nta

myF

10

mQfS _yTWfS

10. mQfS _yTWfS

Mg IO

uh xU rh Jil thl
fhJ W Wshf cilf
brhwh. f Koyhk
bjhlu mW Jf fQFbjahj
mQf bjhFng vw KoF
mU njhaU tUwd. mij
ga Mit nkY bjhlwd.

xU bghU iwia Mwyhf

khW rkghil fLojt.

mQfUid eilbgW nghJ

id isbghU iw, id
gLbghU iwial FiwJ
fhzgL.
jfhd
it
Mg IO vD b#k
ehL
mayh
fbgw
2
E = mc , vw rkgho _y
sf Ko.
E = btahd Mw m =
iw, C = x ntf.

mQitga M

nta

mQ bghU
mQ vgj My brh
Ml vgjhF. mj My
brh
mlhk
vw
nuf
brhUJ
tJsJ.
mlkh
vgj
bghU
fKoahjJ
vgjhF. #h lhl vw ma
mP TWgo mQf vgit
fKoahj fodkhd nfhsfshF.
t
mQbfhif
W
MLfF nkyhf vj thj
VWbfhsgl xwhf UjJ.

154

UD, 19M who KoY

20M who bjhlfY
eilbgw ouh, bArg
iyyh nfhghL gy mQit
ga ed mQ bfhifia
tiuaWf fhuzkhd.

gl 10.1. mQ csik

mQfS _yTWfS
10.1 ed mQbfhif

jkf mQf Inrhghf

vdgL.

ed mQbfhif wTWf

v.fh.

ff mQ vgJ ntid <LgL

fa JfshF.

Inrhnlhf

ff mQf sf Toait.

xj uh vif
ntWgl
mQ
vfis,
ntWgl iw vfis bfhl
btntW jkf mQf
Inrhnlhf vdgL .

ff xU jk midJ mQ
fS midJ gfY xUf
ntoa njitiy.

v.fh. Inrhnlhf ( 17Cl 35, 17Cl 37 )

ff btntW jkfis nrj
mQf y gf xUF.
v.fh. Inrhghf ( 18Ar 40, 20Ca 40 )

Ar40, 20Ca40

18

v.fh.

C13, 7N14

10.2 mnthbfnuh fj bfhif

ff xU
_yT
cs
mQf j KGikahdJ,
zfglJ MF. Mdh
mJ va jkhf Uf ntoa
mtaiy. v.fh. C 12H22O 11 Rnuh
ff xU jk mQfis kbwhU
jk mQfshf khW jk
khf Kiw khw Ko.
ff xU jk iwia, mj
Mwyhf khw Ko. J E = mc2
vw
IO
rkghogo
mikjjhF.
iw
mnlh mnthbfnuh vw jha
Ph (1766-1856) th gUkD
F, Jff vifF cs
bjhlig tUjt.

nkY mJbfhnth
Inrhnlhf
xj mQ vfis ntWgl
iw vfis bfhl xU
jk btntW mQf,
Inrhnlhf vdgL.
v.fh.

Cl35, 17Cl 37

17

Inrhghf
xj iw vfis ntWgl
mQ vfis bfhl btntW

mnthbfnuh
xnu btgiy, xnu mGj
bfhl rkgUkDs thf rkms
vif cs _yTWfis
bgUF.

155

myF-10

J E = Mw m =
c = xntf vgjhF.

10.2.1 mQfL v
xU jk xU _yT cs mQf vif mJnt,
mjk mQfL v MF.
mQfL v

xU _yT cs
mQf vif

XuQ _yTW

v.fh

a, ah, cnyhff

iAu# (H2), Fnsh (Cl2),

M# (O2)

_tQ _yTW

Xnrh ( O3)

gk mQ _yTW

>3

ghgu ( P4), rg ( S8)

<uQ _yTW

mQfL viz fhQ rkgho _y tUfyh.

_yTW iw
mQfL v =
mQ iw
rkghL xj mQ _yTWfSF kL bghUJ
_yT cs mQf vifia bghWJ cs tiw xuQ
_yTW, <uQ _yTW, _tQ _y TW kW gk mQ _y TW vd
tifgLjyh.
E j wid nrhJghf
m. Fnsh mQiw 35.5 mj _yTW iw 71 v mQfL v
vd?
M. Xnrh mQiw 16, _yTW iw 48 v mj mQfL v vd?

10.2.1 xU _yT vjid mQf csd? vgij flj.

mnthbfnuh gF.
mnthbfnuh _y, thf gUkUJ _yTWf
vif, _yTWf vif UJ thf gUkid
fzlyh.
N2

O2

2 NO

nta

ieu# + M#

ie Mi[L

xU gUk xU gUk U gUk

nkfl rkgho, mnthbfnuu ia gagLa wF
N2

O2

2 NO

xU _yTW xU _yTW U _yTW

UJ, 2 _yTW ie Mi[o, 2 ieu# mQfS 2 M#
mQfS Ugij mayh.
156

mQfS _yTWfS

uL ieu# mQfS, uL M# mQfS xU _yTW

ieu#UJ xU _yTW M#UJ tJsij czu Ko.
Mifah ieu#, M# Matiw <uQ _yTWf vnwh.
UJ ieu#id N2 vW M#id O2 vW vGjyh. j,
mnthbfnuh _y th jkf mQfL viz fzl
Ko.

10. 2. 2 xU th M mlF x _yTW iwF cs bjhl

x _yTW iw
x _yTW iw vgJ th myJ M cs xU _yT iwF,
xU iAu# mQ iwF cs j MF.
th myJ M XU _yTW iw
th x _yTW iw =
xU iAu# mQ iw
M ml
M ml vgJ khwh btgiy kW khwh mGj, Fl gUkDs
xU M myJ th iwF, mjF rkgUkDs iAu# iwF
cs jkhF.
M ml =

xU _yTW M myJ th iw
xU _yTW iAu# iw

mnthbfnuh FgLJ nghJ

M ml =

xU _yTW M myJ th iw
xU _yTW iAu# _yT iw

iAu# <uQ _yTW Mjyh

2x M ml =

xU _yTW M myJ th cs xU _yTW iw

2 x 1 iAu# mQ iw
xU _yTW M myJ th cs xU _yTW iw
1 iAu# mQ iw

2 x M ml = M myJ th x _yTW iw
(myJ)
2 x M ml = x _yTW iw

157

myF-10

M ml =

10.3.2 _yTW

10.2.3 mnthbfnuh gaf

xU jk myJ nrk
f va mik myF _yTW
MF. xW myJ mjF
nkgl mQf fhzgL. xU
jk _yTW mYs jkf
gfis bgUF. xU nrk

1. thf
mQfL
viz fzl cjwJ.
2. thnrkf
thghil
cjwJ.

_yTW
fzl

3. _yTW
iwF,
M
mlFKs
bjhlig
cUthFwJ.
4. STP
th
nkhyh
gUkid fzl cjwJ.
STP
th
nkhyh
gUk k = 22.4 l
(myJ) 22400 f.br.

gl. 10.2. _yTW

_yTW
mYs
gfis
bgUfhJ.

5. nfr ia bjthf
sFwJ.

xU _yTW jJ F
jikilaJ. J izfgl
mQ bjhFghF. mnj rka mQ
vgJ izwhj JfshF.

nkY mJbfhnth
nfr

cf MF

xj
btgiy
kW
mGj thf xnwhblhW
id
nghJ
idgL
bghU gUkD, idis
bghU gUkD va jij
bgUF.

fl
_yTWf
cs
mQfismtvifia
Muhf.
 ) ieu# M) ) mnkhah
m
<) fjf my

10.3 mQfS _yTWfS

gUbghUf
flikig
zF f Ea Jff
mQfS _yTWfS MF.

nta

10.3.1 mQ

xU jk mogilahd Jf
mQ vdgL. J jnjh myJ
nrnjh
fhzgL.
iAu#,
M#, ieu# Mat mQ
f jJ Ugiy. Mdh He,
Ne, Ar Kjyhdit jJ UF.
vyh
Mdit.

jkfS

mQfsh

158

10.3.3 mQF _yTWF

cs ntWghL.
mQ

_yTW

ntid
<LgL xU
jk
fa Jf
mQthF.

xU jk
myJ xU
nrk f
a Jf
_yTwhF.

mQ vgJ
izwh
Jf

_yTW vgJ
izw
Jf

mQ vgJ
jnjh,
nrnjh
fhzgL

_yTW
jJ
fhzgL.

mQfS _yTWfS
_yTWfis, xj mQ _yTW ntW mQ _yTW vd Utifahf
fyh.
1. xj mQ _yTW
_yTW Xnu jk mQfsh MdJ. mnef th jkf
tifia nrjd. rhwhf iAu# th uL iAu# mQf
csd. M# th, uL M# mQf csd. _yT
UF mQf vifia bghWJ XuQ _yTW, <uQ _yTW
_tQ _yTW vd gytifahf fyh.
2. ntW mQ _yTW
_yTWf btntW jkf mQf fhzgL. tiw
_yTWf UF mQ vifia bghWJ XuQ _yTW <uQ
_yTW _tQ _yTW vd gytifahf fyh. , mnkhah, nj
nghwit ntwQ _yTWfSF vLJ fhLfshF.
uh nkhyh gUkid fzl
uh nkhyh gUk =

uh nkhyh iw
th ml STP

M# uh nkhyh gUk =

M# uh nkhyh iw
M# th ml STP

= 32 / 1.429 = 22.4 l
~ uh nkhyh gUk = 22.4 l STP

10.4 x mQ iw
10. 4. 1 x mQiw (iAu# mQ iwia rhJ)
xU jk x mQ iw vgJ mjk X mQ iwF,
xU iAu# mQ iwF cs jkhF.
jk X mQ iw
XU jk x mQ iw =

xU iAu# mQ iw

xU jk x mQiw vgJ mjk X mQ iwF

fhg 12 mQ 1/12 ghf iwF cs jkhF.
xU jk x mQ iw =

jk x mQ iw
1/12 ghf fhg C12 mQ iw

159

myF-10

10.4.2 tiuaiw (fhg C12msnfh go)

xU jk x mQ iw vgJ j vgjh mjF myF iy.

xU jk mQ iw uh vw myfh FLnghJ mJ uh mQ
iw vdgL.
iAu# uh mQ iw
=
1 uh
fhg uh mQ iw

=
12 uh
ieu# uh mQ iw
=
14 uh
M# uh mQ iw
=
16 uh
nrhoa uh mQ iw
=
23 uh
mQiwahdJ mQiw myfh (m..m myJ amu) FfgLwJ.
xU mQ iw myF vgJ fhg xU mQ iw 1/12 ghf MF.

10.5.1 x _yTW iw
tiuaiw (iAu# msnfh go )
xU jk myJ xU nrk x _yTW iw vgJ xU jk myJ
xU nrk cs xU _yT iwF xU iAu# mQ iwFKs
jkhF.
x _yTW iw =

xU jk myJ nrk _yTW iw

xU iAu# mQ iw

10.5.2 x _yTW iw ( fhg msnfh go)

xU jk myJ xU nrk x _yTW iw vgJ xU jk myJ
xU nrk cs xU _yT iwF 1/12 ghf fhg-12 mQ
iwF cs jkhF.
fzL wid nrhfyhkh?
uh _yTW iwia fla

H2O = 2[H] + 1[0]

= [2x1+1x16] uh
uh _yTW iw= 18 uh
CO2 th uh _yTW iwia fla
[CO2]
= 1[C] + 2 (0)]
= [1x12 + 2 x16] uh
CO2 uh _yTW iw= 12 + 32 = 44uh

nta

10.6 nkh fUJ

xU ntid <LgL mQf vifia Fl nkh fUJ
mKfgLjglJ. xU nkh vgJ nta Kiwgo fzoF gagL
myF MF.

NA = 6.023X 1023
NA = mnthbfnuh v = 1 nkh

160

mQfS _yTWfS
vif 6.023 X 1023 ms mQf,
_yTWf
myJ
mafis
bfhl bghU msthF. bghU
xU uh _yTW iwna xU nkh
vdgL.

180uh M

18 uh

342 uh Rnuh

58.5 Nacl

v.fh. xU nkh M# mQf

vgJ 6.023 X 1023 M# mQfis
FF. 5 nkh M# mQf
vgJ 5 X 6.023 X 1023 M#
mQfis FF.

201 uh bkF
254 uh
mnaho

mnthbfnuh v. J xU nkh
bghU cs mQf myJ
_yTWf myJ maf tiw
FF vzhF.

55.9 uh U

gl. 10.3. nkh btntW totf

10.6.1 nkh tiuaiw

xU

nkh

vgJ

j k 6.023 X 1023.

mnthnfnuh

nkhf vifia fzl fhQ rkghLfis gagLjyh.

nkhf vif =

nkhf vif =

nkhf vif =

nkhf vif =

bghU iw
mQ iw
bghU iw
_yTW iw
mQf vif
6.023 x 1023
_y TWf vif
6.023 x 1023

10.6.2 nkh fzL

nt bghU iw bfhLfgL nghJ
nkhf vif =

161

iw
mQ iw

(m)

iw
_yTW iw

myF-10

cf ftdF nkh vw gjij gagLJnghJ mJ FgJ mQth,

_yTwh myJ maah vd bj brUf ntL.

m. nkhf vifia fzL.

1) 81 uh mYa, 2) 4.6 nrhoa, 3) 5.1 NH3, 4) 90 H2O, 5) 2 NaOH
bghU iw

nkhf vif =

mQ iw

= 81/27 = 3 nkh mYa

bjhlghf vs dhfSF nkhfis fzLf.
M. 0.5 nkh U iwia fzLf

jk iw =

mQ iw x nkhf vif

55.9 x 0.5 = 27.95

bjhlghf 2.5 nkh M# iwia fzL.

2. iw bfhLfglh _yTW vifia fzL Kiw
_yTW vif =

mnthnfnuh v x bghU iw
uh _yTW iw

m. 11 CO2 cs _yTWf vifia fzLf.

CO2 uh _yTW iw = 44
_yTW vif =

6.023 x 1023 x 11
44

= 1.51 x 1023 _yTW

bjhlghf: 360 FSnfh cs _yTWf vifia.
fzLf
3. _yTWf vif bfhLfglh jk iwia fzLtJ vgo.

nta

iw =

uh _yTW iw x _yTWf vif

6.023 x 1023

m. 18.069 x 1023 _yTWf bfhl SO2 iwia fzLf.

SO2 uh _yTW iw = 64

162

mQfS _yTWfS
64 x 18.069 x 1023

SO2 iw =

6.023 x 1023

= 192 uh

M. 2 x1024 _yTWfis bfhl FSnfh iwia fzLf

FSnfh uh nkhyh iw = 180 uh
FSnfh iw =

180 x 2 x 1024
6.023 x 1023

= 597.7,uh

4. _yTWf 3.0115 x 1023 _yTWf bfhl xU th nkhf

vifia fzLf.
_yTWf vif

nkhf vif =

6.023 x 1023
3.0115 x 1023

6.023 x 1023
0.5 nkh

M. 12.046 x 1022 mQf bfhl jhu cs nkhf vifia

fzLf.

=
=
bjhlf : 24.092 x 1022 _yTWf
bfhl nkhf vifia
fzLf

8
7
6

2
3

nkh

gl 10.4. nkh btntW totf

mQf vif
mnthnfnuh v
12.046 x 1022
6.023 x 1023
0.2 nkh

nkY mJbfhnth
nkhyh gUk: STP xU nkh
ththdJ
milJ
bfhS
gUknd nkhyh gUk vdgL. j
k 22.4 l.
22.4 l gUk cs vj xU
th 6.023x1023 _yTWfis
bgUF.
1) 162.4 FeCl3 , 2) 159.6 CuSO4 3) 27
Al, 4) 56 Fe, 5) 58.5 NaCl, 6) 32 S,
7) 12 C, 8) 200.6 Hg

163

myF-10

nkhf vif =

kL
m
1) Gs vLJfhLfUJ Inrhnlh, Inrhghfis milahs fhf.
Ar 40, 17Cl 35,

18

Ca 40 , 17Cl 37

20

2) ieu# _yTW iw 28. mj mQ iw 14. ieu# mQfL viz

fhf.
3) M# uh _yTW iw 32 mj ml 1.429/f.br. M# uh
_yTW gUkid flf.
4) Cl vgJ Fns mQit, Cl2 vgJ Fnsh_yTiw Fgit v
mQfSF, _yTWfF cs ntWghLfis mltizgLJf.
5) iAu# uh mQiw 1 . M# uh mQiw 16 v uh
_yTW iwia fzLf.
6) xU nkh mss vj ntbghUS 6.023 x 1023 Jffis bgUF 3.0115 x
10 Jff bfhl CO2 nkhf vifia fzLf.
23

M
7) xU mQit ga bjthd sfij mfToa ed mQbfhifahdJ
miy bfhif, iyyh nfhghL kW jnghija fLofis bfhL
cUthdjhF t _y ed mQbfhif nfhghLfis tf.
8) xU gUkM# iw, xU gUkiAu# iw ckF bfhLfgLss.
mnthbfnuh go _yTW iwF M mlF cs bjhlig tUf.
9) fltF nkhf vifia fzl.

m. 12.046 x 1023 mQfis bfhl jhu.

M. 27.95 U.

. 1.51 x 1023 _yTWfis bfhl CO2.

nkY ma

1. Frame work of Science - P

 addy Gannon, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi

nta

izajsf

http://www.kidastronomy.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html
http://www.khanacademy.org

164

nta

nt idf

myF

11

11. nt idf
mHfhd j cyf thG
vyh
cdfS,
jknf
cjhd thifKiwfis tFJ
itJsd. f xU ntayh
ghit cf mwhl thifia
cWneh MuhJ Ufsh?
nt idf ekJ clY, eik
R vbghGJ fJ bfhnl
Uwd.
vj xU khwij aa
myJ
nta
khw
vd
Utiffshf fyh. aa
khwf
v
fHToa
idfshF. Mdh, nt
khwfis

idfshFtJ
fod. J V? nt khwf
a bghUf cUthwd. tiw
L _ybghUfshf khw brtJ
fod. nt khwf aa
khwfisl iyahdit. vyh
nt khwfS nt idfSl
fwd.
xU
ntid,
fJsij
eh vgo ma KowJ? j
nffhd
ilF
y
braghLfis brJ ghfyh.

bra 11.1

nta

cfSila
mkh
rnfhj
a
bfhYid ghf.

gl 11.1. bt bfhYR
gsgsghd
btis
w
bfhYrhdJ bkJthf fUik wkhf
khWwJ. mjhtJ, bt bfhY
w kFwJ. jfhd fhuzij
f Kowjh?
J, bt, fh cs
iAu# rigL idJ bt
rigL (Ag2S) cUthjyh MF.

bra 11.2
fha ienu fiuriy xU
Kfit vLJ bfhs.
xU nrhjid FHh bghlha
mnahilL
fiuriy
vLJ
bfhs. ( uL fiurfS
wkwit.)
bghlha mnahilL fiuriy,
fha ienu fiurYl J
jhf nrf.

myJ
bt

bfhY wij ftf.

f vd fhf?

giHa bfhYR x wij cW

nehf.

x mlj kr w goit
fhf myth?

vd khwij fhf?

166

nt idf
bra 11.4
js fha fhgnd is
xU nrhjid FHh vLJ
bfhs.
j iAnuhFnsh myij
nrf.
nrhjid
FHh
khwfis ftf.

fG

fha
mnahilL

gl 11.2 fha mnahilo

kr w go

EiuJ
bghFj

J fha mnahilL (PbI2) MF.

5 uh Rl Rzhig xU
Kfit vLJ bfhs.
mjDl iu J jhf
nrf.
Kfitia bjhL ghf.
f vd czf?
Kfit btgkhf csJ myth?
vd fwJ vW ghfyh.
Rl Rzh Ul idJ
j
Rzhig
(fha
iAuhiril)
cUthFwJ.
J xU btg c id. j
id nghJ 'cZ' vw rjJl
Ff cUth mf ms btg
btlgLwJ.

EiuJ bghFj VgLtij

fhf myth? J fhgil-MirL th btnaWtjh
MF.
nkTait
vyhnk
xU
ntid bghJthf fhgit.
nkTa
braghLf
_y
ntidf iyahd xU khwij
cUth a is bghUfis
jUwd vgJ bjthwJ.
ntid
gFbgW
bghUfis
idgLbghUf
vW, mjdh cUthF bghUfis
idis
bghUf
vW
TWnwh.

167

myF-11

gl 11.3 j iAnuh Fnsh

myJl fha
fhgndo id

bra 11.3

nkY mJbfhnth
bra11.3- cUthd j
Rzh
btisaogjF
gagLwJ. fha iAuhirL
fh cs fhg -il-MirLl
bkJthf idJ Rt bka
glykhf fha fhgndil
cUthFwJ. btis moj 2
myJ 3 eh fha fhgnd
cUthtjh Rtf gsgsghf
fhzgLwd. ryit f
nt thghL CaCO3 vgJ xU
jft.

(v
bka
ffisL rW
oJbfhs.)

ehlhit
bjhiy

rhgiy nrff.

bka
ehlh

11.1. nt idf tiff

nt idf Vuhskhf Ugjh
mtiw
tifgLJtj
_y
mtiw
g
v
mJ
bfhsyh. idis bghU
cUtht
tia
bghUJ
ntidfis MW bgU fshf
fyh.
ntidf
btntW
tiffis g nH fhngh.
1. TLif id

A, B l idJ AB vw
a bghUis cUthF id,
TLif idia vjhf FF.

nta

bra 11.5

gl 11.4 bka ehlhit vj

nkTa bragho bka
M#Dl
nrJ
bka
MirL vw xU idis
bghUis cUthFwJ. thW
uL
myJ
mjF
nkgl
idgLbghUf
nrJ
xU
idis
bghUis
cUthF
idia TLif id vnwh.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
braghL 11.3- TwgLsij
Ug brJ ghf. J TLif
idF
X vLJfhL MF.
jFa rkghil vGj.

TLj idfhd
vLJfhLf

xU a bka ehlh Jil

vLJ bfhs.

nkY

yf vj

 x Ldh ehlhit oJ
bfhs.

C + O 2 CO2

iAu# vj

fh Kiy bka

ehlhit r Rl vf.

2H2 + O2 2H2O

168

nt idf
2. ijWj id

AB vw bghU, A kW B vd uL
bghUfshf ntidia
ijWj id vnwh.

bra 11.6
2 uh jhu fhgnd is xU
cyj nrhjid FHh vLJ
bfhs.
jhu fhgndo wij
ftf.
nrhjidFHhia
Rl
NLgLj.
NLgLJnghJ
fG
khwfis ftf.

brgG
w
th (NO2)
btnaWtij fhzyh. J fha
ienu ijtilJ fha MirL,
ieu# - il- MirL kW
M# cUthtjh MF.

2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

nkTa braf (bra11.6
kW 11.7) _y xU nrk, uL
myJ mjF nkgl bghUfshf
wJ
vgij
maKowJ.
jifa idia ijWj id
vnwh.
ntW y vLJfhLf
1. Rzh f ijWj

CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2
2. mnkha ilFnuhnk ijWj

(NH4)2Cr2O7
Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O

jhu
fhgnd

nkY mJbfhnth

jhu (II)
MirL

f
mf
btgiy
mnkha-il-Fnuhnk
cldoahf ijW, uhl
gir w th cUthwJ. X vkiy
btogij ngh njhwkgjh
J nt vkiy vdgLwJ.

gl 11.5 jhu fhgnd cs

nrhjid FHhia NLgLJj

3. l bga id

bra 11.7
xU nrhjidFHh J fha
ienuil vLJ bfhs.
mij Rl NLgLj.
fG khwfis ftf.

A C

A-F,
BC-F
ilna
VgL id A, BC-UJ
B-I lbga brJ AC-ia
cUthFwJ. A, B-ia fhoY,
mf id w cilaJ
vgij J fhLwJ.

169

myF-11

gir w fUik wkhf khWtij

fhf. J jhu fhgnd,
jhu(II)Mirlhf
ijWtjh
fwJ.

( CuCO3 CuO + CO2)

kbwhU vLJfhL:

bra 11.8
xU Kfit 20 jhu rng
fiuriy vLJ bfhs.
X U Mia Kfit
nghl.
y eh mgona L itf.
jhu rng fiur kW U
M t wij ftf.

jhu
rng
fiur

jhu

xU idw f jk
idw
Fiwj
jkij
mj nrkUJ lbga
br idia lbga id
vnwh.

bgu
rng
fiur

4. uil ij id (uil
lbga id)

gl 11.6 U, jhu rng fiur

UJ jhuij lbga brj
yw jhu rngfiur, gir
wkhf khWwJ, kW MahdJ
gG wkhf khWwJ. J xU
Fljf khwkyth? j
khw U jhuijl idw
fJ vgij %wJ, j
bragho Gs id fwJ.

nta

Pb + CuCl2 PbCl2 + Cu
fha, jhuij mj c
fiurfUJ lbga bra
ToaJ.
jhu
Jjehfijnah,
fhaijnah
mt
fiur
fUJ lbga bra Kokh?
KoahJ. Vbd, Jjehf kW
fha tiw fhoY jhu
Fiwj idw bfhlJ.

Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
j id U, jhu rng
fiur UJ jhuij lbga
brwJ. U MF gyhf
Jjehf jL bfhL bra 11.8
-I brJ ghf. Jjehf jL
kW jhu rng fiur wkhw
vd? jFa rkghil vGj.

A B

C D

A D

C B

AB kW CD tWilna VgL
id uL idgLbghUfS
ijW AD kW CB vw idis
bghUfis maf lkhwjh
jUwd.

bra 11.9
5 nrhoa rng fiuriy
xU nrhjidFHh vLJ
bfhs.

nga
rng
gl 11.7 nga rng cUthj

170

nt idf
kbwhU nrhjid FHh 5
nga FnshiuL fiuriy
vLJ bfhs.
uL fiurfis nrf.
vd ftij fhf?

fiuahj
btis
w
bghU BaSO4 nrhjid FHh
cUthtij fhzyh. fiuahj
j bghUSF go vW bga.
vj id goit cUthFwnjh
mjF gothf id vW bga.
btis w go cUthtJ SO42kW Ba2+maf lkhwjh
fwJ. cUthF kbwhU Jiz
bghU nrhoa FnshiuL MF.
F nrhoa FnshiuL vD
kbwhU bghU cUthwJ.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
bra 11.2 TwgLsij
Ug brJ ghf. J uil
ij idF X vLJfhL
MF. jFa rkghil vGj.

cznth nuh yhk Tl gy

eh thH Ko. Mdh, M#
yhk xU ehTl cthH KoahJ.
e mwhl th Jf w
kFj, rika vth, wF kW
yf vj, U rhkhf
JUoj
Kja
ffis
fhnwh. j vyh ffS
M#ndw - xLf vw Fl
nt
idfshnyna
elwd.
bjhrhiyf eilbgW R
kW mYa nghw cnyhffis
bjLj Mait M#ndw
xLf idf mogilnyna
fwd.
M#ndw
xU
ntid
M#
nrfgLjnyh
iAu#
f
gLjnyh vyuhf fgLjnyh
fGnghJ mj id M#ndw
vdgLwJ.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
(M# nrfgLwJ )
H2S + Br2 2HBr + S
(iAu# fgLwJ )
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e(vyuh fgLwJ )

kbwhU vLJfhL :
CuSO4 + H2S CuS + H2SO4

xLf
xU nt id iAu#
nrfgLjnyh
M#
f
gLjnyh
vyuh
VfgLjnyh
fGnghJ mj id xLf
vdgLwJ.
2Na + H2 2NaH
(iAu# nrfgLwJ )
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
( M# fgLwJ )
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+
( vyuh nrfgLwJ )

5. M#ndw kW xLf
eh cthH njitahd f
Kakhd jk M# vgJ
eh vyhU mj xW. xU kj

171

myF-11

uL
idgLbghUf
mafSilna lkhw fJ
ntW uL idisbghUfis
jU idfis uil lbga
id vnwh.

M#ndw - xLf idf

M#ndwK, xLfK xnu rka fHToa idia M#ndw
- xLf id vnwh.
Zn + CuSO4 Cu + ZnSO4
ntW VjhtJ X M#ndw xLf idfhd rkghil vGj.

xLf

jhu (II)
Mi[L
jhu

M#ndw
gl 11.8 M#ndw xLfid
jhu (II) Mi[L, jhukhf khW id jhu (II) Mi[L M#id
Hgjh
xLfkilwJ.
nf,
iAu#
M#id
Vgjh
M#ndwkilwJ. mjhtJ, xU idbghU M#ndwkilwJ kwJ
xLfkilwJ. vdnt, khahd idf M#ndw xLf idf
vdgLwd.

nta

nkY mJbfhnth

M#ndw
vgJ
M#id Vw
iAu#id
Fj
vyuhid(fis)
Hj

M#ndw eh rhL cz
bghUfY X vkiw isit
clhFwJ. bfhG kW
vbz cs cz bghUfis
mf neu itUFnghJ mit
bfL Lwd. it bfl
Ritia Jehwij jUwd.
J Fghf nfhil fhy
j, kW btbz Mat
fhzgLwd. vbz kW
bfhGf
M#ndwkilJ
JehwKs bghUfshf khWwd.

xLf
vgJ
M#id
Fj
iAu#id Vw
vyuhid(fis)
Vw

M#ndwK, xLfK nrnj

ftjh, j id M#ndw
xLf id vd miHfgLwJ.

172

nt idf
kW

btg

[A] - idbghU A - br

ntidfnghJ
bghJthf
fG xU khw btg khw
MF. Jfis JitgjF
ikahia
(ryitbghUf)

fiuFnghJ
btg
btnaWwJ. Fqnfhi[ e
eh
itFnghJ
byw
cz
clhwJ.
j
ff
RWwUJ
btg
btnaWjyhnyh
cbfhsgLjyhnyh
fwJ.
Jnghynt gy nt idf btg
btnaWjnyh
cbfhsgLjnyh
fwJ.

[B] - idisbghU B - br
v (-) FpL neuij bghUJ A
- br Fiwtij, ne(+) FpL
neuijbghUJ B - br
mfgij fhLwJ.

11.2.1. ntidfntfij
ghF fhuf
1. idbghUf a

bra 11.10
A kW B vw uL nrhjid
FHhf bka ehlhit
vLJbfhs.

m. btg c idf

nrhjidFHh
A-
j
iAnuh Fnsh myij
nrf.

btg Mw btnaWjYl fG
idfis btg c idf
vnwh.

nrhjidFHh B-
myij nrf.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + btg

vj idfS btg c
idf MF. j idf
fGnghJ btg btnawgLwJ.
M. btgbfh idf

btgij VW fG idfis
btgbfh idf vnwh.
2NH3 + btg N2 + 3H2

11.2. ntid ntf

X myF neu idgLbghUf
myJ idis bghUf t
VjhtJ x br VgL khw
idntf vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
AB

U nrhjidFHhfY VgL
khwfis ftf.
iAnuhFnsh my kW
mo my uoY bka
id jhY mo myij
l
iAnuhFnsh
my
ntfkhf id ftij fhzyh.
Vbd, iAnuhFnsh my
mo myijl idw
fJ. J idgLbghU a
idntfij ghwJ vgij
fhLwJ.
2 . idgLbghUf br.

bra 11.11

j id ntfij Gs
thW Flyh.

idntf =

mo

3 uh Jjehf Jffis
jjahf A kW B vw
nrhjidFHhf
vLJ
bfhs.

d[A]
d[B]
------- = + ------dt
dt

173

myF-11

6. btg
c
bfhidf

iuthf idtij
vd fhuz?

nrhjidFHh A 5 1M
iAnuhFnsh
myij
nrf.

shfgl fha fhgndo

nkgu mfs Ugjh id
ntfkhf fwJ. J nkgu
mfFnghJ
idntf
mfgij fhLwJ.

nrhjidFHh B 5 2M
iAnuhFnsh
myij
nrf.
t
VgL
ftf.

fhzyh.

khwfis

4. btgiy

bra 11.13
Jjehf
Jff
1M
iAnuhFnsh my kW 2M
iAnuhFnsh my tWl
id wJ. Mdh, nrhjid
FHh B btnaW iAu#
th ms nrhjidFHh A
btnaWtijl mfkhf Ugij
fhz KowJ.
Vbd, 2M
iAnuhFnsh my br 1M
iAnuhFnsh my brit
l mf. J idgLbghUf
br mfFnghJ idntf
mfgij fhLwJ.
3. idgLbghUf nkgu

bra 11.12
shfgl fha fhgndil
(ryitf) Kfit- A vLJ
bfhs.

nta

ryitf JLfis (fha

fhgnd) Kfit - B vLJ
bfhs.

3 uh ryit f JLfis xU
Kfit vLJ bfhs.
5 1M iAnuhFnsh
myij nrf.
fG khwfis ftf.
Kfitia NLgLj.
fG khwfis ftf.
miw btgiy ryitf
JLfYs fha fhgnd
iAnuhFnsh
myJl
id bkJthf eilbgW
Fiwj idntf fhg -ilMi[il btnaWwJ. Mdh,
NLgLJnghJ fhg- il-Mi[L
mf
ntfJl
btnaWtij
fhzyh. J btgiy caUnghJ
idntfK
catij
fhLwJ.
5. id

uL KfitfY (A kW
B) iAnuhFnsh myij
nrf.

bra 11.14

xU
nrhjidFHh
bghlha Fnshnuil vLJ
bfhs.

fG khwfis ftf.

nrhjid FHhia NLgLj.

ryitf
shfgl

JLfisl
fha
fhgnd

174

vd
fwJ
ftf.

vgij

nt idf
khfR
il
Mi[il
idahf nrf.

: J vjdh
bjkh?

fG khwfis ftf.

: ijg vdF vJ bjahJ.

bghlha
Fnshnuil
NLgLJnghJ
M#
f
Fiwthd ntf btnaWwJ.
Mdh,
khfR-il-Mi[il
idbghUSl nrj wF M#
btnaW
ntf
mfwJ.
J
khfR
ilMi[L
xU
idahf
bragL
id
ntf mfgij fhLwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
j
iy
iw
kW
jhrhu
t
vjj
iyahd
khwK
milahk
id ntfij khW bghUis
id vd miHnwh.

vW

cdF

: vYr gH my Ugjh
mJ ghf csJ. ij g
nkY eh bjJ bfhnth.
myf, fhuf, cf e
mwhl
th
gagLwd.
gHrhWf, ikahf (ryit
bghUf), kUJf e mwhl
th Ka gF twd. e
cl tsij khw, e t
RuF iAnuhFnsh my
_ykhfnt eilbgWwJ.

11.3. myf
fiu bghGJ H+mafisnah
H3O+ mafisnah jU bghUfis
myf vnwh. myf xW
myJ mjF nkgl lbga
brajf iAu# mQfis
bfhlit.

FG bra
fhiy Kj khiy tiu cfis
R fG gJ nt khwfis
ftJ mtiw tifgLj.
m nkha-il-Fnuhnkil
gagL nt vkiyia
jah bra. ( wkhd vkiy)
rika nrhlhit gagL
nt vkiyia jah bra.
(mikahd vkiy ).

myf, fhuf, cf
: vd f fisghf
bjwh? j vYr
gHrhiw gUfyhnk.
gl 11.9 myf y k jhis
tghf khWj

: ntlh, J f ghf
UF.
175

myF-11

y
k
jh

M vw Mybrh ml
vw
y
bkhUJ
bgwglJ. ml vw y
bkhUJ bgwgl M vw
My brhYF Rit vgJ
bghU.
Ritia
bfhl
vYr rhW, fho kW uhir
rhW Kjad myjik cilait.
it y k jhis tghf
khWwd. myJl dhj
nrFnghJ wkwjhf, bk
MuR nrFnghJ st
wkhf csd. bgUghyhd fk
myf
aifahfnt
cz
bghUf csd.
_yf

UfToa
myf

11.3.1. myf tiff

1. _yf mogil myf
myf fk myf kW
fk myf vd U tifahf
fgLwd.
fk myf
jhtuf
kW
yFf
(cdf)
fhzgL
myfis
fk
myf
vnwh. v.fh. HCOOH, CH3COOH
(tik Fiwj myf)
fk myf
ghiwf kW fk bghUf
UJ bgwgL myfis fk
myf vnwh. v.fh HCl, HNO3,
H2SO4 (tikF myf)
2. fhuJt mogil myf

kh my

vYir

my

uhir

lhlh my

jfh

M[h my

J fiur xU _yTW
myF xU iAu#maia
jUwJ. v.fh. HCl, HNO3

fho

mo my

U fhuJt my

yho my

it fiur xU _yTW
myF U iAu#mafis
jUwd. v.fh. H2SO4, H2CO3

xU fhuJt my

nta

nkY mJbfhnth
myfSF
fhuJt
vw gjij gagLJnwh.
fhuJt vgJ xU _yTW
my
cs
lbga
braToa iAu# mQf
vifia
FgjhF.
v.fh. mo my ehF
iAu# mQf UjhY
xnu xU iAu#id kLnk
lbga bra Ko. vdnt,
J xU fhuJtKilaJ.

t cs my vJ?

