Organic Chemistry Outlines

Chemistry

General Information and Course Outline

Book: Organic Chemistry, Fourth-Edition, by John McMurry

Other Required Materials: Study Guide and Solutions Manual for McMurry's

Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, by Susan McMurry

Prentice Hall Special Model Set (or equivalent)

OUTLINE

Chapter I Structure and Bonding Sections: All

Problems: 2-7, 8, 12, 19 (a,d,e,f), 22,23

Chapter 2 Bonding and Molecular Properties Sections: All

Problems: 1-13,16-18,24-28,40, 42

Chapter 3 Alkanes, and Cycloalkanes Sections: All.

Problems: 3, 4 6-12,15,17,20, 25,26, 28,32-36,39,46

Chapter 4 Stereochemistry of Alkanes Sections: 1-13

and Cycloalkanes Problems: 1, 3, 4, 6. 11-14, 17, 18, 21, 25, 27-31, 33, 34, 37

Chapter 6 Alkenes: Structure and Sections: 1-10

Reactivity Problems:1-12,13 (a.b,d), 14(a,b,d), 15, 18, 19 (a-c), 20, 22 (a-d), 26, 27, 32, 36 (a-c), 39,40

Chapter 7 Alkenes Reactions and Sections: 1-3, 5, 7 ,8

Synthesis Problems: 2-6, 9, 10, 13, 14 (a,b), 15, 16, 21, 22 (a-c), 23(a-c) 24 (a, b, d-f), 25- 31, 34, 35 (b-d), 44,
48

Chapter 8 Alkynes Sections: 1-3, 6, 8-10

Problems: 1 ( a,b,d-f), 2, 10, 11, 15, 20 (c,d), 21 (a,f), 33 (a-c), 34 (a,c,d), 37, 38

Chapter 9 Stereochemistry Sections: All

Problems: 1-12,14-24, 48,58-60

Chapter 10 Alkyl Halides Sections: 1-7

Problems: 1-3, 7-9, 17, 18, 20 (a-d),21-23,29

Chapter 11 Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Sections: All Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations

Problems: 1-6, 8, 10,11, 13-20, 22-24,27-29, 31-34, 38,39.41,45,49

Chapter 12 Structure Determination: Sections: 4-8 Infrared Spectroscopy

Problems: 10,11,13,29-32

Chapter 13 Structure Determination: Sections: 1-9 Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy

Problems: 3 HNMR only), 4,7 13, 27-34, 39,40,42,44, 48

pp. 623-631: Organic Reactions Student: Please read this material.

Omit: Table 1: 1 (d, h, i, j),

2(a,b); Table 2: 3; Table

1, 3, 4; Table 4: all;

II.A.4 (pp. 629-630)-, 11.

C. (p. 63 1)

Chapter 17 Alcohols (Thiols are omitted) Sections: 1-9, 11 (Omit mass

spectrometry

Problems: 1, 2,49 59 6 (a,c), 7 (a,c), 8- 11, 13, 141,16, 17, 2 1, 23 (a-c,e , f, h), 25, 27-30, 37,41,52

Chapter 5 An Overview of Organic Sections: All

Reactions Student: Much of the material in this short chapter will have been covered at this stage. You should use
Chapter 5 as a review for the final examination.

SAMPLE CHEMISTRY

TOPICS (Based on Organic Chemistry by John McMurry, 3rd Edition)

Chapter 1 Structure and Bonding

Chapter 2 Bonding and Molecular

Chapter 3 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Chapter 4 Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Chapter 5: Overview of Organic Reactions

Chapter 6 Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Chapter 7 Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis

Chapter 8: Alknynes

Chapter 9 Stereochemistry

Chapter 10 Alkyl Halides

Chapter 11 Reactions of Alkyl Properties Halides- Nucleophilic

Chapter 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Chapter 15 Benzene and Aromaticity

Chapter 16: Chemistry of Benzene

Laboratory Program:

