Unit I 1. State the type of synchronous generator used in a hydro electric power station.

. Salient pole alternator is generally used in hydro - electric power station. This type of alternator consists of a rotor on which projected poles (salient pole) are mounted on rotor. These alternators are dri en at low speeds !y prime mo ers li"e water tur!ines or diesel engines. #. $hat do you mean !y single layer and dou!le layer winding% If slot consists of only one coil side& winding is said to !e single layer. $hile there are two coil sides per slot& one at the !ottom and one at the top the winding is called dou!le layer.

'. (efine synchronous speed. )or fi*ed num!er of poles& alternator has to !e rotated at particular speed to "eep the fre+uency of the generated oltage (e.m.f.) constant at the re+uired alue. Such a speed is called synchronous speed of the alternator denoted as ,s So Ns=120fp where f - re+uired fre+uency. .. ,ame the two types of alternators depending upon the rotor construction. 1. Salient pole alternator and #. Smooth cylindrical or non salient pole alternators. 5. $hat are the arious functions of damper winding pro ided with alternator% /. 0*plain the meaning of synchronous reactance. The sum of frictions armature reaction reactance accounted for considering armature reaction effect and the lea"age reactance of the armature is called synchronous reactance of the alternator denoted as 1s So 1s - 12 3 1ar 45ph. 6. (efine oltage regulation of an alternator. The oltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in its terminal oltage when full load is remo ed& "eeping field e*citation and speed constant& di ided !y the rated terminal oltage. So if 7ph - 8ated terminal oltage 0ph - ,o load induced e.m.f. The oltage regulation is defined as& % of regulation= Eph- VphVphx 100 9. $hat is load characteristics% The relationship !etween load current and the terminal oltage is called load characteristics of an alternator. Such load characteristics for arious load power factor conditions are shown in fig.

:. State the condition for paralleling two synchronous generators. To ha e effecti e synchroni;ation with out any interruption there are certain conditions to !e fulfilled. These conditions are& 1. The terminal oltage of the incoming machine must !e same as that !us !ar oltage. 2. The fre+uency must !e same as that of the incoming machine as well as that of the !us !ar. This necessitates that speed must !e properly adjusted (f - <,51#=). '. $ith respect to the e*ternal load& the phase of alternator oltage must !e identical with that of the !us !ar oltage. >lternati ely we can say that phase se+uence for the two oltages must !e same. 1=. $hat is meant !y synchroni;ing% The process of switching of an alternator to another alternator or with a common !us !ar without any interruption is called synchroni;ing. >lternati ely it can also defined as the process of connecting the two alternator in parallel without any interruption. Unit II 1. $hat are the main parts of the synchronous motor% a. Stator !. 8otor c. Slip rings. #. 2ist out the starting methods of synchronous motor. The arious methods to start the synchronous motor are& 1. Using pony motors #. Using damper winding '. >s a slip ring induction motor .. Using small d.c machine coupled to it. '. (oes the change in e*citation affect the power factor of the synchronous motor% ?es& the changes in e*citation affect the power factor of the synchronous motor. .. $hat is synchronous capacitor% @ er e*cited synchronous motor operating on no load condition is called as synchronous condenser or synchronous capacitor& !ecause li"e a capacitor it ta"es a leading current. A. 0*plain what happens when the load on a synchronous motor is changed. $hen the load on the synchronous motor increases& there is no change in its speed. But what gets affected is the load angle CDE i.e.& the angle !y which rotor a*is retards with respect to stator a*is. Fence the load increase& D increases !ut speed remains synchronous. /. > synchronous motor always runs at synchronous speed& why% $hen the load on the synchronous motor increases or decreases& there is no change in its speed. But what gets affected is the load angle CDE i.e.& the angle !y which rotor a*is retards with respect to stator a*is. Fence the load increase or decreases& D increases or decreases !ut speed remains synchronous. 6. $hat is meant !y hunting% @scillations of the rotor a!out its new e+uili!rium position& due to sudden application or remo al of load is called swinging or hunting in synchronous motor. 9. $hat are the uses of damper winding in synchronous motor% (amper winding is used in the synchronous motor to start the motor and to reduce the hunting effect. :. $hat is 7 cur e% If graph of armature current drawn !y the motor (Ia) against field current (If) is plotted& then its shape loo"s li"e an 0nglish alpha!et 7. if such graphs are o!tained at arious load conditions we get family of cur es& all loo"ing 7. Such cur es are called 7 cur es of synchronous motor. These are shown in fig.