176

nt idf
KfhuJt my

11.3.2.myfntgf

it fiur xU _yTW
myF
_W
iAu#
mafis jUwd. v.fh. H3PO4

1. cnyhffSl my id

bra 11.15
5 uh Jjehf Jffis nrhjid
FHh vLJ bfhs.

3. maW mogil myf

maW mogil myfis
U tifahf fyh.
tikF myf

xU d tahf 10 j
iAnuhFnsh
myij
nrf.

it

KGtJkhf
maWwd. v.fh HCl

myij Jjehf JfSl

nrFnghJ vd fhf?

tik Fiwj myf

it

gFasnt
maWwd. v.fh CH3COOH

iAu# th

4. br mogil myf

j
HCl

fiuJs
myf
rjjij bfhL myf br
F myf kW j myf
vd U tifahf fgLwd.

Jjehf Jf

gl 11.10 Jjehf Jff j

iAnuhFnsh myJl id

brF myf

j myf
it myf rjjij
Fiwj ms bfhLsd.

nkY mJbfhnth
brF myij F
nghJ ftdkhf braglntL.
vbghGJnk myij D J
jhf nrJ fy bfhnl
UfntL. thW brahk
br Fj myD iu
nrjh mf ms btg
btna my btna bjJ
cl fhaid VgLJ.

Jjehf
Jff
j
iAnuhFnsh myJl id
J
Jjehf
Fnshiuil,
iAu#
thit
jUtij
mayh.

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
nrhjidFHh mU X v
bkGFtia bfhL brYnghJ
mJ `gh' vw xl mizwJ.
j nrhjidUJ cnyhf j
myfSl idJ iAu#
th btnaWtij cW brwJ.
cnyhf + my c + iAu#
kWbkhU v.fh
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2

177

myF-11

it myf rjjij
mf ms bfhLsd.

nrh
fiur

nkY mJbfhnth

vd fwJ?

vyh cnyhffS j
myfSl
idJ
iAu#id btnaWtiy.
v.fh Cu, Ag.

uL
nrhjidFHhf
UJ
bttU
thit
bjj Rzh brY
cDila fljiy (fig)
g bra.

Rzhf,
Rzfo,
ryitf Mad fha
fhgndo gntW aa
cUtfshF. J myfSl
idJ c, kW
fhg-il-MirL thit
jUwJ.

nrhjidFHh I
Na2CO3 + 2 HCl 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2

2. cnyhf fhgndLf kW cnyhf

igfhgndLf
myfSl
id

bra 11.16
I kW II vw milahsl
U
nrhjidFHhfis
vLJbfhs.

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2

bttU
fhg-il-MirL
thit bjj Rzh D
brYJnghJ mJ ghnghy khWwJ
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

(ghnghy)
nkny Fl braghoid nH
csthW Flyh.

nrhjidFHh I- js
ryit
nrhlhit
(Na2CO3)
nrhjidFHh II- js
rika nrhlhit (NaHCO3)
vLJbfhs.

cnyhf fhgnd
myJ + my
cnyhf igfhgnd

uL
nrhjidFHhfY
j iAnuh Fnsh myij
nrf.

c
+

+
fhg- ilMirL

ntW y vLJfhLf :
MgCO3 + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2O + CO2

Rzh

Mg(HCO3) 2 + 2 HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O + 2CO2

nkY mJbfhnth

j
HCl

nta

nrhjidFHh II

cnyhf fhgndLf myJ

cnyhfigfhgndLf fhujik
bgUgjh, myJl id
J
fhg-il-Miril
btna
cig
iu
jUwd.

ryit
nrhlh

gl 11.11 fhg-il-Mi[L
thitR nrhjid brj

178

nt idf
3. cnyhf MirLfSl myf
id

bra 11.17
2 uh jhu (II) Miril xU
fzho wf vLJbfhL
mjDl j iAnuhFnsh
myij bkJthf nrf.
c wij ftf.
jhu (II)
khaJ?

MirL

vdthf

4. Ul myf id :
X my Ul nrJ iAu#
mafis jUwwd.
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl

iAu#
maf
jJ
fhzgLtJ iy. it Ul
nrJ iAnuha(H3O+) mafshf
csd. yhjnghJ my
cs iAu# maia jahf
f KoahJ.

11.3.3. myf gaf

1. fjf my (ntbghUf
mur) fh fyf kW gy
nrkfis jahg gagLwJ.
j HCl

2. ie my trha cukhf

gagL mnkha ienu vw
nrkij jahf gagLwJ.

gl11.12 j iAnuhFnsh
myJl jhu (II) Miro
id

3. ftiwfis
ikgLJ
bghUshf iAnuhFnsh my
gagLwJ.

CuO

CuCl2

4. lhlh
mykhdJ
buho
nrhlh xU gF bghUshF.
5. bgrh my c(nrhoa
bgnrhna)
czbghUfis
gjgLj gagLwJ.
6. fhW
milfgl
ghdf
fhgh my gagLwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
btnfh tkly
mlj btis kW kr
wKs fjf myjh cUthd
nkf fhzgLwJ. uf
cdf
cthH
Kokh?
f.

nkny Ta braghogo :
cnyhf MirL + my c +
vw KoF tuyh.
kbwhU v.fh.
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
179

myF-11

fW w jhu (II) MirlhdJ

girw jhu (II) Fnshiulhf
khWwJ.
cnyhf
MirLf
fhujik
bgUgjh
myfSl idJ cig
iu jUwd.
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O

11.4. fhuf

tik Fiwj fhuf:

fiuJ
iAuhirL
mafis
jUgit
fhuf
vdgLwd.
fhuf
fr
Ritia nrhnghw tGtG
jikia
bfhLsd.
v.fh.
ryitnrhlh, vnrhlh, vbghlhZ.
it t k jhis ykhf
khWwd. it dhjDl
st
wij,
bk
MuRl kr wij jUwd.

it

gFasnt
maWwd. v.fh. NH4OH, Ca(OH)2

t
k jh

2. myJt mogil fhuf:

X myJt fhu:
it maW xU _yTW
fhuF xU iAuhirL maia
jUgit. v.fh NaOH, KOH
< myJt fhu:
it

maW
xU
_yTW
fhuF
U
iAuhirL mafis jUgit.
v.fh Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2
_W myJt fhu:
it

maW
xU
_yTW
fhuF
_W
iAuhirL mafis jUgit
v.fh Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3.

nkY mJbfhnth
myJt vgJ xU fhu
xU _yT cs lbga
braToa iAuh bjhF
f vif MF.
3. br mogil fhuf:

fiuJs
fhuf
rjjij bfhL fhuf br
F fhuf kW j fhuf vd
U tifgL.

nta

gl 11.13 fhuf t k jhis

ykhf khWj

brF fhuf:

11.4.1. fhuf tiff

it fhuf rjjij
mf ms bfhLsd.

1. maahj mogil fhuf :

j fhuf :

tF fhuf :
it

KGtJkhf
maWwd. v.fh. NaOH, KOH.

180

it fhuf rjjij
Fiwj ms bfhLsd.

nt idf

11.4.2. fhuf ntgf

1. cnyhffSl fhu id:
Jjehf, nrhoa iAuhirLl
idJ
iAu#
thit
btL
nrhoa
nfil
jUwJ.
Zn + 2 NaOH Na2 ZnO2 + H2
cnyhf + fhu c + iAu#
kbwhU vLJfhL:

NaOH
fiur
+
dhj
+
HCl fiur
gl11.14 nrhoa iAuhirL j
iAnuhFnsh myJl id
NaOH
fiur

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2

2. mnyhf MirLf fhuJl id:

2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O

nkny Ta id_y mJ
bfhtJ :
fhu + mnyhf MirL c +
kbwhU v.fh.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
3. Ul fhuf id:
fiuFnghJ fhuf
iAuhirL
(OH-)
maia
jUwd.
NaOH Na+ + OH4. fhuf myfSl id:

bra 11.18
uh
xU
TFLit
20 0.1 N nrhoa iAuhirL
fiuriy vLJbfhL m
y J dhjid nrwh.
mt vd wij fhwh?
mnj T FLitD 20,
0.1 N iAnuhFnsh myij
JJahf nrwh.
mt
VjhtJ
wkhwij
fhwhsh?

nkny fl bra xU fhu

jikia my Ftij uh
fhwh.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
nkny
Fl
myF,
fhuF ilna VgL idia
eLiyahf id vnwh
fhu + my c +

11.4. fhuf gaf

1. nrhoa
iAuhirL
nrh
jahf gagLwJ.
2. fha
iAuhirL
fll
fSF btisaogjF gagLwJ.
3. bka iAuhirlhdJ tW
nehfSF kUjhf gagLwJ.
4. mnkha
iAuhirL
Jf cs vbz fiw
kW Rid f gagLwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
vyh
cnyhffS
nrhoa
iAuhirLl
idtJ
iy. v.fh. Cu, Ag, Cr.

181

myF-11

nrhoa iAuhirL, fhgil-MirLl idJ nrhoa

fhgndil iu jUwJ.

NaOH
fiur
+
dhj

11.5. myf, fhufis flj

bra 11.19
vYir rhW, ryitnrhlh fiur, nrh fiur kW Fghdf
Matiw nrfJ itJbfhf.
nkTa fiurf xbthY 2 ms xU nrhjidFHh
vLJbfhL kjh myJ wfhoia bfhL nrhjid bra.
t k, y k, dhj kW bk MuR tWl VgL w
khwfis ftf.
f fhgij mltizgLj.

kh
fiur

t
k

y
k

dhj

bk
MuR

vYir
rhW
ryit
nrhlh
fiur
nrh
fiur
F
ghdf
njnghw braghil cdJ Ma JizbfhL j
iAnuhFnsh my, j r~ my, nrhoa iAuhirL fiur
kW bghlha iAuhirL fiur Matiw bfhL brJ ghf.
wfho

my fhzgL w

fhu fhzgL w

dh~j

wkwJ

st

bk MuR

MuR

kr

nta

11.6 pH msL
xU fiur my myJ fhu tikia, mfiur iAu#
maf br mogil msLjny pH msL vdgLwJ. pH
kf, xU fiur jik mykh, fhukh eLiyah vgjid khwJ.
S.P.L.rhur vgt j pH msil mKfgLdh.
pH- kig GsthW fzlyh.

182

nt idf
pH = -log10 [H+]

pH = log10 [H+]

eLiy fiur [H+] = 107M; pH = 7

pH = log10 (1.0 x 10-9 )

my fiur [H+] > 107M ; pH < 7

OH- mafis fU bfhlh

pOH
fzil
GsthW
Flyh.

pH = (log101.0 + log1010-9 ) [ log10 1 = 0]

[H+] < 107M pH > 7

pOH = -log10 [OH ]

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
pOH

pH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

m) myjik mfwJ
M) fhujik mfwJ
) eLiy
fzLf
1. xU fiur iAu# ma
br 0.001M v, mfiur pH
kig fLof.

pH = log10 [H+]

= (09 log10 10)

pH = (0 9) = 9
pH = 9

pH- k 7I l mfkhf
Ugjh fiur fhujik cilaJ.
3. xUfiuriAuhirLma
br 0.001M. v, fiur pH
kig fLof.

pOH = log10[OH]
pOH = log10 (103)
pOH = 3
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 pOH
pH = 14 pOH
pH = 14 3 = 11
4. x
 U
fiur
iAuhirL
ma br 1.0 x 10-9 M.
v, fiur
pH kig
fLof.

pOH = -log10[OH]

pH = log10 (0.001)
pH = log10 (10 3)

pOH = log10 (1.0 x 10-9)

pOH = 9
pH = 14 pOH

= (3) log10 10

pH = 14 9 = 5

pH = 3
2. xU fiur iAu# ma
br 1.0 x 10-9 M fiur pH
kig
fLof.
cdJ
ilUJ fiur mykh, fhukh,
eLiyah vgij Tw.

11.6.1. pH jh
g
Mtff
pH
jh
bfhL
pH
fzlgL
Kiw
gagLjgLwJ.
J
wfhof fyitahF. j
_y vyh pH kfis, mJ

183

myF-11

fhu fiur

fhL btntW wfis bfhL mayh. btntW fiurf pH-

k nH cs mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.

11.9. pH jh bfhL pH kig mj

fiur

pH- njhuha k
2.2 2.4

vYir rhW

4.1

jfh rhW
fh

4.4 5.5

kj c

6.5 7.5
12.0

o gagLJ mnkhah

gl 11.15 pH jh

bra 11.20
v
 Yir rhW, MuRgH rhW,1M NaOH,1M HCl, a kW fho
tiw vLJbfhs
pH jh xU Kidia j fiur EiHf.
VgL khwfis ftf.

nta

t. v

kh fiur

1.

vYir rhW

2.

MuRgHrhW

3.

1M NaOH

4.

1M HCl

5.

6.

fho

pH jh
w

pH-
njhuha k

fiur
jik

[H+] = 1 x 10-7 ; pH = 7

pH = log10 [H+]
1
pH = log10
H+
[H+] = 10- pH

[H+] = 1 x 10-2 ; pH = 2
[H+] = 1 x 10-14 ; pH = 14

184

nt idf

1. kj cl pH

pH- kig bfhL

kj
cley
ffgLwJ. pH- k
6.9 MFnghJ kj cl F,
Uk kW q t
jhfF MshwJ. kj
cl pH 5.5Mf UFnghJ
Wneh cUthF brf
cl njh
cthH
VJthwJ.
xU
cleyf
kj
clYs njh pH 4.5
UJ 6 Mf UF. ey
cl wij bgWtjF
Fl pH k njit.
e t RuF ut
pH k ljl 2 MF.
J czit brkhd bra
cjwJ.
kj uj pH 7.35UJ
7.45Mf UF. j msitl
Tlnth, Fiwthfnth Ujh
nehf cUthwd. uj
pH k 7.4 MF.
c
pH
rhjuhzkhf
6.5UJ 7.5F UF.
e gfYs vdhk vD
btisglykhdJ
e
clnyna
f
fodkhd
gFahF. J fha ghng
vw
nrkdhyhdJ.
J
fiutiy. c pH
5.5-F
nH
FiwnghJ
j vdhk mfgLwJ.
gfis RjgLj gagL
ggirf bghJthf fhujik
bgUgjh, mit mfgoahd
myij
eLiyah

gijit jLwd.

2) k pH
trha k pH f
KakhdjhF.
u
gHf
fhujikila kY, m
myjik bfhl kY,
fU eLiy jik bfhl
kY mfkhf iswd.

3) kiH pH
kiH pH ljl 7 MF
J kiH ikia, eLiy
jikia fhLwJ. Mdh SO2,
NO2 nghw thfdh khRgLnghJ
j pH k 7I l FiwJ
mykiH cUthwJ.

11.7. c
c
vwhny
tWtf
nrfgL xU btikahd nrk
cf idF tuyh. Mdh,
mJ rhjhuz c vdgL X c
MF. nkY, gy cf gy tiff
gagLwd.
myfSF fhufSFilna
fG eLiyahF id_y
ilF isbghUfns cfshF
(myf,fhuft
idfis ghf.) cf
fiuJ ne kW v mafis
cUthFwd.

11.7.1 cf tiff
1. rhjhuz cf:

x my kW fhu t
KGikahd
eLiyahfnghJ
rhjhuz c ilwJ.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
2. my cf:
it cnyhfkhdJ myYs
iAu# mQf gFasit

185

myF-11

11.6.2. mwhl th pH-

KaJt

btnaWtjh cUthwd. gy
fhuJt myij xU fhudh gF
ms eLiyah bgwgLwd.
NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + H2O
3. fhu cf:
it U myJt myJ
_W
myJt
fhufYs
iAuhirL
mafis
X
myjh gFas btnaw brJ
bgwgLwd.
xU fhu c, nkY myJl
nrJ rhjhuz cig cUthFwJ.
Pb(OH)2 + HCl Pb(OH)Cl + H2O
U myJt fhu c
fhu

4. uil cf:
rkkhd
_yTW
vilj
msf uL va cf
iww
fiurfis
nrJ
gofkhFnghJ
uil
cf
cUthwd.

2. J my cs xU
gFbghU.
j
fiur
fhujik
bgUgjh
tYs
mfgoahd
myij eLiyahFwJ.
ryit (CaOCl2)
1. J FoYs ghOahfis
mf gagLwJ.
2. J gU kW d Jfis
btSf gagLwJ.
gh rhJ(CaSO4.H2O)
J Kj vYfis xlitf
kW iyfSfhd thfis
bra gagLwJ.
FG braghL
fl
jahf.

cfis

1. rhjhuz c
2. bghlhZ gofhu

v.fh. bghlhZ gofhu

11.7.2. cf gaf
rhjhuz c ( NaCl)
J e mwhl czY, czit
ghJfhgY gagLwJ.
ryitnrhlh( Na2CO3)
1. J fod iu bkuhf khw
gagLwJ.

nta

nrj fyitahF. J nf kW
buhofis bkikahf khWwJ.

2. J
Lf
RjgLJ
bghUshf gagLwJ.
rika nrhlh (NaHCO3)
J buhonrhlh jahf
gagLwJ. buhonrhlh vgJ
rika nrhlh lhlh myK

186

Mtf

nt idf

kL
gF m
1. Zn +2 HCl ZnCl2+ H2
nkTa id vj tif idia rhjJ?.
m) TLif id

M) uil lbga id

) lbga id <) ijWj id

2. brgG wKs X vw jkij fhWl btggLJnghJ Y vw
fW w nrkij jUwJ. X kW Y vgJ ________ (Cu, CuO / Pb, PbO).
3. xU khzt pH jhis bfhL a pHI nrhjh. pH jh gir
wij fhoaJ. vYr gH rhiw D l fhj ________ wkhf
khaJ (gir / t/ kr).
4. nt vkiy vgJ
(TLif id / ijWj id)
5. by ienu goffis mf ms btggLJbghGJ mJ ________
thit bfhLwJ kW mj th w ________.
6. t ienu kW nrhoa FnshiuL fiurfis fyFnghJ
________ go cldoahf ilwJ. (btis / kr)
7. mYa rng fiurYs mYa cnyhfij Jjehf lbga
brwJ. (Jjehf mYaijl idw fJ / mYa
Jjehfijl idw fJ.)
8. gijit jLf eh ehS g Jyf ntL. bghJthf gagLjgL
ggir ________ jik bfhlJ.
9. mo my f csJ. j cs my ________ (yho my
/ lhlh my)
10. pH = - log10 [H+]. xU fiur iAu# ma br 0.001M v, mj
pH k ________ (3 / 11 / 14).

11. (i) Rzh fiy NLgLJnghJ

(ii) bka ehlhit fh vFnghJ
vj tifahd ntidf fG?

187

myF-11

gF M

12. eF bjj y bghUf pH k nH bfhLfgLsJ.

bghU

pH k

uj

7.4

rika nrhlh

8.2

2.5

LgaghL mnkhah

12

m) vbjj bghUf myjik cilait?

M) vbjj bghUf fhujik cilait?
) mltizia gFgh brJ nH cs nffSF ilaf.
13. U Mia jhu rng fiurD itFnghJ jhurng V w
khWwJ. c gYfhd sfij ju.
14. xU fiur iAouh ma br 1.0 x 10-8 M v, mj pH k
vd?

15. rk sKs bka ehlhit nrhjidFHh A kW B

vLJbfhs. nrhjid FHh A iAnuhFnsh myij,
nrhjidFHh B mo myij nrf. uL
myf ms br rkkhf csd. t vj nrhjid
FHh id mf aJl eilbgWwJ? V?
nkY ma
f
1.Text book of Inorganic ChemistryP.L. Soni - S.Chand & sons publishers
2. Principles of Physical Chemistry B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma Vishal publishers
izajsf

nta

www. ask.com
www.chem4kids.com

188

nta

myF

jkf
Mtjd tifghL

12

12 jkf Mtjd tifghL

f yfF brU
fsh?. bga yf Mufz
fhd f csd. bghJthf, f
VjhtJ xU iy nfFnghJ mij
fLogJ fod. UjnghY
f VjhtJ Fl xU iy
nfFnghJ mj yf ntiy
br yf f vjhf vLJ
bfhLgh. J vgo KowJ? xU
yf fis mt F
cF
Vg
tifgL
itUghf. mit mykhf
mthnw mLfgoUF. vdnt,
Fl xU iy njo vLgJ
vjhwJ.

nta

Jtiu 118 jkf ma

gLsd.
mit
xbthiw
jjahf
J,
mt
gfis gafis g mtJ
fodkhd bra. vdnt, jkf
mt
xj
gfSnfg
tif
gLjgLwd.
xU
KfgLJtJ vgJ kj Ka
gghF. jkfis mt xj
gfSnfg tifgLJnghJ xU
bjhFYs VnjD xU jk
gf_y mj bjhF
cs kw jkf gfis
v Cf KowJ. vdnt,
tifgLJj ma mPfSF
f njitahd xwhwJ.
mf vif jkf
flaglnghJ mt gf,
af,
Fzf,
izw
Kjyhdt
mogil
jkfis tirgLj Vuhskhd
Kaf nkbfhsgld. (jk
tir mltizia jahj bgUik
bkl vw mPiuna rhU)

190

bA b#
nkhny vw My
aa tYe
(1887-1915) X-ffis
gagL
jkf mQ
vfis fljh.

12.1. a Mtjd
bkl
jk
tir
mltizYs Fiwfis fisa
Vuhskhd ma mPf Ka
brjd. 1912 M Mo nkhny
vw My aa mP X
cnyhfij mntf vyuhfis
bfhL
jhFnghJ
btnaW
X-ff mbtiz msj
jh. mt mbtf tf
_yij, mQ vfis bfhL
tiugl tiujh. ilfgl
tiugl
nenfhlhf
mikjJ.
UJ cnyhfjh btnawgl
X-ff mbtf tf
_y mQ vfSF nej
UFnk ju, mj cnyhf mQ
mQ iwia rhuhJ.
nkhny
jkfis
mt
mQ vf (Z) mogilnyna
tifgLj ntLbkd Tdh.
j mogil ed Mtjd
ia tUkhW Tdh.
go
jkf
aa kW nta gf
mjkf mQ vfSF Vg
Mtjd Kiw khwkilwd.

jkf Mtjd tifghL

ed
Mtjd
go,
jkfis mt mQ vf
VWtir
mikjh
xj
gfSila
jkf
uhd
ilbtF mikwd.

mltizahdJ
jkf
vyuh
mik
mogil
mikfgLsJ. J ed Mtjd
mltiz vd miHfgLwJ.

12.2.1 ed myJ tot jk

tir mltizia tj

nkY mJbfhnth
X mQ mQ v vgJ
cfU
cs
nuhlhf
myJ bttlghij R
tU vyuhf vif
ahF.

12.2 ed Mtjd mltiz

ed
Mtjd

mogil
Vuhskhd
jk
tir
mltizf
mtnghJ
bfhL tuglhY vyhtF
mogilahdJ bkl jk
tir
mltiz. bghJthf
gagLjgL
tot

tot jk tir mltiz

jkf mt mQ vf
VWtir mikfgLsd. j
mltiz ilkl tirf,
bjhlf, tirf vW brFJ
tirf, bjhFf vW miHf
gLwd.

nkY mJbfhnth
ed
Mtjd
mltiz
ehF bjhFfshf Kiwna s,p,d
kW f vd fgLsd.

12.2.2 jk tir mltiz btntW gFf

tot jk
tir mltiz

lgF
bjhF 1 kW
2 (rhjhuz
jkf )

eLgF
bjhF 3-12

tygF
bjhF
13-18 (rhjhuz
jkf )

yhjidLf

MoidLf

jk tirmltiz nH jahf itfgLsd

191

myF-12

c iliy jkf

iliy jkf

192

bjh
l

nta

bjhFf

a Mtjd mltiz

jkf Mtjd tifghL

J MwhtJ tirianghynt
KguL
jkfis
bfhoUfyh. Mdh, Jtiu
UgjhW jkf kLnk
IUPAC-ah
mfhutkhf
VfgLsd.

12.2.3. bjhlf g mj

12.2.4 bjhFf g mj
Mtjd
mltiz
nkUJ Hhf mikfgLs
brFJ tirf, bjhFf
vdgL.
jk
tir
mltiz
18
bjhFf
csd.
Kj bjhF jkf fhu
cnyhffshF.
ulh bjhF jkf
fhuk
cnyhff
vdgLwd.
bjhFf 3-12 tius
jkf iliy jkf
vdgLwd.
bjhFf 1, 2 kW 13-18
tius jkf rhjhuz
jkf
myJ
Ka
bjhF jkf myJ
uJt jkf vd
miHfgLwd.
bjhF 16 cs jkf
(bghnya ju) rhnfhb#
FLg vdgLwd.
bjhF-17
cs
jkf nAnyh# FLg
vdgLwd.
18M bjhF jkf caa
thf myJ kjthf
vdgLwd.
193

myF-12

ilkl tirf, bjhlf vd

miHfgLwd. jk tir
mltiz VG bjhlf csd.
Kj bjhl (mQ v 1 kW 2)
J f FWa bjhl.
uL jkf kL csd
(iAu# kW a ).
ulhtJ bjhl: (mQ v
3-10) J FWa bjhl.
vL
jkf
csd.
(aUJ ah tiu)
_whtJ bjhl ( mQ v 1118) J xU FWa bjhl.
Y vL jkf csd.
(nrhoaUJ Mfh tiu)
ehfhtJ bjhl (mQ v
19-36) J xU l bjhl.

gbdL
jkf
csd.(bghlha
UJ
lh tiu). vL va
jkfS gJ iliy
jkfS csd.
IjhtJ bjhl (mQ v 37-54)
J xU l bjhl Y
gbdL
jkf
csd
(UoaUJ brdh tiu)
vL va jkfS
gJ iliy jkfS
csd.
MwhtJ bjhl (mQ v 5586) J f l bjhl.
KguL jkf csd.
(aUJ
nulh
tiu)
vL va jkfS
gJ iliy jkfS
gdhF
c
iliy
jkfS
(yhjidLf)
csd.
VHhtJ bjhl ( mQ v 87-118)

 bjhF 3 xU gFahf
sF yhjidLf kW
MoidLf
ciliy
jkf vd miHfgLwd.

12.3. a Mtjd ml
tiz w gf
12.3.1 bjhlf w gf

j mltiz jkf
mogil gghd mQ viz
mogilahf bfhLsJ.
J
jkf
mt
mikig f
bjhlgLJwJ.

mQ cUt msthdJ xU
bjhl
lUJ
tykhf
brYnghJ FiwwJ.
xU bjhl jk cnyhf
jik FiwJ, mnyhf jik
mfJ fhzgLwJ.

12.3.2 bjhFf w gf
bjhFf 2 kW 18Ys
jkf
mQ
vf
8,8,18,18,32
Matwh
khWgLwd.
13-17 bjhFfYs jkf
mQ
vf
8,18,18,32
Matwh khWgLwd.

nta

xU bjhFYs jkf
cUFiy, bfhiy, ml
Kja aa gf uhf
khWgLwd.

12.3.3 a Mtjd mltiz

iwf

bjhl
cs
jkf
vyuh mik khWgLtjh
mt
ntgfS
khWgLwd.

lij
vyuh
bjthf

xU
bjhl
mQ
v
catjnfg mt Mw
TLf vyuhfsh xU
kjth
mik
tUtiu
Kiwahf uggLwd.
ij v id itJ
bfhs, Ug Tw KowJ.
xbthU bjhF jJtkhf
csJ.
bjhFf

jfgLwJ.
Inrhnlhf xnu mQ viz
bgUgjh mtF xnu l
vgJ rahwJ.

4-12 bjhFfYs jkf

mQ
vf
18,32,32
Matwh khWgLwd.

bkl vlhtJ bjhF

jkfSF j mltiz
ca l bfhLfgLsJ.
vyh
iliyjkf
gf
mtF
lJ
kW
tyJ
gFUF
jkf gfSilna

xU bjhFYs jkf
mt izw To xnu
vifs vyuhfis
bgWsd.
bjhFYs

xU bjhFYs jkf xj
ntgfis bgWsd.

xU bjhFYs jkf
mQ MukhdJ nkUJ Hhf
tUnghJ mfwJ.

xU bjhl vyh jkfY

mt
xnu
izw
Tonyna
vyuhf
nrfgLwd.

xU

xj izwid bgWsd.

jkf
194

jkf Mtjd tifghL

mikUgjh mtiw jk
tir mltiz eL
mikUgJ
bghUjkhf
csJ.

yhjidLf kW MoidL
f mltiz nH jahf
itfgLsd.

12.3.4.  a Mtjd mltiz

Fiwf

j mltiz cnyhfij
mnyhfij
KGtJkhf
J itwJ. mnyhff
nk
tyJ
gf
_iy
itfgLsd.

iAu#DF D jFj l
jugliy.
kW
yhjidLf
MoidLfSF mltiz
cns l jugliy.

bkl mltiz l
khUj
y
jkf
lf mQ v mogil
itFnghJ
Kiwahf
itfgLsd.

y iliy jkf kW
c iliy jkf
vyuhf
mikig
ga
bjthd
sff
jugliy.

12.4 cnyhfa

nkY mJbfhnth
eh jh mYa
bt btikia
bfhlt, khdij
gilgt. mjdh, eh
jh bgat.

IUPAC-ah mfhut
khf
mfgLs
W jk mQ v
112 bfhl nfhbgua
(Cn112). UD, Jtiu
fL
ofgLs
jkf 118.

eh jh fhg

eh jh xU U kj.
fduf vufis, ghyfis
gilgt. mjdh eh jh
bgat.

cf ghit j
jna f bgatf.
midtU xwh
cnyhf fiyitahdh
f wghdt Mfyh
vgJ cik.
XWikna ca

195

myF-12

brgG wd.
ehzaij
cUthFgt. mjdh,
eh jh bgat.

12.4. mKf
cnyhffisga
e
Phd gHfhyUnj bjhlJ
tUtjhF.
cy
KjKj
gagLjgl cnyhf fhg myJ
jhu. j _y, ghufS,
MjfS kW ntiyghLs w
bghUfS bragld. xU eho
Kndw mJ bgUF fk
tsij bghUnj klgLwJ.
cnyhffshd
ilnla,
Fnuha, khfR, nfha
Kjyhdit
ghJfhfhd
gilfyfis
cUthf
gagLtjh
ngh
cnyhff
vdgL. nua vw cnyhf
Vuhskhd Mwiy btL. mQ
Mj cg gagLwJ. jhu,
bt kW jf Kjyhdit
ehza
jah
gagLtjh
ehza cnyhff vdgL. it
mfyf Mf gagLwd.

bghdhd cik
mfyf cUthf 22 nfu
jf gagLjgL. 22 ghf
jfK, 2 ghf jhuK csJ.
jf
ikia
`nfu'
vw myfh Fnwh. jf
ikia GsthW fzlyh.

nta

22/24 x 100 = 91.6%

mjhtJ, 91.67% ikahdJ. 1
uh jfij 2 nyhl uF
bka fahf lKo vgJ
aig VgLJ cik.

196

jkf Mtjd tifghL

eik Rs cnyhff
nkY mJbfhnth
cnyhff
y
Ea
ms ca braghoF f
aikahjit.
Fe- uj t w
(nkhFnsh)

Uig
bfhLsJ.
Ca- vY, gf f Ka
gF twJ.

12.4. cnyhfa gagL fiy

brhf

Co itl B-12 cs
cnyhf MF.

12.4.1. fkf

jhJf
vj xU Fl fk
UJ nrkiy cnyhf, vjhf
yhgfukhd
Kiw,
bgUks
bjLf Kojh mj fk jhJ
vdgL.
cjhuzkhf,

fk
(Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)
kW
ghi[
(Al2O3,2H2O) Mait mYa
fkfshF. Mdh, mYa
ghi[
fkUJ
kLnk
yhgfukhf
bjLfgLwJ.
vdnt, mYa jhJ ghi[
MF. fk mj fkkhF.

Mg = jhtu gira
cs cnyhf MF.

12.4.3 fkfSF, jhJfSF

cs ntWghLf
fkf
cnyhf
Fiwj
rjjnk fhzgL. Mdh jhJf
cnyhf, mf rjj fhzgL.
fkfUJ
cnyhfij
v f ayhJ. Mdh,
jhJfUJ
cnyhfij
yhgfukhf, va KiwY f
aY.
vyh fkfS jhJfsy.
Mdh, vyh jhJfS fkfns.

cnyhfa
cnyhfij mj jhJUJ
bjLf, btntW goiyfis
mij ikgLjiy tF
gFna cnyhfa vdgL.

197

myF-12

xU
fk
vgJ,
jj
nrkkhfnth myJ gy nrkf
TL
fyitahfnth

fhzgL.

jhJTs
jhJbghUfSl fyJs k
myJ fk ghiw rgjgl
khRf jhJTs vdgL.

s
jhJl cs khRfis (fhF)
cUL nrkkhf kh mij l
jhJl nrF. bghUns s
vgjhF. v.fh. fha MirL

frL
cnyhfij
j
s
jhJTsJl idJ cUthF,
isbghUns frL vdgL.
jhJTs + s frL
cUj - M# XLf

cU j
tWj
cnyhf
Mi[il
cnyhfkhf cUa iy khW xU
xLfidna cU j MF.

MirL jhJ
ghi[

nta

12 .5. cnyhff _yf

mnefkhf 80jkf fkgothf
wgunyh gu monyh
fhzgLwd.
Fiwj
idw
cs
cnyhff jj iy aif
fhzgLwd.
jf,
bt,
shod Kjyhdit jjiy
ilF cnyhffF rhwh~F.
mfkhd w cnyhff, MirL
jhJfshf, fhgnd jhJfshf,
nAiyL
jhJfshf,
rigL
jhJfshf, rng jhJfshf
nrj iy fhzgLwd.

fhgnd jhJ

nAiyL jhJ

fhyik (ZnCO3)

iunahiy

(Al2O3.2H2O)

Fiu(Cu2O)

Kiw fhF vdgL khRf,

jhJl
nrfgl
sah
fgLwJ. cnyhf MirlhdJ
cnyhfkhf
cUa
iy
xLfkilwJ.

(Na3AlF6)

kh (CaCO3)

~gqgh

rigL jhJ
dgh
(HgS)

fdh (PbS)

(CaF2)

nAkil(Fe2O3)
if(ZnO)

bkdir

Ah t

(MgCO3)

(AgCl)

liu(FeCO3)

U igiu
(FeS2)

ghiw c (NaCl) sL
(ZnS)

198

jkf Mtjd tifghL

cnyhf bjLj cs btntW iyfis fhQ xGf tiugl
tahf mayh.
jhJ
p Kiw, Eiu jKiw,
fhj Kiw, nta Kiw.

brl

brlgl jhJ
mf idw
cs cnyhff

Fiwj idw
cs cnyhff

jkhd idw
cs cnyhff

dhgF xLf
ikahf

fhyh NH tWj
fhW NH tWj
xLf ikahf

fhWNH tWj

a cnyhf

a cnyhf
a cnyhf

12.6. mYa, jhu, U

ga cnyhfa

mYa KajhJ

12 . 6 .1 mYa cnyhfa

ghir jhJUJ mYa

bjLj
U
iyf
eilbgWwJ.

ghir( Al2O3.2H2O )

nga
Kiw
mYdhthf khWj
f
eilbgWwJ.

Gs

ghiril
gof

FpL : Al, w : btia nghw

btik, mQ v : 13, vyuh
mik : 2,8,3, izw : 3,
mQ iw : 27

ghir jhJit eF sh
vnrhlhl 1500C btgiy
Fl
mGjF
cgLj
nrhoa bklh mYnd cUthwJ.

jk tir mltiz tir

3, bjhF 13 IIIA f brJ
fhzgL
cnyhf
mYa
idgL w jF mf. Mjyh,
J nrj iy fhzgLwJ.
j KajhJfGsthW.

Al2O3.2H2O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O

NaAlO2 + 2H2O

thghL

ghi[

Al2O3.2H2O

iunahiy

Na3AlF6

bfhul

Al2O3.