Experiment 16: Synthesis of Acetaminophen

Experiment 18: Isolation of Eugenol from Cloves

E 18 - Day 2 / TLC Exercise

TLC Exercise E 18 - Day 2

Experiment 2b: Oxidation of 2-Methylcyclohexanol

Experiment 3: Esterification of Benzoic Acid

Sample Chemistry

General Information and Course Outline

Textbook: Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, by John McMurry

Other Required Materials: Study Guide and Solutions Manual for McMurrys

Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, by Susan McMurry

Prentice Hall Special Model Set (or equivalent)

OUTLINE

Chapter 18 Ethers and Epoxides Sections: 1-4,6-8,10

Problems: 1, 3-5,8-14,16,19 (omit d), 21, 22 (ab), 24 (a,c,e, f), 25, 27 (b-d), 281, 49 (b)

Chapter 19 Aldehydes and Ketones: Sections: 1-8,10-15, 19

Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

Problems: 1-3, 4 (c.d), 6-8, 13 -15, 23, 27 (a, c-g), 31,32, 34, 36. 38 (a,c), 41-43, 52,57

Chapter 26 Biomolecules: Carbohydrates Sections: 1-7, 9 (omit material on

the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis and the Wohl degradation, pp. 1030 1033),10,11

Problems: 1.19, 26, 30, 32-41,44, 48-51

Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids Sections: All

Problems: 1, 2, 4-,6, 9-11, 14, 15, 19(a-d), 20 (a-d), 26, 27, 31, 32 (b,c), 38 (b), 40, 41,45

Chapter 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Sections: 1-9,12

and Nucleophilic Acyl

Problems: 1-7, 9-11, 13-18, 20-26,

Substitution Reactions 30,31,35,37,39,40 (a-g), 41, 42, 53, 57, 63-65, 66 (a,b)

Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha- Substitution Sections 1,2,5,6,8

Reactions Problems: 1-3, 8-11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21-26, 28, 30-32, 37-39

Chapter 23 Carbonyl Condensation Reactions Sections: 1-10

Problems: 1-16, 24-29, 32, 33, 36-39, 43 (a,b,d), 48, 49, 56

Chapter 24 Aliphatic Amines Sections: 1-5, 6 (omit material on

the Gabriel synthesis, and the Hofmann and Curtius rearrangements),7 (omit Hofmannelimination), 9

Problems:1-3, 5-7, 12, 13,23,24 (a, b, c), 25 (a, c, e, f), 28 (a, b, e, f, g), 36, 41, 42, 52

Chapter 15 Benzene and Aromaticity Sections: 1-7, 9-12

Problems: 1-3, 10 (1 HNMR) 17, 18, 20-26, 43 (a.c)

Chapter 16 Chemistry of Benzene: Sections: 1-7,10,12

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions Problems: 3, 5,8-12, 14, 18, 19, 22,26 (a,b), 28, 29, 31-3 3,38-41,44 (c),
46,49 (b-d), 49 (a,b), 65 (a),66

Chapter 25 Arylamines and Phenol Sections: 1,2,3 (omit diazonium coupling rections, pp.984-985), 4-7, 8 (omit
Kolbe-Schmitt carboxylation reaction, ooxidation of phenols, Claisen rearrangement, pp. 993-997), 9

Problems: 1, 2, 4-7. 11, 13, 14,19,21 (a,c,e), 26, 27, 28 (a-e,h), 29 (a,b), 32, 39, 44,45

Chapter 27: Biomolecules: Amino Acids Sections: 1-3, 4 (reductive amination and Peptides and Proteins,
amidomalonate synthesis only), 5, 6, 8-10

Problems: 1-7,13-16.20,21,24, 25, 33,35,37, 39,41-43, 52-54

Chapter 28 Biomolecules: Lipids Sections: 1,2

Problems: 1, 4, 10, 11
SAMPLE CHEMISTRY

TOPICS (Based on Organic Chemistry by John McMurry, 3rd Edition)

Chapter 12.Organic Reactions-A Brief

Review

Chapter 17 Alcohols and Thiols

Chapter 18 Ethers and Epoxides

Chapter 19 Aldehydes and Ketones Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids

Chapter 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution

Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha Substitution Reactions

Chapter 23 Carbonyl Condensation Reactions

Chapter 24 Carbohydrates

Chapter 25 Aliphatic Amines

Chapter 26 Arylamines and Phenols

Chapter 27 Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins

Chapter 28 Lipids

LABORATORY PROGRAM

Program

IR instruction

Experiment 25: Synthesis of 4-Nitroacetanilide

Experiment 4b: Preparation of Triphenylmethanol. - Day 1

E4 - Day 2

Experiment 19b: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Toluene - Day 1

19 - Day 2

Experiment 20: Preparation of 5-t-Butyl-m-xylene

Experiment 22: Preparation of Musk Xylene - Day I

E22 - Day 2

Check Out
SAMPLE CHEMISTRY COURSE OUTLINE

The chapter references are to "Organic Chemistry" by Paula Y. Bruice. I

By doing problems, you can assess your progress. be stimulated to think ahead, and ultimately prepare for
examinations. In addition to doing problems from the Chem 231 problems set or problems within the text portion of
the chapters a significant number of the problems found at the end of each chapter should also be done. To do well
in this course it is essential to have mastered the ability to do organic chemistry problems. This goal can only be
reached by actively working problems - reading your notes or the textbook or memorization of lists of standard
chemical reactions will not be sufficient to do well in this course. Organic chemistry is much like a language and is a
course which cannot be "crammed". It is strongly recommended that you follow an ongoing program of study for
this course.

The topics and key phrases describing important concepts to be covered in this course are given below. These
topics are presented in approximately chronological order and follow fairly closely the order of chapters in the text.

For problems (not mentioned below) that are contained in the body of each chapter. the answers we found at the
back of the textbook. The "additional" problems that are given below am also pertinent and the answers for these
are found in the Solutions Manual and Study Guide. Together with the questions (and answers) given in the Chem
231 problems sets these exercises and problems largely define the scope of the course. In order to be sure that you
understand the course material it is strongly advised that you routinely do as many of these problems as is
possible.

INTRODUCTION' TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Chapters I and 2)

Chapter 1: All Sections; Additional Problems,, 1.31 - 1.35, 37, 38. 41

Chapter 2: All sections. Additional Problems: 2.32 - 2.35. 38. 39. 40

Review of bonding: covalent and polar bonds, Lewis structures. bonding in methane. ethane. ethene ethyne methyl
cation radical and anion, bond angles, dipole moment acidity and basicity. Lewis acids and Lewis bases
constitutional isomers (structural isomers), nomenclature or organic compounds (including cycloalkanes). iso- and
neo- structures, common names, review of various functional groups, primary secondary, tertiary. carbons and
hydrogens: quaternary carbon and nitrogen, conformations of alkanes and of cyclohexane: staggered/ eclipsed
conformations; anti/gauche conformers steric strain, angle strain: chair conformations, axial and equatorial bonds
in cyclohexanes, ring-flipping

REACTIONS OF ALKENES (Chapter 3)

Chapter 3: All sections (except omit 3.16, 3.18): Additional Problems: 3.39 - 3.42. 45, 46, 55

cis-trans isomerism, E.Z system of nomenclature, reaction coordinate diagrams, electrophilic addition reactions:
addition of hydrogen halides, of water, of alcohol, of halogens, of diborane (hydroboration-oxidation), of hydrogen
(hydrogenation) relative stabilities of carbocations including allylic and benzylic systems (See Chapter 6: 6.4-6.10)

STEREOCHEMISTRY (Chapter 4)

Chapter 4: All sections; Additional Problems: 4.50 - 4.55

conformational isomers, configurational isomers, stereogenic centres , R,S system of nomenclature isomers with
more than one stereogenic centre, meso-compounds, resolution of racemic mixtures, conformations of substituted
cyclohexanes stereochemistry of addition reactions: bromonium ion intermediate hydrogenations. hydroboration-
oxidation

REACTIONS OF ALKYNES (Chapter 5)

Chapter 5: All sections (except omit 5.7)-. Additional Problems: 5.20. 22, 31.32.34
structure of alkynes addition of halogens, of water (tautomers, keto-enol isomerization), of hydrogen. acetylide ions
and their use in synthesis.