1=. Gention some specific applications of synchronous motor. 1. Honstant speed load ser ice #. 8eciprocating compressor dri es '. <ower factor correction .. 7oltage regulation of transmission line. Unit III 1. $hat are the two types of ' phase induction motor% a. S+uirrel cage induction motor !. Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor induction motor. #. $hy induction motor is called asynchronous motor% The induction motor ne er rotates at synchronous speed. The speed at which it rotates is hence called su!-synchronous speed and motor some times called asynchronous motor. , I , s . '. 0*plain why the no load current of an induction motor is much higher than that of an e+ui alent trans former. .. $hat is the ad antages of the cage motor. a. Honstruction is ery simple !. Slip-rings and !rushes are a!sent c. The construction is ro!ust and maintenance free d. (ue to simple construction rotors are cheep e. The rotor automatically adjusts itself for the same num!er of poles as that of stator. f. 8otor copper losses are less hence na e higher efficiency. A. $hat is crawling of an induction motor% Some times the motor will run at ns7with 1 as the operating point. Thus sta!le operation is o!tained near su!-synchronous speed ns7. This is called crawling or asynchronous crawling. (ue to crawling there is much higher stator current accompanied !y noise and i!ration. /. $hat is cogging% > special !eha ior is shown !y s+uirrel cage induction motor during starting for certain com!inations of num!er of rotor and stator slots. If num!er of stator slots S1 are e+ual to num!er of rotor slots S# or integral multiple of rotor slots S# then ariation of reluctance as a function of space will ha e pronounced effect producing strong forces than the accelerating tor+ue. (ue to this motor fails to start. This phenomenon called cogging. 6. $hat is induction generator% $hen the slip of the induction motor is negati e i.e. when the induction motor runs faster than synchronous speed& the induction motor runs as a generator then it is called as induction generator. 9. $hat is synchronous induction motor% $hen the d.c e*citation pro ided in slip-ring induction motor it is pulled into synchronism and starts running at constant speed. Then it is called as synchronous induction motor. :. $hat are the losses are ta"e place in induction motor% a. Hopper (I#8) loss in stator winding !. Hore loss ( hysteresis and eddy current loss) in the stator core c. Hopper (I#8) loss in rotor winding d. )riction loss in the !earings& !rush and slip-rings e. $indage loss caused due to the rotation of the rotor in air.

1=. $hy the rotor slots of a three phase induction motor are s"ewed% The rotor slots of a three phase induction motor are s"ewed to the following a. 8educe the crawling effect !. To produce a more uniform rotor field and tor+ue c. To reduce some of the internal magnetic noise when the motor is running. Unit I7 1. State the effect of rotor resistance on starting tor+ue. The stating tor+ue is proportional to the rotor resistance. Fence important ad antage of this not only the starting current is limited !ut starting tor+ue of the motor also gets impro ed. #. 0*plain why the power factor of an induction motor is ery low at starting. '. (efine starting current. .. 2ist out the types of starters used in three phase induction motor. a. Stator resistance starter !. >uto transformer starter c. Star delta starter d. 8otor resistance starter e. (irect on line starter. A. 2ist the types of speed control schemes used in ' phase induction motor. Speed of the induction motor can !e controlled !y !asically two methods J 1. )rom stator side and #. )rom rotor side )rom stator side& it includes following methodsJ a. Supply fre+uency control to control ,s& called 75f control !. Supply oltage control c. Hontrolling num!er of poles to control ,s d. >dding rheostats in stator circuit. )rom rotor side& it includes following methodsJ a. >dding e*ternal resistance in the rotor circuit !. Hascade control c. Injecting slip fre+uency oltage into the rotor circuit. /. $hat is slip power reco ery scheme% 6. $hat are the ad antages of star delta starter% a. Simple construction !. Hheapest one c. Gaintenance free operation 9. $rite the necessity of starter. >t the instant of starting ' phase induction motor its rotor is at standstill and acts li"e a transformer with short circuited secondary. Therefore it ta"es a high current for short inter al (a!out A to 9 times full load current) if started at full oltage. But starting tor+ue will !e a!out 1.A to #.A times full load tor+ue. This high starting current drawn from supply cause a large oltage drop in the distri!ution line and the operation of other loads connected to that distri!ution line is ad ersely affected. Therefore the starters are needed to reduce the starting current. Unit 7 1. $hat is the rating of single phase induction motor% #. Fow will you change the direction of rotation of split phase induction motor% In order to re erse the direction of rotation of the split phase induction motor& either the starting or the main winding terminals should !e changed.

'. .. A.

/. 6.

9. :. 1=.

This is due to the fact that the direction of rotation depends upon the instantaneous polarities of the main field flu* and the flu* produced !y the starting winding. Therefore& re ersing the polarity of one fields will re erse the tor+ue. $hat type of motor is used for ceiling fan% Single phase capacitor start and run induction motor is used for ceiling fan. It is also called as single alue capacitor run motor. State the applications of shaded pole motor. The shaded pole motors are used in toys& hairdryers& ta!le fans& instruments& entilators& circulators and electric cloc"s. Han shaded pole motor !e re ersed% Since this motor relies on the shading !and for the starting tor+ue& there is no easy way to re erse the direction of rotation of this motor. The only method is to install two shading !ands around two edges on each pole and to selecti ely short circuit one or the other. $hy single phase motor has low power factor% $hat is uni ersal motor% It is !uilt li"e a series d.c motor with the difference that !oth its stator and armature are laminated. They can !e used either on d.c or a.c supply although the speed and power are greater on direct current. They cannot !e satisfactorily made to run at less than a!out #=== rpm. Fow uni ersal motor different from dc series motor5 Uni ersal motor is !uilt li"e a series d.c motor with the difference that !oth its stator and armature are laminated. State application of uni ersal motor. Uni ersal motors are widely used for food mi*ers& acuum cleaners& hairdryers& electric sa ers& porta!le drill& sewing machines& motion picture <rojects and electric showers State the application of stepper motor. (ue to the digital circuit compati!ility of the stepper motors& they are widely used in computer peripherals such as serial printers& linear stepper motors to printers& tape dri es& floppy disc dri es. Gemory access mechanisms. The stepper motors are also used in serial printers in type writers or word processor systems& numerical control of machine tools& ro!otic control systems& num!er of process control systems& actuators& spacecrafts& watches.