NaOH + Al(OH)3

j goit, tofo, uh eF
fG
1000C
btgiy
cyl mYdh (Al2O3) cUthwJ.
2Al(OH)3 1000C Al2O3 + 3H2O

199

myF-12

jhJ bga

juh
nrhoa
bklh
mYndil
f brtjh
mYa iAuhirL
go
cUthwJ.

2. Ah Kiwgo dhgF xLf brJ mYdhit mYakhf

khWj.
dh gFKiw mYdhit dhgFfy itJ xLf,
mYa nfnjhoY, M# MndhoY btahwJ.

uhig rgl
U bjho

uhig jLf

uhig jLf

gF

ikahd
mYa

gl 12.6.3. mYaij dh ikahf

nfnjhL

uhig rgl Ubjho

MndhL

cUa gF bjhflgl uhig JLf

gF

a mYdh + cUa iunahiy + ~qgh

(J gFia cUf njitahd btgiyia
FiwF.)

btgiy
mGj

900 - 950C
5 - 6V

nta

mYa bjLj nt
idia va rkghlh s
fyh.
2Al2O3

4Al + 3O2

a - yFthdJ. Fiw ml
bfhlJ
jflhf mofyh, fahf lyh.
,
btg,
flJwrhuij, btgij eF
flJ.

mYa gf
m. agf
w - bt btik bfhl
cnyhf

200

cUFiy 660C
gsgsgh, xU njhw bgW.

jkf Mtjd tifghL

mYndilj jUwJ.
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2+3H2

4. myfSl id:
j, ml,
myJl

iAnuh

Fnsh

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

j fjf myJl

gl 12.6.4. mYa flJj

Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

M.ntgf

2Al + 3H2SO4

1. M#Dl id : va
btgiy mYa idahJ.
Mdh,
800C
btgiy
Miril, ieiuil jUwJ.

ml fjf myJl

nkY mJbfhnth

2Al2O3

j ml ie my,
mYaJl idtiy.
khwhf mYank MirL
gly cUth, mj idgL
Mwiy jLwJ.

2Al + N2 2AlN
2. Ul id
Ul mYa idnaJ
ilahJ.
Mdh,
uhl
idJ, brNL mYa
iAu# thit cUthFwJ.

xLf id:
mYa
wj
Mi#
xL, mYa glU, U
MirL
bfhl
fyitia
NlhFnghJ U MirL Ughf
XLfgLwJ. f, mYa
btg xLfid MF.

2Al + 3H2O Al2O3 + 3H2

brNL mYa + uh
mYdh + iAu# th

3. fhufSl id
fhuJl mYa id J

Fe2O3 + 2Al 2Fe + Al2O3

12 .6.4 mYa gaf

gaf
Lghuf
brl

tot
mYa cnyhf

fhuz
mYa nyrhdJ, mig
jLgJ wj btg fl.

f cg

mYa ff wj fl

khd fLt ouhY

cnyhf fyitahf bkdha

mYa
cnyhf
fyitf nyrhdit Gir
csit. mig vgit.

btgjh xo
izj

mYa ey xL U
Miril Ugh xLF.

mYa gl

201

myF-12

4Al + 3O2

2Al + 6H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

fhg jhJf

th}
(J mYa cnyhf fyit)

bjh Kiw gaz myJ

bjhrhiyia ghitl
E tF khztUl
Ma
JiznahL
cnyhffis btgjh
izj
eilbgW
bjhgliwF brW tUf.

12.6.2. jhu cnyhfa

thghL

1. fhg igiu

CuFeS2

2. Fiu myJ
% fhg

Cu2O

3. fhg sh

Cu2S

jhu myJ fhg KajhJ

fhg igiu
cyf fhg cg
UJ bgwgLwJ.

76%

jhuij
fhgigiuoUJ
bjLj
f
fhQ
eilbgWwJ.

gof

1. shfY brlY
shfgl
jhJ
Eiuj
Kiw mlfgLwJ.

2. tWbjLj

FpL

Cu

mQ iw

63.55

mQ v

29

vyuh mik

2, 8, 18, 1

izw

1,2

mlfgl
jhJthdJ
M# Kiy tWfgL
wJ.
tWjnghJ
<ugj
fgLwJ. MahF khRf
fgLwd.
rg, ghgu, Mr, Mok
Mait MirLfshf kh f
gLwd. fhgigiulhdJ fhg,
U rigLfshf khWwJ.
2CuFeS2 + O2

jk tir mltiz l

3. cUj

tir v = 4, bjhF =11

nta

Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2

cnyhf _y - nuhkhafsh J
Fu vdglJ. Vbd, iru
vD UJ vLfgljh,
mthW miHfglJ. J jJ
nrJ fhzgL.

202

tWfgl
jhJthdJ
sh
fgl fhg kW kzYlD
fyJ NnlWnghJ kho frL
cUthF. fril btna f ntL.
(kho = Cu2S + FeS)

jkf Mtjd tifghL

4. bgkuhFj

gf

cUa khoia bgk khW

ciyL NnlWnghJ bfhs
fhg cUthF. kho cs U
rigL M#ndw milJ U
Mirlhf khWwJ. J fhl
nrJ frlhf khW.

agf
jhu brgG wKs cnyhf
MF. J gsgsghdJ mf ml
bfhlJ. j cUF iy 1356C

ntgf

2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2

1. fhWlD, <ugjJlD id

2Cu20 + Cu2S 6Cu + SO2

jhu, <ugjfhWl idJ

gir w fhg fhgnd glyij
cUthF.

5. ikahf

2Cu + O2 + CO2 + H2O CuCO3.Cu(OH)2

98% fhgU, 2% khRfS cs

bfhs fhgiu dh gF
_y ik brayh.

2. NnlWid

dh gFKiw ik
Kiw
ilwJ.

fhg

jhu,
M#Dl
nrJ
F MirL (fW w - CuO),
Fu MirL (t w - Cu2O)
vw MirLfis btntW btg
iyf cUthF.
2Cu + O2

1. nfnjhL

a
bka
fhg jfL

2. MndhL

khR fyj fhg

3. gF

fjf
my
fyj
fhg
rng fiur

dh ikahf
gF tahf rhuij
brYJnghJ a fhg v
KidY, khRf neKid
moY gowd. ne Kid
mo go khRf MndhL khRf
vdgL.

<1370k

2CuO

F MirL (fW w)
4Cu + O2

>1370k

2Cu2O

Fu MirL (t w)

3. myfSl id
j iAnuhFnsh my,
fjfmy
kW
ie
myfSl fh Kiy
fhg idwJ.
2Cu + 4HCl + O2 2CuCl2 + 2H2O
2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 2CuSO4 + 2H2O
3Cu + 8HNO3 3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

4. ml ie my kW fjf
myfSl id
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

203

myF-12

FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3

Cu + 2H2SO4

CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

5. FnshDl id
FnshDl idJ
FnshiuL cUthwJ.
Cu + Cl2

fhg

CuCl2

6. fhufSl id
jhu,
iy

fhufSl

idt

ffis,
cgfuz
fis cUthf gagLwJ.
l,
tiw

:
:

:
:
:
:

Fe
rhg
btik
55.9
26
2, 8, 14,
2,3

U cnyhf _yf

gaf

fnyh
ehzaf
gagLwJ.

FpL
w

mQ iw
mQ v
vyuh mik
izw

ghuf,
cUthf

Kyh r gagLwJ.
jf,
bt
tnwhL
cnyhf fyitah ehzafis,
mfyfis cUthf ga
gLwJ.

mYaij mLJ bgUks

ilF ulhtJ cnyhf U.
J Mirlhf, riglhf kW
fhgndlhf aif ilwJ.
U
jhJfis
GsthW
mltizgLjyh.
U jhJf

thghL

1. nAkil

Fe2O3

2. nkdil

Fe3O4

3. U igiu

FeS2

nAkil jhJUJ Uig

bjLj Fe2O3
< Kiw mlj
nAkil xU MirL jhJ. J
pKiw
mlFnghJ
nyrhd
RfS,
khRfS
mfwgL, fdkhd Jff nH
gowd.

bra 12.1
mwhlth
jhu
gaghL vw jiy xU
Mtifia xgilf.

tWj kW Wj
fhWs
NHY,
fhyh
NHY
tWj
jhJ
V
gLJ f <ugj rg,
Mr, ghgu Kjyhd khRf
M#ndwkilJ
mfwgL
wd.

nta

12.6.3.U cnyhfa

CJ ciy cUj
tWfgl
Rzhf

204

jhJ
ff,
tiw 8:4:1 vw

jkf Mtjd tifghL

j vLJ ciy nkYs,
zT
mik
tahf
brYJnghJ
_W
gFf
khwf fwd.

C + O2

1500C

btg fhW
btnaW
Kid

Nlhd thf
U
jhJ, f
Rzh

CO2 + btgMw

idUJ btg Mw
btahtjh, J btg cid
vdgL.

frL
btnaW
Kid

m) eLgF myJ ka gF
(cUF kly) 1000C btgiy
gF eilbgW idf

U
btnaW
Kid

CO2 + C 2CO - btg Mw

M) Rzhf ijJ fha
Miril CO2 it jU.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2 - btg Mw

gl 12.8.3. btg ciy

thfgLtjh,
vdgL.

nkfl UidfS, btg

bfhidfshF
) fha MirL kzYl
nrJ fha nf vD
frlhwJ.
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
nkgF
(xLF
kly)
400oC
btgiy
gF
~bg MirL fhg nkhdhirL
_y Ughf FiwfgLwJ.

thU

nkY mJbfhnth
fhyh NH tWjYF
fhWs Niy tWjYF
cs braKiw ntWghLf.
fhyh NH tWj
Kiw jhJ, fhyh
NH tWfgLwJ. fhgnd
jhJit mj Mirlhf khw Vw
Kiw Jnt.
fhWs NH tWj

400 C
o

Fe2O3 + 3CO

Kiw jhJ, mf
fh tWfgLwJ. rigL
jhJit mj Mirlhf khw Vw
Kiw Jnt.

2Fe + 3CO2

fril a wF, cUa U,

ciy mo nrffgLwJ.
j
U
jj
mRf

205

myF-12

gF
myJ
mogF
1500C btgiy jhJfyit
btgfhWl (viy kly)
nrUnghJ ff, M#Dl vJ
CO2thf khWwJ.

T z mik

2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

Uig g mJ bfhf.
fhg msit bghUJ Uig
_whf fyh
thU ( 2% - 4.5% ms fhg)
njU ( < 0.25% ms fhg)
v~F ( 0.25% -2% ms fhg)

gsgsghd
wKilaJ.

cnyhf.
cnyhf.

j H2SO4myJl idJ
~bgu rng cUthwJ.

Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2

rhg

j HNO3 myJl idJ

~bgu ienu cUthwJ.

Gir, jflhF jik,

fahF jik bfhlJ.
btgij, rhuij eF
flJ. fhjkhF jikilaJ

4Fe + 10HNO3 4Fe(NO3)2

+ NH4NO3 +3H2O
ml H2SO4 l id

ntgf

2Fe + 6H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3

+ 3SO2 + 6H2O

fhWl id

ml HNO3 myJl id

fhWl idJ
MirL cUthwJ.
3Fe + 2O2

id U MirL gly
cUthtjh U j idwid
HwJ.

nkzo

Fe3O4 (fW w)

gaf

<ufhWl id
U <ufhWl idJ
mj gu nua U (III) MirL
cUthwJ. Jnt JU vdgL.
f JUoj MF.
4Fe + 3O2 + 3H2O 2Fe2O3.3H2O
uhl id

nta

j HCl myfSl idJ

th cUthwJ.
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2

agf
J
fdkhd
xgl 7.9

myfSl id

v~F - fllf, vuf,

bjhiyfh nfhuf flJ
ff bra gagLwJ.
njU - fRU, fhj
kW eTu bra gagLwJ.

brNnlwgl U, uhl
idJ
nkzo
MirL
cUthwJ.

12.7. cnyhf fyit

uL myJ mjF nkgl
cnyhff Fl j fyJ
xnwhblhW cUFnghJ ilF
fyitna cnyhffyit MF.

3Fe + 4H2O(uh) Fe3O4 + 4H2

FnshDl id
id
cUthwJ.

thU
f
FHhf,
mLf, jlthsf, rhfil
_of bra gagLwJ.

~bgFnshiuL

cnyhf fyitfis lfiur

206

jkf Mtjd tifghL

vd miHfyh. vj cnyhf
br mfkhf Uwnjh mJ
fiugh vW, br Fiwj
cnyhf
fiubghU
vW
miHfgL.

nkY mJbfhnth
g ghJfh urfyit
J bkF, t, o Kja
cnyhff
fyitahF.
gFfis milf gagLwJ.

jis vw lfiur
Jjehf fiubghUshf, fhg,
fiughdhf fhzgL.
12.7.1. cnyhf fyitfis cUthF
Kiwf
ff cnyhffis cU nrj
ff eF cUfgl cnyhffis
mGjF cgLJj.

12.7.2. fhg cnyhf fyitf

gf, fyitahf
fhuz

gaf

jis (Cu,Zn)

gsgs mf, cU
thfjFjJ,
fahf lyh, jflhf
mofyh.

btfy ( Cu,Sn,Zn )

fodkhdJ, gsgsghF
jikilaJ.
fodkhdJ, thF
jikilaJ.
fodkhdJ, gsgsghF
jikilaJ.

iz
bghUf
gjff, myfhu
bghUf, rika
ghuf.
iyf, ehzaf,
miH kf.
Mjf, ngh
jsthlf.
myfhu bghUf
bra.

fhg
cnyhffyitf

Jgh btfy
(Cu,Zn,Sn,Pb)

b#k bt
(Cu,Zn,Ni)

12.7.3. mYa cnyhf fyitf

gf, fyitahf
fhuz

gaf

ouY
(Al,Mg,Mn,Cu )

nyrhdJ, tik
ahdJ, migjLgJ.

bkdha (Al,Mg )

nyrhdJ, tikahdJ, khd flik,

v mfglhjJ.
ma cgfuzf.
207

khd flik
gagLwJ.

myF-12

mYa
cnyhffyitf

12.7.4.U cnyhf fyitf

gaf
gf, fyitahf
fhuz
gsgsghdJ, mig ghuf, btL
jLgJ, Gir mf. fUf, thfd
cghff
fodkhdJ, v
ff, khd
mfglhjJ, ir cghff, cf.
mf.
ffodkhdJ,
iuthf aF
mig vgJ.
vuf
cghff

U cnyhf
fyitf
JUofhj v~F
(Fe,C,Ni,Cr)
f v~F
(Fe,C,Ni)

ll v~F
(Fe,W,C)

12.8 cnyhff mkhd

tkly cs M#, <ufhW kW khRfsh y cnyhff
gsgsig HJ, ij fF mkhd vgJ bghU. tkhd nghJ
cnyhf, cnyhfnrkkhf tklyJl elj ntidfsh khL.

nkY mJbfhnth
tklyYs
<ugjK,
w thfS U wgu
J gL, ntid fwJ.
id ikaw U
nfnjhlhf,
a
U
Mndhlhf
bragLwd.
tklyYs <ugjK CO2
nrJ H2CO3 gFah
Gs idia fJwJ.
ntidf GsthW
Fe

nta

cnyhf
mkhdij
jLF Kiwf
cnyhf gu L tz
Rf fhW kW <ugjij
beUflhk jLwJ.

2+

Fe2+ ma, Fe3+ maahf

M#ndwkilJ,
OH
mal
nrJ
JUthf
khW. J nua U (III)
Mirlhf khW. Jnt JU (Fe2O3.
xH2O) vdgL.

tz R Rj

Fe2+ + 2e_

O2

O2 + 2H2O + 4e_ 4OH-

JU

vbz kW gir Rf

Fe

cnyhf gu L vbz
kW gir Rf fhiw,
<ugjij
beUflhk
jLwd.

U
U JUoj

208

jkf Mtjd tifghL

bra 12.2
ug jif bghUjgl 3 nrhjid
FHhf A, B, C vW xLjhfis
xoitf.
xj
mss
xU
n#ho Mfis xbthU FHhY
vLJbfhs.
A nrhjidFHh rhjhuz U, B
nrhjidFHh
bfhfitfgl
JUojYfhd fhuzf
Ul
lgil
vbz C
nrhjidFHh uw CaCl2 vLJbfhL, eilbgW khwfis y
eh bjhlJ ftf.
nrhjidFHh A cs Mf JUoJsd. B,C cs
Mf khw VJ iy. A cs Mf, fhW kW uh Md
ntid JU goJsJ. B cs Mfis viz NJsjh
fh bjhl nghdJ.
C cs Mfis uw fha FnshiuL Njikah <u KGJ
crgLsJ, jdh JUoj jLfgLwJ.

cnyhffyitahf

Kyh Rj

kw
cnyhffSl
nrJ
cUthF
cnyhf
fyitfsh
mkhd jLfgL.
v.fh. JUofhj v~F

xU
cnyhfij
knwh
cnyhfnk
rhu_y
RtjF Kyh Rj vgJ
bga.
Kiw
mkhdUJ
ghJfhgF. gsgsig mfF.
jm ghJfh
Unk LnghJ j
mf id brawdh tkly
thfSl bka idJ
Uig ghJfhwJ.

ehfKyh Rj
U J Jjehf Kyh
RtjF ehfKyh Rj vgJ bga.
J JUojiy jLF. Kyh
Rjyh Jjehf fhgnd vD
ghJfh gly j nk gowJ. J
mkhdij jLwJ.

kL
1. a jk tir mltiz bjhlfS, bjhFfS csd. tirfS, bjhFfS
Kiwna,
m) ilkl bjhlf, brFJ tirf (bjhFf).
M) brFJ tirf (bjhFf) ilkl bjhlf.
2. _whtJ tir 8 jkf csd. mt vjid mnyhff csd?

209

myF-12

gF m

3. midJ fk nrkfSF mogilahd jk ------ bjhF csJ.

(14MtJ bjhF / 15MtJ bjhF)
4. jhJUJ cnyhfkhdJ yhgfukhdjhf bjLfgLwJ. mYakhdJ
ghi[oUJ bjLfgLwJ. J ---- vd miHfgLwJ. (jhJ / fk).
5. jf vw jkkhdJ nrkkhf ilgJ iy. J fhW myJ Ul idtJ
iy. J ------ iy csJ.( jjiy / nrj iy)
6. cWgLJj: fhg ghufis ikgLjgliy v, gir w gok
njhWwJ. fhuz: j gokfhd fhuz fhu jhu fhgnd.
m) cWgLJj fhuz uL r. M) cWgLJj r fhuz r iy.
7. r~igL jhJit mlf gagL Kiw ------- ( Eiu j Kiw / p Kiw)
8. U cnyhf guJ ntW cnyhfij Rtjh JUoj UJ jLfyh.
j UJ Jjehf Jfis bkajhf dh mjF ------ vW bga.
( Jjehf Kyh Rj / tzR moj / vKid ghJfhj )
9. vj cnyhf ghjurJl nrjhY mjF urfyit vW bga. gFfis milgjF
gagL urfyit ------- ( Ag-Sn urfyit / Cu-Sn urfyit )
10. cWgLJj: btgjh xo izj (bjik gwitgh) mYaSl
Fe2O3 gagLwJ.
fhuz: mYa xU tikahd xLF fu.
cWgLJjiy sF tif rahf csjh?

gF
11. U JUogJ thiy to elFkh? c gYfhd fhuzij TWf.
12. mYa Miril f bfhL xLF Kiw mYa cnyhfij V bgw KoahJ?
13. U ml HCl kW ml H2SO4 cl idwJ. Mdh, ml HNO3 cl idtJ
iy. ca fhuzJl c ilia vGJf.
14. mYa cnyhf fyit, th} ghff jahf gagLwJ. mjfhd
fhuzfis Tw.
15. X vw bt nghw btik w cnyhf M#Dl nrJ Y-I jUwJ. nj Y vw
nrkkhdJ X-uhl id nghJ iAu#id btL ilwJ. X kW
Y-I fLo.

nta

nkY mf mtjF

1. Text Book of Inorganic chemistry P.L. Soni S.Chand Publishers

izajsf

http://www.tutorvista.com.
http://www.khanacademy.org

210

nta

fhgD mj
nrkfS

myF

13

13. fhgD mj nrkfS

FpL

mQ v

mQ iw

: 12

izw

gl 13.1 fhg vyuh mik:

fhg vyuh mik: K =
2, L = 4 mjhtJ K Mw kl 2
vyuhfS mLJs L Mw
kl 4 vyuhfS csd.
ehF
vyuhf
fhg
izwid
idwid
khwd. fhg bjhF: IVA
myJ (bjhF 14).
mKf

nta

fhg,
vj
cdK
cthH ayhJ. kj clyik
fhg nrkfsh MdJ. fhg X
mnyhfkhF. aif itukhf,
uhiglhf
a
to
ilwJ. vbghUf vnghJ
mt cs fhg fh cs
M#Dl idJ fhg-il-
Mirlhf khWwJ. cs jhtu
kW ydf thifia
aL wnfh fhg MF.

Mfnt, fhg ntaiy th

nta vW miHfyh. fhW,
jhtu, yd, k t
_ykhf fhg va kW fyhd
idf _ykhf gujiy fhg
RH vnwh.

13.1 fhg nrkf

19 M who bjhlf,
ma
mPf
fhg
nrkfis Utifahf jd.
mit
fknrkf
(cuw
bghUfUJ ilF fhg
nrkf) fk nrkf (cUs
bghUfUJ ilF fhg
nrkf) vgd MF.
UD
tifgLj
KiwahdJ nAhy bjhFKiw
fLoF wF khwF
cshdJ.

gl 13.2 fhg nrkf mikf

212

fhgD mj nrkfS

th nta
thG vyh cdfS, fhg mQfsh Mdit. jbghU
cdf flik fhg mQfsh Mdit vgnj. j fhg
mQf w mQfSl nrJ, th cdf thit khwd.
Mfnt, fhg ntaiy thG nta vwiHfyh.

gl 13.3

gl 13.4

nkY mJbfhnth
fk nta
fk nta vgJ thtdtnwhL bjhlila
brhyhF. brhiy KjKj gagLat Rl
ehil nrj nta mP bga Mth.UD,
b#kia nrj nta mP nAhy vgt
mnkha randL vw fk nrkUJ, ah vw
fk nrkij KjKj nrhjidrhiy jahj
f bga aikah ir bfhifia
mjkwjhf MlJ.
~buo nAhy b#kha

13.2. fk ntaiyga fhy sf

fk nta vgJ iAnuhfhgfS mj tbghUfS bfhl
fknrkisg tF nta MF. J fk nrkf
izfis, cUthF Kiwfis, wafis, btntW Jiwf
t gaghLfis TW thF.

213

myF-13

ma mP

13.3. fhg kW mj
nrkf cs
izf

nkY mJbfhnth

fhg mQ v 6.
swh
iy
fhg
2
vyuh mik 1s
2s2 2p2.
btMw kl 4 vyuhf
Ugjh, fhg izw 4.
J kjth vyuh mikig
bgWtjF
ehF
vyuhfis
4+
HJ C
maahf khwntL
myJ ehF vyuhfis VW C4 maahf khwntL.
m) fhg ehF vyuhfis
VW C4 vD v maahf
khWtJ ffod. Vbd, fhg
mQfU cs 6 nuhlhfsh
10 vyuhfis <J itJ
bfhsKoahJ. (mjhtJ, mfKs 4
vyuhfis)
M) fhg ehF vyuhfis
HJ C4+ vD ne maahf
khWtJ
ffod.
Vbd,
ehF
vyuhfis
fhg
mQUJ l f mf Mw
njitgLwJ.
W
fhg
mQfU cs 6 nuhlhf
vs 2 vyuhfis kL <J
itUF iy VgL.

fiy caj itukhdJ gof

wntWik tot bfhl fhg
MF. nfh} itukhdJ 105 nfu
itu MF (21.68 uh). ij
Ha fbgah ifg,
l mukid l
gJsd. rhjhuz fahdhY,
iykyh
nfh}
itukhdhY, fhg wntWik
totfns vw cik itukhf
xU cikanwh!

bkUnfwgl itu
cs xU fhg mQ, ehF
iAu# mQfS, ehF rftY
izfsh izJsd.

nta

fiy f jdJ 4 iz
w vyuhf _y fhg
mQthdJ kw mQfSl go
_y izig cUthFwJ.
btkl
cs
ehF
vyuhf
_y
ehF
rf
izig VgLJ fhg mQ
jjikia fhg ehiz
vwiHnwh.
xU

_yTW

nj

(CH4)

214

H
H

gl 13.3. fhg nrkf mikf

iz n#ho vyuhfis
FgjhF.

fhgD mj nrkfS

13.4.  w ntWik totf

mQfSl
xnu
js
izW mWnfhz mLFfis
cUthFwJ.
mtLFf
thlth irdh izW
UJjikia clhFwJ.

fhg wntWik njhw

xj
ntg,
ntWgl
ag, bfhl xU jk
xWF
nkgl
njhwfns
wntWik njhwfshF.

uhig
mnyhfkhF.
Mdh,
j izwh vyuhf _y
rhuij flJ jikaJ.

fhg _W j wntWik
totfis bfhljhF. mit gof
tot csit (itu, uhigL), gof
tot mwit (yf, kuf) kW
~ MF.
ituK,
uhigL
fhg
gofwntWik
totf.
it
iz
jikia
bghUJ
ntWgLwd.

itu
cs
xbthU
fhg mQ kw ehF fhg
mQfSl
izW,
fod
Kgkhz mikig cUthFwJ.
uhigo
cs
xbthU
fhg mQ kw _W fhg
thlth ir

gl 13.5. uhig mik

gl 13.6 ~

gl 13.7 fhgJ

13.5. fhg agf

xU fhg kw fhgfSl
nrJ r bjhl rfizig
cUthF jikia j rfiz
cUthj vnwh. fhg iz
w ehF vgjh, J ehF kw
fhg mQfSl nrJ izig
cUthf KowJ.
M#, iAu#, ieu#,
rg, Fnsh kW w jkfSl
nrJ
fhg
gntW
iyj
nrkfis cUthFwJ.
iy jikF
fhg
mQ
a

215

fhuz
ms,

myF-13

gl 13.4 itu mik

fhg kbwhU wntWik tot

~ MF. J fhgJ to
60 fhg mQfis bfhljhf
fhzgL (C 60). J nahbl
Fj Tiw mikig nghW
csJ. ij cUthat mbkf
g l ~y. Mth. mt
bgauhnyna tikghdJ g l
~ vwiHfgLwJ.

glbgw vyuh n#hofis j mQfUnthL g bfhStjhY

MF.
fhg nrkf khagf bgWsd: xnu _yTW thghL, btntW
flikfis, btntW gfS bfhl uL myJ uoF nkgl
nrkfns kha mikfshF.
v.fh. C2 H6 O vw _yTW thgho vjdhY (C2 H5 OH) ilbk <jU
(CH3-O-CH3) kha mikfshF.
fhg nrkf rfizig bgwikah Fiwj cUF iy,
Fiwj bfhiy bgWsd. ntid fGnghJ fhg nrkf
idgLbghUf giHa izfis KJ idis bghUf a
izfis cUthFwd.
fhg nrkf v g vtd.

13.6. ntgf
fhgD mj nrkfS M#Dl idJ fhg-il-MirL,
btg kW xahwiy jUwd.
v.fh.

C + O2

CH4 + 2O2

CO2 + btg + xahw

CO2 + 2H2O + btg + xahw

C2H5OH + 3O2

2CO2 + 3H2O + btg + xahw

fhg nrkf, M#nd

fhgh myfis cUthFwd.

_y

M#ndw

milJ

KMnO4
v.fh. CH3CH2OH
CH3COOH
vjdh
M#ndw vjdh my

iwwh iAnuh fhgf f myJ gnyoa id Kiy

iAu#ndw milwd.

nta

v.fh.
CH2 = CH2

H2

CH3 - CH3

<
Ni
<nj
fhg nrkf, Na btr Kiy gL idfis
fJwd.
v.fh. nj gL idJ btntW isbghUfis cUthFwJ.
MfAh Kja fhg nrkf nrhoaJl idJ H2 thit
btnaWwJ.
v.fh. 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na

2CH3CH2ONa + H2

216

fhgD mj nrkfS

13.7. gotir
gotir vgJ bghJthd xU _yTW thghil bfhL, xnu bjhF
myJ xnu tif cs fk nrkfis FgjhF. xj ntgf
bfhl nrkf CH2 vw bjhFah ntWgL. v.fh. xU iAnuh fhgDl
CH2 vw bjhFia nrFnghJ mjF mLj ca viz jha iAnuh
fhg cUthwJ.
CH4 + CH2
nj

C2H6

<nj

mJnghy, xU iAnuh fhgUJ CH2 bjhFia FnghJ, mjF

Kija Fiwj viz jha iAnuh fhg cUthwJ.
v.fh.

C4H10

-CH2

nl

C 3H 8

nuhng

13.7.1 gotirf waf

gotir cs mLjLj cWdf CH2 vw bghJ ntWghoY
_yTW iw 14 amu vw myfhY ntWgLwd.
gotir cs midJ nrkfS xnutif jkfis, id
bjhFfis bgUF.
gotir cs midJ cWdfis, xnu bghJthghodh Fl
aY.
v.fh.
mnf = CnH2n+2
m = CnH2n

mif = CnH2n-2

_yTWiw mfig bghUJ cWdfis agf X
xGfhd Kiw khWwd.
vyh nrkfS, xj ntidf <LgLwd.
vyh nrkfis, bghJthd Kiw jahfyh.

CH3OH + KBr

C2H5Br + KOH
(j)

C2H5OH + KBr

13.8. gotir KaJt

1. gotir cWdf gfis jahgjF Kdnu J ghf.
2. ntnrkfis ga Kiwahd MF gotir ttFwJ.
3. xU FLg cs vj XcWd gig mj Kj cWd
gUJ cW brayh.
217

myF-13

v.fh. CH3Br + KOH

(j)

13.9.2. (M) iwwh iAnuhfhgf

13.9. iAnuh fhgf

it fhgD, iAu#D bfhl
fk nrkf MF. tiw
iww, iwwh iAnuhfhgf
vd Utifahf fyh.

13.9.1 (m)
iww
iAnuh
fhgf (mnff)
bghJthghL = CnH2n+2 bdhL
-na. it C - C il xiw
iz bfhl fk nrkfshF.
it
ghuf
vd
Kd
miHfglit (y bkh
:
a
ftirs
vW
bghU) it fFiwj ms
ntid jik bfhljh,
mbgauh miHfgLwd.
IUPAC
Kiwgo
mnff
vwiHfgLwd.
(fhg
vifia
FF
mogil
brhYl
na
vw bdhLbfhL bgaiu
bgWwd.

nta

bjhl
cs
cWdfis
mltizgLjyh.

btntW
GsthW

tif
iAnuhfhgf,
fhgDF
fhgDF
ilna
uiliz myJ fhgDF,
fhgDFil
Kiz
UF. tiw mf kW
miff vd UtifgLjyh.
13.9 (i) mf (bghJthghL :
CnH2n, bdhL : - p)
iAnuhfhgf

fhgDF il uiliz
bfhlit

bghJ
bga

IUPAC

CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3

nj
<nj
nuhng
n-nl

nj
<nj
nuhng
nl

bga

mf

vwiHfgL.
t
bghJ
thghL CnH2n. it xf vW
Kd miHfgld.
(nuf bkh: x (vw
brh vbzia cUthFw) vW
bghU.
Vbd,
FLg
cs Fiwbaif fhgid
bfhltf FnshDl idJ
vbz
nghw
bghUfis
cUthFtjh, bga tjJ. IUPAC
Kiw, m vD bgauhdJ.
mjF bjhlila mnf m
uil vW ul tjJ.
CH3 CH3

thghL

fhgDF,

H2C = CH2

<nj

<
mf fhg vif bfhl
mf 1, 2, 3, 4, .. vD
vfsh,
uil
iz

gl 13.8 nuh nrhjid

(lJ) wkhw iy - iww iAnuh fhg
(tyJ) w kiwjJ - iwwh iAnuh fhg

218

fhgD mj nrkfS
lij FlntL. bt, mnrkij FF bga gFahf
UfntL.
m

IUPAC bga

bghJ bga
v
buh
a- o
b- o

CH2 = CH2
CH3CH = CH2
CH3CH2 CH = CH2
CH3CH = CHCH3

<
nuh
1 p
2 p

(ii) miff (bghJthghL : CnH2n-2 bdhL : m)

iAnuhfhgf,
fhgDF
fhgDFil
Kiz
bfhlit miff vdgL. m tKiwia g, miff
bgalgLwd. mnf - na vw bdhL fgL mif m vw bdhL bghUjgLwJ. mf fhg bfhltf 1, 2, 3, 4 .
vw vfsh Kiz lij Fl ntL. bt, mnrkij
FF bga gFahf UfntL.
mif
HC CH
H3C C CH
H3C C C CH3
H3C - CH2 C CH

bghJ bga

IUPAC bga
<ij
buhig
2 -il
1 -il

mo
bk mo
il bk mo
v mo

13.10. id bra bjhF

xU nrk w gfSF fhuzkhd X mQ myJ mQfsla
bjhFna m nrk id bra bjhFahF. xU fk nrk nt
gf midJ mj id bra bjhFah cWgLjgLwd,
kW mnrk aa gf _yT va gFah
cWgLjgLwd.

v.fh.

MfAh OH

MoiAL CHO

nlh

C= O

fhgh my COOH

1 MfAhf -OH bjhFia idbrabjhFahf bgWs fhg

nrkf MfAh vdgL. MfAh vw fk nrkf -OH
bjhFahdJ, mif bjhFl izfgLsJ. j bghJthd
thghL R-OH, R-vgJ mif bjhF, -OH vgJ id bra
bjhF. MfAhf IUPAC bgauhdJ, Mnf cs (Alkane) -e
vw vGF gyhf -ol (M) nrgjh ilwJ. vdnt, MfAhf
mfdh vd miHfgLwd.
219

myF-13

13.10.1 id bra bjhF mogil fk nrkf tifghL

_yTW thghL

bghJbga

IUPAC bga

CH3 OH

bk MfAh

bkjdh

CH3 CH2OH

v MfAh

vjdh

CH3 CH2 CH2OH

n- nuhig MfAh

1- nuhgdh

CH3 - CH - CH3
|
OH

Inrhnuhig MfAh 2- nuhgdh

CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 OH

n-il MfAh

1-ldh

CH3CH CH2 OH
|
CH3

Inrhil MfAh

2-bk 1-nuhgdh

2. MoiALf
MoiALf vgJ - CHO bjhFia bfhl fhg nrkfshF.
-CHO bjhF X Mif bjhFlndh iAu# mQlndh
izfgLsJ. MoiALf bghJ thghL R-CHO MF. RvgJ Mif bjhF myJ iAu# mQ. -CHO vgJ id bra
bjhF. MoiAo IUPAC bgauhdJ, Mnf cs (alkane)- e vD
vGF gyhf -al (V) vd Ko vGJfis nrJ bgwgLwJ. vdnt,
J mfnd vd bgalgLwJ.
_yTW thghL

IUPAC bga

HCHO

ghkhoiAL

bkjnd

CH3CHO

mlhoiAL

vjnd

CH3 CH2CHO

nuhadhoiAL

nuhgnd

CH3 CH2 CH2CHO

n-ouhoiAL

lnd

3. nlhf

nta

bghJbga

fhgid bjhF, mjhtJ -CO- bjhFahdJ uL Mif bjhFfSl

izfgl fhg nrkf nlhf vdgLwd. nlhf bghJ
thghL R-CO-R MF. R kW R vgJ Mif bjhFf MF. -COvgJ id bra bjhF. nlh IUPAC bgauhdJ Mnf (alkane)
cs -e vw vGF gyhf one (X) vW Ko vGJfis nrJ
bgwgLwJ. vdnt, nlhf mfndh vd miHfgLwd.