REACTIONS OF ALKANES (Chapter 9)

Chapter 8: All sections (except omit 8.7 and 8.8); Additional Problems: 8.18, 21

free radical chain reaction mechanism for chlorination, factors in product distribution,

relative stabilities of radicals including allylic and benzylic systems (See Chapter 6: 6.4-6-10)

IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (Chapter 12) AND BY NMR

SPECTROSCOPY (Chapter 14)

Infrared Spectroscopy Chapter 12: Section 12.7 and 12,8 (OK NH, and C=O absorption bands. e.g. spectra in
Figures 12.18 to 12.23).

Infrared spectra and origin of absortion bands for alcohols, wines, and carbonyl compounds

Nmr spectroscopy, Chapter 14: Sections 14.1 to 14.6. Additional problems, 14.3, 14.4, 14.11. 14.13, 14.20. 14-21,
14-25, Origin of an NMR signal, chemical equivalent protons, characteristic chemical shifts. integration of NMR
signals, spin-spin splitting, i.e.. doublets. triplets quartets, etc.

SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTIONS (1) Halogen leaving group (Chapter 9)

Chapter 9; All sections (except omit 9.10, 9.12, 9.17. 9.20, 9.21): Additional Problems: 9.51. 9.54

SN2 and SN I mechanisms, E2 and E2 mechanisms and their respective stereochemistries

SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTIONS (II) Leaving groups other than, halogen) (Chapter 10)

Chapter 10: All sections (except omit 10.5, 10.9, 10.10, 10.11, 10.12; Additional Problems: 10.30.32

Substitution and dehydration reactions of alcohols, substitutions of sulfonate esters of ethers reactions of epoxides,
organometallic compounds

OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS (Chapter 11)

Chapter 11: All sections (except omit 11.13, 11.14); Additional Problems: 11.27, 11.32, 11.33

catalytic hydrogenation. hydride reductions, oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes, alkenes (hydroxylation, ozonolysis)

SAMPLE CHEMISTRY COURSE OUTLINE

(Spring 1998)

This course is the continuation of Chemistry 231 which is a required prerequisite course. The chapter references an
to "Organic Chemistry" by Paula Y. Bruice. Topics covered and reading assignments may be modified by individual
instructors.

As in Chem 231, you can assess your progress, be stimulated to think ahead, and ultimately prepare for
examinations by doing problems. In addition to doing problems from the Chem 232 problems set or problems within
the text portion of the chapter a significant number of the problems found at the end of each chapter should also be
done. To do well in this course it is essential to have mastered the ability to do organic chemistry problems. This
goal can only be reached by actively working problems - reading your notes or the textbook or memorization of list
of standard chemical reactions will riot be sufficient to do well in this course. Organic chemistry is much like a
language and is a course which cannot be "crammed". It is strongly recommended that you follow an ongoing
program of study for this course.

The topics and key phrases describing important concepts to be covered in this course are given below. The topics
we presented in approximately chronological order and follow will closely the order of chapters in the text.

For problems (not mentioned below) that are contained in the body of each chapter. The answers are found at the
back of the textbook. The "additional" problems that are given below are also pertinent and the answers for these
are found in the Solutions Manual and Study Guide. Together with the questions (and answers) given in the Chem
232 problems sets these exercises and problems largely define the scope of the course. In order to be sure that you
understand the course material it is strongly advised that you routinely do as many of these problems as is
possible.

CARB0NYL COMPOUNDS 11 (Chapter 16)

Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Carbon and Hydrogen

Nucleophiles.

Chapter 16: All sections except 16.9 through 16.14;

Additional Problems: l6.27a.b,d,e,f.i. 16,28a.b,d.e.f,j.n.o.q, 16.30ab.h.c.i, 16.34 bcd. 16.37.

Nomenclature or aldthydes and ketones. General reactivity considerations, relative reactivities or aldehydes and
ketones. Addition of various nucleophiles to the carbonyl group A. Addition or Grignard reagents to product alcohols
and (with carbon dioxide) acids B. Addition of acetylide anions and of hydrogen cyanide C. Addition of hydride ion
(NaBH4 and LiAlHA) D. Addition of primary amines and derivaties of primary amines B. Addition of oxygen
nucleophiles (water and alcohols) –acetal/ketall formation

CARBOHYDRATES (Chapter 19)

Chapter 18: All sections except omit oxidative cleavage in 1B.S. also omit 18.8 and 18.15 through 19.19) Additional
Problems. l8.29a,b,c.d,t4,h- 18.30a.b, 19,36.

