Solutiontochosenproblems Chapter3

61. ORGANIZE AND PLAN Calculating the change in velocity just requires the final velocity minus the initial velocity. The initial and final velocities are given in relation to the side cushion of the billiard table. We first need to convert the velocities in the given form for part a to Cartesian form: r ) + 1.80 m/s sin 45( ) + 1.27 m/s( vi = 1.80 m / s cos45(i j ) = 1.27 m/s(i j ),

and the final velocity for part a is given by r ) + 1.27 m/s( + v fa = 1.27 m/s(i j)
For the more realistic case (part b) where the speed is diminished, the final velocity is: r vb f = 1.6 m/s cos45( i ) + 1.60 m/s sin 45( j ) = 1.13 m/s( i ) + 1.13 m/s( + j )
SOLVE

The change in velocity for part a:

r r v fa vi = 2.54 m/s j

The change in velocity for part b:

r r vb f vi = 0.14 m/si + 2.40 m/sj

REFLECT The change in velocity is limited to only the direction directly away from the cushion when the speed is unchanged after impact. When there is a speed change after impact, a component along the cushion is present opposite the direction of the initial velocity. If considering average acceleration (which would be in the direction of the change in velocity) interesting questions arise that will be addressed in later chapters.

67.

ORGANIZE AND PLAN Again, we treat the horizontal and vertical component separately. This ability allow us to determine the time it takes to hit the ground the same way we would if the problem was one dimensional; namely with equation 3.19a with no initial velocity since the object was launched horizontally and therefore has no initial velocity component in direction of the acceleration. 1 y = gt 2 2 Isolating for t yields:

t = 2 y / g Knowing the time of travel allows us to calculate the horizontal displacement using the r t = d relationship. In this case the velocity is the initial velocity and the time is found above. The final velocity is the vector sum of the horizontal component of the velocity with the vertical velocity. The horizontal velocity is unchanged over the flight. The vertical component of the velocity is obtained via equation 3.19b: vy = v0 y gt. The initial component in the y direction is zero. So the final velocity will be: r gtj v = v0 xi
SOLVE

The elapsed time is:

t = 2 9.50 m / 9.8 m/s2 = 1.39 s

The horizontal distance traveled is: x = 1.39 s 13.4 m/s = 18.7 m The final velocity is: r gtj = 13.4 m/si 9.8 m/s2 1.39 s 13.6 m/s v = v0 xi j = 13.4 m/si j
REFLECT This cliff is about the height of a 3-story building. All the results depend on the elapsed time. Aside from checking the units, you can always ask yourself if the answers make sense. A time of 1.39 s is consistent with experience of dropping a ball from a 3-story building.

68.

ORGANIZE AND PLAN The duration of the path traveling a horizontal distance x at with a horizontal velocity vx is given by t = x/vx. Over this time, the downward acceleration due to gravity produces a change in y value given by eq. 3.19a: 1 y = gt 2 2 The velocity is given in terms of cm while the velocity is given in terms of m/s. We will measure the time in seconds so we need to convert the meters to centimeters. Preliminary calculations: 1.2 106 m/s = 1.2 108 cm/s
SOLVE

Time in flight is:

t= The distance of fall over that time:

8.5 cm = 7.1 10 8 s 1.2 108 cm/s

1 m y = 9.8 2 (7.1 10 8 s)2 = 2.5 10 14 m 2 s REFLECT This distance of fall is a fraction of the diameter of a single atom. In other words, the effect of gravity over this distance at this speed is negligible.

76.

ORGANIZE AND PLAN The football kicker kicks from the ground (which we will call yi = 0) and needs to clear a yf = 3.05 m crossbar x = 45.0 m away. The launch angle is 40 and we are asked to find the minimum speed required to make the field goal. x The time tf it takes to reach the horizontal distance x traveling at horizontal velocity vx is t f = . vx The equation of motion in the y direction is y = v0 y t 1 2 gt . At t = t f , in order for the field goal to be good, the 2 value of the height should obey the inequality y(t f ) > y f . Giving the relationship required for clearing:
xv0 y 1 x 1 g y f < v0 y t f gt 2 f = 2 2 vx vx
1 x g 2 v cos
x 2 cos ( x tan y f ) g
2

Noting that vx = v cos and v0 y = v sin the inequality becomes.

y f < x tan Solving for v yields:
v>

The square rooting mathematically allows for a negative solution which does not have physical meaning in this problem.
SOLVE

Plugging in numbers to find minimum velocity required: 45.0 m = 2.21 m/s v> 2 cos(40) (45.0 m tan(40) 3.05 m) 9.80 m/s2

Minimum velocity required is 22.1 m/s REFLECT In the more challenging problems like this units can help a lot in identifying errors in derivations. The resulting answer should be checked for consistency. Imagine the problem redefined with the velocity that you calculated. Calculate the time it takes to travel 45 m in the x direction (2.66 s). Then calculate the y position after that time of travel. You should come up with 3.05 m

94.