220

fhgD mj nrkfS

_yTW thghL

bghJbga

IUPAC bga

CH3COCH3

ilbk nlh
(mnlh)

nuhgndh

CH3CH2COCH3

vbk nlh

lndh

CH3CH2COCH2CH3

il v nlh

3- bglndh

4. fhgh myf
fhgh myf vgJ -COOH bjhFahdJ, iAu# mQlndh
myJ Mif bjhFlndh izfgoUF fhg nrk MF.
j myf bghJ thghL R-COOH. R vgJ xU iAu# mQ
myJ Mif bjhF. COOH id bra bjhF. t IUPAC bga
Mnf (alkane)cs -e vw vGF gyhf -M my (oic acid) vw
vGJfis nrJ bgwgLwJ. vdnt, fhgh myf mfdh
my vdgLwd.
_yTW thghL

bghJbga

IUPAC bga

HCOOH

gh my

bkjdh my

CH3COOH

mo my

vjdh my

CH3CH2COOH

nuhnah my

nuhgdh my

CH3CH2CH2COOH

n- my

ldh my

13.11 vjdh (C2H5OH)

vjdh myJ v MfAh myJ MfAh vgJ MfAhf
FLgnyna f Kakhd nrkf xwhF.
1.f ghUJ vjdh jahj
fghF vgJ br Fj fU rfiu fiurUJ rfiuia

221

myF-13

y Ka fk nrkf
vyh nrkfS ekF gy tf gaDsitahf mikJsd.
vbghUf, kUJf, tzRf, bto kUJf, bjhF gygof,
thrid bghUf kW ikahf it vyhnk mogil fk
nrkfshF. cik, fk nta e thifia tz kakhf,
trahf itJsJ. bjh Kiw Ka nrkfshd vjdh kW
vjdh my Ma uL nrkfis g thf fhzyh.

gofkhFnghJ jKs Mj wKs T nghw utkhF. 30% Rnuh

csJ. ij gofkhf Kiw bjLf ayhJ. Gs gof _ykhf
fghF vjdhyhf khwgLwJ.
i) j : f ghYs rfiu br 8 UJ 10 rjjkhf Fiw
tiu dh fgLwJ.
ii) mnkha cf nrj : behjnghJ <oF njitahd ieu#
fyj czid fghF bfhLsJ. ieu# ms Fiwthf U,
mnkha rng myJ mnkha ghng nrgj _y cu_lgLwJ.
iii) < nrj : go- ii ilF fiur bga behj bjhof
nrffgLwJ. d < nrfgLwJ. fyit 303 k btg iy y
eh itfgLwJ. j eh <oYs tnl kW irnk Ma
behf rfiuia vjdhyhf khWwd.

C12H22O11

Rnuh

H2O

tnl

irnk

C6H12O6
FSnfh (m) unlh

C6H12O6 +

FSnfh unlh
2C2H5OH

C6H12O6

2CO2

vjdh

behj k fG k vd miHfgLwJ.
iv) fG kij fh toj :15 Kj 18 rjj MfAhY gF uhf cs behj k jnghJ
d fh tojYF cgLjgLwJ. Ka d gFahf ilj
vjdh fiur 95.5% vjdhiy 4.5% iu bgWsJ. J v
rhuha vd miHfgLwJ. fyit Rkh 5UJ 6 k neu Rzh
fJ fh tofgL 12 k neuf itfgLwJ. fyit L
fh tofgLnghJ a MfAh (100%) ilwJ. j a MfAh
j MfAh vdgLwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth

nta

behj
behf _ykhf xU fk nrk
bkJthf
ntid
fJ
a
_yTWf cUthtnj behj vdgL.

222

fhgD mj nrkfS
2) aa gf:
i) vjdh wkw, v Rit bfhl xU k.
ii) j bfhiy 351 K. J, mj xj Mnffis fhoY mf.
iii) J Ul vyh jY KGtJkhf fywJ.
3) ntgf
i). f
m) _y TD fG f.
vjdhiy mf ms ml H2SO4 cl 443K F btggLJnghJ _y
TD f VgL <id jUwJ.
CH3CH2OH

ml H2SO4

443K
vjdh

CH2 = CH2 + H2O

<

M) _yTWfSilna fG f :- mf ms vjdhiy ml H2SO4

cl 413 k btg iyF btggLJnghJ uL _y TWfSilna
f VgL il v <jiu jUwJ.
C2H5-OH + HO-C2H5

ml H2SO4
413K

C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O
il v <j

ii).nrhoaJl id
vjdh nrhoaJl idJ nrhoa <jhi[il, iAu#
thit jUwJ.
2C2H5OH + 2Na

2C2H5ONa + H2
nrhoa <jhi[L

iii). M#ndw

j idnghJ MuR wKila K2Cr2O7 girahf khWwJ. vdnt, J

MfAhfis fl nrhjidF gagLwJ.
iv) vluhFj
vjdh vjdh myJl mlH2SO4 ( id ) Kiy v
vjndhnail iu jUwJ. MfAh kW fhgh my t
idah cUthd nrk vl ( gHrh kz bfhlJ ) vdgLwJ. j
idia vuhFj vd miHnwh.
223

myF-13

vjdhiy fhufyj KMnO4 myJ my fyj K2Cr2O7 bfhL

M#ndw brnghJ vjdh my cUthwJ.
M#ndw
CH3CH2OH
CH3COOH + H2O

vjdh my

ml H2SO4
C2H5OH

+ CH3COOH

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

vjdh vjdh my

v vjndhna

v). iAu# f
vjdh Mia Fiwfgl fhg id Kiy 573KF
btggLJnghJ iAu# fkilJ mlhoiAil jUwJ.

CH3CH2OH

fhg
573 K

CH3CHO + H2
mlhoiAL

4. gaf - vjdh
1. thfdfYs Fgh j ciwtij jLgY,
2. ca khfis ghJfhf,
3. kUJtkidf fhafis FzgLj,
4. kUJf, vbzf, bfhG bghUf, thridbghUf, rhaf
tiw fiuF fiughdhf,
5. bk MfAh fyj rhuha (95% vjdh kW 5% bkjdh),
vrhuha 95.5% vjdh kW 4.5% ), bgnuh kW vjdh fyj
fyit (Mw MfAh) a jik Hj MfAh (vjdh kW
o fyj fyit) it jahgY,
6. Uk kUJfY uzkhF kUJfY gagLwJ.
MfAh gUFtjh VgL a isf
vjdhiy gUFtjh tsij khw fG ntfij FiwwJ. nkY
J ka eu klyij ghwJ.
J kd mGj cUthf fhuzkhwJ.
J cliy ghJ mf ca mGj, tW t, Wneh, _is kW
fu gh tWF fhuzkhwJ.
Rkh 40% gJf FoJL thfdfis XLtjhnyna fwd.

nta

vjdhiy nghyyhk, bkjdhiy J ms gUFtjh kuz

fH thsJ.
bkjdh fu bkjndyhf (ghkhoiAL) M#ndw milJ
brfYs gFfSl ntfkhf id wJ.
bkjnd brYs nuhlhshrij NLgLJnghJ Kil
bfogLtij ngh bfoahf khWwJ. nkY bkjdh f eufis
ghJ FULjikia cUthFwJ.

224

fhgD mj nrkfS

13.12. vjdh my (CH3COOH)

vjdh my vgJ mo my vw bgauh bghJthf vyhUF
bjj xU nrk. J fhgh my bjhFia nrjJ. mo my
bghJthf gytif gHfY fhzgLwJ. t Rit j
mydhnyna MF.
1. vjdh my jahj
vjdhiy fhufyj bghlha bgkhfnd myJ my fyj
bghlha-il-Fnuhnk fiuriy bfhL M#ndw mila brJ
vjdh myij jahfyh.

CH3CH2OH
vjdh

M#ndw

CH3COOH + H2O
vjdh my

2. aa gf
i) vjdh my wkw, Rit bfhl xU k.
ii) J Ul vyh jfY fywJ.
iii) j bfhiy (391K). jid xj MfAhf, MoiALf,
nlhf Mat bfh iyia l mf.
iv) Fu itFnghJ a vjdh my gfo nghw goffis
cUthFwJ. vdnt, J nsa mo my vdgLwJ.
3. nt gf
i) v
 jdh my a Fiwj xU my. MdhY, J y k jhis
tghFwJ.
ii) cnyhfJl id
vjdh my Na, K, Zn Kja cnyhffSl idJ cnyhf
vjdhnail, iAu# thit jUwJ.
(CH3COO)2 Zn + H2

2CH3COOH + Zn

vjdh my fhgndLf kW ig fhgndLfSl idJ

bghFjiy fJwJ. J fhg ilMi[L th btnaWtjh MF.
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3

2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

CH3COOH + NaHCO3

CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

225

myF-13

2CH3COOH + 2Na
2CH3COONa + H2
iii) fhgndLf kW igfhgndLfSl id

iv) fhuJl id
vjdh my nrhoa iAuhi[Ll
vjndhnail, iu jUwJ.
CH3COOH + NaOH
v) fhgh f ( CO2 I f )

idJ

nrhoa

CH3COONa + H2O

vjdh my nrhoa cig nrhlh Rzhl ( 3 gF NaOH

kW 1 gF CaO lfyit) nrJ NLgLJnghJ nj th cUthwJ.
CH3COONa

NaOH / CaO

CH4 + Na2CO3

gaf
1. vjdh my fhoia (f) jahf gagLwJ. fho cz
bghUf kW gHurfis ghJfhf gagLwJ.
2. Mtf fhuahf gagLwJ.
3. ug ghiy bfogLj gagLwJ.
4. rhaf, thrid bghUf, kUJf jahf gagLwJ.
kL
gF m
1.

cWgLJj

fhuz

fknrkf cs izf rf
iz jik bfhlit.

rf izghdJ mQYs
vyuhf glgLtjh VwJ.

bfhLfgLs fhuz cWgLJtjF nghJkhdjhf csjh?

2.

cWgLJj

fhuz

itu vgJ fhg fodkhd wntWik

tot MF.

ituYs fhg ehKf tot

cilaJ.

bfhLfgLs cWgLJjYF fhuz rahf csjh?

nta

3.

cWgLJj

fhuz

Ra rfiz fhuzkhf f mf ms
fhg nrkf cUthwd.

fhg nrkf wntWik tot

gfis bgWsd.

j fhuz cWgLJjYF nghJkhdjhf csjh?

4.

 l
g
yh
(ieu# / fhg / r~g)

_________________

226

wntWik

tot

fhgD mj nrkfS
5. uh~ig mnyhfkhf UjhY rhuij flJwJ. J _____ fhuzkhf
flJwJ (jj vyuhf / iz vyuhf).
6. nj thghL CH4. mjid bjhlU mLj C2H6 <nj. J uoFKs
bghJthd ntWghL __________ (CH2 / C2H2)
7. mif FLg
(< / <ij)

cs

Kj

nrk

IUPAC

bga

__________

8. nlh bjhF kW MoiAL bjhF vj idbra bjhF W

csJ.
9. nrhjidFHh itfgLs X vw lbghUis mo myJl nrJ
NLgLJnghJ Y vw wkw, kzkw th bttUwJ. j th Rzh
iu ghnghy khWwJ. X kW Y-I fLof (bga myJ thghL),
10. cWgLJj

fhuz

vjdh jaig Hjyh mJ

FogjF VwJ my.

bkjdh nrgjh vjdh j aig

HwJ.

nkTa fhuz cW gLjYfhd ca sfkh vgij rghf.

gF M
11. C
 4H10 vw _yTW thghL bfhl midJ khafis vG mjFa
IUPAC bgaLf.
12. itu fhgDila wntWik totfS xwhF. mj fodjikfhd
fhuzij TWf.
13. CWfh gjgLjYF gagL A vw fk nrk _yTW thghL
C2H4O2 nrk vjdhYl idJ a kzKila nrk Bia jUwJ.
i) nrk A kW Bia fLof.
ii) Kiw bgabuG, mj ntrkghil vGJf.

myF-13

14. C
 2H6O vw _yTW thghLila A vw fk nrk fhu fyj KMnO4 Kiy
M#ndw milJ, mnj fhg vifs B vw myij jUwJ.
nrk AahdJ, kUJtkidf fhafis FzgLj gagLwJ. nrk A
kW Bia fLof. Aia Bahf khW ntrkghil jUf.

227


15. bfhLfgLs mltiz nfhol lfis jFj _yTW thghlh
ug.

t.v

mnf

1.

C 2H 6

mif

C 2H 2

<nj

______________

<ij

<
2.

______________

3.

______________

nuhng

C 3H 6

nuhig

C4H10

C4H10

______________

nl

il

nuh

16. gotirahdJ iAnuhfhgf gfis sF jikilaJ. Tiw

gotir waf _y sFf.
17. tUtdt bghJbga kW bgafis vGJf.
m) CH3 CH2CHO M) CH3 COCH3 ) CH3 CHCH3

OH
<) CH3 COOH c) HCHO

nkY mf mtjF
f

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228

aa

msL fUf

myF

14

14. msL fUf

mogil mayhd aa,
aif kW aif ffis
sFwJ.
J
msjagL
ma MF. vdnt aa
bghUfis mswJ. aa
vj xU jJtK cW neha
kW msjagl ffSl
xJnghf
ntL.
aayh
fLofgl gntW msj
fUfS, msit KiwfS kw
ma fSF, rKjhaF
aa fbga bfhil vdyh.
mjifa bfhil UF ms X
msj fUahF.

14.1. UF ms

UF
ms
U
tot
cnyhfrl csJ. ( gl 14.1 ).
rl xU w clw X
cnyhf cUis bghUjgLsJ.
cUis
cw
brJfgoUF. D
xW aFwJ.
nkw,
S2

aa

U jiygFnahL clw
cUisbahW
izfgLsJ.
mj Fj Kid 100 fshf
fgLsJ.
J
jiynfh
vdgL.
U kWKid rkjskhf csJ
(S1) mjF ne v, mj guF
izahf F (S2) xW csJ.
U jiy gF cs grl
mik, UF msF mfkhf
UfgLtij jLwJ.
UF ms jJt

fa
bghUf
gkhzfis 0.001 br.. msF
Jakhf msf gagL fU
UF ms MF.

cUis

mRF izahf l msf

Ffgl msnfh csJ. J
nfh vdgL.

f
UF
U

UF ms UF jJt
mogil ntiy brwJ. iyahd
kiuF aF Uif RWnghJ,
mj Kid Kndh efU bjhiy
Rwgl RWf vifF
nejf UF.
ilu
xU KG RWF U Kid
efU bjhiy, U mLjLj
fSilna cs bjhiyF
rk. J il u vdgL.

S1 clw cnyhf cUis

U tot rl

nfh

jiynfh
tiunfhL

gl 14.1.

230

cUis tot jiy

ghJfh grl
mik

msL fUf
mikjh iH neiH vdgL
jiynfh
n-MtJ

nfh tiu nfhLl izjh

iH neiH MF (gl 14.3).

nfh UF efj
bjhiy
il u = --------------------jiy nfh Ra
RWf vif

ne iH

UF ms ws
U jiygF, jiynfh
xU msF RwgLnghJ,
U Kid efU u, UF
ms ws MF.
il u
ws = --------------------jiy nfh f
vif

gl 14.3.
Z.E. = +(n x L.C.),
UF ms RiH

RUj

UF
Kid
rkjsgu
vnus F rkjs gu
iznghJ
jiynfh
R, nfh tiunfhLl
izjh
RiH
VJiy
(gl 14.2).

Z.C. = -(n x L.C.)

viH

RiH VJiy

gl 14.2.
gl 14.4.

neiH
FnHhL
U
Kid
iznghJ, jiynfh R
nfh tiunfhLF

231

Z.E. = - (100 n) x L.C.

RUj
Z.C. = +(100 n) x L.C.

myF-14

FnHhL U Kid iz
nghJ,
jiynfh
R

nfh
tiunfhLF
nk
mikjh iH viH vdgL.
jiynfh
n-MtJ

nfh tiunfhLl izjh

iH viH MF (gl 14.4).
v iH

UF msia gagL bka f l fhz

Kj UF ms il uij, wsit fLof
ntL. RiH, RUjij fzl ntL. UF ms U
rkjsgufSF ilna bka fia itf ntL. grl mik
cjah Uif U, ewhf fia g bfhSkhW bra ntL.
nfh fhL msit, (P.S.R) nfh tiunfhLl iz
jiynfh msit (H.S.C.) FJ bfhs ntL.
f l = P.S.R. + (H.S.C. x L.C.) Z.C.
f btntW gFfis UF ms rkjs gufSilna
itJ nrhjidia Ug bra. msLfis mltizgLj.
fil fl mik msf ruhr f lkhF.
LC:
ZE:
ZC:
t.
v.

jiynfh ms
nfh ms
bkhj ms
jiy nfh
H.S.C. X L.C.
P.S.R.
P.S.R. + (H.S.C. x
x H.S.C.
mm
mm
L.C.) Z.C.mm

1.
2.
3.

aa

ruhr
jfhy yf Kiw (digital) UF
ms bfhL msLf vjhf
cldoahf nkbfhsgLwd.

tha myF : ikaUJ

Na ika tiu cs ruhr
bjhiy tha myF vdgL.

14.2 f l bjhiyfis msj

1 tha myF (AU) = 1.496 x 1011m

UJ y myJ nfh
x
bjhiy
nghw
l
bjhiyfis
fzl,
w
Kiwf gwgLwd. nuonah
vbuh Kiw nyr Jo Kiw
lkhW
njhwKiw
nghwit
f l bjhiyfis fzl
gagLwd.
mjifa
l
bjhiyfis msf, tha myF
kW x ML nghw myFf
gagLwd.

x ML : xahdJ, btl
X Mo bryToa bjhiy x
ML vdgL.

232

btl xU Mo x
flj bjhiy = x irntf x
1 ML
~ 1 x ML = 3 x 108ms-1
1 ML (behof)
= 3 x 108 x 365.25 x 24 x 60 x 60
= 9.467 x 1015m

msL fUf

kL
gF - m
1. _ _______________ tiu gkhzKs bghUf gkhzfis msf UF
ms gagLjgLwJ.
(0.1 cm., 0.01 cm., 0.1 mm., 0.01 mm.)
2. UF ms jiynfh, R, nfh tiu nfhoF mikwJ.
v RiH ________________
(neF, vF, iy)
3. UF ms ________________ lij msf gagLwJ.
(flghiu, bka f, bf gJ)
4. X x ML vgJ ________________ MF.
(365.25 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 3 x 108 m , 1 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 3 x 108 m,
360 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 3 x 108 m )
5. tha myF vgJ ikaF ________________ ikaF
ilgl ruhr bjhiy.
(yh, Na, brth)
gF - M
1. fhQ TWf cs jtWfis UJf.
m) tha bjhiy vgJ guF, Na guF ilgl
ruhrbjhiy MF.
M) x ML vgJ lF 3 x 108m ntf xahdJ X Mo
gaz br bjhiy MF.
2. A bjhFia B bjhFnahL bghUJf.
bjhF - A

bjhF - B

1.

a gkhzf

nyh l

2.

bga gkhzf

UF ms

3.

mf bjhiy

msnfh

4.

W bjhiy

x mL
Mo-l

233

myF-14

t.v

3. nfhol lfis uf.

f l bjhiyfis msf gagL w Kiwf _________, _________
MF.
(nyr Jo Kiw, x ML Kiw, nuonah-vbuh Kiw, tha Kiw)
4. wsit vgJ UF msnahL bjhlila Ka fUJ MF. UF
ms wsit vgj bghUis czJf.
5. UF ms gl fhQ ghffis Ff.
m) jiynfh M) nfh ) mR <) grfu mik

nkY ma
f

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234

aa

myF

15

ir af fS

15. ir af fS:
X iy cs xU bghUis
af bra, af cs
xU bghUis X iyF bfhL
tu ekJ Ka njitgLtij
mwhl th eh fhnwh. xU
bghU iyia khw bghJthf
eh mij jSnwh, Gnwh
myJ cijnwh.

aa

irahdJ bghUfis jSj

Gj myJ cijj t
mogilyhdJ. iria ghfnth,
Ufnth ayhJ. ekh ir
isit kL fhz myJ czu
Ko.
xU
bghUJ
ir
bragL
clhF
is
mogiljh
iria
sf
aY. jSj, Gj kW
cijj
Ma
braghLf
_y xU bghUJ iria
brYJnghJ bghU aFwJ.
vdnt, xU bghU Xiyianah
myJ af iyianah khWw
myJ khw Kaw bra ir
vdgL. ir xU btl ms. mj
S.I myF l.

gl 15.1
rkkw U irf kufilJ
bragLtjhf fUJnth. kufil
mf ir ir efU. btntW
v kbfhl Uirf
bjhFga, xU bghU nk bragL
mjid afbrkhdh, mU
irfS rkkw irf vdgL.
tU vLJfhL, rkkhd
kW rkkw irfis bjthf
sFwJ.
y
xU
bgoia
brhubrhughd jiu js Ka
brwhf. xUt kL bgoia
jSnghJ
bgo
efuiy
(gl 15.2.(a)). cuh ir jS
ir
irF
vir
bragLwJ. jiu kW bgo
guF ilna bragL cuh
ir jS iria rk brtjh
bgo efuiy.

15.1. rkkhd kW rkkw irf

(a)

gl 15.1 xU fd brtf
kufil
ilkl
nkirJ
itfgLsJ. kufil v
Kff X kW Y vd uL
f flgLsd.

(b)

X GfgLnghJ fil
tygfkhf efU. mnjngh

GfgLnghJ lgfkhf
Y
efU. filJ UwK rk Gir
bfhLfgLnghJ,
virY
efuhk rkiy UF. thW
xU bghUJ bragL irf
bghU X iyianah af
iyianah
khwhk
Ujh
mirf rkkhd irf vdgL.
236

(c)

gl 15.2

ir af fS
Ut bgoia jSnghJ
bgo efuiy. (gl 15.2.(b)) Vbd,
cuh ir jS iria rk
brwJ. _t mf Kal
jSnghJ jS ir, cuh
irial mfkhf UF. U
rkkw irf bjhFga ir
bgo efU (gl 15.2.(c)).

15.2 affhd Kj
fnah rhjs bghUf
afij M brjh. bghUf
J ir braglhjtiu mit khwhj
ntf aFtjhf Tdh.

fh gaz brnghJ ekF

VgL mDgtij iyk ia
bfhL sfyh. XLe kGij
Wj jilia(brake) bragLJ
tiu eh e UifnahL af
iy
Unwh.
jilia
brYJnghJ kGJ Obud X
iyia milwJ. Mdh, eh
bjhlJ af Uf Ka
brnwh.
vdnt,
Kndh
Gnwh.
Obud
jilia
brYJnghJ ekF fhaTl Vgl
th csJ.
jF khwhf Obud af
bjhlF ngUJ x W
bfhoUgt ndh Gwh.
ngUJ
Obud
aFnghJ
ga fhyo ngUJl Kndh
aFwJ. Mdh, cl w gFf
X iy Uf Kagjh
ga ndh Gwh.

fnah ir kW af
ga fUJfis l MuhJ
bghUf af ga _W
fis btlh. mit l
af f vdgLwd.
l Kjgo rkkw
wirbahW
bragL
khW
tiu vj xU bghUS jdJ
X iyianah xnu nenfho
mikj uhd af iyianah
kh bfhshk, bjhlJ mnj
iy UF. j_y vyh
bghUfS jkJ af iy
VgL khwij vF jik
cilait vd bfhsyh. wirf
braglhj iy X iy cs
bghU xW bjhlJ X iyY,
af iy cs bghU xW
bjhlJ
uhd
afiyY
UF. bghJthf bghU g
iyk vdgL. vdnt, l Kj
ia iyk vnwh.

kGJ (car) xW iuJ FWa

tis UnghJ eh xU gfkhf
rhnwh. jfhd fhuz iyk
_y bgwgLwJ. kGJ
mj
afiria
khW
tif v rk braglhj
iria brYJnghJ eh bjhlJ
nenfho
af
Kagnj
jF fhuz. fhQ bra
_yK bghUf iyk gig
sfyh.

bra 15.1
gl
15.3
csthW
xnu
khahd nfu fhfis gyif
mLf.

gl 15.3
237

myF-15

bga : f
nah
w : 15.02.1564
wj l :
nu l, jh
kiw : 8
.01.1642
w : t
ha M aa kW

fj

kbwhU nfu fhia bfhL

mLfgLs
fhf
mo
gF ilklkhf mof.
moF tik nghJkhdjhFnghJ
moYs nfu fh iuJ efwJ.
kw fhf iyk fhuzkhf
brFjhf nfu gyif J
Gtij fhzyh.

15.3 iyk kW iw

aa

nkny bfhLfgLs vLJ

fhLfS brafS, bghUf
mtDila
af
iy
VgL khwij vgij eF
czJwd. X iy cs
bghUf bjhlJ X ynyna
Uf,
af
iyYs
bghUf bjhlJ af iynyna
Uf Kawd. bghU
g iyk vdgL. vdnt, xU
bghU jirahf jhnd jdJ
x iyianah xnu nenfho
mikj uhd af iyianah
kh bfhs ayhj jik iyk
vd tiuaWfgL.
xU bghU iykg mj
iwia rhjJ. xU fhgij eh
cijjh mJ iuthf efU. mnj
irl xU fiy cijjh f
efuhJ. khwhf fh fha VgL.
a jS toF mf ntf jU
irah xU bjhl toia efj
KoahJ. Vbd, jS toial
bjhlto
iyk
mf.
bghU iyk mj iwdh
mslgLwJ.

15.4 cj
ekJ

mwhl

th

fG

238

y ffis fUJnth. nl
bl gJ isahL uJ
glh mtUF fha VglhJ. mnj
neu iuthf brY bf
gJ ghitahsJ glh gyj
fha VgL. f fdkhd outo
rhiy Xu FnghJ vj
gh iy. Mdh, mj to
bkJthf
brYnghJ
xUtJ
nkhdh mt wJ Lth. xU
bghU VgLJ jhf mj
iwia ir ntfij rhjJ
vd mayh. vdnt, xU bghU
iw ir ntfK izJ
cUthF Ka aa ms cj
vd ldh mKfgLjglJ.
xU bghU iw(m) kW mj
irntf(v)Mat bgUfgy
cj vdgL.

p = mv

cjF v k, ir
cL. J xU btl ms. cj
ir, ir ntf irnyna
mik. mj myF kg m s-1.

15.5 affhd ulh

fy gGjilj xU kG
vid af 1 -1
ntf
njitgLtjhf bfhnth. xUt
myJ Ut kGij nenfho
Obud j (rkkwir)1 -1
ntfij bfhLjh v afhJ.
Mdh, bjhlJ j kGJF
gogoahf KLf bfhLFnghJ
kGJ 1 -1 ntf bgW v
af
bjhlFwJ.
kG
Vgl cj khw iria kL
rhuhk mJ bragL neuij
rhUgij mnwh. vdnt, xU
bghU VgL cjkhwfhd
ir, cj khw fj fhy
jij rhJ mikwJ vdyh.

ir af fS
xU nyhuh iws xU
bghUJ 1 -2
KLfij
VgLJ ir 1 l (1 N) MF.

l
ulh
af
go cj khWghLj rkkw
irF nejf miktnjhL
mir irnyna mik.
m iw bfhl bghU u
bjhlf irntf nenfho
aFtjhf fUJnth. mjJ F
vw khwhj ir bragL uhf
KLfkilJ t dhof v vw
W irntfij milwJ vf.
bghU bjhlf cj

= mu

bghU W cj

= mv

bghU Vgl cj khWghL= mv mu

= m(v u) ---------- (1)

vLJfhL 15.1
10 iws bghUJ
khwhj xU ir 4 dhofSF
bragLwJ. bghU irntf
2-1 UJ 8-1 Mf khWwJ v,
ir kig fhf.

cj khWghL

cj khWghL j =

bghU iw m = 10
bjhlfirntf u =2-1
Wirntf v = 8 -1
fhy t = 4

fhy
m(v u)

cj khWghL j =

-- (2)

vdnt, bragL ir F

ir F =

m(v u)
t

F=

l ulh go J irna.
Mdh KLf a =

v-u

10 (8-2)
= 15 N

vLJfhL 15.2

t
(a - irntf khWghL j)
~ F ma
F = kma ------- (3)

2 iws bghUJ 4
ms-2 KLfij VgLJ ir,
3 iwJ 2 ms-2 KLfij
VgLJ ir. tW vJ bgaJ?

F k-j kh. k - k
1-Mf UFkhW ir myF
njbjLfgLwJ.
vdnt, F = ma --------------------------- (4)

ir F = ma

fzgo m1 = 2

ir myF = 1 kg x 1 ms-2 = 1 l
ir myF kg m s-2
l. mj FpL N .

m (v-u)

a1 = 4 ms-2
m2 = 3

myJ

239

a2 = 2 ms-2

myF-15

vdnt, l ulh af
xU bghU J bragL iria
msF Kiwia jUwJ. mjhtJ,
ir vgJ bghU iw kW
KLf t bgUfgy MF.

~ F1 = m1 a1

Jgh jhd
af ir

= 2 x 4 = 8N

kW F2 = m2 a2

= 3 x 2 = 6N

vdnt, 2 iws bghU

J 4 ms-2 KLfij VgLJ ir
bgaJ.

15.6 affhd _wh

gl 15.4 csthW xwhf
izfgl U juhRfis
vLJ bfhnth.
B

gl 15.5

Jgh
iw
Fo
iwial
mfkhf
Ugjh,
Jgh
KLf
Fo
KLfijl Fiwthf csJ.

15.7 cj khwh nfhghL

A
gl 15.4

juhR mik Kid B Rt

iyahfbghUjgLsJ. juhR
mik kWKid A- xU iria
brYJnghJ U juhRfS xnu
msit fhLwd. UJ A
juhR B juhJ brYJ ir B
juhR A jhuhJ brYJ ir
vzs rkkhf virY
UwJ. A juhR B juhJ
brYJ ir id vdgL. B juhR
A juhJ brYJ ir vid
vdgL.
l
_whtJ
go
xbthU idF mjF rkkhd
Mdh, vir bragLtJkhd
X
vid
cL.
id,
vid U ntWgl bghUf
J bragLwJ.

aa

Jgh FL
jhd KLfir

Jgh RLnghJ FL mf
irl
Kndh
ghtJ
idahF.
jF
rkkhd
virl FL Jghia
ndh jStJ v idahF.
J Jgh afF
fhuzkhwJ (gl 15.5).
240

rkkw wirf braglhj tiu

X mik bkhj cj kh
vgJ cj khwh nfhghL MF.
bkj
m1, m2 iws A, B vw U
bghUfis(gJf) fUJnth. mit
Kiwna u1, u2 irntff xnu
ir ne nfho aFwd(gl
15.6a). mtJ rk braglhj
wir VJ bragliy. u1>u2
vf. (gl 15.6b) fhlgLsthW
U bghUfS xwJ xW
nkhbfhwd.
nkhjnghJ
mit bjhLbfhwd. bjhL
bfhoUj neu t dhof. bghU
A, bghU B J F1 vw iria, B,
A J F2 vw iria brYJwJ.
A B nkhjYF v1, v2 ir
ntff nkhjYFK aa mnj
ir nenfho aFwd.
(gl 15.6c)
l ulh go
B jhd ir( id) F1 =
B iw X B jhd KLf
F1 =

m2 (v2-u2)
t

----- (1)

ir af fS
bra 15.2
ff bga g xiw vLJ
bfhL
fhwh
ug.
fGJ gFia yh fl.
xL gilia gagL
cRFHhia g gu J
xl.

nkhjnghJ

nkhjYFK

ff cRFHhD xU
U Kidfis gl 15.7
fhosthW bghUj.
ff nghJ g fG fos
iy mf. g th
tahf fhW btnaW.

(C)

nkhjYF

ff nghJ cRFHh
iria ftf.

gl 15.6

cR FHh

A jhd ir( vid) F2=

A iw X A jhd KLf
m1 (v1-u1)

F2 =

----- (2)

fhW

l _wh go

efU

gl 15.7

F1 = - F2

rkghL (1), (2) UJ

=-

m1 (v1-u1)

t
m2(v2-u2)

= - m1(v1-u1)

15uh
iws
Jgh
-1
FL 100 ntf RlgLwJ.
Jgh iw 2 v, mj
af irntf fhf.

m2v2- m2u2

= m1u1- m1v1

m1v1+m2v2

= m1u1+ m2u2

Fo iw m1= 15. =0.015

vdnt, m1u1+m2u2

= m1v1+ m2v2

nkhjYF K mik bkhj

cj
nkhjYF

bkhj
cjF rk. wir braglhj
nghJ nkhjdh U bghUf
bkhj cj khw VgLtiy.
J gy bghUfSF ilnaahd
nkhjYF bghUJ.

Jgh iw m2= 2
Fo bjhlf irntf u1=0
Jgh bjhlf irntf u2=0
Fo W irntf v1= +100 -1
(Fo lUJ tykhd af
iria neFahf vLJbfhtJ
ku)

241

myF-15

m2 (v2-u2)

vLJfhL 15.3

Jgh ndhF irntf = V

RL K bkhj cj = m1u1+ m2u 2

= (0.015 x 0) + (2 x 0)

=0

T = Fd
P ir

Rl bkhj cj = (0.015 x 100+2 V)

=(1.5 +2V) Kgms-1

cj mik go
Rl bkhj cj = RLK
bkhj cj
1.5 +2 V

2 V

= - 1.5

= - 0.75 -1

vF FL efU irF
v ir Jgh af
miltij FF.

15.8 ir
uil

Uw

kW

aa

ir Uw
UF
FwL
vw
fUah
bragLjgL irahdJ UF
kiu(nut) xiw RHW myJ,
f(hinges) J fj RHY
nghJ, irahdJ, bragLjgL
irnyna bghUis aFtnjhL
kLkyhk, bghUis RHYkhW
brwJ. RH mR, ir
bragL nfhoid btl brahJ;
mjF
izahf
UfhJ.
RH gid ir U
is myJ Fl mir
bghUj ir U w
vdyh. ir F U w
v kghdJ ir v k
kW ir bragL nfhoUJ
m
brFJ
bjhiy
Mat bgUf gydhf vLJ
bfhsgLwJ.

242

bjhiy d

gl 15.8
gl 15.8 fhoathW bghU
Js P vw ir F
bragLtjhf fUJnth Oit
bghUJ ir F Uw
= ir v k X ir
irF
Uw
fhzgl
ntoa
F
ilnaahd
brFJ bjhiy = Fx d
bghU J bragL ir, Oit
rhJ bghUis lRir
RHdh mUw lR
Uw
vdgL.
bghUis
tyR
ir
RHdh
mUw tyR Uw
vdgL. ir Uw myF
l l. lR Uwid
neFY, tyR Uwid
vFY FLtJ ku.
uil
bghUbshJ U irf
izJ bragL Uwid
myJ U isit VgLj Toa
gy vLJfhLfis eilKiw
fhnwh. rfu x X kW
Y f U ff flgL,
rfu bjhLnfhLf tna U
rkkhd (F) virf bragLtjhf
UfL. (gl.15.9). rfu, mj
ika O- bghUjgoUjh,

ir af fS
O-it bghUJ lRir
RHY

nfhf ah Naid R
tUwd. nkny, brhygl fUJ
nfhf afF bghUJ.
nfhfSF NaDF ilna
< irahdJ bragLwJ. vdnt,
mlYs xbthU bghUS
kbwhiw <wJ. j <
iria l, <a ir vd
miHjh.

bra 15.3
f xU Kid a
fiy fl. kbwhU Kidia
if oJ bfhL gl 15.10
csthW RHw.

gl 15.9
bragho nfhLf xWl
xW bghUjhk, braglToa U
rkkhd vbu irf uilia
cUthF
vd
aua
TwgLtJL.

f f afij ftf.
f f tlghij iyahd
v k bfhl irntf
RHtij fhzyh.

15.9 <a
: Ir l
:04.01.1643
: Cnuh, yhJ
: 20.03.1727
: bghUf < ga
sf

f ifUJ
Ll.

iy

nghJ

f kWgo f afij
ftf.

Fl cauUJ lgL
bghU ia neh GwJ. M
kujo l cfhUjnghJ,
mtJ M GjJ. f
mtiu f oaJ. M
afij MuhJ mJ ia neh
<fgLtnj mjF fhuz vwh.
M ia <wjh? mgo v
Mis neh efuiyna. V?
l
_wh
go
MS ia <f ntL.
Mdh, l ulh go
bfhLfgl
irF
KLf,
bghU
iwF
vjf
UF. iwia xLnghJ
M iw wff jfJ.
vdnt, Mis neh efuiy.

gl 15.10
iy
Llh,
mJ
bjhLnfho tna nenfho
aF.

15.9.1 l <
mlYs xbthU bghUS
kw bghUfis mt iwf
bgUfgyDF nejfY, il
bjhiy UkoF vjfY
mikj irl <F. nkY
irahdJ
U
bghUf
ikafis izF nfho tna
bragL.

