Assignment 5

Cogeneration System
10/18/2013 MEL342 Ganvendra Singh Chahar Ujjawal Gupta Dhruv Jain Deependra Mehlawat

Schematic

Assumptions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. SSSF process. Make-up water added in the hot well is at ambient conditions (T = 40 oC). The steam extracted in the gland seal extraction is minimal and neglected. Piping and frictional losses are minimal. The condenser is ideal and cools down the water to saturated liquid level at condenser pressure.

Heat balance for turbine:

Inlet of Turbine At first extraction At second extraction At third extraction At exit from other processes

Enthalpy Mass flow (kJ/kg) rate (kg/s) 3272 2826.6 6.67 2810.9 10 2748.67 5.56 2568.64 5.56

Energy produced from steam expansion from the three extractions = = 6.67 (3272 - 2826.6) + 10 (3272 - 2810.9) + 5.56 (3272 - 2748.67) + 5.56 (3272 - 2568.64) = 14.402 MW Total energy requirement = 23 MW => Mass flow rate at the exit of turbine: = (23 - 14.402 ) / (3272 - 2568.64) = 12.22 kg/s => Total inlet mass flow rate = 40.01 kg/s

Heat balance for Extraction 1:

It's an open ended system and all the inlet flow is lost in the process A. Mass flow rate = 6.67 kg/s Enthalpy = 2828.6 kJ/kg 1 = 18.87 MW

Heat balance for extraction 2:

Inlet flow rate = 10 kg/s h1 = 2810.9 kJ/kg Outlet flow recovered = 5 kg/s h2 = 798.64kJ/kg 2 = 24.11 MW

Heat balance for extraction 3:

Inlet mass flow rate = 5.56 kg/s Outlet mass flow rate = 5.56 kg/s h1 = 2748.67 kJ/kg h2 = 640.21 kJ/kg 3 = 11.72 MW

Typical COP of a VAM = 0.6 to 0.7 Taking COP of VAM = 0.65 (say) COP = Heat load in evaporator / Heat input in generator Heat input in generator = 11.72 MW Maximum capacity for refrigeration system = 7.618 MW

Make-up water requirement:

Total Inlet mass flow to the turbine = 40.01 kg/s => Total flow recovered at the inlet of condenser = 5 + 5.56 + 2.78 + 12.22 = 25.56 kg/s => Make-up water = 40.01 - 25.56 = 14.45 kg/s

Mass balance for Condenser:

Mass flow (Kg/s) Flow from Extraction 2 Flow from VAM Flow from Turbine exit Flow from sec. processes Make up water Outlet mass flow rate = 40.01 kg/s 5 5.56 12.22 2.78 14.45 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) 798.33 640.09 2568.3 417.5 167.62

Heat balance for deaerator:

Inlet Mass from CEP= 40.01 kg/s Inlet Mass from extraction 2 = 1.53 kg/s Outlet Mass From the deaerator = 41.54 kg/s Enthalpy= 417.94 kJ/kg Enthalpy= 2748.1 kJ/kg Enthalpy= 504.02 kJ/kg

Efficiency of Cogeneration power plant:

= (out + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 - BFP) / heat input in boiler out = 23.80 MW 1 = 18.87 MW 2 = 24.11 MW 3 = 11.72 MW 4 = 13.11 MW BFP = 0.33 MW Heat Input in boiler = 114.706 MW = 80.15 % (j) To meet the required power output from turbine, the fluctuations in mass flow rate in various other systems will be accounted in the outlet mass flow rate of turbine which directly goes into condenser. The Governing system of the turbine will regulate the output mass flow rate to the condenser as per the situation and hence will maintain the balance.

Carbon Footprint calculation:

Heat requirement as per system in 5.1 = 114.4 MJ/s Calorific value of natural gas = 43000 kJ/m3 CO2 emissions of natural gas = 3142 kg/tonne Density of natural gas = 0.717 kg/m3

=>

CO2 emissions per hour = 20837.56 kg

For the alternative system: Vapour compression refrigeration: Refrigeration Effect = 7.618 MW Efficiency of the cycle = 0.65 Power taken from grid = 11.72 MW DG Set: Power produced = 23 + 11.72 = 34.72 MW Diesel Consumption for 1MW power generation = 250 l/h Diesel consumption = 8680 l/h Boiler: Energy required to meet the steam requirement = 215.488 * 10^6 kJ/h Density of diesel = 0.832 kg/l Diesel Consumption = 5781.25 l/h Total Diesel Consumption = 14461.25 l/h CO2 emissions of diesel = 2.68 kg/l => CO2 emissions per hour = 38756.15 kg

The carbon footprint for the alternate system is roughly 2 times that of the system of cogeneration. Thus, it can be seen co-generation leads to a much cleaner was of energy production.

References:
1) COP of a VAM machine, Website: <http://www.cibse.org/content/documents/Groups/CHP/Datasheet%207%20%20Absorption%20Cooling.pdf> 15-Oct-13, 8:15 pm 2)Carbon footprint calculation. Website: http://people.exeter.ac.uk/TWDavies/energy_conversion/Calculation%20of%20CO2%20emissions%20fr om%20fuels.htm Date: 15 August 2013 Time: 5:30pm 3)Natural gas Calorific Value. Website: http://www.marcopower.com/fuel.html Date: 16 August 2013 Time: 11:30am 4)Properties of fuel. Website: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html Date: 16 August 2013 Time: 6:00pm

Engineering Packages used:

1) TKSolver 2) EDraw CAD software