ORGANIZE AND PLAN We shall assume there is negligible air resistance in this problem. The horizontal and vertical components can be treated independently. The velocity at the apex of its trajectory is all horizontal. Since there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction this is the same as v0 x = v cos where is the angle above the horizontal. The velocity when it hits will be equal in magnitude to the launch velocity and dip the same angle below the horizontal as it was launched above the horizontal. This is because vx = v0 x and vy = v0 y . The range of the ball is determined using the range equation derived in Problem 74: v 2 sin 2 xR = g
SOLVE

Velocity at apex: = 25 m s cos 32i = 21 m si v0 x i

Velocity when ball reaches launch altitude: r 13 m s v = 21 m si j or in polar form: Horizontal range: xR =
REFLECT

r v = (25 m s , 32)

(25 m s)2 sin(2 32) = 57 m 9.8 m s2

2 v0 y g = 2.7 s and

We can check for consistency in this result by calculating the time of flight t =

range equals x R = v0 x t = 57 m. It never hurts to calculate things in different ways.

95.

ORGANIZE AND PLAN In the case where the ball is launched from a height above where the ball will land the ball will spend a little extra time in the air while it falls the extra distance. There are a number of ways to solve this problem. We will use equation 3.19a: 1 y(t ) = v0 y t gt 2 2 This equation assumes an initial position at y = 0. We are given (or are able to directly calculate) the following values: v0 y = v sin(32) = 13.2 m s , y(t e ) = 7.2 m where te is the time at the end of the flight. If we use equation 3.19a to find te by solving the quadratic equation we can use that time in equation 3.19b to find the vertical component of the velocity at te. The time te will also be used to find the range x R = v0 y te . Finding the time: 1 2 gt e v0 y te + y f = 0 2 The roots of this equation are found using the solution to quadratic equation:
te =
2 v0 y v0 y 2 gy f

13.2 m s (13.2 m s) 2 + 2 9.8 m s 2 7.2 m 9.8 m s 2

Yielding te = 0.47 s and/or te = 3.16 s. Since the golfer was on his way to striking the ball at t = 0.47 s, this choice is not a physical solution to this problem. The time of flight is te = 3.16 s. Vertical component of velocity when ball hits the ground: v y (te ) = v0 y gte = 17.8 m s
SOLVE

Velocity at apex (same as last problem): = 25 m s cos32i = 21 m s i voxi

Velocity when ball reaches ground: or in polar form: Horizontal range:

r 18 m s v = 21 m si j
r v = (28 m s , 40)
x R = 21 m s 3.16 s = 66 m

REFLECT Consistent with experience, the ball goes farther when struck at elevation (10 m for this problem) and the angle below the horizon is increased from 32 to 40.

97.

ORGANIZE AND PLAN We use the fact that the components of the velocity can be considered independently. The vertical component of your velocity should be the same as the vertical component of the boat you are trying to intercept. Here vertical means the velocity of the boat to be intercepted perpendicular to the line connecting the two boats. We know the velocity of our boat v1 and the velocity of the boat we are trying to intercept v2. We are trying to determine the heading we need to set (the angle in front of the ship we should point the boat toward). The vertical componentof the velocity of our ship v1x = v1 sin = v2. Solving for yields: v = arcsin 2 v1 d The time (t) it will take to reach the ship will be the path-length (d) divided by the velocity v1 : t = v1 The path-length is the hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the line connecting the boats when the radar 10 km located the boat and the path of the other boat. This gives a length of d = cos The vector representing the meeting point (assuming our current position is the origin) will be, in cardinal form r r = ( d , N(90 )) .
25 km hr Heading: = arcsin = 39, also known as N51 E 40 km hr Time of interception: d 10 km t= = = 0.32 hr = 19 min v1 40 km hr cos 39 SOLVE

Meeting point: 13 km N51 E REFLECT You can check the answers above by taking useful limits in the situation. Suppose you could increase the speed of your boat. How would that effect the heading? Fast enough and you just need to head straight for the other boat. If you could just go a little faster than the ship you are trying to intercept, in this situation you would have to head north and slowly merge with the ship following almost parallel paths.

105.

ORGANIZE AND PLAN We are given the period T, and the radius R of the assumed uniform circular motion. With this given information the form of centripetal acceleration that we will use is: 4 2 R ar = T2 The period is given in terms of days. As we have all chapter, we would like the acceleration in units of m/s2. Converting 6 T = 27.3 days 24 hr/day 3600 s/hr = 2.36 10 s and R = 3.84 105 km = 3.84 108 m
SOLVE

Centripetal acceleration of the moon required to keep it in orbit: 4 2 3.84 108 m = 2.72 10 3 m/s2 = 0.000278 g ar = 2 ( 2.36 106 s ) The centripetal acceleration of the Moon is about

1 of the gravitational acceleration on the 3600 surface of the Earth. When you find out where that acceleration originates from (psst... its gravity) you must conclude that the gravitational pull of the Earth depends inversely on distance.
REFLECT

107.

ORGANIZE AND PLAN We are given the number of revolutions per minute and the centripetal acceleration from which we are to determine the radius of the uniform circular motion in units of the gravitational acceleration g. We can convert the revolutions per minute to a rotational period and use the equation: 4 2 R ar = 2 T Isolating for R yields:
R= ar T 2 4 2

Preliminary calculations: If there are 3380 revolutions per minute each revolution takes T= 1 60 s min =1.775 10 2 s. 3380 1 min

The centripetal acceleration is ar = 1600 g = 1600 9.8 m/s2 = 1.568 104 m/s2. SOLVE Radius of the test tubes is: R= 1.568 10 4 m/s2 (1.775 10 2 s ) 4 2
2

= 0.1251 m =12.51 cm

REFLECT This result is consistent with the dimensions of a tabletop centrifuge. At these rotational periods the centrifuges must be balanced carefully to prevent damage to the machine.