.
TABLE 4
COMPARISON OF STG BREAKER DUTY AT 1.0 PU VOLTAGE
Fault Current Conservative Calculation Detailed Gen. Calculation
Flow Peak kA lt. kA Peak kA lLkA
From STG 111.0 44.13 108.3 30.68
From 205.9 75.76 205.9 75.76
Transformer
The discussion places emphasis on the high fault point XR
ratio (higher than 50) that would require duty multiplier
calculation for generator breaker evaluation. On installed
systems in which the breakers are at or over the breaker
rating, including the bus duct/cable between the generator and
the step-up transformer in the short-circuit model can have a
positive efect on lowering the fault point XR ratio and the
total fault currents. Even short lengths are important because
of their low XR ratios. While symmetrical fault current is not
significantly reduced, the total fault currents could reduce
significantly due to reduction in the multiplication factor (the
lower the fault point XR ratio the lower the multiplication
factor and the total fault current).
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has shown that the procedures in IEEE C37.01O
can be used to evaluate generator breakers that have a higher
test XR ratio than the general purpose circuit breakers. The
paper gives both a conservative and a detailed approach to the
breaker duty evaluation. The procedure discusses the
following:
1) The IEEE Fault-point XR ratio can be determined for
the branch currents on each side of the generator
breaker. This is done by having the equipment on
each side of the breaker being inactive in turn.
2) For the conservative calculation, this paper develops a
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curve to obtain multiplication factor for interrupting
time calculation of generator circuit breaker, as shown
in Fig. 2. The curve considers dc decay and does not
include ac decay.
3) The generator breaker's close and latch and
interrupting ratings are based on XR ratio of 50 rather
than 17 of the general-purpose breaker.
4) Usually the current from the step-up transformer
dictates the duty current for generator breaker.
5) Using the generator current of 11 X"dv will generally
result in a conservative generator fault current at the
close and latch and interrupting times.
6) For an existing system where breaker duties are to be
determined, including bus ductcable between the
generator and the step-up transformer in the short
circuit model could typically have a positive effect on
lowering the fault point XR ratio and the total fault
currents.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of
Chet Davis of Easy Power and Ricardo Austria of Pterra
Consulting for review of this paper.
REFERENCES
Periodicals:
[1] Ketut Dartawan. Conrad St. Pierre, "Proposed Methods to Determine
Fault Point X/R Ratio for Breaker Evaluation", IEE - lAS
Transactions, Vol. 40, No. 4, July/Aug. 2004.
[2] Walter C. Huening, Jr. "Interpretation of new American National
Standard for power circuit breaker application." IEE Trans. IGA-5,
No. 5, Sept/Oct 1969.
Standards:
[3] Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis, ANSIIEE Standard C37.0 10-!999.
[4] IC 60909-0, 2001, Interational Standard, "Short-circuit Current
Calculation in Three-phase a.c. Systems".
[5] IEE Standard for AC High Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated
on a Symmetrical Current Basis, IEE Std C37.013-1997.
[6] IEE Standard for AC High Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated
on a Symmetrical Current Basis Amendment 1: Supplement for Use
with Generators Rated 10-100 MVA, IEE Std C37.013a-2007
(Amendment to IEE Std C37.013-1997).
[7] IEE Std 551 - (Violet Book) IEE Recommended Practice for
Calculating Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems, Chapter 2.
[8] Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis, ANSIIEE Standard C37.0 10-!979.
Books:
[9] "A Practical Guide to Short-Circuit Calculation" Conrad St. Pierre
(self published book), Chapter 3.
BIOGRAPHIS
Ketut Dartawan (M '2000) is Principal and a
founding member of Pterra, LLC. He has 15 years
of experience in power system studies, distribution
network, transmission congestion contracts (TCC),
course instruction, and sofware development.
He directed and participated in numerous
analytical studies on electrical transmission and
distribution. He has managed and conducted over
100 system impact, siting, generator deliverability,
and transmission studies in the United States and
other countries involving proposed wind farms, steam and fossil-fred
generation, nuclear upgrades, and AC and HVDC transmission lines,
ranging in potential power capability from 20 MW to 1200 MW. Mr.
Dartawan was formerly Senior Consultant at Power Technologies, Inc.,
Schenectady, New York and Senior Engineer at Freeport McMoRan, one of
the largest copper and gold mining companies in the world.
l

- `

Conrad St. Pierre graduated fom the University
of Maine in 1965 with BSEE degree and from
Union College in 1983 with a MS degree. He is the
president of Electric Power Consultants, LLC in
Schenectady NY where he provides analytical
studies for industrial clients.
He has been a senior member of IEE and of
several subcommittees, and he was the Chairman of
the Violet Book Working Group that deals with
short circuit calculations. Mr. St. Pierre was a
member of the U.S. National Committee of the Interational Electrotechnical
Commission Technical Advisory Group for TC73/WG 1 and WG2
concering short circuit currents and calculation method.
Mr. St. Pierre has written numerous IEE papers and magazine articles and
published a book "A Practical Guide to Short-Circuit Calculations" and co
authored a book titled "Industrial Power System Grounding Design
Handbook".
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