Juco, Jenina Sharmaine H. PD 2-1 A.

STATISTICS

January 28, 2014

DEFINITION AND ILLUSTRATION

Normal Distribution & Normal Curve Data can be "distributed" (spread out) in different ways. It can be spread out more on the left Or more on the right

Or it can be all jumbled up

But there are many cases where the data tends to be around a central value with no bias left or right, and it gets close to a "Normal Distribution" like this:

A normal distribution is a distribution that is bell-shaped and symmetrical. The mean, median, and mode are all the same and coincide with the peak of the curve. The frequencies then gradually decrease at both ends of the curve. The normal distribution is also often called the bellshaped curve because of its shape. Many things closely follow a Normal Distribution:

heights of people size of things produced by machines errors in measurements blood pressure marks on a test

B. CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES Characteristics of a Normal Distribution 1. Continuous Random Variable. 2. Mound or Bell-shaped curve. 3. The normal curve extends indefinitely in both directions, approaching, but never touching, the horizontal axis as it does so. 4. Unimodal 5. Mean = Median = Mode 6. Symmetrical with respect to the mean. That is, 50% of the area (data) under the curve lies to the left of the mean and 50% of the area (data) under the curve lies to the right of the mean. 7. a. 68% of the area (data) under the curve is within one standard deviation of the mean b. 95% of the area (data) under the curve is within two standard deviations of the mean c. 99.7% of the area (data) under the curve is within three standard deviations of the mean 8. The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1. Properties of a Normal Distribution 1. 2. 3. 4. The normal curve is symmetrical about the mean ; The mean is at the middle and divides the area into halves; The total area under the curve is equal to 1; It is completely determined by its mean and standard deviation (or variance 2)

C. THE Z-SCORE; THE Z-VALUE OR STANDARD SCORE The table found below is a compilation of areas from the standard normal distribution, more commonly known as the bell curve. The table provides the area of the region located under the bell curve and to the left of a given z score. These areas represent probabilities and have numerous applications throughout statistics. Anytime that a normal distribution is being used, a table such as this one can be consulted to perform important calculations. If you need help reading the table, begin with the value of your z score. In order to use this particular table, the value should be rounded to the nearest hundredth. Find the appropriate entry in the table by reading down the first column for the ones and tenths places of your number, and along the top row for the hundredths place. For example, if z=1.67, then you would split this number into 1.67 = 1.6 + .07. The number located in the 1.6 row and .07 column is .953. Thus 95.3% of the area under the bell curve is to the left of z=1.67. The table may also be used to find the areas to the left of a negative z score. To do this, drop the negative sign and look for the appropriate entry in the table. After locating the area, subtract .5 to adjust for the fact that z is a negative value. Standard Normal Distribution Table z 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 .500 .540 .580 .618 .655 .692 .726 .758 .788 .816 .841 .864 .885 .903 .919 .933 0.01 .504 .544 .583 .622 .659 .695 .729 .761 .791 .819 .844 .867 .887 .905 .921 .935 0.02 .508 .548 .587 .626 .663 .699 .732 .764 .794 .821 .846 .869 .889 .907 .922 .936 0.03 .512 .552 .591 .630 .666 .702 .736 .767 .797 .824 .849 .871 .891 .908 .924 .937 0.04 .516 .556 .595 .633 .670 .705 .740 .770 .800 .826 .851 .873 .893 .910 .925 .938 0.05 .520 .560 .599 .637 .674 .709 .742 .773 .802 .829 .853 .875 .894 .912 .927 .939 0.06 .524 .564 .603 .641 .677 .712 .745 .776 .805 .832 .855 .877 .896 .913 .928 .941 0.07 .528 .568 .606 .644 .681 .716 .749 .779 .808 .834 .858 .879 .898 .915 .929 .942 0.08 .532 .571 .610 .648 .684 .719 .752 .782 .811 .837 .850 .881 .900 .916 .931 .943 0.09 .536 .575 .614 .652 .688 .722 .755 .785 .813 .839 .862 .883 .902 .918 .932 .944

1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

.945 .955 .964 .971 .977 .982 .986 .989 .992 .994 .995 .997

.946 .956 .965 .972 .978 .983 .986 .990 .992 .994 .996 .997

.947 .957 .966 .973 .978 .983 .987 .990 .992 .994 .996 .997

.948 .958 .966 .973 .979 .983 .987 .990 .993 .994 .996 .997

.950 .959 .967 .974 .979 .984 .988 .990 .993 .995 .996 .997

.951 .960 .968 .974 .980 .984 .988 .991 .993 .995 .996 .997

.952 .961 .969 .975 .980 .985 .988 .991 .993 .995 .996 .997

.953 .962 .969 .976 .981 .985 .988 .991 .993 .995 .996 .997

.954 .963 .970 .976 .981 .985 .989 .991 .993 .995 .996 .997

.955 .963 .971 .977 .982 .986 .989 .992 .994 .995 .996 .997

Standard Normal Distribution and Standard Score (z-score) When a frequency distribution is normally distributed, we can find out the probability of a score occurring by standardizing the scores, known as standard scores (or z scores). The standard normal distribution simply converts the group of data in our frequency distribution such that the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1 (see below).

REFERENCE: https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/standard-score.php http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution-table.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_characteristics_of_a_normal_distribution_curve?#slide =1 http://statistics.about.com/od/Formulas/a/Standard-Normal-Distribution-Table.htm