243

myF-15

bga
w
wj l
kiw
w

G v k 6.673 X 10 -11 Nm2 kg-2

m2

m1

15.9.2 iw

d
gl 15.11
m1, m2 iws U bghUf
gl 15.11 csthW d bjhiy
mikJsd. U bghUfSF
ilnaahd < ir l
<a go
F m1m2 --------------------------- (1)
F 1/ d2 --------------------------- (2)
rkghL (1) kW (2)UJ
F
F =

m1 m2

----------------- (3)

d
Gm1 m2

----------------- (4)

d2

F G vgJ jf kh. J
<a kh vdgL. rkghL (4)
UJ
G =

xU bghUYs gUbghU
ms mgUbghU iw vdgL.
vdnt, iwahdJ xU bghUYs
gUbghU msit mswJ.

15.9.3 vil
xU bghU vil vgJ mj
l
mJ
czU
<a
ir myJ mbghUis vts
tikahf <a ir <wJ
vgij fhL mslhF.
eh yF bry nejh mF
Ugijl ekJ vil Fiwthf
UF. Vbd, <
irial y < ir Fiw.
Mdh, iw uL lfY
xnu msthf UF. Vbd, ekJ
gUbghU ms khWghL miltJ
iy.
vLJfhL 15.4

Fd2

xU bghU iw 5 nyh uh.

v mj vil ahJ?

m1 m2
SI myFfis ulh G
myF N m2 kg-2

vil w = mg
w = 5 x 9.8 = 49N

iw, vil tF ilnas ntWghL

aa

t.v

iw

vil

1.

mogil ms

t ms

2.

bghU cs gUbghU ms bghUJ bragL <a

ir ms

3.

myF nyhuh

myF l

4.

lF l khwhJ

lF l khW

5.

aa juhdh
msfgLwJ.

juhdh msfgLwJ.

244

ir af fS
15.9. 4 < KLf
< fhuzkhf bghU
afij ga Kiwahd Mid
KjKj fnah nkbfhlh.
igrh efuJ rhj nfhu
UJ gy bghUfis H brJ,
< fhuzkhd afij mt
M brjh. fhW yhj iy
midJbghUfS rk ntf
nH Gwd vw cikia
fljh.

< fhuzkhf nH G
fhjJL
myJ
thFil
jit(parachute)
x
af
ntfij fhWjil FiwwJ.
fhW yhj l, fdkhd f
xiw thFil jit xiw
xnu neu Hbrjh, uL rk
ntfnyna nH G.

l ulh af go,
ir F= mg
nkfl Uirfis GMm = mg
rkgLj R2
GM
~g=

R2

g- k, bghU iwia
bghUjjy
vgJ
nkfl
rkghoUJ bjwJ.
Mdh, mJ ikaUJ
cs bjhiyit rhJ khWgL. R
MuKs nfhskhf ia fUdh,
guJ g- k
GM
~g=

R2

fl kl 45 mr cs
g- k goju (standard)kghf
fUjgLwJ. mjhtJ g = 9.8 ms-2

15.9.5. iw

gu < KLf

vD
rkghoUJ

iwia GsthW fzlyh.

gl 15.12 fhoathW m iwila

bghUbshW
guJ
Ugjhf fUJf.

GM
g=
R2

gR2
M=
G

245

9.8 x (6.38 x 106)2

= 5.98 X 10 24 Kg

=
6.67 x 10-11

myF-15

< fhuzkhf jil

jhnd nH G bghU irntf
uhd j mfwJ. vd
nrhjidUJ bjwJ. ( mjhtJ
KLf uhdJ). < irdh
bghU VgL KLf <
KLf vdgL. mJ g vW
FlgLwJ. Fl l,
midJ
bghUfSF,
iw
khWgoD g- k rk MF.
mj k gu lF
l khWgL. nkY, FJauij
bghUJ
MHij
bghUJ
khWgLwJ.

gl 15.12
ikaUJ mJ cs
bjhiy R ( Mu) MF.
GMm
bghU jhd <a ir F =
R2
M vgJ iw MF.

iwa ma
krh mzhJiu

ruha

k r h
mzhJiu
n f h a
k h t l
bghshF
mU
cs
n f h j t h o
vD

ruha I ygazfhd
xU fy. J yF mDggl
ah
Kj
Myh
Ezh MF. 2008M ML
mnlhg khj Mu khyYs
$AnfhlhUJ
ISRO-M
VtglJ. J 2009M ML MfL khj tiu
braglJ. j M ty
tU kW jiuwF tiffis
cslaJ. J ISRO- IJ ga
Rikfis vLJbrwJ. nkY, J
mbkfh NASA btika,
Inuha
btika
(ESA),
gnfa btika t
6
gaRikfis
ytrkhf
vLJbrwJ.

aa

#&iy2, 1958- wjt. krh,

ghyrut tuJ bgnwh. tuJ
jij
bjhlfg
Mauhf
gahat. krh mzhJiu
jkJ
bjhlf
fia(1-5
tFf)
nfhjtho
Cuh
xa eLiyg gwh.
gbdhwh
tF
tiuyhd
gfia jkJ brhj C
RWtlhu gFf gntW muR\
muR cj bgW gf gwh.
tuJ fgaz bjhljJ.
bghsh, NGM f, jkJ
FKf tFig(PUC), nfha
muR
bjhEg
f
bgha sfiyglij(B.E)
bgwh. 1982- PSG bjhEg
f KJfiyglij (M.E)
bgwJl, mnj Mo a
bt Mika ma
mPuhf
gnawh.
mJl
nfha mzh bjh Eg
gfiyfHf Kidt glij
bgwh.

ruha 312 ehf

braglJ. mnghJ llgl
yFf 95 rjjij iw
brjJ.
ruha

mzhJiu braifnfh
Jiw
Kd
bjhEg
tYeuhth. jnghJ mt ruha
I kW ruha II t l
aFe Mth. Fiwj bry
ruha totik t gF
FljfJ.
jidia
L mtuJ ngRf a
khztfilna
Jiw
Mtij Ltjhf csJ.

tUtd mj rhjidfS y,
ff y k _yTWf
mf
gu
guUgij
fljJ.
ff ruha fk tiu fU(Moon
y
minerology
Mapper),
Kfhy
KY
cUa

246

ir af fS

ff

ff

ff

ff

ff

ff

ff

ff

ruha I ygu kjf

ciwlkhf gagL gy Fiffis
fljJ.

F bjh Eg
(Cryogenic Technique)
Fa vD brh ciw F
vW bghUgL, nuf brhUJ
cUthdjhF.
aa Fa vgJ f
Fiwj btgiyia cUthFjY
(123K F Fiwthf) mbtgiy
bghUf
braghLfis
mtJkhF. f Fiwj btg
iyYs
bghUfisg
fwgt
Fayhs
Mth.
Fa bf btgiy msL
Kiw gwgLwJ. ut ieu#,
ut a nghwit gtif
F gaghLf KakhdjhF.
fgo
ehLfilna
bgw
aYtJ, F bjh Eg
mf gagLtJ ut ieu#
MF. ut a f Fiwj
btgiyia
bgw
bghJthf
gagLjgLwJ. 6 mo cauK 3 mo
lK bfhl th FLitf
utf itfgLwd.
ulh cyfnghnghJ Fa
Jiw tsailjJ. mayhsf
f F%lgl cnyhff
cWjik
mfgij
fljd. J F tYgLJj
vdgL. v vgtuh 1966M
ML thfKiw bragL
F bjhrhiy cUthfgL
cy giHikahd F Wtdkhf
khaJ.
ut ieu# nghw Ff,
FF kW ciwa br
gaghLf gagLwd.
i ) uhbf
F bjh Eg Ka
gaghL F vbghUshF. ut

247

myF-15

ff

iyUjij cW brwJ.
Inuha
bt
ika
gaRik - ruha 1 glkhF
X-f (CIXS - Chandrayan 1 Imaging
X-Ray Spectrometer) wkhiykh,
24F nkgl tik Fa Na
xafis g brjJ.
ruha I- bghUjgl y
tiugl xglfU mbkfh
mnghnyh 15, mnghnyh 11
yfyf y jiuwa
lfis g brJsJ.
y fk ts ga jftf
ca gFw wkhiykh _y
bgwglJ.
y nyr bjhiyt fU
(LLRI - Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument)
y JUtf kW Ka
gFf ga jftfis mjJ.
CIXS X-f glfU, y
mYa, bka kW
fh t jlafis g
brJsJ.
gnfa gaRikahd fR
ffh
fU
(Radiation
Dose Monitor - RADOM) ruha
Vtgl ehnyna bragLjgL
Weh tiu braglJ.
75 ehf ruha ifgl
fU 40,000F nkgl glfis
F mDaJ.
y nkLgsfis y tiugl
xglfU
g
brjJ.
ygu mf gsjhFfis
bfhlJ.

KG
totij
KjKiwahf
g
brJ
mDaJ.

iAu# bgUks uhbfo

vbghUshf gagLjgLwJ.
ii ) fhj xir gkhf (MRI)
fhj
xir
gkhF
Kiw
tYf
fhjyij
kj cl cSWf CLUt
brJ tfnzhl (Scanning)
lgLwJ. tikahd fhjy
ut
aD
itfgl
flJ fRUfis gagL
cUthfgL. ut a RU
btgiyia
Rkh
4K
tiu
Fiwabr. jifa jhj
btgiy mf gFw bfhl
gfis bgwyh.
iii ) bgUefuf w mDL
bgUefuf
wj
iy
ff tna w mDj
fodkhdjhF. Mdh, mo
mikfgl f tlf w
mDjnghJ btgiy cath
w zhfgL. jid jf
utkhfgl F thf f
tlfJ bjfgL, mj
btgiy jil FiwfgL.

Mgf
nkbfhtjfhf
kjdh totikfglJ bt
iyakhF.
a
bt
iyaf,
bt y thuf myJ
y khjf myJ y MLf
j Mgf nkbfhtjfhf
totikfglit. mnk{, r
tir, ifny, nghwit
tif bt iyafshF.
bt iyaf, beLeh
bt
jFtjh
kj
cl
VgL
isfis
Muha gagLjgLwd. kw
fyfis
ngh
myhk
gy eh bt j, mf
vifyhd
Mf
nkbfhs
it
mojskh
mikwd. uhQt gagLa
fil bt iya r 5
MF. J 1976 kW 1977 M Mo
nrha Foau mnk{ lgo
gagLjglJ.

iv ) cz gjgLJj
ngh fG gFf, yeLf
ghj
gFf
MatF
mf ms gjgLjgl cz
bghUfis
mDtjF
F
thf gagLjgLwd.

aa

v ) jL CkUJ
c
bjh
Eg
jahfgL jL C kUJfSF
ieu#
F%LKiw
njitahdjhF.
bt iya
bt Fl fhy j

248

bt iyaf bghJthf
UtifgL.
r
ifny
Mait xiw mLF tifahF.
it Kj VtgL bt
Mthsuh teljgL. njitahd
bghUf kW M fUfSl
VtgL, mit gagLjgll
fy iflgL.
r 6, kW r 7 Mait
y
khwfis
csl
U
mLFKiw
cUthfgld.
J, ulhtJ bt Mths

ir af fS
a
fy
_y
mjid
brwiltjF
bghUfis
bfhL nrf ttFjJ.
jdh,
bt
iya
Mthsuh
bjhlJ
telj
glJ. ifny uil mLF
tifia rhjJ. ulh mLF
gagLjgliy. ulh mLF
gy fhy MF ttFF.
ulh tifia rhj ,
kW gdhL bt iya
( International
space
Station-ISS)
Mait jahf Kj VtgL,
njitahd
gFf
gogoahf
mjDl izfgld. tif
bt iyafis VtjF
f w thj xiw Vthfd
njitiy. cz kW fUfis
Jizfyf _y njitahdnghJ
bgWtjnfg
bt
iya
totikfgL. vdnt, l fhy
MF
jid
gagL
bfhsyh.

f
Fiwj
kWRHj,
mf fR, Fiwj < ir
Mait t jF fhyij
FiwgdthF.
it
ekF
mbrsfaij
VgLJtjhf,
beLeh
cl
eyghig
jUtjhf csJ.
vfhy Fiw fgL
gyeh
bt
fy
jFtjfhd thf csd. y
bt iyaf, bt efu
vD msF mf kjfis
cslF tifY mtf jf
ciwlfis
mikJbfhS
tifY Vtglyh. J tiu
tifahd
vj
bt
iyaK cUthfgliy. nkY,
Vtj fhd jfhy bghUbry
eilKiwF rhakhdjy.
oahfh-I
vD
bt
iyaij
2011-M
Mo
bjhlf dh VaJ. mj
cy bt iyaij Va
ehLf _whtjhf dh csJ.

kL
gF - m
1. xU bghU KLfF fhuz ________________.
(rk bragl ir, rk braglhj ir, iya ir,btg)
2. cj khWghL jF rkkhd aa ms ________________.
(lbga, KLf, ir, fzjhFir)
3. X iyYs fdkhd bghU cj ________________.
(f mf, f Fiw, R, Ko)

5. cbjhEg C kUJfis Fu br F bjhEg mikf _____________.

(a, ieu#, mnkhah, Fnsh)
gF - M
1. fhQ TWf xU bghU iwnahL bjhlyhj Tiw vGJf.
J X mogil ms , J aa juhR bfhL msfgLwJ,. J juhR
bfhL msfgLwJ., gUbghU ms

249

myF-15

4. gu 50 .. iws kj vil ________________.

(50 N, 35 N, 380 N, 490 N)

2. nfhol lfis uf.

m) ir = iw x KLf v cj = ________________
M) ut iAu# uhbfo gagLwJ v
________________ MRI gl oj gagLwJ.
3. ruha - 1 lnjhL bjhlila y Wtdf bgaf nH bfhLfgLsd. Mdh
y bgaf mnjhL bjhlyhjit. bjhlyhj Wtdf bgafis goaLf.
(a bt M ika, ghgh mQ Muh ika, ehrh bt ika, Inuha
bt Tlik Wtd, cyf Rfhjhu ika, vbz vth fHf)
4. fhQ TWf jtWf VJU UJf.
m) xU l ir vgJ xU uh iws bghU 1 ms-1 KLfij VgLJ ir
msit FF.
M) id vid vnghJ xnu bghUJ bragL.
5. F bjh Eg Kakhd ga F vghU MF. F vbghU vgj bghUis
czJf.
6. lRUwid _________ FY, tyR Uwid ________________
FY FLtJ ku.
gF -
1. m) l Kj af ir gig sFwJ. Tiw ahagLJf.
M) 10 .., 20 .. iws bghUf Kiwna 10 ms-1, 5 ms-1 ntf brtij gl fhLwJ.
mit nkhbfhwd. nkhjnghJ mit bjhLbfhS neu 2 dhof.
nkhjYF mit Kiwna 12 ms-1, 4 ms-1ntf brwd v F1, F2 tiw fhf.
5 m/s F1

10 m/s
10 Kg

20 Kg

10 Kg

F2
20 Kg

12m/s
10 Kg

20 Kg

4m/s

2. m) bt iyaf, leh bt jFtjh kj cl VgL isfis

MuhagagLjgLwd. Tid ahagLJf.
M) F = Gm1m2 / d2 vgJ l <a fj tot. l <a id
vGJf.

nkY ma
f

aa

1. Advanced physics - M.Nelkon and P.Parker, C.B.S.Publications

2. College Physis - R.L.Weber, K.V.Manning Tata McGraw Hill
3. bghGJnghF bgsf - ah.bgbukh brR A
izajsf

http://www.brittannica.com
http://www.zonalandeducation.com, www.wiki.animers.com
http://www.arvinguptatoys.com
http://www.khanacademy.org
250

aa

myF

16

ndhlaY MwY

16. ndhla
bga : iknf ghunl
w : 22.09.1791
wj l: l, yhJ
kiw : 25.08.1867
w : ildnkhit fLojt

ed rKjha rhu f
Kakhd
gid
twJ.
Lf, gf, kUJtkidf,
bjhrhiyf t gytif
gaghLfSF
yFthf,
trahf gagLjgL Mw
dhwyhF. dhw vthW
cUthfgLwJ?
R
ndhl
vthW
ghwJ? xU R ndhlij
xGFgLJ
fhuf
ahit?
ghlgF dhfSfhd
ilfis fhngh.

aa

16.1 ndhl kW RW
fh af, Xl it
ekF eF bj. M Xodh
mij nuhl vnwh. mnjngh
}lf xU fl Xodh
mJ ndhl vdgL. xU
ifs (lh) cs fy,
}lfis XlbrJ sF
vtjfhd ndhlij VgLJ
wJ. rhia _LnghJ kLjh
sF vwJ. rh vd brwJ?
rh
fyF,
sF
ilna izig VgLJwJ.
ndhl bjhlJ gh _oa ghij
RW vdgL. RW VjhtJ xU
Jofglh ndhl
brtJ jilgL sF vahJ.

252

ndhlij
eh
vthW
tiuaWfyh? xU dho neu
fl Fl gu tna
flJ brY }l ms
ndhl
vd
tiuaWfgL.
RUfkhf }l gh j
ndhl vdgL. cnyhf
flf
vyuhf
aF
}lfshf
bragLwd.
vyuhf
aF
irF
vir ku ndhl ir
MF.
Q ms }l xU fl
VjhtJ
xU
FWFbtLgu
tna t dhof ghjh fl
ndhl
I = Q / t.
}l SI myF TY. 1
TY vgJ 6 x 1018 vyuhf
}lF rk.
ndhl myF Ma (A)
MF. Ma vgJ bu ehL
ma mP bgauhF.
nkny cs rkghoUJ,
Q = 1C

, t = 1s

v, I = 1 A
xU TY (C) }l xU dho
neu fl VjhtJ xU FWF
btL gu ghjh fl
ndhl X Ma. xU R
ndhlij msf ml vD
fU gagLwJ.
vLJfhL 16.1
xU
sF
0.75A
ndhlij 10 lfSF
gagL bfhwJ. v, R
gh }l ms ahJ?

ndhlaY MwY
: ndhl I
fhy t

0.75 A

ntWghL xU R xW myJ
xWF
nkgl
fyfsh
cUthfgLwJ.

10 lf

= 600 dhof
Q

It

0.75 x 600

}l Q

fy
xU
fl
R
izfgLnghJ R dGj
ntWghL cUthfgL }lf
a R ndhl gh.
xU R U fSilna
dGj
ntWghL
vgJ
xU
UJ kbwhU F XuyF
ne }lij efj bragL
ntiy MF.

450 C

gl 16.1 fy, sF, ml

kW rh tiw bfhl
Riw FwJ.

U
filna
dGj
ntWghL (V) = ntiy (W) / }l (Q)
V = W/Q
dGj ntWgho SI
nth (V)
1 nth = 1 #& / 1 TY

gl 16.1

16.2 dGj kW dGj

ntWghL
xU
fl
}lfis
af brtJ vJ? ilklkhd
FHh ghahJ. FHh xU Kidia
nkkl bjhol izF
nghJjh FHh ghwJ. mjhtJ,
FHh U KidfSilna mGj
ntWghL cUthfgLnghJ xU
KidUJ kW KidF ghwJ.
mnjnghy xU cnyhf fl U
KidfSilna dGj ntWghL
xW cUthfglhjh fl
tna ndhl gh. dGj

ndhl gh fl U
fSilna 1 TY }lij
vLJ bry bragl ntiy 1
#& v, mU fSilna
dGj ntWghL 1 nth MF.
dGj ntWghil nth liu
bfhL msnwh.

16.3 RWgl
vikahd
FpLfis
gagL xU R gntW
cWfis izJ bgwgL gl
RWgl vdgL. bghJthf
tHfkhf
gagLjgL

cWf
bgafS
mt
FpLfS nH cs mltiz
16.1 bfhLfgLsJ.

253

myF-16

Ba

myF

t. v

cWf

FLj

1.

fy

2.

ngl myJ fy bjhF

3.

rh myJ RR ( wjJ )

4.

rh myJ RR ( _oaJ )

5.

f iz

6.

izgw f FWnf bry

7.

sF

8.

jil

9.

khWgL jil myJ jil kh

10.

ml

11.

nth l

12,

x c ilnahL
mltiz 16.1

vLJfhL 16.2
xU R 10V dGj ntWghLs U fSilna 5C }lij
efj bragl ntiy ahJ?
:
}l

5C

dGj ntWghL

10V

V x Q

W
W

=
=

10 V x 5C
50J

}lij efj
bragl ntiy

aa

16.4 X
bga

: #h{ irk X

: 16.03.1789

wj l

: vyh#, b#k

: 06.07.1854

: X

xU fl KidfSilna
cs
dGj
ntWghoF
fl gh ndhlF
ilna bjhl clh? fhQ
braghil ghngh.

254

ndhlaY MwY
bra 16.1
ff gl 16.2 fhlgLsthW xU Rid
mikf. R 0.5m sKs XYvw
nuh f, ml, nth l, 1.5
V
dGjKs
ehF
fyf
izfgLsd. ( ienuh vgJ f,
Fnuha, khfR kW U twh Md
cnyhf fyit )
gl 16.2
 j ienuh fnahL xnu xU fyij
K
iz bfhLJ ml msL I. nth l msL V tiw
FJ mltizgLj.
ff nkny brhdJngh uL fyfis R izJ ml
msL I, nth l ms V Matiw Ff. _W fyf,
ehF fyf vd izJ xbthU Kiw ml, nth l
msLfis mltizgLj.
ff xbthU Kiw V kW I msLf j fzl.

t.v

khahf Ugij fhzyh.

R
nuh f
gagLjgl
gh ndhl
fyf
I ( ampere )
vif

1827M ML b#k ehL

aa mP #h{ irk X xU
fl gh ndhl IF
fl
KidfSilnaahd
d G jntWghL
VFkhd
bjhlig fljh.
X go khwh btgiy fl
x tna gh khwh ndhl
mj
KidfSF
ilnas
dGj ntWghoF nejf
UF.
I- ndhlij,

nuh f
KidfSilna
dGj ntWghL
V ( Volt )

V/ I
(Volt /
ampere)

V - dGjntWghil Fjh
V I

myJ

V/ I = kh.

16.5.fl jil
X go
VI

V = IR

Fl btgiy X cnyhf
flF, R xU kh. J fl
jil vdgL. J }
lf afF xU jilia
jU. jil SI myF X. j
FpL .

255

myF-16

bragho V/ I

V
R=

1 X =

xU fl KidfSilna
dGj ntWghL 1 nth Mf
csnghJ fl gh ndhl
1 Ma v, fl jil 1
X MF.

I
1 nth
1 Ma

vLJfhL 16.3
xU _yUJ 5A ndhlij xU btg_o vLJ bfhSnghJ
mj KidfSilna dGj ntWghL 60V v, KidfSF ilna
dGj ntWghL 120 V MFnghJ vLfgL ndhl vts?
:dGj ntWghL V = 60V
ndhl I = 5A
X go R = V / I = 60 / 5 = 12 X
dGj 120 V MFnghJ ndhl : I = V / R = 120 / 12 = 10A
~ btg_o vLF ndhl = 10A

bra 16.2
ff nuh f, if sF (Torch), x
cilnahL, ml,( 0 5A beLf ).
ff rh, js izF f Matiw
vLJ bfhs.
gl 16.3
ff gl 16.3 csthW 1.5 V cs ehF
fyfis mlUl bjhluhf izJ Rid cUthf.
gl csthW XY ilbt l.
ff ienuh fia XY ilbt izJ rhia _l. ml
msit Ff. rhia wf.
ff ienuh fF gyhf ifsF gig izJ ml msit
Ff.

aa

ff nghJ XY ilbt xc ilnahil ( LED ) izJ nkny

brhdJngh ml msit Ff.
ff nkny brhd vyh brafY ml msL xnu kh Ujjh?
UJ vd bjwJ?
ff njnghy ntW y bghUfis XY
ilbt izJ
nrhjidia bra. xbthU Kiw ml msit Ff.
ff gfis M bra.

256

ndhlaY MwY
F
xnth
cWig
izFnghJ
ndhl
khWwJ. V khWwJ? y cWf
vjhf
ndhlij
mt
tna mDkwJ. y cWf
ndhlF mf jilia
bfhLwJ

RW
KGtjF
gagLj

jj
jilfSF
ia gagLj,

gl 16.4 csthW jilf

R1, R2, R3 tiw xU fy, rh
tWl bjhluhf izf.

V1 = IR1
V2 = IR2
nkY V3 = IR3

gntW RWf eh
jilahfis btntW izf
gagLjyh. jilahfis
UKiwf izfyh. mit
bjhliz jilahf

ia

V = IRS

16.6 jilahf bjhF

m) bjhliz, M) gf iz

tiw rkghL 1 ul,

IRS

IR1 + IR2 + IR3

myJ Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
vdnt,
bjhl
iz
izfgL
jilahf
bjhFga k Rs
jj
jilahf (R1,
R 2,
R 3)
jilf
TLjYF
rk.
bjhFga jil k vj xU
jgl jilah jil
kigl mfkhf UF.
vLJfhL 16.4

bjhliz
cs
jilahf, R1, R2, R3 t
bjhFga jilia RsM gL
bra Ko. mnghJ R dGj
ntWghL V kW ndhl I it
khWglhJ.

:1) bfhLfgl jilf

R1 = 18 X
R2 =

6 X

~ R bkhj jilRs = R1 + R2
Rs = 18 + 6 = 24 X
2) fy mL KidfS
ilna dGj ntWghL V = 6V
~ R ndhl I = V/RS = 6/24
I = 0.25 A.

257

myF-16

gl 16.4
xbthU jilahY rk
ndhl I ghwJ. jilf
bjhF
KidfSilna
cs dGj ntWghL, jj
jilahfSilna
cs
dGj ntWghLf TLjYF
rk. mjhtJ V = V1 + V2 + V3 -------(1)

18X kW 6 X jilf
6V
fy
mLFl
bjhluhf
izfgLsd. v, 1. R
bkhj jil 2. R gh
ndhl tiw fzLf.

gf iz jilahf

j kfis rkghL 1 ul

R1, R2, R3 k bfhl _W

jilahf
gf
iz
izfgLwd. j bjhF
gl 16.5 csthW xU fy
mLF
kW
rh
tWl
izfgLwJ.

gl 16.5
gf iz bjhF x
bthU jilahF FWnf
dGj ntWghL rkkhf UF.
mj k V. bkhj ndhl
xbthU
isY
cs

ndhl TLjYF rk.

I = I1 + I2 + I3 -------------------

(1)

Rp
vgJ gf izYs
jilahf
bjhFga
jil vf. jilahf
gf iz bjhFF X ia
gagLj

aa

X go I1 =

I3

RP

R1

V
=

R2

R3

myJ
1
RP

R1

1
=

R2

R3

gf iz izfgLs
jilahf
bjhF
jil jiy k, jj
jilahf
jil
jiy
kf
TLjYF
rk. bjhFga jil R
izfgLs jilahf
jil Wkigl Fiwthf
UF.
vLJfhL 16.5
5 X 10 X 30 X jilf
xU
R
gf
iz
izfgLsd. R bjhFga
jil fhf.
:- R1 = 5 X
R2 = 10 X
R3 = 30 X
it gf iz csd.

I=

I2

=
=

RP

RP

R1

RP

R2

1
R1
1
5

Rp =

V
R3

258

1
R2
1
10
30
10

1
R3
1
30

10
30

= 3 X

ndhlaY MwY

bra 16.3
ff xU fy, sF, rh,
(bulb) izf tiw
gagL gl 16.6 csthW
Rid
mikf.
rhia _o, s tna
ndhlij gha bra.
ff ndhl
bjhlJ
beL neu s tna
ghnghJ sfhdJ (bulb)
btgkilwJ.
rh

btg isth gy fUf bra

gLwd. rhu bgo,
buho RL mL, mL,
Nnl Kjait ndhl
btg is g mogil
bragL eh mj fUf MF.

16.8 #& btg

R
jils jilah
tna gh ndhl I vf.
jilah KidfSilna
dGj ntWghL V vf.
t dhof jil tna gh
}l Q vf. Q }lij
V dGj ntWgho af
bragL ntiy VQ.
vdnt,
_ykhdJ t dhof VQ vw
Mwiy mf ntL. vdnt,
_ydh RWF tHfgl
w
P = V ( Q / t ) = VI

gl 16.6
fy xU dhw _y
vgJ ekF bj. mj
U
thfSF
ilnas
dGj ntWghL, jil tna
vyuhfis a ndhlij
cUthFwJ. ndhl gha
fy mj Mwiy bryL
bfhnl Uf ntL. j Mw
vd MwJ? xU ia
bjhlJ l neu RHy brnghJ
vd fwJ? Mw xU
gF gaDs ntiyahf khWwJ.
( wiffis RHy
brj nghy ), jKs Mw mjid
btggL zhwJ. RwhdJ
KGtJ jilah MdJ. v,
_y Mw bjhlJ btg to
zhwJ. ij ndhl btg
is vnwh. ndhl

myJ R tahf Mw
_y t neu bfhLj Mw PXt.
mjhtJ VIt. j Mw vd MdJ?
j Mw jil btgkhf
kh btnaWwJ. vdnt, iyahd
ndhl I xU jil tahf
ghnghJ t dhof cUthfgl
btg H = VIt
X ia gagLj H = I Rt
J #& btg vdgLwJ.
go
xU
jil
cUthfgL btgkhdJ (1)
Fl jilF mj tna
gh
ndhl
UkoF
(I) nejY (2) Fl
ndhlF
jilah
jilF (R) nejY (3)
jilah tna ndhl
gh neuF
(t) nejY
UF.

259

myF-16

16.7.ndhl btg is

vLJfhL : 16.6
4 X jil KidfSilna
dGj ntWghL 20 V v m
clhfgL btg j ahJ?
:dGj ntWghL
V = 20V
jil R = 4 X
fhy t = 1s
X go I = V/R = 20/4 = 5A
clhfgl btg j H = I Rt

H = 5 x 4 x 1

H = 100 J

16.9. cU gF
#& btg is bghJthd
gaghL
R
gagL
cUahF. (fuse).
J X
cnyhf fyitah Md f MF.
(37% fha, 63% <a ) J mf
jilia Fiwj cUF iy
bfhlJ. rhjdnjhL
cU bjhluhf izfgL. R
Kiwaw mf ndhl ghnghJ
cU, cU, Riw
fUia ghJfhwJ.

aa

16.10. L gaghL RWf

LfSF njitahd dhwiy
Kjik
Mw
tHUJ
(mains) fo gfgl f
tlf ( Under Ground Cables ) myJ
fgfJ tU ff _y
bgWnwh. jifa tHf
t
fhiw
bfhl
f
ndhl f (positive) vdgL.
fW fhiws kbwhU f
(negative) eLiy f vdgL.
ekJ eho U ffSFilna
dGj ntWghL 220 V UF.
kbwhU f (gir) iz
f (Neutral) ahf bragLwJ.
260

ekJ Lf ff l
gyif
cs
Kjik
cU
tahf th - k lUl
izfgLsd. it Kjik
RR (Main Switches) _y oF
ndhl
tHF
ffSl
izfgL. j ff oD
mikfgl jj RWfSF
wid tHF. tHfkhf Utif
RWf gagLjgL. Nnlf,
FF
rhjdf
mla
RWfSF 15A msyhd mf w
tHF RWf gagL. gf,
f mla RWfSF 5A
msyhd Fiwj w tHF RWf
gagL.
gir fhiwl cs f
X cnyhf jLl izfgL
LfU fo ijfgL.
cnyhf guila, rhu bgo,
nki# , Frhjd bgo
nghw fUfis ghJfhghf
gagLJtjfhf
J
gagL.
jFjh mt cnyhf guf
fl
izfgLwd.

fdh
clhF
dia jf gLJj
(Earthing) njit gLwJ.
bghJthd xU L RW
gl ( gl 16.7 ) fhlgLsJ.
gntW
fUf
ndhl
kW eLiy ffSF ilna
jjahf
izfgLsd.
xbthU rhjdij af xU j
RR csJ. vyh fUfS gf
iz csjh xbthWF
xnu dGj ilF.

cU
L
gaghL
R xU Ka gF twJ.
ndhl f, eLiy f
vghuh jkhf neuoahf bjhLnghJ

ndhlaY MwY

w P =

VI

myJ P = I R

= V / R

w SI myF th (W).
xU nth dGj ntWgho, xU
Ma ndhl bragL
fU gagL bfhS
w xU th MF.
= 1 VA.
th vgJ fa myF MF.
vdnt, eilKiw eh nyhth
vw bga myif gagLJnwh.
1 nyhth vgJ 1000 thLf MF.
dhw vgJ w kW
fhy bgUf gydhF. vdnt,
dhw myF th - k MF
(wh). xU th k vgJ 1 th w
xU k neu gagLjgoUgij
FwJ.
thf
Kiw
dhwiy nyh th k vD
myfh (kWh) msnwh. mJ
bghJthf vdgLwJ.

cU

1 kwh = 1000 th x 3600 dho

=

gl 16.7
mf gSthf khW. mnghJ
R
ndhl
mfF.
ij FWF RW vnwh.
mjifa
jUzf
cU,
cU, Riw, fUfis
gGjhtUJ ghJfhwJ.

106

th dho

=
3.6 x 106 ( J )
vLJfhL : 16.7
xU sF 220V al
izfgLsJ. ndhl
0.50 A v s w ahJ?
: a dGj v =220V
ndhl

I = 0.50 A

v s w P = VI

16.11. w
ntiy bragL j w
vdgL. dhw
vLJ
bfhsgL j w vdgL.

3.6 x

P = 220 X 0.50

P = 110 W

16.12.ndhl nt is
261

myF-16

eLiy f

ndhl
f

thk l

Kjik RR

vdnt 1 W = 1 nth x 1 Ma

nta
khwij
cUthFtJ
dhgFj ( Electrolysis ) vdgL.

bra 16.4

nta fy

ff i
 flgl U gir
fyfUJ uL fhg
jLfis ftdkhf vLf.
ff cnyhf
Kidfis
cjh bfhL njJ
ikgLj.
ff cnyhf
Kidf
jhu
fia Wfkhf Rw.
ff ffis gl 16.8 csthW
xU fy mLF kW x
c ilnahL (LED) tnwhL
bjhluhf izf.
ff sho
myJ
ug
bfhfy cs vYir
rh
fhg
jLfis
itf.
ff LED xwjh vd ftf.
ff vYir rhW ndhlij
flJwjh?
Bt

ntid _y dhw bgw

cj
fyf
nta
fyf vdgL.

: 18.02.1745

wj l

: nfhnkh, jh

kiw

: 05.03.1827

: Kj fyij cUthat

jhu

Jjehf

j H2SO4

fzho
ghu

vYir
rhW

gl 16.8

aa

: nthlh

nthlh fy, fzho

ghu
cs
j
fjf
myD jhu kW Jjehf
Ma U thf itfgLsd.
(gl 16.9 )

x c ilnahL

vYir
rhW
flJtij czuyh.

bga

ndhl

16.13 dhgF - fyf

fk nta myf, fhuf
myJ cf fiurf tna
ndhl ghnghJ fiurf
nta if milwd. jifa
fiurf gF utf vdgL.
fiur tna ndhl ghJ
262

gl 16.9
fyF btna, thf
fah izfgLnghJ,
ndhl, btR jhuUJ
JjehfF,
fyD
JjehfUJ jhuF gh.
fy ne th myJ
Mndhlhf jhuK, v th
myJ
nfnjhlhf
JjehfK
mik. j fjf my gF
utkhF.

ndhlaY MwY

U jfLfY cs vbu
}lf fhuzkhf jhu kW
Jjehf jfLfSilna dGj
ntWghL
njhWfgLwJ.
F jhu Jjehfijl mf
dGj mik. U
thfSF ilgl dGj
ntWghL 1.08 V MF.