Classification of carbohydrates, D and L notation, configurations of aldoses, of ketoses

Reduction and oxidation

Osazone formation

Chain elongation: the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis

Cyclic structure of monosaccharides: hemiactial formation, formation of glycosides Fischer, Haworth and
conformational representations Formation of esters and ethers Examples of disaccharides and polysaccharides
(starch and cellulose)

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS I (Chapter IS) Reaction or Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives with Oxygen and
Nitrogen Nucleophiles. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions

Chapter IS: All sections except section 15.16 (after page 744) and section 15.17,

Additional Problems: 15.29. 15.30a, 15.32, 15.37, 15.42 b.c,d,e.f,g,i.

Chapter 16: Section 16.6

Nomenclature of carboxylic acids. acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters amides nitriles

Structure of carboxilic acids and acid derivatives

General reactivity considerations and relative reactivities of carboxylic acids and derivatives.

Mechanism for Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution reactions (acidic and basic conditions)

Reactions of acyl derivatives: acid halides, anhydrides, esters. amides

acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis; hydroxide ion promoted ester hydrolysis; hydrolysis of Amides and of nitriles

Synthesis of carboxylic acid derivatives

Reaction of Grignard reagents and hydride ion with esters and acid chlorides

Reductions of carboxylic acids. esters, amides (LiAlH4)

Soaps, detergents and micelles

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS III (Chapter 17) Reactions at the a-Carbon of Carbonyl Compounds.

Chapter 17: All sections except 17.5 through 17.10. 17.20 and 17.21.

Additional Problems- 17.38a.g.h.o, 17.39. 17.44.

Acidity of hydrogen bonded to an a-carbon of aldehydes and keto-enol Lautomerization Reactivitv considerations:

A. Halogenation of the a-carbon of aldehydes and ketones. haloform reaction

B. Aldol addition including mixed dehydration of the product obtained from an aldol addition
C. Claisen condensation including mixed intramolecular condensations (to page 9A7)
D. Decarboxylation of 3-oxocarboxylic acid (i.e.B-ketoacids)
E. Alkylation of the a-carbon, malonic ester synthesis. acetoacetic ester synthesis

REACTIONS OF BENZENE AND SUBSTITUTED BENZENES (Chapter 13)

Chapter 6: Review from Chem 231

Chapter 13: 13.1 to 13.20 (but omit 13.6. 13.9 and 13.19) Also omit 13.20 to 13-25.

Additional Problems: 13.44, 13.45a.b.c,c,g,h, 13.48a.d.. 13.49ab,c.d

Nomenclature of substituted benzenes and review of bonding in benzene Reactivity considerations, general
methanism for clectrophific aromatic substitution reiactions Halogenation of benzene. nitration of benzene. Friedel-
Crafts scylation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation. The effect of substituents on reactivity-, inductive effects and resonance
effects. The effect of substituents on orientation and rate of reaction. synthesis of poly-substituted aromatics
Reduction of nitro groups and synthesis of using diazonium ions (displacement reactions only) Effects of the
benzene ring on substituent groups Enhanced reactivity of the benzylic position: halogenation or side chain alkyl
groups; east of displacement at the benzylic position; oxidation of side chain alkyl groups The effect of substituents
on the pX, and pKb of aromatic acids, phenols and &mines

AMINO ACIDS (Chapter 23)

Chapter 23; Sections 23.1 to 23.9

Additional Problems: 23.39. 23.42, 23.44

Classification, stereochemistry and nomenclature of amino acids, Acid-base properties of amino acids: isoelectric
point of amino acids Peptide structures (dipeptides and relevance to polypeptides and proteins) Synthesis of amino
acids

Laboratory
The laboratory consists of experiments that illustrate the properties of organic compounds and the techniques used
to investigate and produce organic materials. Although changes and substitutions are commonly made the
individual experiments will be similar to those given below

Chem 231

Chem 232

I Distillation and Purity of Liquids.

