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Complex Numbers
= + ; where = 1
The real part of = () =
The imaginary part of = () =
Ex. = 3 2;
() = 3,
() = 2
To add and subtract complex numbers we add/subtract the real parts and the
imaginary parts.
Ex. (3 + 4) + (2 2) = 1 + 2
Ex. if = 4 3, then = 4 + 3
=
=
(+ )+()
2
(+ )()
2
= = ()
= = ()
Ex. Evaluate |3 4|
|3 4| = 32 + (4)2 = 5
= 2 + 2 ,
then
= (1 + 1 )(2 + 2 )
= 1 2 + 1 2 + 2 1 + 1 2 2
= (1 2 1 2 ) + (1 2 + 2 1 )
Notice that = .
It is also easy to show that | | = ||| |
Ex. (2 3)(1 + 2) = 2 + 4 3 6 2 = 2 + + 6 = 8 + .
=
=
1 +1
2 +2
= 2 + 2 ,
=(
1 2 +1 2
2 2 +2 2
1 +1
2 +2
+(
1+
=(
2
1+
)(
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 1 1 2
2 2 +2 2
)=
)=
(1 +1 )(2 2 )
2 2 +2 2
)(
then
1+
22+ 2
12 +12
13
= 1 + +
2
2!
= 1 + () +
= 1 +
= (1
2
2!
3!
()2
2!
2
2!
4
4!
+
+
3
3!
4
4!
()3
3!
4
4!
5
5!
+;
()4
4!
()5
5!
+ 5! +
+ ) + (
3
3!
5
5!
+ )
= +
This is often called Eulers formula and is a very important relationship for the
study of complex variables.
Where = 2 + 2 and =
So if = + = + ()
Since = + , we can write any complex number as:
= 0, 1, 2, 3,
= 1 + 1 = 1 1 ,
= 2 + 2 = 2 2 ,
=(1 1 )( 2 2 ) = 1 2 (1 +2 )
1
1 (1 2 )
=
=
then
= (1 1 ) = (1 ) 1
= 1 1
(1+)3
(3+)2
in Polar form.
1 = 1 + so = 1, = 1.
1
Thus = 12 + 12 = 2;
1 = 2
( 4 +2)
= 1 ; = 4 + 2, = 0, 1, 2,
= 0, 1, 2,
2 = 3 + so = 3, = 1.
=
Thus = 3 + 1 = 2,
1
;
3
= 6 + 2, = 0, 1, 2,
2 = 2 ( 6 +2) ; = 0, 1, 2,
(1+)3
(3+)2
=
=
( +2) 3
4
)
( +2) 2
(2 6
)
(2
3
( 4 +6)
( +4)
4 3
22
2 (3+2)
4 3
2
2 (5+2)
12
2
; = 0, 1, 2,
(+2)
then = (
(+2)
) = ( (+ ) ) ; = 0, 1, 2,
= 2, = 0, so = 2, = 2 ; = + 2, = 0, 1, 2,
3 = 2 (+2) , = 0, 1, 2,
Thus we have:
= (2 (+2) )3
2
)
3
= 2( ( 3 +
3
=0
= 2 ( 3 ) = 2 (cos ( 3 ) + ( 3 )) = 2 (2 +
=1
= 2 ( 3 + 3 ) = 2 = 2
=2
= 2 ( 3 + 3 ) = 2
Roots:
3
)
2
5
3
= 2 (cos ( ) + ( )) = 2 (
3
3
2
= 2 (2 + 2 ) , 2 ,
2 (2
3
),
2
3
)
2
The geometric meaning of this inequality is that the sum of any two sides of a
triangle is larger than or equal to the length of the third side.
In general if , then:
|=1 | =1| |