16.14. Kjik
kW
fyf

Jiz

byyh fy (Leclanche Cell)

byyh
fy
xU
fzho
ghu
mnkha
FnshiuL fiuryh uggLsJ.
mnkha FnshiuL fiur gF
utkhf bragLwJ. mnkha
FnshiuL fiurD xU Jjehf
jL, xU E JisghlK
WjgLsJ. EJis ghl
fhg jil bfhLsJ. fhg
jil
RY
khf-ilMirL kW shfgl fhg
Jff fyit itfgLsJ.
fhg jL ne thahf
Jjehf jL v thahf
bragLwJ.
mnkha FnshiuL, mnkha
kW FnshiuL mafshf wJ.
FnshiuL ma Jjehf jil
neh efJ v Jffis mF
goa brwJ. vdnt, Jjehf jL
v Rik milwJ. Jjehf
jL nt idah Jjehf
Fnshiulhf khWwJ. mnkha
maf fhg jil neh
efJ m gowJ. nghJ fhg
jL ne Rik milwJ. fhg
jil, Jjehf jil xU
flah izFnghJ fhg

Kjik fy ( Primary Cell )s

ayhj nt idf _y bjhlJ
dhwiy bgw cj mikf
Kjik fyf vdgL. Kjik
fy
gF
bghUfshd
thf kW jFj gF ut
Matiw nrFnghJ aF
iria bgwyh. byyh fy
vw Ka Kjik fy
braghLf F sfgLwd.
tif fyid ndhlij
gagL L ndw bra
ayhJ.

fhg jL
Jjehf jL
E Jis gl
mnkha
FnshiuL fiur
fhg, khfR
il MirL fyit
fzho
ghu

gl 16.10
263

myF-16

}l
bgw
maf
af mogil fy
braghL sfgLwJ. v
th
Jjehf
mQf
maahfgL Zn++ mafshf
fiurD brwd. jdh,
vth U vyuhfis bgW
v }l cilajhwJ. mnj
rka jhu ne thUJ
U
vyuhfisvLJbfhL,
U iAu# maf (2H+)
btgLwd. jdh jhu
ne}l cilajhwJ. Jj
ehf mfgoahd vyuhf
cstiu f bjhlJ fG.
vdnt, btR ndhl gh.
j va fy bjhlJ nt
Mwiy dhwyhf kh jU
mikghf bragLwJ.

joUJ, Jjehf joF

fl tna ndhl ghwJ.
byyh fy aF
ir 1.5. V
Jiz fyf (Secondary Cells)
Jiz
fyfis
L
ndw (recharge) bra aY.
Jiz fyf eilbgW nt
idf idf MF. bt
R ndhlij brYJnghJ
cUthF ntbghUfis, bt
UJ ndhlij vir
brY, L bgwyh. Jiz
fyUJ
ndhlij
bgW
nt
f
wf
(discharge) vdgL. fha my
nrkfy bghJthfgagL Jiz
fydhF.
fha my nrkfy ( Lead Acid Accumulator)

PbO2
Pb
H2SO4

fzho
myJ ug
fy

aa

gl 16.11 fha my nrkfy

fha my nrkfy fha
Mndhlhf
fha
Mi[L
nfnjhlhf
bragLwJ.
j
fjf my gFutkhF.
fyUJ
Mwwiy
vLFnghJ
MndhL
nfnjhL
ntid <LgL, fha rnglhf
khWwJ.
MndhL
nfnjhL
fah
izfgLnghJ
nfnjhoUJ MndhoF ndhl
ghwJ.

264

fyF
ndhlij
btUJ
brYJnghJ
ntid eilbgWwJ. ij
ndw
vnwh.
KGtJ
ndwkilj
fy
aFir 2.2 V.
-

fy
16.15. Mw _yf
Mw
khWgl
totf
ilwJ.
nkY,
xW
kbwhwhf
khwglToaJ.
Mw
mfToajhfnth
cUthfToajhfnth
Ujh,
Mw _yf ga jid
eh viyaw brafis fJ
w
bgwtfshf
Unghkh?
iy vd fhuz? cau UJ
xUjil eh eGt lh, mJ jiu
nkhJnghJ joDila iy Mw
bgUgF x Mwyhf khwgLwJ.
eh xU bkGFtia gwitjh,
mJ vwnghJ bkG nt Mw
btg Mwyhf, x Mwyhf
khwgLwJ.
jifat
gagLj
Toa to cs Mw gagLj
ayhj
to
NHYF
zofgLtij eh ghnwh.
vdnt, ntiy bra eh gagLJ
vj MwY brytfgLtJl,
UggagLj
Koahjit.
cl
ciHig
(iwntw)
fJtjF jirf Mwiy
gagLJnwh. gntW fUfis
af
dhwiy,
czit
rikf
myJ
thfdfis

ndhlaY MwY
af
nt
Mwiy
eh
gagLJnwh. vyh xU
_y
Unj
ilwd.
gaghL
to
Mwiy
bgWtjF njitgLw Mw
_yij vthW njbjLgJ vW
eh mUf ntL.

16.15.1 kurh Mw _yf

1. gok vbghUf
gilfhy wnf f
Ka Mw _ykhf UjJ. gh
kW fh Mw Fiwj
brafSnf
gagLjglJ.
jifa
gafis
cdh
fKowjh?
Mw_ykhf
yf gaghL bjhuia
VgLaJ.
bjh
kakhf,
cyfsha Mw njitia bgU
ntf cau brUwJ. cUthf
Uw Mw njit ts
bgUks gok vbghU, yf
kW bgnuhaij rhJsJ.
jifa
vbghUf
a
fzfhd
MLfSF
K
cUthfglit. nkY fFiwj
nr kLnk csJ. gok vbghUf
Jf ayhj Mw _yf MF.
vdnt, mtiw eh ghJfhf ntL.
jifa
_yij
mr_L
ntf gagLJtJ bjhljh,
ekJ
Mw
_y
JnghF.
ij jgjF khW Mw
_yf M bragl ntL.
gok vbghUf, fhW khRgl,
my kiH kW gRikaf thf
cUthf nghw a isf
bfhlJ.

Mw
iyaf
xbthU
ehS dhwiy cg bra,
iu btggLj bgU msyhd
gok vbghUf vfgLwd.
beL
bjhiyF
yf
(m)
bgnuhaij bfhL brtij
l, Mwiy mDtJ f
vjhdJ. vdnt, md Mw Tlf
yf myJ vbz tafSF
mU WtgLwJ. dhwyhf
khwgLw
btg
Mwiy
clhf vbghU vfgLw
fhuzjh, J md Mw Tl vd
miHfgLwJ.
3. uhw Tl :
kbwhU
ghuga
Mw
_y, gh af Mw
myJ cau cs iy
Mw. Mw Tlf Gw
iy Mwiy Mwyhf
khWwd. gagLj Toa
iy Mw _ykhf y fns
cs nghY Mw Tlf
mizfLfSl iznj csd.
flj who cyf KGtJ
bgU vifyhd mizf
flgld. eh fhgJ ngh
ah, ekJ Mw njit
fh gF Mw Tlf _y
bragLwJ. dhwiy cg
brtjfhf bga njff
iu nrfgjF, nuhlij
jil bra MJ f caukhd
mizf flgLwd. kl
cawJ. nkY braKiw
gh af Mw iy
Mwyhf khwgLwJ. miz
caklUJ,
miz
mokl
cs
irahF
FHh_y bfhL brygLwJ.
xbthU Kiw kiH bgif

265

myF-16

wj Mw _y vgJ X myF
iwFmfmsntiybraToaJ.
vjhf ilf ToaJ. nrgJ
lkhw brtJ vjhf UfToa
kW f Kakhf iykthf
UfToaJ MF.

2. md Mw Tl

njf

uggLtjh
( Mw Jf Toa Mw
_ykhF). Mw _yfis
gagLJnghJ, gok vbghUfis
ngh xU eh J nghL vW
ftiygl ntoaiy. (gl. 16.12)
dhw flJ f tlf

miz
fL nrW
fj

Hh

a
btnaW
t

cu

thfy

cg
iya

thbtnaW t

rhz
FH

kh

bghUf, gf mWtilF
ija bghUf, L gaghL
ff it ijJ c thit
jUwd.
F
bgUghY
khLrhz gagLtjh rhz vth
vdgLwJ. rhz vthfy
mik gl 16.13 fhlgLsJ.

irah

rhz

rhz

njf

gl 16.12

vU btnaW
t

4. c Mw

aa

eh K FlJngh gy fhykhf
wF vbghUshf gagLjgL
tUwJ. ngha kuf elgLtJ
ekh cW bragLkhdh, w
bjhl gaghL cW bragL.
vbghUshf tuo gagLJtij
f eF mUf.
JTl uhd xU vbghU
_ykhf cWaf Toanj. bt
bghUf jhtu kW yFf
cg bghUfshjyh, jifa
vbghU _yf c Mw
_yf
vdgLwd

btbghUf vwnghJ mf
btgij cUthfhJ. nkY, mf
ms ifia btLwJ. vdnt,
tif
vbghUf
wid
nkgLj bjh Eg tfhl
njitgLwJ. msthd M#
nahf wif vf m
cs kW MahF bghUf
mfwgLwd. vrkhf kuf
jFwJ. Rl vw kuf if
mwjhf UwJ. nkY, fmf
btg cUthF w bfhlJ.
mnjngh

khLrhz,

jhtu
266

gl 16.13
5.fhW Mw

ijf br
mik

fh af Mw ntiy bra
gagLjgl ToaJ. j Mw
flj fhy au ntiyia
brtjF
fhwhiyf
_y
gagLjglJ. (v.fh) caJ
g fhwhiy RH af xU
z UJ iu caJtjF
gagLjglJ. dhwiy cg
bra fhW Mw gagLwJ.
mogil bga ia xj
mik Mfgl xU fhwhiy
cWahd jhJ mf cau
WtgLwJ.
dhwiy
cg
bra
fhwhiy
RH
af
a irahia RHy
bra gagLjgLwJ. xU
jj fhwhiy btpL Mw
f FiwthdJ. nkY thf
neh
gagLjgl
KoahjJ.
vdnt, mf vif, guj
gu fhwhiyf WtgL mit
fhwhw
giz
vdgLwJ.

ndhlaY MwY
_yfis
wikl
gagLj
bjh Egij nkgLJnth. nkY
a Mw _yfis njLnth.
bghGJ
mikfhy
Mw
_yf ytiw eh fhngh.

bra 16.5
ff cf jhjh, gholUJ
myJ
bgnahflUJ
tiw mJ bfhf.
ff mtf
vthW
brwhf?

gF

ff mtf
Wtfshf
Uj
bghGJ mtfsJ mwhl
njitfSF iu vthW
bgwd?
ff vj
khahd
nghFfis
nkbfhld?

ff f
nkfl
gfis
bghGJ jifa brafis
f
vthW
brwh
vgJl xLf.

gl 16.14
thf
ms
dhwiy
bgw
xU
giz
xbthU
fhwhiy btL Mw xwhf
izfgLwJ.

ekJ
thif
Kiw
khbfhoUwJ. nkY, ekJ
brafis bra eh aufis
gagLJnwh. vdnt, ekJ Mw
njit mfwJ. eh nkY,
nkY Mw _yfis njLtJ
njitahwJ. eh, ilw Mw

ff ntWghL Uwjh? M
v, bt_y UJ
mf Mw vj f
gagLjgLwJ.
1. Na Mw
Na Vuhskhd ms Mwiy
jnghija ntf flj IJ
a MLfshf btL
bfhnl UwJ. nkY, VwjhH
5 a MLfSFnk J
bjhlU. Na Mw xU WgF
kLnk thnfhs bt
mLif tjilwJ. thnfhs
tna flwnghJ m gh
cftugLwJ, na guig
tjilwJ.

267

myF-16

fhwhw RWNH eilaJ.

nkY w Fj Jf Toa Mw
_y. dhw cgF bjhl
bryf njitglhjJ. irahF
njitahd
ntfij
iyWj
fh ntf 15 / kial f
mfkhf Uf ntL.

16.15.2 ku rhuh Mw _yf

bghGJ
mtf

bra 16.6
ff U
TFLitfis
vLJ xWF btis
kbwhWF fW tzK
R. uil uh uf.

Na fy
gyif

ff T FLitia miu Kj xU
k neu tiu neuoahf Na
x itf.
ff TFLitia bjhLf. vj
xW Nlhf csJ?
ff xU btgiykh bfhL
uoY
cs

btgiyia mslyh.
ff cdJ
mwhl
th
flj
gagLjgl
Toa tfis cdh f
Kowjh?

gl 16.16

vbuhfgl
Na ff

bra 16.7
fzhoghu

ff Na
rikafy
myJ
Na -btg_o bra kW
mikig ma. Fghf, mJ
vthW fhlgLwJ. nkY,
bgUkms btg cftj vthW
cW bragLwJ vgij mf.

fzho

aa

Fig. 16.15

xU
fUgu
xj
iy
kw gufisl mf btgij
cftU. Na btg_o mj
braf gig gagLJwJ.
Mofis gagL Na ffis
Fgj_y Na rikafyf
ca btgiyia milwd. Na
rikafyf fzho jlh
_lgLwJ.

268

ff ilf Toa k iy
bghUfis gagL Na
rikafy myJ -btg_oia
totikJ cUthFf. nkY
cfsJ
Na
mL
vd
btgiyia
milwJ
vd
fhf.
ff Na
rikafy
(m)

btggKo gagho tu (f)

kW mj wf vd vd
fyJiuahL.

ndhlaY MwY
jifa fUf gfbghG
Fl neu kL gaDsjhf
UwJ.
Na
Mwiy
gagLJt cs j tu
Na Mwiy dhwyhf khW
Na
fyij
gagL
bt bfhsgLwJ. eilKiw
gaghoF
ngha
dhw
tHf Toatif, Na fy
gyif vdgLw X mik bgU
vifyhd Na fyf
xizfgLwd.
(gl.
16.16) Na fyJl izj
Kjik mDTyf, mit aF
gFf yhjit, Fiwj guhk
njitgLwit vgjhF. knwh
mDTy dhw mD f
tl mikf mf brythf Toa
xJFwkhd
gFf
mit
Wtgl Toait.

btgL Mw uhia cUth

dhwiy cg brwJ.
bga : bA bgbfhu
w : 15.12.1852
wj l : gh - uhR
kiw : 25.08.1908
w : faf fLo

16.15.4 faf

mQfU Mw vthW cg
bragLwJ? mQfU s
vdgL
braKiw,
fdkhd
mQfU, Fiwntf uh bfhL
jhfgLnghJ,
nyrhd
mQ
fUfshf sgl TL. J
fjgLnghJ mf ms Mw
btgLwJ. _y cfU iw,
cUthd
cfUf
iwf
TLjiyl J mf. xU
mQfU
myJ
nua
s
yf
xU
fhg
mQ
vwnghJ
cgahF
Mwiyl 10 a klF mf
Mwiy cg brwJ. Mw
cgfhf totikfgl mQfU
ciy, fLgLjgl Kiw,
iy Wjgl mQfU s
bjhlid Mwiy btLwJ.

y MLfSF nkl nk
mt fzt a
Fj fR bfhl jkfshd
nuoa
kW
bghnyhaij
fljd. bghU faf
bra _tif fRfshd ,
kW g isthf UF vd
fhlgoUwJ. mQ v 82I l
mf fdkhd jkf , kW
g nghw mf CLU ffis
jirahf btL mj f
faf vdgLwJ. fir
btL
bghUf
faf
jkf vW miHfgLwd.
faf
f
jirahdJ.
nkY btgiy, mGj, fhj
kW yf nghw vj w
fhufshY ghfglhjJ.

269

myF-16

16.15.3 mQfU Mw

mj
fthd
faf
1896
bA
bgbfhu
vgtuh
fLofglJ.
mt
fWjhdh
Rwgl
xgl
jfL,
nua
c
UJ btgL y CLU
ffsh
ghfgLtij
fljh. d, %j~nghL
mUJ tU fR thit
maahF w bgUjij
fLojh. maahf fhuzkhf
clhd ndhl bghUDila
faf bra msthf vLJ
bfhsglJ.

16.15.5 mQfU
mQfU iz

kW

nyrhd cfUf iwf

TLjiyl vbghGJ Fiwthf
UwJ. IO iw Mw
bjhlgo [E = mc]. iw ntWghL
Mwyhf khwgLwJ. mQfU
iz braKiw 107 K vw
ca btgiy kL fjgl
ToaJ. Vbdwh, jifabjhU
cabtg
iy
kLnk
mQfUf mt gugu v
iria bt bfhs aY. vdnt,
mQfU izFK nyrhd
mQfUf
btgiy
gy
a o caUf ntL.

1. mQfU s
b#k mayhsf Mnlh
Ah kW uhnk 1939
nua mQfU uh bfhL
jhfgLnghJ Mw btpLl,
xlToa iwfSila U JL
fshf sgLtij fLojd.

Kr92

36

n1

n1

mQfU s
id

Ba141

56

n1

gl 16.17
f fdkhd mQfU, ngus
Mw btpLl U JLfshf
sfgL braKiw mQfU s
vwiHfgLwJ. mQfU s
uh btpnlhL izjjhF.
U235 cl Md mQfUs id
92
tUkhW FlgLwJ.
U235 + 0n1 56Ba141 + 36Kr92 +30n1 + 200 MeV
92

nkfl vLJfho mQfU

s id 3 uh kW 200
a vyuh nth Mw
btpLl fJ bfhoUwJ.

aa

2. mQfU iz
uL myJ uoF nkgl
nyrhd mQfUf izJ
fdkhd
mQfUit
cUthF
braKiw
mQfU
iz
MF. cUthF cfU iw,

270

mQfU
izid
btg
mQfU idf vdgLwd.
mQFL btoj clnd ouh
kW olh bghUjkhd nr
xizfgLwJ. fLghlw
Kiw nyrhd mQfUf
izit
rhjfkhd
btgiy
bjhlFwJ.
J
ngus
btgMwiy btLwJ. Jjh
iAu# FL MF.
iAu#
Fo
iz idahdJ,
1

mQfU

H2 + 1H3 2 He4 + 0n1 +Mw

vLJfhL 16.8
xU nyh uh iw KGtJ
Mwyhf khwgLnghJ ilF
Mwiy fzLf.
:
Mw

E = mc2

iw

m = 1kg

x irntf c = 3x108 m s-1

E = 1 x (3 x 108) 2
= 9 x 1016J

ndhlaY MwY

mQfU id vgJ mQfU

ciyia MgUJ ghJfhf cj
xU ggsthF. fhyij rhJ
mQfU
ciy
uhf
vif
khwij
Kng
mJ bfhs cj ggsthF.

fR Mtff gahW
gtf
tU
Kbdrif
eltoiffis ifahs ntL.
1) faf
bghUf
jojRtbfhl fha fyf
itfglntL.
2) MgJ
gFf
g
bghGJ, fha nky,
fha
ifiw
ga
gLjglntL.

mQfU ciyahdJ KG
bragLnghJ m cUthfgl
uhf
vif,
gagLjgl
uhf
vif rkkhf UF. nghJ
mQfU id R MF. mQfU
id neFahf csnghJ, mQfU
ciy Mgjhd iy csJ vdyh.

16.15.7 mQfU
isf

Mw

, kW g f Rf ah
maahfij cUthF fR
MF. f R c br
_yTWf mikig khW w
bfhlit. vdnt, ca mik
tHfkhd braghL khWghLF
cgLwJ.
kj
cayik
khWghodh VgL gh ms:
i) f ms
cft j

kW

3) xU a Ea xgljh
gil mF ggtfSF
mfgL,
rkfhy
ilbt mt bgW f
ms nrhfglntL.

mj

ii)cl
vgF
fRF
cgLwJ nghw fhufis
rhJ
mikwJ.
jifa
ghf nehia clhfyh
myJ fis ghfyh.

4) mQfU fUf bjhiy

fLghL Kiw (Remote
Control) ifahsglntL.
5) g gFf cs faf
ff
Kiwahf
ik
braglntL.

1.1.8. iwa ma :UJ Mw

fl

1. miy Mw
FWa w

njf

ghiw Kf

f ms uh# (R)
vw myfh mslgLwJ (R). xU
uh fh 1.6 x 1012 n#ho mafis
cUthF f ms xU
uh#
vdgL.
f
ghJfh
viy
xU
thuF
250 uh# MF.

irah

gl 16.18

Kbdrif eltoiff
271

myF-16

16.15.6. mQfU id wf

RHY J Kjikahf
ru < ir fhuzkhf,
fl kl ca, jh
VgLwJ. eh fl mU
tjhnyh vbghGjhtJ flYF
mU cs lfSF gaz
brjhnyh gf fl kl vthW
khWwJ vgij fhzyh. mj
mj f camiy kW jh
miy vwiHfgLwJ. nkY fl
kl mj ntWghL ekF miy
Mwiy jUwJ. flfiu FWa
X wl mizia fLtj_y
miy
Mw
fLgLjgL
gagLjgLwJ. miz w
bghUjgl irah miy Mwiy
dhwyhf khWwJ. eh idgJ
ngh mjifa mizf flgl
Toa
lf
tuFglit.
(gl. 16.18)
2. nguiy Mw
dhwiy cg brw,
flfiu mU nguiy bfhLs
af Mw mnj Kiw bgw
Toait. fl FWnf Rw
tikahd fhwh miyf cUth
fgLwd. miyf
f
tikahf
Uw
lf
kL miy Mw khWgl j
UF. irah RHF,
dhw cgF miy Mwiy
nrff gntW tifahd fUf
nkgLjgoUwd. (gl. 16.19)

aa

fhW cF
t

3. khfl btg Mw
fl
myJ
khfl
MgF Fah Uw
bghGJ, nkgu Nadh
btggLjgLwJ. btgiy
cs ntWghL khfl-btgMw khw fy Mwiy bgw
gagLjgLwJ. 2km MH
cs UF nkgu cs UF
ilyhd btgiy ntWghL 293
K (20C) myJ mfkhf Ujh,
jifa l bragl Ko.
nkgu btgkhd mnkhah
nghw
MahF
utfis
bfhf itf gagLjgLwJ.
ut
M
a
irahia
af
gagLwJ.
khfl MH cs Fj
nkny bfhL tugL, M L
utkhf FfgLwJ. fl
UJ ilw Mw f mfkhf
UwJ. Mdh, wF thf
gagho fodkhf UwJ.

mnkhah M
a
btg kh
(Mah)

irah

fhW
btnaW t
btg fl

irah

g
ut mnkhah
Fj
fl

gl 16.20

miy
ir

gl 16.19
272

btnaW
t

ndhlaY MwY

kL
gF - m
1. 20 X jils f 0.2 A ndhl cUthf njitgL dGj ntWghL ----(100 V, 4 V, 0.01 V, 40 V)
2. U sFf jilf j 1 : 2. mit bjhluhf xU R izfgLwd
v, mit vLJ bfhS Mwf j ----(1 : 2, 2 : 1, 4 : 1, 1 : 1)
3. nyhth k vgJ ------ myF MF.
(dGj ntWghL, w, dhw, }l)
4. xj fLghLf ------ gu kw gufis l mf btgij cftwJ.
(btik, brhubrhughd, fUik, kr)
5. aif fafjk mQ v -----(82I l mf, 82I l Fiw, tiuaWfgliy, FiwjJ 92)

gF - M
1. fhQ TWf X nahL bjhlyhjij vGJf.
m) ndhl / dGj ntWghL = kh
M) dGj ntWghL / ndhl = kh
) ndhl = jil x dGj ntWghL
2. nfhol lfis uf.
m) dGj ntWghL

: nth l v

ndhl

: ------------

M) iya

: kurh Mw, v

Na Mw

: ------------

3. kurhuh Mw _yf bgaf nH jugLsd. Mdh, mtW y jtW. jtwhdtiw

goaLf.
(fhW Mw, Na Mw, Mw, mQfU Mw, miy Mw, -md Mw)
4. fhQ TWf cs jtWfis UJf.

M) gagLj Toa to cs Mwiy L, L eh gagLjyh.

5. vikahd FpLfis gagL xU R gntW cWfis izJ bgwgL gl
RWgl vdgL. gntW cWf vgij vthW J bfhsyh.

273

myF-16

m) wj Mw _y vgJ X myF iwF Fiwj ms ntiy bra ToaJ.

6. fhQ tiugl V kW I bjhlig fhLwJ.

glUJ dGj ntWghL 0.8 V kW 1.2 V csnghJ V/I - kf vdthf
UF.

7. fhkh ff aif faf jkfsh btlgL Mgjhd frhF.

m) aif faf jkf btL ntW f Rf ahit?
M) fhQ TWfis nkny brhY fRfnshL bjhlgL mltizLf.
(i) mit fhj fR ii) mit mf CLWw bfhlit
(iii) mit vyuhf (iv) mit uhfis bgUwd.
8. 1.5 V aFir bfhl Ufyf 5 X, 10 X, 15 X jilf kW rh tiw
bjhluhf bfhl xU RW glid tiuf.
9.  cU__________ cnyhf fyitah Md f MF. J mf jilia ____________
cUF iyia bfhlJ.
10. fhQ RWglij cWneh ABF ilna bjhFga jil fhf.
1 ohm

1 ohm

B
1 ohm

1 ohm

6V

11. mil FF bfhLfgLs brhf cadtiw njbjLJ fhQ

mltizia uf.
( Jjehf, jhu, fhg, fha, fha MirL, mYa )

ne th

fha my nrkfy

vth

byyh fy

aa

nkY mf mtjF
f
1. Electricity and Magnetism, by D.C Tayal Himalayam publishing house.
2. Sources of energy, by C. Walker, Modern curriculam press.

3. bghGJnghF bgsf - ah.bgbukh brR A

izajsf: www.reprise.com, www.wikipedia.org ,


http://www.khanacademy.org
274

aa

myF

ndhl
fhj is xaY

17

17. ndhl fhj is xaY

bga
: Xabl
w
: 14.08.1777
wj l : by ny blkh
kiw
: 09.03.1851
w : fhj l
M

fhjy vdgL. UJffsh

xUfikfgL cUthF nfhLf
fhj ir nfhLf vdgL.

17.1. fhjyK
fhjirnfhLfS
rl fhj mU bfhL
brygl fhj C yfyiltJ eh
mjnj. fhj C yf miltJ
V?

bra 17.1
btisjhis
tiugyif
J gir cjah bghUJf.

gl 17.1

ff jh ika rl fhjij

itf.

bra 17.2
a fhj C kW rl
fhjij vLJ bfhsntL.
rl
fhjij
tiugyif
ika
bghUjgLs
btisjh ika itf
ntL. btisjhis gyif
bghUj
gir
bghUfis
gagLjyh. fhj viyia
tiuJbfhs ntL.

ff rl fhjij RY U
Jffis t. jF c
ia gagLjyh.
ff nghJ gyifia bkJthfjo
ml.

aa

ff eh fhgJ vd?

UJff jhkhf nkfl

tot mikabgW. J gl
17.1 fhlgLsJ. V thW
mikwJ. J ekF czJtJ
vd? fhj mjid Rs
bt
mj
Mfij
brYJ. vdnt, UJff xU
irF
cgLjgL.
ir
UJffis
Fl
to xUfikF. fhjij
RY mj ir czugL gF

276

fhj Cia rlfhj

tlKidF mU itf ntL.
mJ vthW bragLwJ? fhj
C bjKid rl fhj
tlKidia neh wJ. fhj
C tlKid rlfhj
tlKidUJ y F. fhj
C UKidf iyia
FJ
bfhsntL.
fhj
Cia a iyF efj ntL.
nghJ mj bjKid Kj

ndhl fhj is xaY

tlKid lbgw iyia bgW.

j braKiw gogoahf fhj
C rlfhj bjKidia
miltiu braglntL. gl
17.2. fhlgLsJ. fhj
FfgLs fis tis
nfhlh izf. J fhj
irnfhLfis
FF.
nkfl braKiwia L,
L brJ awtiu mf
nfhLf
tiuantL.
j
nfhLf gl 17.3. fhosgo
mik. jnfhLf fhjij
Rs fhjyij FF.
it fhj irnfhLf vd
miHfgLwd. fhj ir
nfhLf tna fhj Cia
efJnghJ mj yfiy ft.
JUtij beUf beUf fhj
C yf mfF.

fhjy
vk
ir
bfhl
msthF.
fhjy
irahdJ
mjD
itfgl
fhj
C
tlKid
efU
irahf
bfhsgLtJ
ku.
tHfkhf ynfhLf fhj
tlKid bjhl bjKid
Kotjhf fUjgL. J gl 17.3.
fhlgLsJ. fhj cns
ynfhLf bjKid bjhl
tlKid Ko. fhjy nfhLf
_oa tisnfhLfshF. it xUnghJ
xiwbahW btobfhshJ.

17.2. ndhl brY flah

VgL fhjy

bra 17.3
neuhd
joj
jhufia
RW gl 17.4. fhosgo
XY filna izf. XY
fia
fhj
jsF
brFjhf
UFkhW
mikf
ntL.
jhu fF mU a
fhj Cia ilklkhf itJ,
C iyia nehf.

gl 17.2

gl17.3

gl 17.4

277

myF-17

rhia _o R tna
ndhlij brYj. fhj
C iy VgL khwij,
yf iria ftf.
fy thf izig
kh
ndhl
iria
khw. fhj C yfiy
ir
VgL
khwij
nehf.

nkfh bra_y cnyhffl

tna gh ndhl mjid R
fhjyij cUthF vd mayh.
ndhl xU ir gh nghJ,
(XUJ YF) fhj C
tlKid HF iria neh
yF.
ndhl
vir
ghjh (YUJ XF) fhj C
vir, mjhtJ, nkF iria
neh
yfyil.
ndhl
ghtjh njhW fhjy ir,
ndhl iria rhjJ vd
mayh.
17.2.1. ndhl gh neflah
VgL fhjy
fl x tna ndhl
ghtjh njhW fhjy mikig
cWbrtJ vJ? y mik
fl
totij
rhjjh?
jfhd sfij tU bra
_y bgwyh.

bra 17.4
fy
(12V),
jilkh,
ml (0-5A), rh kW l
neuhd, joj jhuf Matiw
vLJbfhs ntL.

bghJika tlf vjid

Fwd? it fhj ir
nfhLfis FF. fhjy
iria
vthW
mayh?
tl nkYs P fhj
Cia itf. fhj C
iria nehf. fhj C
tlKid fhL ir mfl
tna ndhl ghtjh P
njhW
fhj
irnfho
irahF. jid m X
mFL fhl.
neuhd jhu fl gh
ndhl
ir
vuhf
khaikfglh,
fhjir
nfhLf ir khwkilwjh vd
brJ ghf.

jokdhd fia brtf to

cs joj mil ika
tna mj jsF brFjhf
itfntL. mil nkY G
efuhk xnu l iyahf
UFkhW bghUjglntL.

aa

rhia _o f tna
ndhlij brYj. X kW
Y filna izfgLs
jhuf brFjhf csij
cWbrJ bfhs. bkJthf
milia
yKiw
jl.
bghGJ
UJff
mikJs totij ghf.
Jff jhu fia RY
bghJika tlf xUfikJ
bfhtij fhzyh. jid gl
17.5.(b) fhzyh.

jil kh

jhufia gl 17.5.(a)
csthW fy, rh, ml,
jil kh tWl bjhluhf
izf. milJ U
Jffis uhf t. (c
ia gagLjyh).
jil
khia
Fl
iy itJ ml fhL xU
ndhl msit Ff.
gl 17.5
278

ndhl fhj is xaY

ndhl
gh
jhu
fdUnf
itfgl
fhj
C
yf,
ndhl
ms khwgLnghJ vdthwJ?
jid ma f tna gh
ndhlij
khw.
fhj
C yfyil ms khWtij
fhzyh. ndhl mfF
nghJ
fhj
C
yfY
mfF. UJ fl x
gh
ndhl
mfF
nghJ, xU mjdh VgL
fhjy
ms
mfF
vgij mayh. f tna gh
ndhl khwhjnghJ mjW
ybfhL brY fhj C
yf vdthwJ? jidfhz
fhj Cia ndhl gh
fUJ mf bjhiyYs
itf. vd khw
bjwJ? fhj C yf
Fiwtij fhzyh. ndhl
gh flah cUthF fhjy,
mjW
mf
bjhiy
Fiwtij fhzyh. gl 17.5.UJ
ndhl gh flia R
njhW fhj yij FF
bghJika tlf flUJ
y bry bry bgajhtij
fhzyh.

eh Jtiu ndhl gh
neflia R cUthF fhjy
nfhLf mikig g fnwh.
nyrhd fia tl tisakhf kh,
m ndhlij brYdh
fhjir nfhLf mik vthW
UF?

uL Jisf cila brtf

tot milia vLJ bfhs
ntL. Jisf tna mf
Rbwif bfhl tltot
fRUis mil jsF
brFjhf brYj.
fRU
Kidfis
fy, rh kW jil kh
tWl gl 17.6. fhosgo
bjhliz izf.
U Jffis mil
J uhf t ntL. rhia
_lntL.
milia bkJthf yKiw
jlntL. U Jff vthW
mikJsd vgij nehf.

gl 17.6
ndhl
gh
neuhd
fldh, xU cUthF
fhjy mj bjhiyit rhJ
mik. mnjngh, ndhl gh
tl tisaij Rs xbthU
Y, fhjy, tltotkhf,
mjW y bry bry
bgajhtij fhzyh. gl 17.7.
fhf.

279

myF-17

17.2.2. ndhl brY

tlRU VgL fhjy.

bra 17.5

tl
RU
ikaij
brwilnghJ j tisaf
nenfhlhf mik. ndhl gh
tisa ikaYs xbthU
Y
nenfhL
mikl
fhjy
njhWfgL.
tisa xbthU gF mjD
xnu ir mikj fhj yij
njhWF.
ndhl gh fldh xU
njhWfgL fhjy
neuoahf
ndhl
tikia
rhjJ.
n
RWf
bfhl
fRU njhW fhjy xU
Rdh VgL fhjyijngh
n klF tikilajhF. xbthU
RW fRU tna gh
ndhlK xnu ir mik.
vdnt, fhjy tik mfkhF.

17.3. fhjy
itfgl
ndhl brY fl
J VgL ir.
ndhl
gh
flia
R fhjy njhW vgJ
eh mjnj. thW njhW
fhjy
mjdUnf
itfgl
fhj J iria brYJ.
njngh fhjK ndhl gh
fl J iria brYJ.
buR mayhs Ma njngh
fhjK, ndhl gh fl
J iria brYJ vd Tdh.
fhjy itfgl ndhl
gh fl jhd iria g
tU bra _y sfyh.

bra 17.6
5 cm sKs mYajil
vLJ
bfhsntL.
xU
jhUJ
U
ff
cjah mjid ilklkhf
gl
17.8.
fhosgo
bjhfl.

aa

neha
ir
nk
fhjyK, mYa jL
fhj
UKidfSilna

gl 17.7.

gl 17.8.

280

ndhl fhj is xaY

mYa jo ndhl B
UJ A F brYjgLwJ.

17.3.1 ~s lif
fl
gh
ndhlK,
fhj
yK
xWbfhW
brFjhf miknghJ, flJ
bragL irahdJ muoF
brFjhd
ir
bragL.
t irfis va _y
mayh.
fhj y

eh
vd
fhnwh?
mYajL lgf neh
yfyiltij fhzyh.

fhj y
bgUu
- af
ir

jo
tna
ndhl
iria kh mYa jo
yfiy nehf. mJ tygf
neh yfyiltij fhzyh.
mYa jL yf miltJ
V?

nkfl
braKiw
ndhl gh mYajL
fhjy
itfglh,
mJ
iria czU vgJ bjthwJ.
nkY,
czugLtJ
ahbj
ndhl
gh
fl,
ndhl ir khwglh
ir
ir
khwkilwJ.
nghJ y ir brFjhf
neh
mikkhW
fhj
Kidfis lkhw brjh ir
ir
khwkiltij
mayh.
ndhl gh fl jhd
ir irahdJ ndhl
ir kW fhjy ir
tiw rhjJ. fl tna gh
ndhl ir fhjyF
brFjhf miknghJ, ir
bgUkkhf
Ugij
Mf
fhLwd.

ndhl
ir

ndhl

gl 17.9.
lif fil u, RLu,
eLu Ma _iw xWbfhW
brFjhf itf (gl 17.9.).
RLu fhjy iria,
eLu ndhl iria
Fjh filu fl aF
iria FF. Jnt ~s
lif vdgL.