2. Extraction (liquid-liquid extration of acidic or basic compounds)

3. Recrystallization

4 Melting Point and the Purity of Solids,

5. Thin Layer Chromatography

6 Separation and Identification of Unknown Compounds.

7. Hydrocarbons; and Alcohols

8 Molecular Models (Stereochernistry of Organic Compounds),

9. Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

I Grignard Reaction [ three weeks) (Synthesis and purification of triphanyimethanol)

2, Esters

a Synthesis of isometric Acetate (IR and NMR identifications),

b. Synthesis of Octyl Acetate (resins, waxes, c0s).

3. Carbonyl Compounds, Aldehydes and ketones .(Tests for and reactions of Carbonyl Compounds)

4. Trimyristin from Nutmeg [three weeks) (Isolation and Characterization of an organic natural product).

5. Literature Search: Using the Chemical Literature

SAMPLE CHEMISTRY

Course Outline

Organic Chemistry-for Engineers

Course Description

Chemistry 260 covers organic chemistry for Chemical Engineers and other students of Applied Science. Also for
Forestry students in Business Management & Marketing and Industrial Processing Technology options.

A description of the properties and reactions of organic compounds with emphasis on compounds and reactions of
industrial importance.

Text

Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, by John McMurray, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA, 1992

Study Guide and Solutions Manual for Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, by Susan McMurray, Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA, 1992

Reference Books

Industrial organic chemistry, Klaus Weissermel, Hans-Jurgen Arpe; translated by Charles R. Lindley, 2nd ed,
Weinheim -, New York, 1993

Encyclopedia of chemical technology, Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology.

Executive editor, Jacqueline I. Kroschwitz ; Editor, Mary Howe-Grant, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992

An Introduction to Industrial Organic Chemistry, (2nd Ed.), P. Wiseman, Applied Science Publishers, Ltd., London,
1979.

Polymer Science and Technology, Joel R. Fried, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995.

This course will include a description of the important functional groups with emphasis on the following aspects of
the subject: (a) reactions of industrial importance, (b) the relationship between common and IUPAC nomenclatures,
and (c) the relationship between structure and physical properties. The important reactions of functional groups and
the fundamentals of mechanism will be considered.

SYLLABUS

1. Bonding in organic molecules: covalent and ionic bonding, intermolecular forces,

hydrogen bonding, relationship between type of bonding and physical properties.

2. Alkanes: structure, nomenclature, conformation, petroleum, natural gas, combustion,

fuels, octane rating, reforming.

3. Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes, alkynes, laboratory and commercial methods of

preparation, reactions at double bond and at allylic position (autoxidation), homogeneous

and heterogeneous isomerizations; aromatic hydrocarbons, sources, electrophilic
substitution, pyridine, naphthalene and other polycyclic compounds including graphite;coal,
synthetic fuels, Fischer-Tropsch process.

4. Stereochemistry. geometrical and optical isomerism.

5. Organic halogen compounds: characteristic reactions and uses, chain reactions,

organochloro pesticides, dielectric liquids, refrigerants.

6. Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: properties, reactions, and uses; commercial production of
phenol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol.

7. Carbonyl compounds: aldehydes and ketones, properties, reactions and uses; commercial

preparations of acetone.
8. Carboxylic acids: acidity, esters, fats, oils, detergents, micelles, surfactants.

9. Nitrogen and sulfur compounds; amines, alkalonarnines, diazo compounds, nitro

compounds and explosives, arnides, nitriles, mercaptans,. sulfonic acids, sulfoxides,

DMSO.

10. Carbohydrates: sugars, starch, cellulose, wood.

11. Amino acids and proteins: structure and general properties.

12. Polymers: theory of polymerization, commercial polymers, relationship between

structure and properties, synthetic rubbers and fibres, PVC, polyethylene, Teflon, Nylon,
polyester polymers.

13. Biotechnology: DNA, RNA, tissue culture, cloning, recombinant DNA technology.