17.4 nkhlh
nkhlh vgJ dhwiy
vu Mwyhf khwToa RHY
fUahF.
J
vthW
ntiy
brwJ vgJ bjkh?
nkhlh mik gl 17.10.
fhlgLsJ. ABCD vw
brtf tot fhlgl jhu f
RU csJ. fRU AB, CD
af fhj yF brFjhf
csthW
mj
JUtfilna
itfgLsJ.
fRU
Kidf S1, S2 vw sgl

281

myF-17

mikkhW xU yhl fhjij

itf. jbfd fhj
bjKidia
mYa
joF nkyhf, tlKidia
neHhf itf.

tisafSl izfgLsJ.
tisaf cgF fhlgL
mRl izfgoUF S1, S2
btw flJ guf Kiwna
B1, B2 vw flJ iffSl
bjhl bfhoUF.

aa

gl 17.10
fy ne thUJ
tna
ndhl if B1
fRU ghJ B2 tna v
thia mil. RU a AB
ndhl AUJ BF, a
CD ndhl CUJ DF
gh. (AB kW CD ndhl
ir vbuuhf mik ). fhj
y cs ndhl gh
fl jhd ir iria
ma ~s lif ia
gagLjyh. RU a AB jhd
ir neh, a CD jhd
ir nkneh UF. vjhf
RHY tif mikfgl mR
fRUS lRahf RHY.
Kj miu RHnghJ tisa
S1. if B1 clD, tisa S2
if B2 clD bjhl bfhS.
RU ndhl DCBA ir

282

gh. R gh ndhl
iria
khaikF
fU
irkh vdgL. nkhlh
sgl tisaf irkhahf
bragL. ndhl ir
khwgLnghJ AB, CD af
jhd ir ir khwkil.
Kj neh jsgl a
AB nghJ nkneh jsgL.
Kj nk neh jsgl a CD
nghJ neh jsgL. vdnt
mR, RUS nkY miuRHia
mnj ir nkbfhS. xbthU
miuRHF
ndhl
ir khW. vdnt, mR RUS
bjhlJ RHY. thg neh
Md nkhlhf 1) iy
fhjF gyhf fhjf
gagLjgL. 2) fRU mf
Rbwifia bfhoUF.
njU csfJ RU
RwgoUF. njU JL
mj J fhlgl fRUS
izj mik RH vdgL. J
nkhlh wid mfF.

17.5 fhj l
~ghunl 1831, xU f RUnshL
iz fhjgha khWbghGJ
m aF ir lgL
vgij fljh. flF,
fhj yF ilna rh
af
UFtiu,
fl
aF ir lgL vd
fhodh. jifa aF
ir L aF ir vW
f fhj l vW
miHfgL. L aF
ir fl xU ndhlij
cUthF. ndhl L
ndhl vdgL. fhjij

ndhl fhj is xaY

gagL dhwiy cUthFt
~ghunl fLo xU a
fhyij bjhl itjJ.

17.5.1 ~ghunl M
ndhl gh flbahW
fhjy
itfglh,
mJ
xU irFgL vgij mnth.
ir flia af br.
xU
flahdJ
fhjy
aFnghJ
myJ
iyahd
fll
iz
fhjy
khWnghJ vd fG? jid ma
fhQ braKiwia brayh.
ff mf Rbwif bfhl
fRU ABI vLJ bfhnth.
ff gl 17.11 csthW fRU
Kidfis
fhtdhlUl
izf.

gl 17.11

ff tYf fhj tlKid, f

RU B Kidia beUFkhW
efj. fhtdhl msL
khWtij fhfsh?
ff fhtdhl FK fzneu
tygfkhf
yfyiltij
fhzyh. J RU AB
ndhl ghtij FF.
fhj af w mnj fz
ndhl RahwJ.

ff fRUSF mUnf cs
, fhj tlKid mjid
nehathW iyahf itf.
nghJ
fRUis
fhj
tlKidia beUFkhW
efj.
fhtdhl
fzneu FK tygfkhf
yfyil. f RU fhjij
L yFkhW efjglh
fhtdhl yf
lgfkhf mik.
ff fhjij bghUJ fRU
iyahf UFnghJ fhtdh
l yf RahF. j
bra_y f vd KoF
tUf?
nj
nrhjidia
bjKid
fRU B Kid mUnf csthW
itJ
brjh
ndhl
ir, Kd fj irF vuhf
UF. fRUS, fhjK
iyahf
csnghJ
ndhl
ftiy. fRUis rhJ
fhj aFnghJ m lgl
aF
ir,
mjdh
lgl ndhlK cUthF.
aF
fhjF
gyhf,
ndhl gh f RUis a
khWgl bra xiw brnth. f
RU tna gh ndhlij
khw aY vgij ma.

283

myF-17

bra 17.7

ff fhj tlKidia f
RU UJ y efj.
bghGJ
fhtdhl
yf lgf neh UF.
ndhl
Kd
ghj
irF v ir ghtij
fhzyh.

bra 17.8
ff mfkhd Rbwif ( 50
kW 100) bfhl U jjahd
jhu f RUfis fljh
cUis J gl 17.12 csJngh
bghUj.
ff mfkhd
Rbwif
(100) bfhl fRU-1 cl
fy, rh Mait bjhluhf
izfgLwJ. fRU 2
fhtdhlUl gf iz
csJ.
ff rhia _o fhtdhliu
ghf. m VnjD yf
VgLwjh? fhtdhl
FK Obud xU w J
RiyF Utij fhzyh.
J RU-2 fz neu ndhl
ghtij FF.
ff RU-1UJ
fy
fgLnghJ FK fzneu
yf
vir
fG.
mjhtJ RU-2 fz neu
ndhl ghtij FF.
Mdh, ndhl vir
gh.

aa

RU - 1

bra
RU-1
gh
ndhl R myJ khwh kig
milnghJ
RU-2
yf
VgLtiy. j MfUJ
RU-1
gh
ndhl
khw
VgLnghbjyh
RU2 aF ir, mjdh
ndhlK VgL. RU-1 Kjik
RU vdgL. RU-2 JizRUshF.
Kjik RU gh ndhl
khWnghJ
mjndhL
bjhlila
fhjgha khWgL m ndhl
lgL. L ndhl
iria ~s tyif _y
bgwyh.
tyif
RLu,
eLu,
bgUu _iw xWbfhW
neFjhf
itf. RLu
fhjy iria, bgUu
fl aF iria Fjh,
eLu
L
ndhl
iria FF. J ~s
tyif vdgL.

17.6 a
fhj l jJtij
gagL Lf kW bjh
rhiyf gaghofhd rhu
jahfgLwJ. a vu
Mw dhwyhf khwgLwJ.
a
mik
17.13(m)
gl
fhlgLsJ.
iyfhj U Kidfilna
RHY tif fhlgl brtf
tot f RU ABCD csJ. f
RU Kidf S1, S2 vw eG
tisafSl izfgLsJ.
tisaf
cgF
fhl
goUF. flJ jik bfhl
B1 kW
B2 iff Kiwna
S1, S2 Mait cwkhf mRl
izfgoUF. fhjyD

RU - 2

gl 17.12

284

ndhl fhj is xaY

AC a

DC a

fRU w vua irdh

RHwgL. iff kWKid
wRWl izfgL.

B2UJ B1F gh. thW

xbthU miuRHF af
ndhl ir khW.

tisafSl
izJs
mR fhjy RHwgLwJ.
RU a AB nkyhf, CD Hhf
aFkhW RH ir miktjhf
bfhnth. fRU
ABCD
tyRahf RHY. ~s tyif
go, lgl ndhl a
AB A UJ B F, a CD
C UJ D F gh. vdnt,
lgl ndhl RU ABCD
ir gh. RU RWf
vif mfkhFnghJ mf
ndhl cUthF. btR
if B1UJ B2F ndhl
gh.

Fl fhy ilbt uhf

mj iria kh bfhS.
tifahd ndhl khWir
ndhl
(AC)
vdgL.
a khWir ndhl
a vdgL.

miuRHF a AB
Hhf, a CD nkyhf aF.
vdnt, lgl ndhl
ir U afY khwkil.
RU ndhl DCBA ir
gh.
btR
if

neir
ndhlij
(DC)
cUthf eG tisafSF
gyhf sgl tisa ir kh
(gl 17.13 (M) ) gagLjgLwJ. xU
if vnghJ iyahf nkneh
aF
aJlD,
kbwhW
neh
aF
aJlD
bjhL bfhoUF. vdnt,
wR ndhl xnu ir
gh. tif a neir
ndhl a vdgL.
w H yhk XlUJ
knwh
lF

wid
mDt neir ndhlij
l khWir ndhl VwjhF.

285

myF-17

gl 17.13 (M)

gl 17.13 (m)

17.7 xa
eik Rs y gtifahd bghUfis eh ghnwh. U
vbghUis ghf Kotiy. X miwia xLtj _y mjD cs
midJ bghUfis ghf aY. vjdh ghf aYwJ vgij f
mfsh? gf Na x bghUfis ghf ekF cjwJ. xU bghU
mjJ G xia vbuhF. vbuhj x, e ffis milnghJ
ekh bghUfis ghf aY.
xnahL bjhlila gy ajF ff csd. x nenfhL
g mogil x vbuhj, x yf Ma ffis fwnth.

x vbuh
Moia ngh eF gsgsghf
gl
guf
mjJ
G
bgUghik xia vbuhF.
x vbuh fis f
mf. mitahtd:
1)
gLnfhzK
nfhzK rk.

vbuh

2)
gLf,
vbuhf,
gL vbuh jsF
tiuagl brFJnfhL Mait
xnu js mik.
f nfhsf js cgl
midJ
jsfY
VgL
vbuhF bghUJtd MF.
nfhsf Mof

bra 17.9
ff Jakhd miunfhs tot
gsgsghd
fuo
xiw
vLJ bfhSf.

ff nghJ
fuoia
U
nkfh braiy Fgu
brJ ghf. cf cUt
vthW bjwJ?
ff U
guf
gfis xLf.

njhW

fuo gsgsghd tisguig

xU
nfhsf
Moahf
fUjyh.
bgUghY
eh
gagLJ
tisguila Mof nfhsf Mof
vdgL. mj vbuhF gu
cnehnah btnehnah tisJ
fhzgL. c neha vbuhF
tisgu bfhl Mof Fahof
vdgL. btneha vbuhF
tisguig
bfhl
Mof
Fahof
vdgL. t
mikig gl 17.4. fhzyh.

aa

ff cf Kfij mj tisgu

ghUf.
ff g bjwjh? bgajhfth?
ajhfth?
ff cf KfijL Moia
bkJthf mf bjhiyF
efJf. g vthW
khWwJ
vgij
TJ
nehFf.

Faho

Faho

gl 17.14

286

ndhl fhj is xaY

fhj Kj if, d v.
vjdh vwJ?
Moah Na x bghthf,
Tikahd to fhj
J
FfgLwJ.

Na gkhF. na F
aho Kjik FakhF. Na
xbrth
njhW
btgnk
fhjij vLwJ. MoF,
gF cs bjhiy, Faho
njhuhakhd
Fa
ukhF.
gl 17.15. (a) I nehf
Koyh bjhiy

nghJ fuo cneha

tisgu VwjhH xU Faho nghy,
btneha
tisgu
Faho
nghy bragLtij mayh. eh
nfhsf Mofisg nkY fgjF
K, mit bjhlghd y brhf
bghUis s bfhtJ eyJ.
nfhsf Mof ga thjf,
bgUghY mitna gagLjgLtd
MF.
nfhsf
Mo
vbuhF
gu ika Mo ika vdgL.
mJ P vw vGjh FfgL.
nfhsf Mo vbuhF gu,
nfhs gFahF. Mo vj
nfhs gFnah, mj nfhs
ika Mo tis ika vdgL.
mJ C vw vGjh FfgL.
nfhsf Mo vj nfhs
gFnah mj Mu Mo tis
Mu vdgL. mJ R vw vGjh
FfgL. nfhsf Mo, Mo
ika kW tis ika Mat
tna brY fgidahd nenfhL
Mo Kjik mR vdgL.
nkY y brafis ma tU
braiy nkbfhs.

gl. 17.15. (a)

bra 17.10
ff Faho vbuhF gu
Naid
neh
UFkhW
if of.

ff fhjij
KD
D
bkJthf ef mj bghthd,
Tikahd x GkhW
bra.
ff Moia, fhjij mnj
iy y lfSF
of. vd fwJ?
vthW?

gl : 17.15. (b)

Faho
Kjik
mRF
izahf gy xff mjJ
Gwd. vbuh ffis
cW ftf. mit midJ
Mo Kjik m nkYs xU
F. Mo
Kjik Fa vdgL.
gl 17.15(b) I ghf. Faho
Kjik mRF izahd gLff
vthW vbuh bgWwd?

287

myF-17

ff vbuhF xia mU
itfgl fhj H
bra.

Koyh
bjhiy

vbuh ff Kjik m nkYs xU UJ tUtJngh

njhW. Faho Kjik Fa vdgL. mJ F vw vGjh
FfgL. nfhsf Mo Mo ikaF, mj Kjik FaF cs
bjhiy mj Fa u (f) vd tiuaWfgL. nfhsf Mo vbuhF
gu l xF Jis vdgL.
gl 17.15 bjhiy MN xF JisahF. nfhsf Mo tis
MuF (R), Fa bjhiyF (f) VnjD bjhl csjh? a Jisf
bfhl nfhsf MofSF tis Mu Fau U klfhF. R = 2f

17.7.1. nfhsf Mof x vbuh

nfhsf Mof x vbuh, tU y Kiwfgona fG.
1) Faho Kjik mRF izahd gLff, vbuhF
Kjik Fa tna brY. Faho Kjik FaUJ
tilJ tUtjhf njhW. J gl 17.16(a) kW (b) fhlgLsJ.

(a)

gl 17.16

(b)

aa

2) Faho Fa tna brY gLf, myJ Faho Faij

neh brYjgl xf vbuhF , Kjik mRF izahf
brY. gl 17.17 (a) kW (b) fhf.

(a)

gl 17.17

288

(b)

ndhl fhj is xaY

3) Faho tis ika tna brY x myJ Faho
tis ikaij neh brYjgL x vbuhF , mnj ghij
UggL. gl 17.18( a ) kW ( b) fhf.

(a)

gl 17.18

(b)

Faho gf njhWj :nfhsf Mof vthW gf njhWwd? Faho bghU

btntW iyfSfhd g iyia vthW fltJ? gf
bkahditah, khakhditah, cUbgUfglitah, aitah bghU
msnt cilaitah?
Faho g jik, iy, ms Mait Mo ikaUJ bghU
iyia rhjJ. bghU y iyfSF g bkahdJ. y iyfSF
khakhdJ. bghU iyia rhJ g bgajhfnth, ajhfnth, bghU
msnt cilajhfnth UF.

myF-17

nfhsf Mof gf njhW Kiwia eh f tiugl _y mayh.

vbuhF mt iria vjhf ma aY. U ffis kL
fUJtJ ey. U vbuh ff bto bfhS , g
UlkhF. gl 17.19 I fhf.

289

gl 17.19
flagl cikfis mltiz 17.1 fhf
bghU iy

g iy

g ms

g jik

<yh
bjhiy

Kjik Fa F

f aJ,
ms

bk, jiy

C F mgh

Fa F F C F
il

aJ

bk, jiy

bghU
ms

bk, jiy

C F FF
il

CF mgh

bgaJ

bk, jiy

<yh bjhiy

fbgaJ

bk, jiy

PF FF
il

MoF dh

bgaJ

neuhd, kha g.

mltiz 17.1

Faho gaf :Fahof bghJthf if sFf, bjU sFf, thfdf Kf

sFf Mat brf izffis bgWtjF gagLwd.
Kf bgjhfgl njhwij fhL rtu fzhoahf gagLwJ.
g kUJtf nehahf gf cUbgUfgl njhwij fhz
gagLJwd. Na mLf xia FJ, btgij clhf
bga Fahof gagLwd.

aa

Fahof gff njhWj :Faho gf njhWtij ma bghU U iyfis fUJnth.

1) bghU <yh bjhiy UFnghJ,
2) MoUJ tiuaWfgl bjhiy UFnghJ,
bghU U iyfSfhd gfis fltjfhd f tiugl
Kiwna gl 17.20 (a) kW (b) fhlgLsJ.

290

ndhl fhj is xaY

Koyh
bjhiy

gl 17.20
flagl cikf mltiz 17.2- bfhLfgLsJ.
bghU iy
<yh
bjhiy
<yh
bjhiyF
Mo ikaF
il

g iy
MoF dh
Kjik Fa
F
PF, FF
il MoF
dh

g ms
f a
ms

g jik
neuhd, kha g

aJ

neuhd, kha g

mltiz 17.2
F, Fahof gf njhWtij g ff. vj Mo bghU
KG cUtK njhW? jfhd ilia tU bra _y mayh.

ff Faho njhW bjhiy

cs ku x gij cW
nehFf.
ff ku KG cUtK bjwjh?
ff nkfh braiy Fahoia
bfhL brJ gh. bghGJ
ku
KG
gK
ilwjh?
ff flj
cikia
fhuzJl sf. bga
ku KG cUtK a
Faho
njhWtij
fhzyh.

Faho gaf :thfdf gftho bghUj

gL, dh tU thfdfis
ghgjfhd
fzhoahf
gagLwJ; ghJfhghd gazij
cW brwJ; bghU neuhd
gij cUthF. bghU KG
cUtij ghfyh.

nfhsf
Mof
x
vbuhjYfhd FpL kuf
nfhsf
Mof
x
vbuhjiyg fFnghJ eh
a fhOa FpL kufis
gWnwh. kugo Mo ika
(P) bjhlfahF. Mo
Kjik mR x m ir (x x)
mik.
291

myF-17

bra 17.11

FpL kuf tUkhW :

1) b
 ghU
vnghJ
Mo
lgfkhf itfgl ntL.
2) Kjik mRF izah mikj
vyh msfS Mo ikaUJ
msfgl ntL.
3) bjhlfUJ +x m
neir (xx m tna)
msfgL vyh msfS neF
cilaJ. bjhlfUJ
x m vir (-x m
tna) msfgL vyh msfS
vF cilaJ.
4) Kjik mRF brFjhf nk
neh (Y mR tna ) msfgL
vyh
bjhiyfS
neF
cilaJ.
5) Kjik
mRF
brFjhf
neh
(Y
mR
tna)
msfgL vyh bjhiyfS
vF cilaJ. a fhOa
FpL
kuf
gl
17.21.
sfgLsJ.
bghU
lgf
nk neha
cau {+ve}

gLf
ir
lgf
bjhiy {-ve}

tygf
bjhiy {+ve}

gl 17.21.

FpL
kuf
rkghLfis WtgagL.

Mo

Mo rkghL

aa

vLJfhL 17.1
xU nkhlh thfd gagLj
gLs Faho tis Mu
3. mj Mo tna w 5
bjhiy xU ngUJ tUwJ v,
ngU g bjhiy kW
jikia fhf.

tis Mu R = +3
bghU bjhiy u = -5

neha
cau{-ve}
Mo

bjhiy Mo Fabjhiy
(f) vgJ f mjnj. _W
msLfSilnaahd
bjhlig
Mo rkgho _y mayh. Mo
rkghL 1/v + 1/u = 1/f. rkghL
vyh nfhsf MofSF, bghU
vyh
iyfSF
bghUJtd.
fzFfSF fhQnghJ u,
v, f kW tis Mu R Mat
v kfis rkgho ul
a
fhOa
FpLfis
gagLJtJ mta.

nfhsf Mof MoikaF

bghUF ilna cs bjhiy,
bghU bjhiy (u) vdgL.
MoikaF gF ilna
s bjhiy g bjhiy
(v)
vdgL.
Mo
ikaF
Kjik FaF ilna cs
292

1
1
1
+ =
v
u
f

myJ

1
1
1

=

v
f
u

1
1
1
1
= = +

1.5 -5.00 1.5 5.00
5.00 +1.50 6.50
= =

7.50
7.50

7.50
V = = 1.15 m

6.50
g
FahoF
1.15
bjhiy csJ. g khag.

ndhl fhj is xaY

x CLU Clf mJ
nenfho brtJngh njhW. x
X ClfUJ knwh ClfD
EiHnghJ
vd
fwJ?
nghJ nenfhonyna brwjh,
mj ir khWwjh? mwhl th
y ffis id Tnth.

itfglh vGJf mnj ms

caJ fhzgLkh? is
ms
Clfij
bghUJ
khWgLtij fhzyh. x CLU
X ClfUJ knwh ClfD
brYnghJ mj ir khW f
xyf
vdgL.
fit
tU bra _y eF mayh.

iwj bjho myJ Fs

x
mogu
rW
caJ
UgJngh
njhW.
mnjngh
fhj
mroj
vGJfis
mjnk
itfgl
fzho
ghs tna ghFnghJ, rW
caJ mUnf csJngh njhW.
vjdh
thW
njhWwJ,
fzho ghu cs
gh _a iyYs bgiy
ghUwhah? fhW U rF

mJ
tisUgJngh
njhW.
fzhoghuYs
D
lgl
vYrgH,
gfthoUJ
nehFnghJ
cUt
bgajhf
njhW.
nkTatfhd fhuz ahJ?
ghas _ tisjJngh
fhzgL bgiy fUJnth.
guF nk cs bg
gFUJ
tU
xf
irnahL
xl,
D
cs
bgUJ tU xf ir
khWgoUF. Jnt gubg
tisUgjhf
njhWtjfhd
fhuz.
nj
fhuzdhjh
fzhoghs}nl ghFnghJ
vGJf caJ fhzgLwJ.
UFgyhf
kbzbz
myJ lgil gagLjglh
bg
mnj
ms
tisJ
fhzgLkh? fzho ghsF
gyhf x CLU sho ghs

bra 17.12
ua th mogF
ehza xiw itf.

nkgu
tna
xUwUJ ghitia brY
Kj Ka ehzaij
vLf Ka brf. Ka
bt Kojjh?
braiy L brJ ghf.
xnu Ka V btaila
ayiy?
ijna c egfis brJ
ghf brh. c mDgtij
mtfnshL gJbfhf.

tna ehza njhw

iy mj cik iyUJ
khWgoUF.

17.7.3 xyf f
X
ClfUJ
knwh
ClfD x brYnghJ mj
ntf
khWgLtnj
xyf
fhuzkhF.
xyf
y
fSFgL ftij Mf
cWgL csd. x yf
fshtd.

293

myF-17

17.7.2. x yf

(m) gLf,
yFf
gL
mU Clff rF guF
tiuagl
brFJnfhL
Mait xnu js mik.
(M) x Fl tzij,
Fl Clffis bghUj
tiu gLnfhz irDF,
yFnfhz irDF cs
jf khahF. J be
vdgL. i vgJ gLnfhz,
r vgJ yFnfhz v Sin
i / Sin r = kh. kh
k Kj Clfij rhj
ulhtJ Clf xyf
v vdgL.

17.7.3. xyf v
x CLU X ClfUJ
knwh ClfD brYnghJ
yfyil vgij eh mnth.
yfyil ms mU Clff
Kj Clfij rhj ulhtJ
Clf
xyf
vzh
mslgL. xyf v btntW
Clff mj irntfnjhL
bjhlilaJ.
x
btl
8
-1
3 x 10 ms vw bgUkirntf
brY. fzho mj ntf
frkhf Fiw.

aa

Clf - 1
(fhW)

Clf - 2
(fzho)

gl 17.22.

294

gl 17.22. fhlgLsJngh
Clf 1 UJ Clf 2D brY
xfiu fUJnth. i, r vgd
gLnfhz kW yFnfhzf
v,
Kj
Clfij
rhJ
ulhtJ Clf x yf v
=

sin i
sin r
fh x irntf

Clf x irntf

17.7.5 nfhsf byRf xyf

nfhsf byRf
gogjF ffzho gagLJ
gtfis f ghUf. fofhu
gGJghgtf mj fa ghf
fis cUbgUghf byRfis
gagLJwd.
byRf
guig c ifah bjhLghjJ
clh? mj gu rkjskh, myJ
tisjjh? f fzho gagL
fzho, fofhu gGJ ghgt
gagLJ fzho byRfhd
vLJfhLfshF.
by vgJ ahJ? vthW
mJ xia yfyila brwJ
vgij
gF
fhngh.
uL
gufilna
mikj
x CLUt jf Clf byR
vdgL. U guf xnwh
uLnkh nfhsfgughf UF.
xU
nfhsfguila
by
kbwhW
rkjs.
UwK
btneh ilJs gufis
bfhl byR UwFbyR.
bghJthf FbyR vdgL. mJ
ika joJ Xuf bkJ
fhzgL.
FbyR
mjJ
G xia Fa brtjhnyna
thW miHfgLwJ. Uw
Fby UgufS cneh

ndhl fhj is xaY

tisJ fhzgL. it mjJ
G
xffis
tila
brtjh F byR vdgL.
UwFbyR
RUfkhf
FbyR vd miHfgL.
nfhsf byRfnshL bjhlila
y brhfis mJbfhnth. xU
byR U nfhsfgufis cilaJ.
xbthU
gu
xU
nfhs
gFahF. nfhsf ikaf
by tis ikaf vdgL.
J bghJthf C vw vGjh
FfgL. U tis ikaf
csjh, mtiw C1 kW C2
vdFnwh.
by
tis
ikafis
izF fgidahd nenfhL mj
Kjik mR vdgL.
by ika xika
vdgL. mJ O vw vGjh
FfgL. tna brY
xf
yf
miltiy.
tltot by l, mj
xJiH
vdgL.
by
xJiH l j MuJl
xl ajhdh mit bka
byRf
vdgL.
nka
byJ izff GnghJ
vd fwJ?

Na
xff
iz
ffshF. ff bydh
FfgL
Tikahd
kW
bghthd
x
njhW.
J Na bkgkhF. Na
xff brdh m
btg njhW. J fhjij
vL. gl 17.23. (a)I nehFf.

gl 17.23. (a)
by
xa
mRF
izahf.
gy
xff
Gwd.
ff
by
xyf milj Kjik m
nkYs xU F.
by Kjik Fa vdgL.
gl 17.23. (b)I ft.

vrif:
by
tna
neuoahf Naid ghfTlhJ.
Vbd c ff ghf
TL. xU Fbyir Naid
neh c xU ifah of.
Na xia xU fhj F.
Tikahd, bghthd Na
gij cUthFf. byR kW
fhj iyia khwhk J
neu itUf. fhjij TJ
nehFf. vd fwJ? V?

gl 17.23. (b)
xff
Kjik
mRF
izahfFbyJ Gwd.
by
yfyilj
Kjik
m nkYs xU UJ
tilJ
tUtJngh
njhW.
Fby Kjik Fa
vdgL. Jnghw izff

295

myF-17

bra 17.13

by
vgfUJ
Gkhdh mj kWgf nkY
xUKjik
Fa
ilF.
bghJthf by Kjik Fa
F vw vGjh FfgL. byR
uL
KjikFafis
bgWsjh, mit F1, F2 vd
FfgL.
by x ikaUJ, mj
Kjik Fa tiuahd bjhiy
mj Fabjhiy vdgL. Fa
bjhiy f vw vGjh FfgL.

17.7.5. byRf
njhWj

gf

ftiugl_y
byRf
gf njhWtij sfyh.
nkY
g
jik,
iy,
Matiw mayh. byRf
ftiugl tiua, tU ff
VnjD uil fUjyh.

aa

(m) bghUUJ tU Kjik

mRF
izahd
xf
yfyilj
Fby
kWgf Kjik Fa
tna brY. [gl 17.24(a)]. Mdh,
Fby mnj gfYs mj
Kjik FaUJ tilJ
tUtjhf njhW [gl 17.24.(b)].

gl 17.24. (b)
(M)
Fby
Kjik
Fa tna brY gLf
yfyilj , mj Kjik
mRF izahf btgL [gl
17.25(a)].
Fby
Kjik
FaUJ tUtjhf njhW
xf yfyilj , Kjik
mRF izahf btgL. [gl
17.25(b)].

gl 17.25(a)

gl 17.25(b)

gl 17.24. (a)

296

ndhl fhj is xaY

() by xika tna brY xf yfyilahk brY.

gl 17.26 (b)

gl 17.26 (a)

bghU y iyfSfhd g
ftiuglf gl 17.27. fhlgLsJ.

iyia

fltjfhd

f
gl 17.27

297

myF-17

C1

flagl cikf mltiz 17.3. bfhLfgLsJ.

bghU iy

g iy

bghUis rhJ
g ms

g
jik

<yh
bjhiy

Kjik Fa F

fa
ms

bk, jiy

2F F mgh

FF 2FF il

aJ

bk, jiy

2F

bghU msnt

bk, jiy

FF 2FF
il

2F F mgh

bgaJ

bk, jiy

Fa F

<yh bjhiy

Koyh ms
bgaJ

bk, jiy

Fa FF
xika O
F il

bghU itfgLs
by mnj gf

bgaJ

kha, neuhd

mltiz 17.3
Fby bghU iyfSfhd g iyia fltjfhd
ftiugl gl 17.28. fhlgLsJ.

gl 17.28
flagl cikf mltiz 17.4. fhlgLsJ.

aa

bghU iy

g iy

bghUis rhJ
g ms

g
jik

<yh bjhiy

Fa F

fa
ms

neuhd, kha
g

Koyh
bjhiyF
by xika O
F il

Kjik Fa
FF xika
O F
il

aJ

neuhd, kha
g

mltiz 17.4

298

ndhl fhj is xaY

vyh
msfS
by
xikaUJ msfgl ntL.
kugo Fby Fa bjhiy
neFilaJ. Fby Fa
bjhiy vFilaJ. u, v, f,
bghU cau h, g cau
h1 Matfhd FpL kuf
ftd bfhsgl ntL.

17.7.6 byR rkghL

rkghL bghU bjhiy (u),
g bjhiy (v), Fa bjhiy
(f) tilnaahd bjhlid
jU.
1/v + 1/u = 1/f vgJ byR
rkghlhF.
rkghL
bghU
vyh
iyfSF,
vyh
tifahd
byRfSF bghUJ.
vLJfhL 17.2
xU
Fby
Fau
15br. byUJ 10br bjhiy
g clhf bghU byUJ
vts
bjhiy
itfgl
ntL.
:

v = -10br. f = -15br.
u=?
1/v - 1/u= 1/f myJ 1/u= 1/v- 1/f
1/u= 1/-10- 1/-15
1/u= -3+2/ 30 = -1/30
u = -30br.
vdnt, byUJ bghU
bjhiy 30 br.
cUbgUf
g
msF
msF
cs
jf
cUbgUf vdgL.

bghU
by

cUbgUf m vD vGjh
FfgL. h vgJ bghU
cau, h1 vgJ g cau v,
by cUbgUf
m=

g cau
bghU cau

h1
h

v
u

vLJfhL 17.3
15
br
Fa
uKs
FbyUJ 30 br bjhiy
bghUis itFnghJ byUJ
10br bjhiy neuhd khag
ilwJ v, cUbgUf w
fhf.
:
u = - 30br. v = -10br.
u=?
cUbgUf
m = v / u = - 10 / -30 = 1/3

m = +0.33

17.7.7 by w
x FfgL myJ fgL
ms by wdh FfgL.
by Fabjhiy jiy
mj w vd tiuaWfgL.
mJ P vw vGjh FfgL.
Fabjhiy f bfhl by
w,
P = 1/f
by
w
S.I.
myF
ilahl. J D vw vGjh
FfgL.
Fa
bjhiy
l FfntL. xU l
Fabjhiyila by w
1 ilahl MF. Fby w
neFilaJ. Fby w
vF cilaJ.

299

myF-17

nfhsf byRfhd FpL kuf

vLJfhL 17.4
xU Fby Fau 2 v,
by w fhf.
:
by Fau f = -2
by w p = 1/ f = 1/-2


= -0.5 ilahl

17.7.8. Kglf
yf

tna

fzhoahyhd Kglf xiw

fUJnth. mij U Knfhz tot
mogufis,
_W
brtf
tot gfgufis bfhlJ.
gfguf
xWbfhW
Fl
nfhz
rhUF.
gf
gufilnaahd
nfhz
Kglf
nfhz
vdgL.
fzho
Kglf
tna
xyf g fwa tU
braiy brnth.

milahskhf R, S vw f
xnu nenfho mikkhW U
F^fis bghUj.
fzho
Kglfij,
F^fis mfw.
PE vw nfhL Kglfguig
E rF (gl 17.29.) njngh
R, S fis izF nfhL
F rF. E, F fis
izf.
xyF guf AB kW
ACF Kiwna E, F f tna
brFJnfhL tiua.
gl
17.29.
fhl
gLsJngh gLnfhz ( i),
yFnfhz ( r), Lnfhz
( e) Matiw Ff.

bra 17.14
tiugyif nk Fia
gagL btis jh xiw
bghUj.
Knfhz mogu J F
tif fzho Kglfij
itf. glf viy
nfhil bgyh tiua.

gl 17.29.

aa

xyF gu ABF rhthf

PE vw nenfhL tiua.

PE - gLf

i - gLnfhz

EF - yFf

r - yFnfhz

FS - f

e - nfhz

A - Kglf nfhz

d - irkhw nfhz

PE vgJ gLf, EF vgJ

yFf. FS vgJ f MF.
xyF gu AB tna xU
xf fhUJ fzhoD
EiHtij
fhzyh.
nghJ
fzhoD xf brFJ
nfhil
neh
yfyil.
ulhtJ gu AC xf
fzhoUJ fh btgL.

gl
17.19.
csJngh
PE nfhonk P, Q vw
F^fis bghUj.
P, Q F^f gfis
kW gu AC tna ghf.
P, Q F^f gf

300

ndhl fhj is xaY

vdnt,
xf
brFJ
nfhilL
y
brY.
Kglf xbthU xyF
guY
cUthF
gLnfhz
kW yFnfhzfis xl.
Kglf tot fhuzkhf f,

gLf
irUJ
Fl
nfhz yUF. nfhz
irkhw nfhz vdgL. F
r vgJ, yF nfhzij FF.
bra irkhw nfhzij
FJ d msf.

17.7.10 Kglf x wif

f fiz ftU thd tzfis ghJ kUf.
m Na btbsh vthW gntW tzfis jUwJ.

bra 17.15
jokdhd mil xiw vLJ, mj ika a Jisl.
Na xia mJisnk H bra. Jis btbsh
izfiwia cUthF.
Kglf xiw vLJ bfhs. Jis tna tU xfiwia
xU xyF guJ Hbra.
KglfUJ bttU x, mUnf cs iu njhW tiu,
bkJthf Kglfij RHw.
vd fhf? f wf mHa bjhFig fhzyh. J V
VgLwJ?
Kglf mjJ G btbsh mls gntW
tzfis ifaila brwJ. wbjhF U viyfY
njhW tzfiscW nehFf. f ghF wf tir vd?
gl 17.30. csJngh Cjh, fUy, y, gir, kr, MuR, t vw
tir wfis fhzyh.

Kglf
x
btbsh
mj VG tzfshf wif
miltij ghUf. eh vgo
wfis bgWnwh? Kglf

btbsh
fiw

fzho
Kglf

R
O
Y
G
B
I
V

gl 17.30.
x tna x brYnghJ,
btntW
wKila
xff
btntW nfhz ms yfyil.
t
tz
x
fFiwj
ms, Cjh tz x f mf
ms
yfmil.
btntW
wKila x btntW ghijf

301

myF-17

wf
tiria
id
bfhs VIBGYOR vw FWbrh
cj,
wf
bjhF
wkhiy vdgL. eh vyh
tzfis
jjahf
fhzayhJ. MdhY, wf
ntWghil
fhzyh.
TL
xYs
gntW
tzf
jjahf f wif
vdgL.

17.7.11 kj f
kj ff f kf
kW Egkhd cz cWghF. J
eik Rs tz tz
cyif fhz brwJ. ekJ cz
cWfS f KakhdJ ff
MF.
kj f X xgl fUia
nghwjhF. j byR mik
iu vdgL. J x cz
iuJ gij VgLJwJ.
x, fhah vdgL btgly
tahf f EiHwJ. J
gl 17.31. fhlgLsJngh
nfhs
Kgu
x
CLU ilig VgLJwJ.
302

ghit

fhah

iu

K f
ur

beUUJ
nk
caU
btgfh tna bghUbshiw
ghjh, mJ jhWkhwhf miyW
tjhf njhW. beUF mUnf
cs fhW mjF rW nkYs
fhiwl
mf
btgiy
UF. Nlhd fhW mjFnkYs
Fj fhiwl nyrhdjhf
ml
Fiwthdjhf
UF.
mj
xyf
v
Fj
fh
xyf
vizl
rW Fiwthf UF. xyF
Clf
(fhW)
agf
iyaW khWgLtjh btgfh
tna ghfgL bghU iy
khkh njhW. bghU iy
kh fhzgLtj fhuz. a
msyhd tkly xyfyhF.
f
Dj
bga
msyhd tkly xyfyh
njhWtjhF.

aa

a jirf

17.7.10 tkly xyf

gof byR

KglfW
bttU.
vdnt, tzf jjahf
bjthf bj.

ghit eu

f ur

gl 17.31.
nfhs VwjhH 2.3 br
lKila nfhstot mikig
bfhlJ.
f
EiH
xff bgUghyhd yf
fhah gu btgFnyna
fwJ. bghUf bjhiyF
Vg gofbyR Fabjhiyit
Egkhf
r
brJ
mtiw
iu FF. fhahF
dh I vdgL mik
csJ. I vgJ f ghitia
fLgLJw
Ul
jir
glykhF.
f
ghit
f
EiHw x msit fL
gL xGFgLJwJ. by
iuJ
bghU
jiyHhd
bkgij njhWF mf
vif bfhl x cz
brfisila bkikahd gly
iu MF. x cz brf
jhd xjyh Lj milJ
iriffis clhFwJ. j
iriff ghit euf tahf
_isF mDggLwd. _is
iriff bghUSzJ eh
fhQ bghUis csthnw czJ
bfhwJ.

ghit FiwghL rbrjY

Kakhd
_W
bghJthd
ghit FiwghLf csd. mit

ndhl fhj is xaY

1. lghit

jFj wDila FbyR gij

L iuF bfhLtU.
thW FiwghL rbragLwJ.

2. ughit
3. Vgik w FiwghL

ughit

1. lghit

iAgbknuhah
vgJ
ughit vdgL. ughitila
xUt bjhiy cs bghUffs
bjthf fhz aY. mikYs
bghUfis bjthf fhzKoahJ.
xUt
mik
aghd
mikF (25br) mfkhf
Ujh, mt trahf gogjF
j
ff
UJ
25brF
mgh itfglntL. Vbd,
mUYs
bghUUJ
tU
xff
iuFdh
FagLjgLwJ. J 17.33(b)
fhlgLsJ.

iknahah vgJ lghit

vdgL.
FiwghLs
xUt
mU cs bghUfis bjthf
ghf
Ko.
bjhiy
cs
bghUfis
bjthf
ghf
KoahJ. FiwghLila xUt
nrik
KoF
Kghf
UF. mjifa xUt y l
tiu bjthf ghfyh. lghit
cilat f bjhiybghU
g
iuF
Kghfnt
njhWfgLwJ.
iu
njhWfgLtiy.
njhWtjfhd

Fiwghofhd fhuzf

1. by mfgoahd tis
2. nfhs tJ
Fiwghil jFj wDila
Fbyir gagL rbrayh.
gl 17.32.(a) J sfgLsJ.

(a) lghit

- bjhiy

(b) lghit

FiwghLs f

(c) lghitia

by
Fabjhiy
oUj nfhs ajhtJ.
jFj
wDila
Fbyir
gagL, Fiwia r brayh.
J gl 17.33(c) sfgLsJ.

(a) ughit

- mU cs

(b) ughit

r brj

FiwghLs f

(c) ughitia

gl. 17.32

r brj

gl. 17.33
303

myF-17

FiwghL
fhuzf

jFj
FbyR
cila
f
fzhoia gagL gij
rahf iu Ffyh.

VtgljhF. nkY, J ehrh

bt ffh ikaf
fbga xwhF.

Vgik w FiwghL

nyna guhk gfis

nkbfhS tif totikfgl
xnu
bjhiyneh
A
th
bjhiynehahF. bga gu
bjthd gij cUthfty U
tisa Mof bghUjgL J
totikfgLsJ. bjhiyneh
VtgLnghJ mj, braghil
ghF tif Mof Kiwahf
bghUjhkUjJ
flaglJ.
1993M
ML
gGJgh
FGduh
Mof
Kiwahf

tHfkhf f irgLJ
w
tajhFnghJ
FiwwJ.
bgUghyhndhF
mik
gogoahf ybrY. mtf
ca ffzho yhk mU
cs
bghUfis
bjthf
trahf ghgJ fod. FiwghL
uignahah vdgL. gogoahf
by tis jik FiwtJ
kW ajirf gydkiltJ
nghwitna jF fhuz. y
neuf
xUt
lghit,
ughit ulhY ghfglyh.
mjifatfSF
UFa
fzhof
njitgLwd.
UFa fzho rhjhuz
tif, FbyR kW FbyR
uil
cslaJ.
Fbyrh
Mfgl
nkgF
nrikbghUfis
fhz,
Fbyrh Md gF mik
bghUfis fhz cj. f
cbghUJ byRfis bfhL
fhy xyf FiwghLfis
fyh

aa

17.7.12. iwa ma - A
thbjhiyneh
A bjhiyneh xU th
bjhiy nehahF. 1990M ML
Vu khj fy x cjah
mj RWghij brYjglJ.
v
A
vw
mbkf
thdhths bga jF NlglJ.
J tha Muhfhd wj
fUahF.
J
mbkfh
ehrh kW Inuha bt
ika Mat TLKaah

304

gl 17.34.
bghUjgL bjhiyneh mj
KGikahd
braghL
iyF
bfhL tuglJ. 1993M ML
Kj 2002M MLtiu ehF Kiw
guhk gf nkbfhsglJ.
bjhiy neh 2014M MLtiu
bragL vd vghfgLwJ.

tklyF
btna
RtUtjh
bjhiyneh,
gF xaw f Jakhd
glfis
ekF
mftyJ.
A
bjhiyneh
My

ndhl fhj is xaY

glf
ml
l
bjhiy
bghUfis
ga
Jtiu
bgwglhj
bjthd
fQW
xglfshF.
A
MyglfS
MyglfS
wf a fzfhd
xahLf bjhiy Ugij
btgLJwd.

fG eg ayhj ahH kW
th
nkhjYfhd
afa
M, nfhf A glf
KaJt thjitahF.
A
th
bjhiynehah
nkbfhsgl Mfgo ika
fUJisf (black
holes) vyh
uf ikafSF
bghJthdjhF.

A Mf ml til
jij Jakhf fzLsd.
A kh kig ml
taij fJsd.

bjhiyYs ngbuh K
(Supernovae)
ga
MfSF
bt Mthsf bjhiy
nehia gagLJwd.

gy whLfSF xUKiwna

kL
gF - m
1. Mo cUthF cUtbgUf 1 / 3 v, mj Mo tif
(F, F, rkjs,jlF)
2. xU fRUnshL bjhlila fhjgha khWnghbjyh, mR aF ir
cUthF f ------(fhj l, ndhl cUthj, dGj cUthj, ndhl khwgLj)
3. cnyhf fl gh ndhl mjid R ------I cUthF.
(btg, x, fhjy, vu ir)
4. ghity bgUk msthf miktJ.
(rkjs Mo, Faho, Faho,jlF Mo)
5. 10 br.. Fabjhiys F byUJ 25 br.. bjhiy bghU itfgLwJ.
g bjhiy -------.
(50 br.., 16.66 br.., 6.66 br.., 10 br..)

gF - M
1. tU T ndhlir khF bghUJtJ.
m) fhtdhl mj miyyh iyF ir khia gagL bfhS.
M) kh dGjij caJtjF ir khia gagLbfhS.
) nkhlh ndhl iria kh irkhia gagLbfhS.
m) nkhlh:- iyfhj, thf Kiwyhd nkhlh -------.
M) Fa bjhiy:- l, w -----3. tU brhbwhl iHfU Uj.
m) fhjy vk kL bfhl ms.
M) fhj irnfhLf fhj bjKid bjhl tlKid Ko.

305

myF-17

2. nfhol lfis ug.

4. flbah tna xU ir ndhl ghnghJ fhj C tlKid HFneh

yf milwJ. ndhl vir ghnghJ, nkF neh yfyilwJ. jW
mtijTWf.
5. tU ftiugl Faho g njhWtij FF.
m) mYs jtiw fL, iHaw f tiugl tiua.
M) c Ujfhd sf ju.

6. nghFtuJ fLghL sFf ------ wsF gagLjgLtjfhuz mj

------ miy s.
7. milF cs Vw brhfis bfhL mltizia uf.

bga g

w cs to

neuhd g

(Faho, rkjs Faho, Faho, rkjs Mo, FbyR, F byR)

8. Gstiw FF f ghffis vGJf.
m) f ghitia fLgLJ Ul jir gly -----M) f bghU g clhF gu ------9. iknahah vgJ f xyf VgL lghit FiwghL MF. j
Fiwstf mUYs bghUfis bjthf ghfyh. Vw wDs FbyR bfhL
Fiwia rbrayh.
m) njtifahd ntW uL tif FiwghLfis FLf.
M) mtiw r br Kiwia czJf.
10. m) Gs gl vj fhj C fhjy iria rahf fhLwJ.

aa

M) tha Mths xUtUF thd CjhF gyhf UL fhzgLwJ fhuz jUf.

gF -
1. (i) Gs ghffis gl Ff.
m) gLf, M) yFf, ) f, <) yFnfhz
c) ir khw nfhz, C) Lnfhz

306

ndhl fhj is xaY

(ii) itu xyf v 2.42. x irntfij bghUJ brhbwhl bghU ahJ?

m) nkny cs glij L tiuf.

M) gl FLtJ ------.
) gl Kakhd ghffis Ff
<) fU vjJt mogil bragLwJ.
c) fU ndhl irfhQ tia czJf.

nkY mf mtjF
jf

1. Fundamentals of optics by D.R. Khanna and H.R. Gulati R.Chand & Co

2. Magnetism by Joy Frisch - Schnoll published by Creative Eduction.
3. Advanced physics by Keith Gibbs Cambridge University press
4. Haliday Resnick walker fundamentals of physics 7th Edition
http://www.www.physics about.com
http://www.opticalsres.com
http://www.newdn.com
http://www.arvindguptatoys.com

307

myF-17

izajsf

ma

ghll &
brKiw

1. gaghL
ca

ku kW gzhk - khWghLf ghuga - gzhk

- dkhj - kj gzhk - gzhk ku -
ku bgha - c bjh - Ega - Fnsh
- _ybr - (blbr) cW uikj - EQ
bgUf - j bruj - c cz - iwa ma
kugQ kUJt

2. cl ey

neh jilfh kly - cl eyK mj KaJtK

- neh mj fhufS - EQ nehf - jL
eltoiffneh gu tf - neh jLghw
njhWj-kUJt kW jLKiwf-kUJt
cbjhEg - vI jL

3. vdJ cl

kj cl cW klyf mik kW
braghLf - eu kly - ehsyh Ruf br - ah iy

4. jhtuf
cyf

jhtuf dbgUf - dbgUfKiwf jhtu - ghyh kW ghd bgUf - kfujnrif

- fUWj -
f, ij cUthj - ij guj

5. yFf
cyf

ghof - w mika - thl - jftikf cl af braghLf - kj uj RH kly

- kj f f kly - mikF braghoF
ilnas bjhl - yFf elijf - elijf
- r_f dbgUf, bgnwh guhk - yFf
elijfhd jah rhWf

6. thif af
braghLf

thif
af
braf
tiuaiw
czl tiff - Rthj - jhtu
,
jhJf
fljgLj,
yF
uj
Xl kly - jhtuf, yFf f f kly eu kly - jhtuf xUiz - ts kW
af - yFf Ahnkhf

7. RWw
Niya

RW NH ghJfh - c ijtil kW c
ijtilah ff (kF, kfhj) - nkyhik td yF flf- Niy kly rkiy
yf myJ bgnuha - gRik nta - iwa
ma - , Mj

309

brKiw

ghll

ma

8. Niya
aif
tsfis
guhkj

f nkyhik - gaz ( RH) - f - f

Rf - Lf f nkyhik Kiwf - Ju
kW
nehf - f btnaWj khW tf
- bghJ lf Ju - Mw nkyhik - Mw fzL
(L, g) - ku rh tsf (Na, iAu# fhW) - ku rh
tsf (f, bgnuha, aif th) - c vbghUf
cUthf - gagLJj Mw nkyhik-e gF

9. gUbghU

fiurf - fiugh, fiubghU - fiurf tiff

- fiuw - fiuwid ghF fhuf - fzLf

10. mQ mik

mQf kW _yTWf - ed mQbfhif mtfhnuh - mQfL v - Mmlf _YTW

vilF cs bjhl - mQ kW _YTF ilnaahd
ntWghL - x mQ iw - x _yTW iw - nkh bfhif
- nkh bfhif - nkh tiuaiw - nkh fzL

11. nta
khwf kW
ntidf

nt idf - ntidf tiff - nt id

id ntf - ntidf ntfij ghF fhuf- myf - myf tiff - myf nt
gf - myf gaf - fhuf - fhuf
tiff - fhuf nt gf - fhuf gaf myf kW fhufis flj - pH msL
- pH fhj mwhl th pH- KaJt - cf cf tiff - cf gaf

12. nt FLg

jkf Mtjd tifghL - ed Mtjd

- ed Mtjd mltiz - ed Mtjd
mltiz
w
gf
cnyhfa
mKf - - cnyhfa gagL fiybrhf fkfSF
jhJfSF
cs ntWghLf
-cnyhff _yf - mYa, jhu U tiw
ga cnyhfa - U ga cnyhfa -cnyhf
fyitf - cnyhf fyitfis cUthF Kiwf mYa, jhu U t cnyhf fyitf - cnyhf
mkhd - cnyhf mkhdij jLF Kiwf

13. ajF cyf

fhgD mj nrkfS - mKf - fhg nrkf

- fk ntaiy ga jfhy sf - fhg mj
nrkf cs izf - fhg w ntWik
totf - fhg kW mj nrkf agf
- fhg kW mj nrkf nt gf gotirf - iAnuh fhgfS mt tiffS
- idbra bjhFf - idbra bjhFf
mogil tifghL - vjdh - vjdh my

310

UF ms - l bjhiyfis msj - tha

bjhiy - x ML

15. ir kW
af

ir kW af f - rkkhd kW rkkw
irf - affhd Kj - iyk
kW iw - cj - affhd ulh
- ir rkghL - affhd _wh
- cj khwhnfhghL %j - ir
Uw kW uil - <a - l
< - iw - vil - < KLf - iw
- iwa ma - ruha - jkhd jgbtg iy
cf - bt M iya

16. Mwiy mj

ndhla kW Mw - ndhl k W
RW - dGj kW dGj ntWghL
- RW gl - X - fl jiljilf bjhF - ndhl btgis
- I] - btgis - cU
gF - L cgnahf RWf - w ndhl ntis - dh gF fyf - Kjik fy kW J i z f y .
Mw _yf -kurh Mw _yf - kurhuh Mw
_yf - mQfU Mw - faf - mQfU s
kW mQfU iz - mQfU id wf
- mQfU Mw aisf - iwa ma
-flUJ Mw

17. ajF isf

ndhl fhj is - fhjy kW

fhjir nfhLf - ndhl brY flah
VgL fhjy - nefl VgL fhjy ndhl brY tlRU VgL fhjy
- fhjy itfgl ndhl brY
fl J VgL ir- ~s-lif
- nkhlh - fhj l - ~ghunl
M- a- xa - x vbuhj nfhsf
Mof x vbuhj - g cUthj kw
Mofhd rkghL - xyf - xyf v nfhsf iyf xyf - iyf cUtf
cUthj - iy rkghL kW cUbgUf iy w-Kglf tna xyf Kglf x wif - t kly
xyf - kj f- FiwghLfS t iwa ma - A thbjhiyneh

18. bjh Ega

Mf kW lg

311

brKiw

14. gUbghU kW
msL

dhjh totik gjh tF ma (fUa)

neu: 2 k

bkhj kbg: 75

dhjh totik kbgf xJL

m. Mw btgLj xJL
t.v

tiff

kbg

mj

17

15

52

45

gaghL

35

30

11

10

115

100

bkhj

F
(1) njbjLj tifia nrJ bkhj kbgf 115.
(2) dhjh jahj nghJ 5 tiu kbgf mso khWghLf
Ufyh.

ma

ilaf
ntoa
dhf
vif

bkhj
kbgf

M
FWdh
M**
Wdh

dhf
bkhj
vif

m
bj tif
dh

XbthU
dhfSfhd
kbgf

dh tiff

t.v

M. gtif dhtiff kbg msLj

15

15

15x 1=15

30*

20

20x2 = 40

4 x 5 = 20

53
39
75
bkhj
XbthU dhfS 2 myJ 3 fshf fgL 1, 2, 3 kbgf
tHfgl ntL. jhtua, ya, nta, aa gFf dhf
mika ntL. (mnj njbjLj/ VnjD myJ xU tifUfyh.)

312

* M- FWdhf ghFghL

FWdh tiff

t.v

ilaf
ntoait

bghUJj

jtWfisRLj thaYs iHfis

UJf

fhuzTWjY cWgLJjY

dhfis vgj

bfhLfgLs gl ghffis Fj

bfhLfgl glij jahf tiuJ

ghffis Fj

fzL kig mj ( fhQj)

nfhol lfis uf(bfhLfgl

izfUJ )

bfhLfgl NHUJ ilaj

10

rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJj

bkhj dhf

30

ilaf ntoa dhf

20

. cajiknfg dhf xJL

cajiknfg dhfis
lLj

% GfhL

vikahdJ

50

RkhudJ

40

fodkhdJ

10

313

brKiw

t. v

<. myFfSnfg xJL

5. ghof
6. thif af braf
7. RW NH ghJfh
8. f nkyhik

nta

9. fiurf
10. mQfS _yTWfS
11. nt idf

1(1)

1(2)

1(5)

1(1)

1(2)

1(5)

3(2)

1(1)

1(2)

1(5)

3(2)

1(1)

1(2)

1(1)

1(2)

3(2)

8
6
3
8
6

1(1)

2(2)

1(2)

8
8
6
23

1(5)

1(5)
15

7
5
6
8
10

1(1)

2(2)

2(1)

2(2)

1(1)

1(2)

1(5)

1(1)

2(2)

1(5)

2(1)

3(2)

15(15)

3(2)

1(5)

bkhj dhf vif

15(15)

30(60)

8(40)

53

115

ilaf ntoa dhf

vif

15(15)

20(40)

4(20)

39

75

12. jkf Mtjd tifghL

13. fhgD mj nrkfS
14. msL fUf

aa

15. ir kW af f
16. ndhla kW Mw
17. ndhl fhj is

ma

W
dh

2. neh jilfh kly

3. kj cl cW klyf
mik kW braghLf
4. jhtuf
dbgUf

FW
dh

jhtua - ya

1. ku kW gzhk

bj
dh

myFf

bkhj
kbgf

dhf
vif

( ) kbgfis FF

314

15

8
13

315

Zoo

Zoo

Bot
Zoo

neh jilfh
kly

kj cl cW
klyf mik
kW braghLf

jhtuf
dbgUf

ghof

Che
Che
Che
Che
Che
Phy
Phy
Phy
Phy

fiurf

mQfS
_yTWfS

nt idf

jkfMtjd
tifghL

fhgD mj
nrkfS

msL fUf

ir af
fS

ndhlaY
MwY

ndhl fhj
is

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

brKiw

bkhj

Bot

Bot

f nkyhik

RW NH ghJfh

thif af
braf

5
Bot & Zoo

Zoo

ku gzhkK

No.

rhj
ghl

myF jiy

Unit

4(4)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

OT

4(8)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

SA

LA

1(5)

1(5)

Knowledge

8(8)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

OT

12(24)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

2(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

SA

LA

4(20)

1(5)

1(5)

1(5)

1(5)

Understanding

tiul

2(2)

1(1)

1(1)

OT

9(18)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

SA

1(5)

1(5)

1(5)

LA

3(15)

Application

1(1)

1(1)

OT

5(10)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

SA

Skill

LA

53

Total
No. of
Questions

115

13

10

Marks

Total

brKiw
bghUslf
c ma
I.ya
1. cz fiur lh csjh vgij mnaho M _y flj.
2. kj jaJoig nflj.
3. kj cl btgiyia flj.
4. clgUk FpL (BMI ) fzLj.
II.jhtua
5. cq ilF kyf kfuj jh kW Nyf tlij
bjLj.
6. ffis tifgL, fnjhiy jJJ, fnjh jik kW
cQ gFia flj.
7. N mikig mj.
8. fhyh Rthr (behjiy) %j.
a ma

ma

III. nta
9. pH jh bfhL bfhLfgl fiurf pH kig mj.
10. bfhLlfgLs fiur mykh myJ fhukh vgij flj.
11. cik fiur, Tk fiur, bjhff tiw jhahj.
12. ntj idahdJ bfhidah myJ btg c idah vgij
flj.
IV. aa
13. UF ms f a gkhzKs bghUf gkhzfis msj.
14. f RU jil fhz.
15. fhj ygl tiuj.
16. Fby Fau fhz.

F : M Ko, fljiy neuoahf bfhLfgLs mltiz

Ff.
316

ya
nrhjid v : 1

nj :

cz fiur lh csjh vgij mnaho M _y

flf.
nehf: 

bfhLfgl kh fiurf A, B- lh csJ vgij mnaho

M _y flj.

njitahdit:

M FHh, mnaho fiur.

brKiw : 

 fhLfgl kh fiurf A, B-ia 1 .. ms jjahf vLJ

b
bfhs ntL.

 U J mnaho fiuriy j M FHhf L eF fyf

x
ntL wkhwij ftJ mltizgLj ntL.

F:

lh cs fiur fUy wkhf khW.

mltiz :
t. v.

cz fiur

1.

2.

fhgd

lh csJ / iy

Ko :
lh cs cz fiur, _______________ M FHh csJ.

brKiw

317

ya
nrhjid v : 2

nj :

kj ja Joig nflj
nehf:

kj ja Joig, blnjhnfh fU _y nflJ fzL brj.

njitahdit:

blnjhnfh, WJ fofhu.

brKiw:

 blnjhnfh fU bfhL ja Joig fla ja xfshd

yl xfis nflJbfhs.

 U l VgL ja Joig mj ja x _y flJ

x
mltiz g brf.

t.v.

ja Jo
vif /
l

M bragLgt bga

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ruhr

fL czjJ:

ma

 hjhuz NH ruhrahf xU lF kj ja Jo vif

r
_______________

318

ya
nrhjid v : 3

nj :

kj cl btg iyia flj

nehf:
kj cl btg iyia kUJt cl btg khia gagL
flj.
njitahdit:
kUJt cl btgkh, Mtf btgkh.
brKiw:
miw btgiyia, Mtf btgkh bfhL flJ bfhs
ntL.
kUJt cl btgkhia, j eR jil f bghU fyj gdh
ik gL bfhs ntL. kUJt cl btgkhia ehF Kiw
cj bfhs ntL.
 kUJt cl btgkhia Mf mF gFY, bgf
KHif koY xU l itJ, cl btg iyia flJ bfhs
ntL.
nj Kiw miwF btna mnj kj cl btg iyia
flJ bfhsntL.
nj Kiw FiwjJ _W egf cl btgiyia flJ
mltizgLj.
nrhjid

1.

miwF cns
miwF btna

2.

miwF cns
miwF btna

3.

miwF cns
miwF btna

miw / bt
btgiy

cl
btgiy

C = F 32 x 5 / 9

fL czjJ:

 hjhud cl Niy kj cl btg iy vnghJ

r
_______________0 F myJ _______________0C Mf csJ.
kj cl btgiy ntWgl Niyf khWgLsJ / xnukh
csJ.
319

brKiw

t.
v.

ya
nrhjid v : 4

nj :

cl gUk FpL (BMI) fzLj

nehf:

tF khzt xUt cl gUk Fplhd (BMI) fzL mj.

njitahdit:

vil fU, cauij msl ms ehlh.

brKiw:

tF khzt xUt cl vilia vil fU _y ..- flJ

bfhs ntL.

 nj khzt cauij ms ehlh _y fzL mij 2 Mf kh

m
bfhs ntL.

BMI fla cj Nukhd

BMI = -------------------

vil (..)
cau 2

gagL BMI viz fla ntL.

F:

BMI 19 - 25 rhjhuz gUk ms

26F nk clgUk
19F
clbkjhdJ
t. v.

cl vil ..

cau 2

BMI

1.

ma

2.
3.
fL czjJ

mltiz Flgo cl gUk FpL fhzgl brt / br

_______________ rhjhuz gUk ms / cl gUk / bkjhd cl gUk
cilatuhf csh.

320

jhtua
nrhjid v : 5

nj :

5. cq ilF kyf, kfuj jh tl kW Nyf

tlij jJ J ghitF rkj.
kfuj jh tl
kfujh tl ky M cWghF.
J kfuj ig kW kfuj f Ma uL ghffis bfhLsJ.
kfuj igF, kfuj f cUthwd.
Nyf tl
Nyf tl ky bg cWghF.
J, Nig, NjL, NKo Ma _W ghffis bfhLsJ.
NigF Nf fhzgLwd.
bfhLfgLs xU ky kfuj jhtl kW Nyf tlij
jikgL j jh xo, mky fhzgL kfuj jhf
vif, kfujig tot kW Nyf Ko tot Matiw fl
mltiz g brf.
t.v

ky bga

kfuj jhtl

Nyf tl

1
2
3
4

brKiw

321

jhtua
nrhjid v : 6

nj :

ma

2. ffis tifgL, f njhiy jJ J, f njh

jik kW cQ gFia fhz
rijgWs j ff
bg - jfh
1. fnjhyhdJ, __________ kW __________ vd fgLsJ.
2. f eLnjh kW f cnjh vd __________ fhzgLwJ.
3. _______________ cQ gFahF.
bg - thiH
fnjh, __________, kW __________ vd ntWgLjgLsJ.
f btnjh, __________ nghW f eLnjh __________ csJ.
thiH __________ cQ gFahF.
bAbgoa - MuR / vYir
fnjh, __________ mLFfshf ntWgLjgLsJ.
f btnjh, vbz Rufis bfhL __________ nghW
fhzgLwJ. f eLnjh, btikahd __________ mLfhF.
f cnjh __________ nghwJ.
f cnjhF fhzgL rhW iwj f __________ gFahF.
bgngh - bts / nfhit
f btnjh __________ kW __________ Mf ntWgLjgLsJ.
f eLnjh __________.
__________ cQ gFahF.
% - kh
kh fhzgL ijf vif __________
fnjh,
__________,
__________,
kW
__________
Mf
ntWgLjgLsJ.
f btnjh, __________ nghW, f eLnjh __________ Mf,
f cnjh __________ nghW csJ.
% - bjid
 fnjhyhdJ, __________, __________, kW __________ vd
ntWgLjgLsJ.
 f btnjh joJ, f eLnjh __________ nghW, f cnjh
fodkhd XL nghW fhzgLwJ.
__________ F fhzgL fU cQ gFahF.
t.v

ftif

f njh jik

1
2
3

322

cQ gF

jhtua

nrhjid v : 7

nj :

N mikig mj
milahs fhgjfhf itfgoUF eGt.

N btL njhw.

N gf :

NyhdJ, _______________ mLF NYiwfis bfhLsJ.

NYiwF, _______________ fhzgLwJ.

fUig, _______________, _______________ kW _______________

fhzgLwd.
t.v

fhgd

1
2
3

jhtua
nrhjid v : 8

nj :

fhyh Rthr (behj) nrhjid

nehf :
fhyh Rthr (behjiy) %j.
njitahd bghUf :
rfiu fiur, < kW nrhjid FHh.
brKiw :
 fiu fiuriy xU nrhjid FHhF vLJ bfhs ntL. m js
r
<il nrj ntL. jid btJbtJghd l itj ntL.
fl mltiz fhgd kW mtdtiw g brf.
mtd

Ko :
 nrhjidUJ behj vw f thyhf _________ MdJ

_________Mf khwkilwJ vd magLwJ.

323

brKiw

fhgd

nta
nrhjid v : 9

nj :

pH jh bfhL bfhLfgl fiurf pH kig mj.

Fnfh
pH jh bfhL pHkig mj
njitahd cgfuzfS bghUfS
nrhjidFHh, nrhjid FHh jh, nrhjid FHh ogh, pH jh.
brKiw
1 0 kh fiurfis nrhjid FHh vLJbfhL mtiw A, B,
C, D, E kW F vd Ff. pH jhis nrhjid FHh fiurD _
f brJ pH jh wij pH jh mltizia bfhL xl.
njhuhakhd pH- kig g bra.
pH jh
nrhjid
FHh

kh fiur
cUthd w

A
B
C
D
E

ma

324

njhuhakhd
pH- k

fiurf jik
myjik/
fhujik /
eLiyjik

nta
nrhjid v : 10

nj :

bfhLfgLs fiur mykh myJ fhukh vgij flj.

Fnfh
bfhLfgLs kh fiur mykh myJ fhukh vd mj.
njitahd cgfuzfS bghUfS
 rhjidFHh, nrhjid FHh jh, nrhjid FHh ogh, fzho
n
jL, t kW y k jh, my fiur, fhu fiur, dhj,
bk MuR.
F
 idJ my fiurfS dhj wkwitahf, bk Mu
m
st wij, y k jhis t wkhf khW.
 idJ fhu fiurfS dhj st wij, bk
m
Mu kr wij , t k jhis y wkhf khW.
t.v

nrhjid

fhgit
wkhw

5 nrhjid fiuriy
nrhjid FHh
vLJbfhL, dhjid
JJahf nrf

2.

5 nrhjid fiuriy
nrhjid FHh
vLJbfhL, bk Muir
JJahf nrf

3.

nrhjidFHh cs
10nrhjid fiur k
jhis _f bra.

brKiw

1.

mgit
(my/ fhu)

325

nta
nrhjid v : 11

nj :

cikfiur, Tkfiur, bjhff tiw jahj

nehf
cikfiur, Tkfiur, bjhff tiw jahj
njitahd bghUfS, cgfuzfS
fzho Kfit, rika c, rfiu, lh, rh, fk, Kil
btisfU
brKiw
20 jiu _W btntW fzho Kfitf vLJ A,B,C vd
bgal. Kfit A rhjhuz cig, B- lhir, C
rhis L bkJthf fyf. d eilbgW khwfis cW
ftJ g bra.
Kfit

fhgit

mgit

A
B
C
cf ftdF
 iur tojh tna vjhf FJ, vj Jff go Vglhk
f
Ujh mfiur cik fiur MF.
ilj fiur fya iy Ujh, mJ Tk fiur vdgL.
Jff, goth tojh goa ilF fiur bjhf vdgL.
Ko
cik fiur cs fzho Kfit ______________ .
Tk fiur cs fzho Kfit ______________ .

ma

bjhf fiur cs fzho Kfit ______________ .

326

nta
nrhjid v : 12

nj :

ntidahdJ btg bfhidah myJ btg cidah vgij flj.

Fnfh
ntidahdJ btg bfhidah myJ btg cidah vgij
flj.
njitahd cgfuzfS bghUfS
nrhjidFHh, nrhjid FHh jh, nrhjid FHh ogh, fzho
jL, nrhoa iAuhi[L goff, mnkha FnshiuL, kW
nrhjidnfw ntW y bghUf.
F
btg cidf btgij btL.
btg bfhidf btgij VWbfhS.

fhgit
(NL/ F)

nrhjid

1.

nrhjid
FHh
iu
vLJbfhL,
nrhoa
iAuhi[L
goffis
xbthwhf

fybfhnl
nrf. nrhjid FHh
moghfij
bjhL
ghf. vd czf?

2.

nrhjid
FHh
iu
vLJbfhL,
mnkha
FnshiuL cig J jhf
fybfhnl nrf.
nrhjid FHh moghfij
bjhL ghf. f vd
czf.

327

brKiw

t.v

mgit
(btg
cid/
btg
bfhid)

aa
nrhjid v : 13

nj :

13. UF ms - fa gkhzKs bghUf gkhzfis

msj
nehf:
bfhLfgl f Mu fhz.
njitahd fUf:
UF ms kW uhd bka f.
Nu:
f Mu r = d /2
d - f l.
brKiw:
1. ws fhz:

ws (L.C.) =

ilu

jiynfh bkhj f

1 mm
100

= 0.01 mm

2. bjhlfiH fhz: UF ms U Kff S1, S2 Mait xnwhblhW nrUFkhW

bra ntL. iy nfh mRl jiynfh R

xUjh bjhlfiH iy.
S2

S1

clw cnyhf
cUis

ma

U tot rl

nfh

cUis tot jiy

jiy nfh

nfh mR

328

ghJfh grl
mik

 nfh mR nfhoF nH jiynfh R Ujh J ne

bjhlfiH vdgL. jiynfh n MtJ nfh mRl

xUjh
RiH

ZE = +(n x L.C.)

RUj

ZC = - (n x L.C)

 nfh mR nfhoF nkny jiynfh R Ujh J v

bjhlfiH vdgL. jiynfh n MtJ nfh mRl

xUjh
RiH

ZE = - (100 - n) x L.C.

RUj

ZC = + (100 - n) x L.C.

f Mu fhz: UF ms KffSilna bfhLfgl fia itJ bkikahf

gWkhW bghUjntL. KGikahf bj nfh msit (P.S.R.),

jiynfh, nfh mnrhL bghUJ msit (H.S.C.) fhzntL.
f l = P.S.R. + (H.S.C. x L.C.) ZC. Jngh f gy lf
UF msia bghU gy msLf brJ mltiz FfntL.
t ruhr f l (d) MF. gh (d / 2) f Mu MF.
fhgf:-

t.
v.

nfh
jiynfh
ms (P.S.R)
x (H.S.C)
..

RUj =

jiynfh
ms .
H.S.C.xL.C...

ruhr l

f Mu r = d / 2 ..
Ko:
bfhLfgLs f Mu r =________ ..

329

bkhj ms
P.S.R. + (H.S.C. x
L.C.) ZC ..

brKiw

ws = 0.01 mm RiH =

aa
nrhjid v : 14

nj :

14. f RU jil fhz

nehf:
bfhLfgLs f RU jil fhz.
njitahd fUf:
 , aFir _y (Battery eliminator), nth l, ml, iz
f
ff, jil kh.
Nu
f jil R = V / I
V - f KidfSilna dGj ntWghL
I - f gh ndhl

brKiw:

Bt - aF ir _y
K - rh
Rh - jil kh
A - m l
V - nth l

 l fhlgLsthW jil fhzntoa f, kh, aF

g
ir _y ml tiw bjhluhf izJ nth liu gf iz
izJ Rid cUthf.
 j R Fl ndhl ghkhW jil khia r bra.
K
ml (I) nth l (V) msfis mltiz FJ bfhs.
jilkhia khaikJ xbthU Kiw ml, nth l
msfis mltizgLj. V / I k fL ruhr fhz. ruhr
k bfhLfgl f jil (R)- kig bfhLF.

ma

t. v.

ml msL
I (Ma)

nth l msL
V (nth)

1.
2.
3.
ruhr jil
Ko : bfhLfgl f RU jil = __________X

330

R = V / I (X)

aa
nrhjid v : 15

nj :

15. fhjy gl tiuj

nehf:
 hj JUt js rlfhj tlJUt tlF neh csnghJ
f
fhjygl tiuj.
njitahd fUf:
tiugyif, F Cf, a fhj Cbgo, btisjh, rlfhj.
brKiw:
 tis jh xW tiugyif J bghUjgl ntL. (fhj
b
jikila bghUf mU Uf TlhJ) W fhj Cia, jh
xU Kid itJ gyifia RH jh fhj C izahf
UFkhW bra ntL. (nrhjid Ko tiu iy khwTlhJ)
 h ika fhj Cia itJ mj U Kidfis FJ bfhs
j
ntL. tlKid L fhj Cia itJ K nghnw U
Kidfis Ff ntL. fis izjh nenfhL cUthF.
irna fhj JUtjs (m) fhj y iljs TwhF (Bh)
 h xU Kid irfis FJ bfhs ntL (NEWS). jh
j
ika nfho J rl fhjij mj tl JUt tlF neh
UFkhW itf ntL. fhjij RY nfhoL iyia FJ
bfhs ntL. tl JUt mU fhj C bgoia itJ, C
iria Ff ntL. bj JUt brW Ko tiu fhj C
bgoia ef gy f FfgL mtiw izjh fhj ynfhL
ilF. fhj C bgoia J kh itJ L, L nfhLf
tiuayh. tisnfhLf fhj fhjyij, mFf fhjy
iria Fwd.

Ko:
 lfhj tlJUt fhj JUtjs tlF neh UFnghJ
r
fhjy gl tiuaglJ. tiuj fhjygl F izfgLsJ.

331

brKiw

aa
nrhjid v : 16

nj :

16. Fby Fau

nehf:
bfhLfgl Fby Fauid bjhiy bghU Kiw fhz.
njitahd fUf:
FbyR, byR-jh, iu kW msnfh.
Nu :

f1+f2+f3

by Fau f = --------------

f1, f2, f3 gntW bghUfis neh byir itJ bgwgl Fa uf.

brKiw:
i) bjhiy bghU Kiw :
bfhLfgl Fbyir jh bghU btFbjhiy UF
bghUis (ku, f, fol) neh itf ntL. by kWw iuid
itJ KD D efh, jiyHhd, bjthd gij fhz ntL.
byF iuF cs bjhiyid msf ntL. mJnt by
Fau (f) MF.
iz ff

f
by

ma

g

t. v.

bghU

1.
2.
3.

ku
fg
fol
ruhr Fau (f)

byRF iuF
bjhiy (f) cm.

Ko:
bfhLfgl Fby Fa u =______________ br.
332

ilgl